US20190269757A1 - Methods of Treating Crohn's Disease with Anti-IL23 Specific Antibody - Google Patents

Methods of Treating Crohn's Disease with Anti-IL23 Specific Antibody Download PDF

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US20190269757A1
US20190269757A1 US16/291,310 US201916291310A US2019269757A1 US 20190269757 A1 US20190269757 A1 US 20190269757A1 US 201916291310 A US201916291310 A US 201916291310A US 2019269757 A1 US2019269757 A1 US 2019269757A1
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week
antibody
disease
participants
dose
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Omoniyi Adedokun
Daphne Chan
Yang Chen
Philippe Szapary
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Janssen Biotech Inc
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Janssen Biotech Inc
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Priority to US17/212,424 priority patent/US20210308220A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/177—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • A61K38/1793—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/22—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. ascorbic acid, tocopherol or pyrrolidones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/08—Solutions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
    • C07K16/244—Interleukins [IL]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/54—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the route of administration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/545—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the dose, timing or administration schedule
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/57—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the type of response, e.g. Th1, Th2
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns methods for treating Crohn's Disease with an antibody that binds the human IL-23 protein.
  • it relates to dosing regimens for administration of an anti-IL-23 specific antibody and specific pharmaceutical compositions of an antibody, e.g., guselkumab.
  • Interleukin (IL)-12 is a secreted heterodimeric cytokine comprised of 2 disulfide-linked glycosylated protein subunits, designated p35 and p40 for their approximate molecular weights.
  • IL-12 is produced primarily by antigen-presenting cells and drives cell-mediated immunity by binding to a two-chain receptor complex that is expressed on the surface of T cells or natural killer (NK) cells.
  • the IL-12 receptor beta-1 (IL-12R ⁇ 1) chain binds to the p40 subunit of IL-12, providing the primary interaction between IL-12 and its receptor.
  • IL-12p35 ligation of the second receptor chain, IL-12R ⁇ 2 confers intracellular signaling (e.g.
  • IL-12 signaling concurrent with antigen presentation is thought to invoke T cell differentiation towards the T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype, characterized by interferon gamma (IFN ⁇ ) production (Trinchieri, 2003).
  • Th1 cells are believed to promote immunity to some intracellular pathogens, generate complement-fixing antibody isotypes, and contribute to tumor immunosurveillance.
  • IFN ⁇ interferon gamma
  • IL-12 can also associate with a separate protein subunit, designated p19, to form a novel cytokine, IL-23 (Oppman et al, 2000).
  • IL-23 also signals through a two-chain receptor complex. Since the p40 subunit is shared between IL-12 and IL-23, it follows that the IL-12R ⁇ 1 chain is also shared between IL-12 and IL-23.
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • adalimumab adalimumab
  • certolizumab integrin inhibitors
  • IL-12/23 inhibitor ustekinumab
  • the invention concerns a method of a subject suffering from Crohn's disease comprising administering an anti-IL-23 specific antibody (also referred to as IL-23p19 antibody), e.g., guselkumab, to the patient in an initial intravenous induction dose from the start of treatment until 8 weeks from the start of treatment, and then subcutaneously administering the anti-IL-23 specific antibody once every 4 or 8 weeks thereafter, e,g., a dose at 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16, 20 or 24, 28 or 32, 36 or 40, 44 or 48 weeks.
  • the subcutaneous treatment continues through 140 weeks after the start of treatment.
  • the subject receives the anti-IL-23 specific antibody at a dose of 1200, 600 or 200 mg intravenously initially, 4 weeks after the initial dose and 8 weeks after the initial dose and continue with subcutaneous treatment of the anti-IL-23 specific antibody at 100 or 200 mg every 4 weeks through 44 weeks after initial treatment.
  • the composition used in the method of the invention comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising: an anti-IL-23 specific antibody.
  • the anti-IL-23 specific antibody is guselkumab in a composition of 7.9% (w/v) sucrose, 4.0 mM Histidine, 6.9 mM L-Histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate; 0.053% (w/v) Polysorbate 80 of the pharmaceutical composition; wherein the diluent is water at standard state.
  • Crohn's disease patients achieved significant improvement in clinical endpoints selected from:
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises an isolated anti-IL23 specific antibody having the guselkumab CDR sequences comprising (i) the heavy chain CDR amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO: 44; and (ii) the light chain CDR amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 56, and SEQ ID NO: 73 in a composition of 7.9% (w/v) sucrose, 4.0 mM Histidine, 6.9 mM L-Histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate; 0.053% (w/v) Polysorbate 80 of the pharmaceutical composition; wherein the diluent is water at standard state.
  • Another aspect of the method of the invention comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated anti-IL-23 specific antibody having the guselkumab heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106 and the guselkumab light chain variable region amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116 in a composition of 7.9% (w/v) sucrose, 4.0 mM Histidine, 6.9 mM L-Histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate; 0.053% (w/v) Polysorbate 80 of the pharmaceutical composition; wherein the diluent is water at standard state.
  • the method of treatment of a subject suffering from Crohn's disease comprises administering isolated, recombinant and/or synthetic anti-IL-23 specific human antibodies and diagnostic and therapeutic compositions, methods and devices.
  • an “anti-IL-23 specific antibody,” “anti-IL-23 antibody,” “antibody portion,” or “antibody fragment” and/or “antibody variant” and the like include any protein or peptide containing molecule that comprises at least a portion of an immunoglobulin molecule, such as but not limited to, at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) of a heavy or light chain or a ligand binding portion thereof, a heavy chain or light chain variable region, a heavy chain or light chain constant region, a framework region, or any portion thereof, or at least one portion of an IL-23 receptor or binding protein, which can be incorporated into an antibody of the present invention.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • Such antibody optionally further affects a specific ligand, such as but not limited to, where such antibody modulates, decreases, increases, antagonizes, agonizes, mitigates, alleviates, blocks, inhibits, abrogates and/or interferes with at least one IL-23 activity or binding, or with IL-23 receptor activity or binding, in vitro, in situ and/or in vivo.
  • a suitable anti-IL-23 antibody, specified portion or variant of the present invention can bind at least one IL-23 molecule, or specified portions, variants or domains thereof.
  • a suitable anti-IL-23 antibody, specified portion, or variant can also optionally affect at least one of IL-23 activity or function, such as but not limited to, RNA, DNA or protein synthesis, IL-23 release, IL-23 receptor signaling, membrane IL-23 cleavage, IL-23 activity, IL-23 production and/or synthesis.
  • IL-23 activity or function such as but not limited to, RNA, DNA or protein synthesis, IL-23 release, IL-23 receptor signaling, membrane IL-23 cleavage, IL-23 activity, IL-23 production and/or synthesis.
  • antibody is further intended to encompass antibodies, digestion fragments, specified portions and variants thereof, including antibody mimetics or comprising portions of antibodies that mimic the structure and/or function of an antibody or specified fragment or portion thereof, including single chain antibodies and fragments thereof.
  • Functional fragments include antigen-binding fragments that bind to a mammalian IL-23.
  • antibody fragments capable of binding to IL-23 or portions thereof including, but not limited to, Fab (e.g., by papain digestion), Fab′ (e.g., by pepsin digestion and partial reduction) and F(ab′)2 (e.g., by pepsin digestion), facb (e.g., by plasmin digestion), pFc′ (e.g., by pepsin or plasmin digestion), Fd (e.g., by pepsin digestion, partial reduction and reaggregation), Fv or scFv (e.g., by molecular biology techniques) fragments, are encompassed by the invention (see, e.g., Colligan, Immunology, supra).
  • Fab e.g., by papain digestion
  • Fab′ e.g., by pepsin digestion and partial reduction
  • F(ab′)2 e.g., by pepsin digestion
  • facb e.g., by plasmin digestion
  • Such fragments can be produced by enzymatic cleavage, synthetic or recombinant techniques, as known in the art and/or as described herein.
  • Antibodies can also be produced in a variety of truncated forms using antibody genes in which one or more stop codons have been introduced upstream of the natural stop site.
  • a combination gene encoding a F(ab′)2 heavy chain portion can be designed to include DNA sequences encoding the C H 1 domain and/or hinge region of the heavy chain.
  • the various portions of antibodies can be joined together chemically by conventional techniques, or can be prepared as a contiguous protein using genetic engineering techniques.
  • human antibody refers to an antibody in which substantially every part of the protein (e.g., CDR, framework, C L , C H domains (e.g., C H 1, C H 2, C H 3), hinge, (V L , V H )) is substantially non-immunogenic in humans, with only minor sequence changes or variations.
  • a “human antibody” may also be an antibody that is derived from or closely matches human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Human antibodies may include amino acid residues not encoded by germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo). Often, this means that the human antibody is substantially non-immunogenic in humans.
  • Human antibodies have been classified into groupings based on their amino acid sequence similarities. Accordingly, using a sequence similarity search, an antibody with a similar linear sequence can be chosen as a template to create a human antibody. Similarly, antibodies designated primate (monkey, baboon, chimpanzee, etc.), rodent (mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and the like) and other mammals designate such species, sub-genus, genus, sub-family, and family specific antibodies. Further, chimeric antibodies can include any combination of the above. Such changes or variations optionally and preferably retain or reduce the immunogenicity in humans or other species relative to non-modified antibodies. Thus, a human antibody is distinct from a chimeric or humanized antibody.
  • a human antibody can be produced by a non-human animal or prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell that is capable of expressing functionally rearranged human immunoglobulin (e.g., heavy chain and/or light chain) genes.
  • a human antibody when a human antibody is a single chain antibody, it can comprise a linker peptide that is not found in native human antibodies.
  • an Fv can comprise a linker peptide, such as two to about eight glycine or other amino acid residues, which connects the variable region of the heavy chain and the variable region of the light chain.
  • linker peptides are considered to be of human origin.
  • Bispecific, heterospecific, heteroconjugate or similar antibodies can also be used that are monoclonal, preferably, human or humanized, antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different antigens.
  • one of the binding specificities is for at least one IL-23 protein, the other one is for any other antigen.
  • Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art. Traditionally, the recombinant production of bispecific antibodies is based on the co-expression of two immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pairs, where the two heavy chains have different specificities (Milstein and Cuello, Nature 305:537 (1983)).
  • Anti-IL-23 specific also termed IL-23 specific antibodies
  • IL-23 specific antibodies or antibodies to IL-23 useful in the methods and compositions of the present invention can optionally be characterized by high affinity binding to IL-23 and, optionally and preferably, having low toxicity.
  • an antibody, specified fragment or variant of the invention, where the individual components, such as the variable region, constant region and framework, individually and/or collectively, optionally and preferably possess low immunogenicity is useful in the present invention.
  • the antibodies that can be used in the invention are optionally characterized by their ability to treat patients for extended periods with measurable alleviation of symptoms and low and/or acceptable toxicity. Low or acceptable immunogenicity and/or high affinity, as well as other suitable properties, can contribute to the therapeutic results achieved.
  • Low immunogenicity is defined herein as raising significant HAHA, HACA or HAMA responses in less than about 75%, or preferably less than about 50% of the patients treated and/or raising low titres in the patient treated (less than about 300, preferably less than about 100 measured with a double antigen enzyme immunoassay) (Elliott et al., Lancet 344:1125-1127 (1994), entirely incorporated herein by reference).
  • Low immunogenicity can also be defined as the incidence of titrable levels of antibodies to the anti-IL-23 antibody in patients treated with anti-IL-23 antibody as occurring in less than 25% of patients treated, preferably, in less than 10% of patients treated with the recommended dose for the recommended course of therapy during the treatment period.
  • safety refers to a relatively low or reduced frequency and/or low or reduced severity of treatment-emergent adverse events (referred to as AEs or TEAEs) from the clinical trials conducted, e.g., Phase 2 clinical trials and earlier, compared to the standard of care or to another comparator.
  • An adverse event is an untoward medical occurrence in a patient administered a medicinal product.
  • safe as it relates to a dose, dosage regimen or treatment with an anti-IL-23 antibody of the present invention refers to a relatively low or reduced frequency and/or low or reduced severity of adverse events associated with administration of the antibody if attribution is considered to be possible, probable, or very likely due to the use of the anti-IL-23 antibody.
  • the isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can be used for production of at least one anti-IL-23 antibody or specified variant thereof, which can be used to measure or effect in a cell, tissue, organ or animal (including mammals and humans), to diagnose, monitor, modulate, treat, alleviate, help prevent the incidence of, or reduce the symptoms of Crohn's disease.
  • Such a method can comprise administering an effective amount of a composition or a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one anti-IL-23 antibody to a cell, tissue, organ, animal or patient in need of such modulation, treatment, alleviation, prevention, or reduction in symptoms, effects or mechanisms.
  • the effective amount can comprise an amount of about 0.001 to 500 mg/kg per single (e.g., bolus), multiple or continuous administration, or to achieve a serum concentration of 0.01-5000 Cpg/ml serum concentration per single, multiple, or continuous administration, or any effective range or value therein, as done and determined using known methods, as described herein or known in the relevant arts.
  • At least one anti-IL-23 antibody used in the method of the present invention can be optionally produced by a cell line, a mixed cell line, an immortalized cell or clonal population of immortalized cells, as well known in the art. See, e.g., Ausubel, et al., ed., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, NY (1987-2001); Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2 nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989); Harlow and Lane, antibodies, a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
  • a preferred anti-IL-23 antibody is guselkumab (also referred to as CNTO1959) having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106 and the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116 and having the heavy chain CDR amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO: 44; and the light chain CDR amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 56, and SEQ ID NO: 73.
  • Other anti-IL-23 antibodies have sequences listed herein and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,935,344, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference).
  • Human antibodies that are specific for human IL-23 proteins or fragments thereof can be raised against an appropriate immunogenic antigen, such as an isolated IL-23 protein and/or a portion thereof (including synthetic molecules, such as synthetic peptides). Other specific or general mammalian antibodies can be similarly raised. Preparation of immunogenic antigens, and monoclonal antibody production can be performed using any suitable technique.
  • a hybridoma is produced by fusing a suitable immortal cell line (e.g., a myeloma cell line, such as, but not limited to, Sp2/0, Sp2/0-AG14, NSO, NS1, NS2, AE-1, L.5, L243, P3X63Ag8.653, Sp2 SA3, Sp2 MAI, Sp2 SS1, Sp2 SA5, U937, MLA 144, ACT IV, MOLT4, DA-1, JURKAT, WEHI, K-562, COS, RAJI, NIH 3T3, HL-60, MLA 144, NAMALWA, NEURO 2A, or the like, or heteromylomas, fusion products thereof, or any cell or fusion cell derived therefrom, or any other suitable cell line as known in the art) (see, e.g., www.atcc.org, www.lifetech.com, and the like), with antibody producing cells, such as, but not limited to, isolated or clone
  • Antibody producing cells can also be obtained from the peripheral blood or, preferably, the spleen or lymph nodes, of humans or other suitable animals that have been immunized with the antigen of interest. Any other suitable host cell can also be used for expressing heterologous or endogenous nucleic acid encoding an antibody, specified fragment or variant thereof, of the present invention.
  • the fused cells (hybridomas) or recombinant cells can be isolated using selective culture conditions or other suitable known methods, and cloned by limiting dilution or cell sorting, or other known methods. Cells which produce antibodies with the desired specificity can be selected by a suitable assay (e.g., ELISA).
  • Suitable methods of producing or isolating antibodies of the requisite specificity can be used, including, but not limited to, methods that select recombinant antibody from a peptide or protein library (e.g., but not limited to, a bacteriophage, ribosome, oligonucleotide, RNA, cDNA, or the like, display library; e.g., as available from Cambridge antibody Technologies, Cambridgeshire, UK; MorphoSys, Martinsreid/Planegg, DE; Biovation, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; Biolnvent, Lund, Sweden; Dyax Corp., Enzon, Affymax/Biosite; Xoma, Berkeley, Calif.; Ixsys.
  • a peptide or protein library e.g., but not limited to, a bacteriophage, ribosome, oligonucleotide, RNA, cDNA, or the like, display library; e.g., as available from Cambridge antibody Technologies, Cambridgeshire
  • ribosome display Hanes et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94:4937-4942 (May 1997); Hanes et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:14130-14135 (Nov. 1998)); single cell antibody producing technologies (e.g., selected lymphocyte antibody method (“SLAM”) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,052, Wen et al., J. Immunol.
  • SLAM selected lymphocyte antibody method
  • a humanized or engineered antibody has one or more amino acid residues from a source that is non-human, e.g., but not limited to, mouse, rat, rabbit, non-human primate or other mammal. These non-human amino acid residues are replaced by residues often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable, constant or other domain of a known human sequence.
  • CDR residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding. Accordingly, part or all of the non-human or human CDR sequences are maintained while the non-human sequences of the variable and constant regions may be replaced with human or other amino acids.
  • Antibodies can also optionally be humanized or human antibodies engineered with retention of high affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties.
  • humanized (or human) antibodies can be optionally prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, framework (FR) residues can be selected and combined from the consensus and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved.
  • FR framework
  • the human IL-23 specific antibody used in the method of the present invention may comprise a human germline light chain framework.
  • the light chain germline sequence is selected from human VK sequences including, but not limited to, A1, A10, A11, A14, A17, A18, A19, A2, A20, A23, A26, A27, A3, A30, A5, A7, B2, B3, L1, L10, L11, L12, L14, L15, L16, L18, L19, L2, L20, L22, L23, L24, L25, L4/18a, L5, L6, L8, L9, O1, O11, O12, O14, O18, O2, O4, and O8.
  • this light chain human germline framework is selected from V1-11, V1-13, V1-16, V1-17, V1-18, V1-19, V1-2, V1-20, V1-22, V1-3, V1-4, V1-5, V1-7, V1-9, V2-1, V2-11, V2-13, V2-14, V2-15, V2-17, V2-19, V2-6, V2-7, V2-8, V3-2, V3-3, V3-4, V4-1, V4-2, V4-3, V4-4, V4-6, V5-1, V5-2, V5-4, and V5-6.
  • the human IL-23 specific antibody used in the method of the present invention may comprise a human germline heavy chain framework.
  • this heavy chain human germline framework is selected from VH1-18, VH1-2, VH1-24, VH1-3, VH1-45, VH1-46, VH1-58, VH1-69, VH1-8, VH2-26, VH2-5, VH2-70, VH3-11, VH3-13, VH3-15, VH3-16, VH3-20, VH3-21, VH3-23, VH3-30, VH3-33, VH3-35, VH3-38, VH3-43, VH3-48, VH3-49, VH3-53, VH3-64, VH3-66, VH3-7, VH3-72, VH3-73, VH3-74, VH3-9, VH4-28, VH4-31, VH4-34, VH4-39, VH4-4, VH4-59, VH4-61, V
  • the light chain variable region and/or heavy chain variable region comprises a framework region or at least a portion of a framework region (e.g., containing 2 or 3 subregions, such as FR2 and FR3).
  • at least FRL1, FRL2, FRL3, or FRL4 is fully human.
  • at least FRH1, FRH2, FRH3, or FRH4 is fully human.
  • at least FRL1, FRL2, FRL3, or FRL4 is a germline sequence (e.g., human germline) or comprises human consensus sequences for the particular framework (readily available at the sources of known human Ig sequences described above).
  • At least FRH1, FRH2, FRH3, or FRH4 is a germline sequence (e.g., human germline) or comprises human consensus sequences for the particular framework.
  • the framework region is a fully human framework region.
  • Humanization or engineering of antibodies of the present invention can be performed using any known method, such as but not limited to those described in, Winter (Jones et al., Nature 321:522 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239:1534 (1988)), Sims et al., J. Immunol. 151: 2296 (1993); Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196:901 (1987), Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:4285 (1992); Presta et al., J. Immunol. 151:2623 (1993), U.S.
  • the antibody comprises an altered (e.g., mutated) Fc region.
  • the Fc region has been altered to reduce or enhance the effector functions of the antibody.
  • the Fc region is an isotype selected from IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, or other isotype.
  • it may be useful to combine amino acid modifications with one or more further amino acid modifications that alter C1q binding and/or the complement dependent cytotoxicity function of the Fc region of an IL-23 binding molecule.
  • the starting polypeptide of particular interest may be one that binds to C1q and displays complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
  • Polypeptides with pre-existing C1q binding activity, optionally further having the ability to mediate CDC may be modified such that one or both of these activities are enhanced.
  • Amino acid modifications that alter C1q and/or modify its complement dependent cytotoxicity function are described, for example, in WO0042072, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • effector function is responsible for activating or diminishing a biological activity (e.g., in a subject). Examples of effector functions include, but are not limited to: C1q binding; CDC; Fc receptor binding; ADCC; phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B cell receptor; BCR), etc.
  • Such effector functions may require the Fc region to be combined with a binding domain (e.g., an antibody variable domain) and can be assessed using various assays (e.g., Fc binding assays, ADCC assays, CDC assays, etc.).
  • a binding domain e.g., an antibody variable domain
  • assays e.g., Fc binding assays, ADCC assays, CDC assays, etc.
  • a variant Fc region of the human 11-23 (or anti-IL-23) antibody with improved C1q binding and improved Fc ⁇ RIIbinding e.g., having both improved ADCC activity and improved CDC activity.
  • a variant Fc region can be engineered with reduced CDC activity and/or reduced ADCC activity. In other embodiments, only one of these activities may be increased, and, optionally, also the other activity reduced (e.g., to generate an Fc region variant with improved ADCC activity, but reduced CDC activity and vice versa).
  • Fc mutations can also be introduced in engineer to alter their interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and improve their pharmacokinetic properties.
  • FcRn neonatal Fc receptor
  • a collection of human Fc variants with improved binding to the FcRn have been described (Shields et al., (2001). High resolution mapping of the binding site on human IgG1 for Fc ⁇ RI, Fc ⁇ RII, Fc ⁇ RIII, and FcRn and design of IgG1 variants with improved binding to the Fc ⁇ R, J. Biol. Chem. 276:6591-6604).
  • N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue.
  • O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.
  • the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain peptide sequences are asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline.
  • X is any amino acid except proline.
  • the glycosylation pattern may be altered, for example, by deleting one or more glycosylation site(s) found in the polypeptide, and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the polypeptide.
  • Addition of glycosylation sites to the Fc region of a human 11-23 specific antibody is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites).
  • An exemplary glycosylation variant has an amino acid substitution of residue Asn 297 of the heavy chain.
  • the alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original polypeptide (for O-linked glycosylation sites). Additionally, a change of Asn 297 to Ala can remove one of the glycosylation sites.
  • the human IL-23 specific antibody of the present invention is expressed in cells that express beta (1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT III), such that GnT III adds GlcNAc to the human IL-23 antibody.
  • GnT III beta (1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III
  • Methods for producing antibodies in such a fashion are provided in WO/9954342, WO/03011878, patent publication 20030003097A1, and Umana et al., Nature Biotechnology, 17:176-180, Feb. 1999; all of which are herein specifically incorporated by reference in their entireties.
  • the anti-IL-23 antibody can also be optionally generated by immunization of a transgenic animal (e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, non-human primate, and the like) capable of producing a repertoire of human antibodies, as described herein and/or as known in the art.
  • a transgenic animal e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, non-human primate, and the like
  • Cells that produce a human anti-IL-23 antibody can be isolated from such animals and immortalized using suitable methods, such as the methods described herein.
  • Transgenic mice that can produce a repertoire of human antibodies that bind to human antigens can be produced by known methods (e.g., but not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,770,428, 5,569,825, 5,545,806, 5,625,126, 5,625,825, 5,633,425, 5,661,016 and 5,789,650 issued to Lonberg et al.; Jakobovits et al. WO 98/50433, Jakobovits et al. WO 98/24893, Lonberg et al. WO 98/24884, Lonberg et al. WO 97/13852, Lonberg et al.
  • mice comprise at least one transgene comprising DNA from at least one human immunoglobulin locus that is functionally rearranged, or which can undergo functional rearrangement.
  • the endogenous immunoglobulin loci in such mice can be disrupted or deleted to eliminate the capacity of the animal to produce antibodies encoded by endogenous genes.
  • peptide display libraries Screening antibodies for specific binding to similar proteins or fragments can be conveniently achieved using peptide display libraries. This method involves the screening of large collections of peptides for individual members having the desired function or structure. Antibody screening of peptide display libraries is well known in the art.
  • the displayed peptide sequences can be from 3 to 5000 or more amino acids in length, frequently from 5-100 amino acids long, and often from about 8 to 25 amino acids long.
  • several recombinant DNA methods have been described.
  • One type involves the display of a peptide sequence on the surface of a bacteriophage or cell. Each bacteriophage or cell contains the nucleotide sequence encoding the particular displayed peptide sequence. Such methods are described in PCT Patent Publication Nos. 91/17271, 91/18980, 91/19818, and 93/08278.
  • Antibodies used in the method of the present invention can also be prepared using at least one anti-IL23 antibody encoding nucleic acid to provide transgenic animals or mammals, such as goats, cows, horses, sheep, rabbits, and the like, that produce such antibodies in their milk.
  • transgenic animals or mammals such as goats, cows, horses, sheep, rabbits, and the like, that produce such antibodies in their milk.
  • Such animals can be provided using known methods. See, e.g., but not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,827,690; 5,849,992; 4,873,316; 5,849,992; 5,994,616; 5,565,362; 5,304,489, and the like, each of which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.
  • Antibodies used in the method of the present invention can additionally be prepared using at least one anti-IL23 antibody encoding nucleic acid to provide transgenic plants and cultured plant cells (e.g., but not limited to, tobacco and maize) that produce such antibodies, specified portions or variants in the plant parts or in cells cultured therefrom.
  • transgenic tobacco leaves expressing recombinant proteins have been successfully used to provide large amounts of recombinant proteins, e.g., using an inducible promoter. See, e.g., Cramer et al., Curr. Top. Microbol. Immunol. 240:95-118 (1999) and references cited therein.
  • transgenic maize have been used to express mammalian proteins at commercial production levels, with biological activities equivalent to those produced in other recombinant systems or purified from natural sources. See, e.g., Hood et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 464:127-147 (1999) and references cited therein.
  • Antibodies have also been produced in large amounts from transgenic plant seeds including antibody fragments, such as single chain antibodies (scFv's), including tobacco seeds and potato tubers. See, e.g., Conrad et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 38:101-109 (1998) and references cited therein.
  • scFv's single chain antibodies
  • the antibodies used in the method of the invention can bind human IL-23 with a wide range of affinities (K D ).
  • a human mAb can optionally bind human 1-23 with high affinity.
  • a human mAb can bind human IL-23 with a K D equal to or less than about 10 ⁇ 7 M, such as but not limited to, 0.1-9.9 (or any range or value therein) ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 , 10 ⁇ 8 , 10 ⁇ 9 , 10 ⁇ 10 , 10 ⁇ 11 , 10 ⁇ 12 , 10 ⁇ 13 or any range or value therein.
  • the affinity or avidity of an antibody for an antigen can be determined experimentally using any suitable method.
  • any suitable method See, for example, Berzofsky, et al., “Antibody-Antigen Interactions,” In Fundamental Immunology , Paul, W. E., Ed., Raven Press: New York, N.Y. (1984); Kuby, Janis Immunology , W. H. Freeman and Company: New York, N.Y. (1992); and methods described herein).
  • the measured affinity of a particular antibody-antigen interaction can vary if measured under different conditions (e.g., salt concentration, pH).
  • affinity and other antigen-binding parameters e.g., K D , K a , K d
  • K D , K a , K d are preferably made with standardized solutions of antibody and antigen, and a standardized buffer, such as the buffer described herein.
  • nucleic acid molecule of the present invention encoding at least one anti-IL-23 antibody can be obtained using methods described herein or as known in the art.
  • Nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be in the form of RNA, such as mRNA, hnRNA, tRNA or any other form, or in the form of DNA, including, but not limited to, cDNA and genomic DNA obtained by cloning or produced synthetically, or any combinations thereof.
  • the DNA can be triple-stranded, double-stranded or single-stranded, or any combination thereof. Any portion of at least one strand of the DNA or RNA can be the coding strand, also known as the sense strand, or it can be the non-coding strand, also referred to as the anti-sense strand.
  • Isolated nucleic acid molecules used in the method of the present invention can include nucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame (ORF), optionally, with one or more introns, e.g., but not limited to, at least one specified portion of at least one CDR, such as CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 of at least one heavy chain or light chain; nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding sequence for an anti-IL-23 antibody or variable region; and nucleic acid molecules which comprise a nucleotide sequence substantially different from those described above but which, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, still encode at least one anti-IL-23 antibody as described herein and/or as known in the art.
  • ORF open reading frame
  • introns e.g., but not limited to, at least one specified portion of at least one CDR, such as CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 of at least one heavy chain or light chain
  • nucleic acid molecules comprising the coding sequence for an anti-IL-23 antibody
  • nucleic acid variants that code for specific anti-IL-23 antibodies used in the method of the present invention. See, e.g., Ausubel, et al., supra, and such nucleic acid variants are included in the present invention.
  • isolated nucleic acid molecules include nucleic acids encoding HC CDR1, HC CDR2, HC CDR3, LC CDR1, LC CDR2, and LC CDR3, respectively.
  • nucleic acid molecules which comprise a nucleic acid encoding an anti-IL-23 antibody can include, but are not limited to, those encoding the amino acid sequence of an antibody fragment, by itself, the coding sequence for the entire antibody or a portion thereof, the coding sequence for an antibody, fragment or portion, as well as additional sequences, such as the coding sequence of at least one signal leader or fusion peptide, with or without the aforementioned additional coding sequences, such as at least one intron, together with additional, non-coding sequences, including but not limited to, non-coding 5′ and 3′ sequences, such as the transcribed, non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA processing, including splicing and polyadenylation signals (for example, ribosome binding and stability of mRNA); an additional coding sequence that codes for additional amino acids, such as those that provide additional functionalities.
  • the sequence encoding an antibody can be fused to a marker sequence, such as a sequence encoding
  • the method of the present invention uses isolated nucleic acids that hybridize under selective hybridization conditions to a polynucleotide disclosed herein.
  • the polynucleotides of this embodiment can be used for isolating, detecting, and/or quantifying nucleic acids comprising such polynucleotides.
  • polynucleotides of the present invention can be used to identify, isolate, or amplify partial or full-length clones in a deposited library.
  • the polynucleotides are genomic or cDNA sequences isolated, or otherwise complementary to, a cDNA from a human or mammalian nucleic acid library.
  • the cDNA library comprises at least 80% full-length sequences, preferably, at least 85% or 90% full-length sequences, and, more preferably, at least 95% full-length sequences.
  • the cDNA libraries can be normalized to increase the representation of rare sequences.
  • Low or moderate stringency hybridization conditions are typically, but not exclusively, employed with sequences having a reduced sequence identity relative to complementary sequences.
  • Moderate and high stringency conditions can optionally be employed for sequences of greater identity.
  • Low stringency conditions allow selective hybridization of sequences having about 70% sequence identity and can be employed to identify orthologous or paralogous sequences.
  • polynucleotides will encode at least a portion of an antibody.
  • the polynucleotides embrace nucleic acid sequences that can be employed for selective hybridization to a polynucleotide encoding an antibody of the present invention. See, e.g., Ausubel, supra; Colligan, supra, each entirely incorporated herein by reference.
  • the isolated nucleic acids can be made using (a) recombinant methods, (b) synthetic techniques, (c) purification techniques, and/or (d) combinations thereof, as well-known in the art.
  • the nucleic acids can conveniently comprise sequences in addition to a polynucleotide of the present invention.
  • a multi-cloning site comprising one or more endonuclease restriction sites can be inserted into the nucleic acid to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide.
  • translatable sequences can be inserted to aid in the isolation of the translated polynucleotide of the present invention.
  • a hexa-histidine marker sequence provides a convenient means to purify the proteins of the present invention.
  • the nucleic acid of the present invention, excluding the coding sequence is optionally a vector, adapter, or linker for cloning and/or expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention.
  • Additional sequences can be added to such cloning and/or expression sequences to optimize their function in cloning and/or expression, to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide, or to improve the introduction of the polynucleotide into a cell.
  • Use of cloning vectors, expression vectors, adapters, and linkers is well known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, supra; or Sambrook, supra)
  • RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, or any combination thereof can be obtained from biological sources using any number of cloning methodologies known to those of skill in the art.
  • oligonucleotide probes that selectively hybridize, under stringent conditions, to the polynucleotides of the present invention are used to identify the desired sequence in a cDNA or genomic DNA library.
  • the isolation of RNA, and construction of cDNA and genomic libraries, are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, supra; or Sambrook, supra)
  • a cDNA or genomic library can be screened using a probe based upon the sequence of a polynucleotide used in the method of the present invention, such as those disclosed herein.
  • Probes can be used to hybridize with genomic DNA or cDNA sequences to isolate homologous genes in the same or different organisms.
  • degrees of stringency of hybridization can be employed in the assay; and either the hybridization or the wash medium can be stringent. As the conditions for hybridization become more stringent, there must be a greater degree of complementarity between the probe and the target for duplex formation to occur.
  • the degree of stringency can be controlled by one or more of temperature, ionic strength, pH and the presence of a partially denaturing solvent, such as formamide.
  • the stringency of hybridization is conveniently varied by changing the polarity of the reactant solution through, for example, manipulation of the concentration of formamide within the range of 0% to 50%/a.
  • the degree of complementarity (sequence identity) required for detectable binding will vary in accordance with the stringency of the hybridization medium and/or wash medium.
  • the degree of complementarity will optimally be 100%, or 70-100/%, or any range or value therein.
  • minor sequence variations in the probes and primers can be compensated for by reducing the stringency of the hybridization and/or wash medium.
  • RNA amplification processes include, but are not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and related amplification processes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,683,202, 4,800,159, 4,965,188, to Mullis, et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,795,699 and 4,921,794 to Tabor, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,142,033 to Innis; U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,464 to Wilson, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,310 to Innis; U.S. Pat. No.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • in vitro amplification methods can also be useful, for example, to clone nucleic acid sequences that code for proteins to be expressed, to make nucleic acids to use as probes for detecting the presence of the desired mRNA in samples, for nucleic acid sequencing, or for other purposes.
  • examples of techniques sufficient to direct persons of skill through in vitro amplification methods are found in Berger, supra, Sambrook, supra, and Ausubel, supra, as well as Mullis, et al., U.S. Pat. No.
  • kits for genomic PCR amplification are known in the art. See, e.g., Advantage-GC Genomic PCR Kit (Clontech). Additionally, e.g., the T4 gene 32 protein (Boehringer Mannheim) can be used to improve yield of long PCR products.
  • the isolated nucleic acids used in the method of the present invention can also be prepared by direct chemical synthesis by known methods (see, e.g., Ausubel, et al., supra). Chemical synthesis generally produces a single-stranded oligonucleotide, which can be converted into double-stranded DNA by hybridization with a complementary sequence, or by polymerization with a DNA polymerase using the single strand as a template.
  • Chemical synthesis of DNA can be limited to sequences of about 100 or more bases, longer sequences can be obtained by the ligation of shorter sequences.
  • the present invention uses recombinant expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid.
  • a nucleic acid sequence for example, a cDNA or a genomic sequence encoding an antibody used in the method of the present invention, can be used to construct a recombinant expression cassette that can be introduced into at least one desired host cell.
  • a recombinant expression cassette will typically comprise a polynucleotide operably linked to transcriptional initiation regulatory sequences that will direct the transcription of the polynucleotide in the intended host cell. Both heterologous and non-heterologous (i.e., endogenous) promoters can be employed to direct expression of the nucleic acids.
  • isolated nucleic acids that serve as promoter, enhancer, or other elements can be introduced in the appropriate position (upstream, downstream or in the intron) of a non-heterologous form of a polynucleotide of the present invention so as to up or down regulate expression of a polynucleotide.
  • endogenous promoters can be altered in vivo or in vitro by mutation, deletion and/or substitution.
  • the present invention also relates to vectors that include isolated nucleic acid molecules, host cells that are genetically engineered with the recombinant vectors, and the production of at least one anti-IL-23 antibody by recombinant techniques, as is well known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook, et al., supra; Ausubel, et al., supra, each entirely incorporated herein by reference.
  • the polynucleotides can optionally be joined to a vector containing a selectable marker for propagation in a host.
  • a plasmid vector is introduced in a precipitate, such as a calcium phosphate precipitate, or in a complex with a charged lipid. If the vector is a virus, it can be packaged in vitro using an appropriate packaging cell line and then transduced into host cells.
  • the DNA insert should be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter.
  • the expression constructs will further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation.
  • the coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs will preferably include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (e.g., UAA, UGA or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the mRNA to be translated, with UAA and UAG preferred for mammalian or eukaryotic cell expression.
  • Expression vectors will preferably but optionally include at least one selectable marker.
  • markers include, e.g., but are not limited to, methotrexate (MTX), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216; 4,634,665; 4,656,134; 4,956,288; 5,149,636; 5,179,017, ampicillin, neomycin (G418), mycophenolic acid, or glutamine synthetase (GS, U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,464; 5,770,359; 5,827,739) resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, and tetracycline or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E.
  • MTX methotrexate
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reduc
  • coli and other bacteria or prokaryotics are entirely incorporated hereby by reference.
  • Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the above-described host cells are known in the art. Suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan. Introduction of a vector construct into a host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other known methods. Such methods are described in the art, such as Sambrook, supra, Chapters 1-4 and 16-18; Ausubel, supra, Chapters 1, 9, 13, 15, 16.
  • At least one antibody used in the method of the present invention can be expressed in a modified form, such as a fusion protein, and can include not only secretion signals, but also additional heterologous functional regions. For instance, a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, can be added to the N-terminus of an antibody to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties can be added to an antibody of the present invention to facilitate purification. Such regions can be removed prior to final preparation of an antibody or at least one fragment thereof. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Sambrook, supra, Chapters 17.29-17.42 and 18.1-18.74; Ausubel, supra, Chapters 16, 17 and 18.
  • nucleic acids can be expressed in a host cell by turning on (by manipulation) in a host cell that contains endogenous DNA encoding an antibody.
  • Such methods are well known in the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,734, 5,641,670, 5,733,746, and 5,733,761, entirely incorporated herein by reference.
  • mammalian cells useful for the production of the antibodies, specified portions or variants thereof, are mammalian cells.
  • Mammalian cell systems often will be in the form of monolayers of cells although mammalian cell suspensions or bioreactors can also be used.
  • COS-1 e.g., ATCC CRL 1650
  • COS-7 e.g., ATCC CRL-1651
  • HEK293, BHK21 e.g., ATCC CRL-10
  • CHO e.g., ATCC CRL 1610
  • BSC-1 e.g., ATCC CRL-26 cell lines
  • Cos-7 cells CHO cells
  • hep G2 cells hep G2 cells
  • P3X63Ag8.653, SP2/0-Ag14 293 cells
  • HeLa cells and the like, which are readily available from, for example, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. (www.atcc.org).
  • Preferred host cells include cells of lymphoid origin, such as myeloma and lymphoma cells.
  • Particularly preferred host cells are P3X63Ag8.653 cells (ATCC Accession Number CRL-1580) and SP2/0-Ag14 cells (ATCC Accession Number CRL-1851).
  • the recombinant cell is a P3X63Ab8.653 or a SP2/0-Ag14 cell.
  • Expression vectors for these cells can include one or more of the following expression control sequences, such as, but not limited to, an origin of replication; a promoter (e.g., late or early SV40 promoters, the CMV promoter (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,168,062; 5,385,839), an HSV tk promoter, a pgk (phosphoglycerate kinase) promoter, an EF-1 alpha promoter (U.S. Pat. No.
  • an origin of replication e.g., a promoter (e.g., late or early SV40 promoters, the CMV promoter (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,168,062; 5,385,839), an HSV tk promoter, a pgk (phosphoglycerate kinase) promoter, an EF-1 alpha promoter (U.S. Pat. No.
  • At least one human immunoglobulin promoter at least one human immunoglobulin promoter; an enhancer, and/or processing information sites, such as ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites (e.g., an SV40 large T Ag poly A addition site), and transcriptional terminator sequences.
  • an enhancer, and/or processing information sites such as ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites (e.g., an SV40 large T Ag poly A addition site), and transcriptional terminator sequences.
  • polyadenlyation or transcription terminator sequences are typically incorporated into the vector.
  • An example of a terminator sequence is the polyadenlyation sequence from the bovine growth hormone gene. Sequences for accurate splicing of the transcript can also be included.
  • An example of a splicing sequence is the VP1 intron from SV40 (Sprague, et al., J. Virol. 45:773-781 (1983)).
  • gene sequences to control replication in the host cell can be incorporated into the vector, as known in the art.
  • An anti-IL-23 antibody can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by well-known methods including, but not limited to, protein A purification, ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography.
  • High performance liquid chromatography (“HPLC”) can also be employed for purification. See, e.g., Colligan, Current Protocols in Immunology, or Current Protocols in Protein Science, John Wiley & Sons, NY, NY, (1997-2001), e.g., Chapters 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, each entirely incorporated herein by reference.
  • Antibodies used in the method of the present invention include naturally purified products, products of chemical synthetic procedures, and products produced by recombinant techniques from a eukaryotic host, including, for example, yeast, higher plant, insect and mammalian cells. Depending upon the host employed in a recombinant production procedure, the antibody can be glycosylated or can be non-glycosylated, with glycosylated preferred. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Sambrook, supra, Sections 17.37-17.42; Ausubel, supra, Chapters 10, 12, 13, 16, 18 and 20, Colligan, Protein Science, supra, Chapters 12-14, all entirely incorporated herein by reference.
  • An anti-IL-23 antibody includes any protein or peptide containing molecule that comprises at least a portion of an immunoglobulin molecule, such as but not limited to, at least one ligand binding portion (LBP), such as but not limited to, a complementarity determining region (CDR) of a heavy or light chain or a ligand binding portion thereof, a heavy chain or light chain variable region, a framework region (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4 or fragment thereof, further optionally comprising at least one substitution, insertion or deletion), a heavy chain or light chain constant region, (e.g., comprising at least one C H 1, hinge1, hinge2, hinge3, hinge4, C H 2 , or C H 3 or fragment thereof, further optionally comprising at least one substitution, insertion or deletion), or any portion thereof, that can be incorporated into an antibody.
  • An antibody can include or be derived from any mammal, such as but not limited to, a human, a mouse, a rabbit, a
  • the isolated antibodies used in the method of the present invention comprise the antibody amino acid sequences disclosed herein encoded by any suitable polynucleotide, or any isolated or prepared antibody.
  • the human antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds human IL-23 and, thereby, partially or substantially neutralizes at least one biological activity of the protein.
  • An antibody, or specified portion or variant thereof, that partially or preferably substantially neutralizes at least one biological activity of at least one IL-23 protein or fragment can bind the protein or fragment and thereby inhibit activities mediated through the binding of IL-23 to the IL-23 receptor or through other IL-23-dependent or mediated mechanisms.
  • neutralizing antibody refers to an antibody that can inhibit an IL-23-dependent activity by about 20-120%, preferably by at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or more depending on the assay.
  • the capacity of an anti-IL-23 antibody to inhibit an IL-23-dependent activity is preferably assessed by at least one suitable IL-23 protein or receptor assay, as described herein and/or as known in the art.
  • a human antibody can be of any class (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD, etc.) or isotype and can comprise a kappa or lambda light chain.
  • the human antibody comprises an IgG heavy chain or defined fragment, for example, at least one of isotypes, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 (e.g., ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3, ⁇ 4).
  • Antibodies of this type can be prepared by employing a transgenic mouse or other trangenic non-human mammal comprising at least one human light chain (e.g., IgG, IgA, and IgM) transgenes as described herein and/or as known in the art.
  • the anti-IL-23 human antibody comprises an IgG1 heavy chain and an IgG1 light chain.
  • An antibody binds at least one specified epitope specific to at least one IL-23 protein, subunit, fragment, portion or any combination thereof.
  • the at least one epitope can comprise at least one antibody binding region that comprises at least one portion of the protein, which epitope is preferably comprised of at least one extracellular, soluble, hydrophillic, external or cytoplasmic portion of the protein.
  • the human antibody or antigen-binding fragment will comprise an antigen-binding region that comprises at least one human complementarity determining region (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3) or variant of at least one heavy chain variable region and at least one human complementarity determining region (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3) or variant of at least one light chain variable region.
  • the CDR sequences may be derived from human germline sequences or closely match the germline sequences.
  • the CDRs from a synthetic library derived from the original non-human CDRs can be used. These CDRs may be formed by incorporation of conservative substitutions from the original non-human sequence.
  • the antibody or antigen-binding portion or variant can have an antigen-binding region that comprises at least a portion of at least one light chain CDR (i.e., CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3) having the amino acid sequence of the corresponding CDRs 1, 2 and/or 3.
  • CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of the corresponding CDRs 1, 2 and/or 3.
  • Such antibodies can be prepared by chemically joining together the various portions (e.g., CDRs, framework) of the antibody using conventional techniques, by preparing and expressing a (i.e., one or more) nucleic acid molecule that encodes the antibody using conventional techniques of recombinant DNA technology or by using any other suitable method.
  • a nucleic acid molecule that encodes the antibody using conventional techniques of recombinant DNA technology or by using any other suitable method.
  • the anti-IL-23 specific antibody can comprise at least one of a heavy or light chain variable region having a defined amino acid sequence.
  • the anti-IL-23 antibody comprises at least one of at least one heavy chain variable region, optionally having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106 and/or at least one light chain variable region, optionally having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116.
  • Antibodies that bind to human IL-23 and that comprise a defined heavy or light chain variable region can be prepared using suitable methods, such as phage display (Katsube, Y., et al., Int J Mol. Med, 1(5):863-868 (1998)) or methods that employ transgenic animals, as known in the art and/or as described herein.
  • a transgenic mouse comprising a functionally rearranged human immunoglobulin heavy chain transgene and a transgene comprising DNA from a human immunoglobulin light chain locus that can undergo functional rearrangement, can be immunized with human IL-23 or a fragment thereof to elicit the production of antibodies.
  • the antibody producing cells can be isolated and hybridomas or other immortalized antibody-producing cells can be prepared as described herein and/or as known in the art.
  • the antibody, specified portion or variant can be expressed using the encoding nucleic acid or portion thereof in a suitable host cell.
  • the invention also relates to antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, immunoglobulin chains and CDRs comprising amino acids in a sequence that is substantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein.
  • such antibodies or antigen-binding fragments and antibodies comprising such chains or CDRs can bind human IL-23 with high affinity (e.g., K D less than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 9 M).
  • Amino acid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequences described herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acid substitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.
  • a conservative amino acid substitution refers to the replacement of a first amino acid by a second amino acid that has chemical and/or physical properties (e.g., charge, structure, polarity, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) that are similar to those of the first amino acid.
  • Conservative substitutions include, without limitation, replacement of one amino acid by another within the following groups: lysine (K), arginine (R) and histidine (H); aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), tyrosine (Y), K, R, H, D and E; alanine (A), valine (V), leucine (L), isoleucine (I), proline (P), phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W), methionine (M), cysteine (C) and glycine (G); F, W and Y; C, S and T.
  • amino acids that make up anti-IL-23 antibodies of the present invention are often abbreviated.
  • the amino acid designations can be indicated by designating the amino acid by its single letter code, its three letter code, name, or three nucleotide codon(s) as is well understood in the art (see Alberts, B., et al., Molecular Biology of The Cell, Third Ed., Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, 1994):
  • the number of amino acid substitutions a skilled artisan would make depends on many factors, including those described above. Generally speaking, the number of amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions for any given anti-IL-23 antibody, fragment or variant will not be more than 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, such as 1-30 or any range or value therein, as specified herein.
  • Amino acids in an anti-IL-23 specific antibody that are essential for function can be identified by methods known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (e.g., Ausubel, supra, Chapters 8, 15; Cunningham and Wells, Science 244:1081-1085 (1989)).
  • the latter procedure introduces single alanine mutations at every residue in the molecule.
  • the resulting mutant molecules are then tested for biological activity, such as, but not limited to, at least one IL-23 neutralizing activity.
  • Sites that are critical for antibody binding can also be identified by structural analysis, such as crystallization, nuclear magnetic resonance or photoaffinity labeling (Smith, et al., J. Mol. Biol. 224:899-904 (1992) and de Vos, et al., Science 255:306-312 (1992)).
  • Anti-IL-23 antibodies can include, but are not limited to, at least one portion, sequence or combination selected from 5 to all of the contiguous amino acids of at least one of SEQ ID NOS: 5, 20, 44, 50, 56, and 73.
  • IL-23 antibodies or specified portions or variants can include, but are not limited to, at least one portion, sequence or combination selected from at least 3-5 contiguous amino acids of the SEQ ID NOs above; 5-17 contiguous amino acids of the SEQ ID NOs above, 5-10 contiguous amino acids of the SEQ ID NOs above, 5-11 contiguous amino acids of the SEQ ID NOs above, 5-7 contiguous amino acids of the SEQ ID NOs above; 5-9 contiguous amino acids of the SEQ ID NOs above.
  • An anti-IL-23 antibody can further optionally comprise a polypeptide of at least one of 70-100% of 5, 17, 10, 11, 7, 9, 119, or 108 contiguous amino acids of the SEQ ID NOs above.
  • the amino acid sequence of an immunoglobulin chain, or portion thereof e.g., variable region, CDR
  • has about 70-100% identity e.g., 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or any range or value therein
  • amino acid sequence of a light chain variable region can be compared with the sequence of the SEQ ID NOs above, or the amino acid sequence of a heavy chain CDR3 can be compared with the SEQ ID NOs above.
  • 70-100% amino acid identity i.e., 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or any range or value therein is determined using a suitable computer algorithm, as known in the art.
  • Identity is a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. “Identity” and “similarity” can be readily calculated by known methods, including, but not limited to, those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing:Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D.
  • Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs. Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, the GCG program package (Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research 12(1): 387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA (Atschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990)). The BLAST X program is publicly available from NCBI and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S., et al., NCBINLM NIH Bethesda, Md. 20894: Altschul, S., et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990). The well-known Smith Waterman algorithm may also be used to determine identity.
  • Preferred parameters for polypeptide sequence comparison include the following: (1) Algorithm: Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol Biol. 48:443-453 (1970) Comparison matrix: BLOSSUM62 from Hentikoff and Hentikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA. 89:10915-10919 (1992)
  • Preferred parameters for polynucleotide comparison include the following:
  • a polynucleotide sequence may be identical to another sequence, that is 100% identical, or it may include up to a certain integer number of nucleotide alterations as compared to the reference sequence.
  • Such alterations are selected from the group consisting of at least one nucleotide deletion, substitution, including transition and transversion, or insertion, and wherein the alterations may occur at the 5′ or 3′ terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among the nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
  • the number of nucleotide alterations is determined by multiplying the total number of nucleotides in the sequence by the numerical percent of the respective percent identity (divided by 100) and subtracting that product from the total number of nucleotides in the sequence, or:
  • n.sub.n.ltorsim.x.sub.n-(x.sub.n.y) wherein n.sub.n is the number of nucleotide alterations, x.sub.n is the total number of nucleotides in sequence, and y is, for instance, 0.70 for 70%, 0.80 for 80%, 0.85 for 85%, 0.90 for 90%, 0.95 for 95%, etc., and wherein any non-integer product of x.sub.n and y is rounded down to the nearest integer prior to subtracting from x.sub.n.
  • Alterations of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the SEQ ID NOs above may create nonsense, missense or frameshift mutations in this coding sequence and thereby alter the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide following such alterations.
  • a polypeptide sequence may be identical to the reference sequence of the SEQ ID NOs above, that is be 100% identical, or it may include up to a certain integer number of amino acid alterations as compared to the reference sequence such that the percentage identity is less than 100%.
  • Such alterations are selected from the group consisting of at least one amino acid deletion, substitution, including conservative and non-conservative substitution, or insertion, and wherein the alterations may occur at the amino- or carboxy-terminal positions of the reference polypeptide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among the amino acids in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
  • the number of amino acid alterations for a given % identity is determined by multiplying the total number of amino acids in the SEQ ID NOs above by the numerical percent of the respective percent identity (divided by 100) and then subtracting that product from the total number of amino acids in the SEQ ID NOs above, or:
  • n.sub.a.ltorsim.x.sub.a-(x.sub.a.y) wherein n.sub.a is the number of amino acid alterations, x.sub.a is the total number of amino acids in the SEQ ID NOs above, and y is, for instance 0.70 for 70%, 0.80 for 80%, 0.85 for 85% etc., and wherein any non-integer produce of x.sub.a and y is rounded down to the nearest integer prior to subtracting it from x.sub.a.
  • the antibodies of the present invention can comprise any number of contiguous amino acid residues from an antibody of the present invention, wherein that number is selected from the group of integers consisting of from 10-100% of the number of contiguous residues in an anti-IL-23 antibody.
  • this subsequence of contiguous amino acids is at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250 or more amino acids in length, or any range or value therein.
  • the number of such subsequences can be any integer selected from the group consisting of from 1 to 20, such as at least 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the present invention includes at least one biologically active antibody of the present invention.
  • Biologically active antibodies have a specific activity at least 20%, 30%, or 40%, and, preferably, at least 50%, 60%, or 70%, and, most preferably, at least 80%, 90%, or 95%-100% or more (including, without limitation, up to 10 times the specific activity) of that of the native (non-synthetic), endogenous or related and known antibody.
  • Methods of assaying and quantifying measures of enzymatic activity and substrate specificity are well known to those of skill in the art.
  • the invention relates to human antibodies and antigen-binding fragments, as described herein, which are modified by the covalent attachment of an organic moiety.
  • modification can produce an antibody or antigen-binding fragment with improved pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., increased in vivo serum half-life).
  • the organic moiety can be a linear or branched hydrophilic polymeric group, fatty acid group, or fatty acid ester group.
  • the hydrophilic polymeric group can have a molecular weight of about 800 to about 120,000 Daltons and can be a polyalkane glycol (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG)), carbohydrate polymer, amino acid polymer or polyvinyl pyrolidone, and the fatty acid or fatty acid ester group can comprise from about eight to about forty carbon atoms.
  • a polyalkane glycol e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG)
  • carbohydrate polymer e.g., amino acid polymer or polyvinyl pyrolidone
  • the fatty acid or fatty acid ester group can comprise from about eight to about forty carbon atoms.
  • the modified antibodies and antigen-binding fragments can comprise one or more organic moieties that are covalently bonded, directly or indirectly, to the antibody.
  • Each organic moiety that is bonded to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention can independently be a hydrophilic polymeric group, a fatty acid group or a fatty acid ester group.
  • fatty acid encompasses mono-carboxylic acids and di-carboxylic acids.
  • Hydrophilic polymers suitable for modifying antibodies of the invention can be linear or branched and include, for example, polyalkane glycols (e.g., PEG, monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG), PPG and the like), carbohydrates (e.g., dextran, cellulose, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and the like), polymers of hydrophilic amino acids (e.g., polylysine, polyarginine, polyaspartate and the like), polyalkane oxides (e.g., polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and the like) and polyvinyl pyrolidone.
  • polyalkane glycols e.g., PEG, monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG), PPG and the like
  • carbohydrates e.g., dextran, cellulose, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and the like
  • polymers of hydrophilic amino acids e.g., polylysine,
  • the hydrophilic polymer that modifies the antibody of the invention has a molecular weight of about 800 to about 150,000 Daltons as a separate molecular entity.
  • PEG 5000 and PEG 20,000 wherein the subscript is the average molecular weight of the polymer in Daltons, can be used.
  • the hydrophilic polymeric group can be substituted with one to about six alkyl, fatty acid or fatty acid ester groups. Hydrophilic polymers that are substituted with a fatty acid or fatty acid ester group can be prepared by employing suitable methods.
  • a polymer comprising an amine group can be coupled to a carboxylate of the fatty acid or fatty acid ester, and an activated carboxylate (e.g., activated with N, N-carbonyl diimidazole) on a fatty acid or fatty acid ester can be coupled to a hydroxyl group on a polymer.
  • an activated carboxylate e.g., activated with N, N-carbonyl diimidazole
  • Fatty acids and fatty acid esters suitable for modifying antibodies of the invention can be saturated or can contain one or more units of unsaturation.
  • Fatty acids that are suitable for modifying antibodies of the invention include, for example, n-dodecanoate (C 12 , laurate), n-tetradecanoate (C 14 , myristate), n-octadecanoate (Cis, stearate), n-eicosanoate (C 20 , arachidate), n-docosanoate (C 22 , behenate), n-triacontanoate (C 30 ), n-tetracontanoate (C 40 ), cis- ⁇ 9-octadecanoate (C 18 , oleate), all cis- ⁇ 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate (C 20 , arachidonate), octanedioic acid, tetradecanedioic acid,
  • modified human antibodies and antigen-binding fragments can be prepared using suitable methods, such as by reaction with one or more modifying agents.
  • An “activating group” is a chemical moiety or functional group that can, under appropriate conditions, react with a second chemical group thereby forming a covalent bond between the modifying agent and the second chemical group.
  • amine-reactive activating groups include electrophilic groups, such as tosylate, mesylate, halo (chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo), N-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters (NHS), and the like.
  • Activating groups that can react with thiols include, for example, maleimide, iodoacetyl, acrylolyl, pyridyl disulfides, 5-thiol-2-nitrobenzoic acid thiol (TNB-thiol), and the like.
  • An aldehyde functional group can be coupled to amine- or hydrazide-containing molecules, and an azide group can react with a trivalent phosphorous group to form phosphoramidate or phosphorimide linkages.
  • Suitable methods to introduce activating groups into molecules are known in the art (see for example, Hermanson, G. T., Bioconjugate Techniques , Academic Press: San Diego, Calif. (1996)).
  • An activating group can be bonded directly to the organic group (e.g., hydrophilic polymer, fatty acid, fatty acid ester), or through a linker moiety, for example, a divalent C 1 -C 12 group wherein one or more carbon atoms can be replaced by a heteroatom, such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
  • Suitable linker moieties include, for example, tetraethylene glycol, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, —NH—(CH 2 )—NH—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —NH— and —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CH—NH—.
  • Modifying agents that comprise a linker moiety can be produced, for example, by reacting a mono-Boc-alkyldiamine (e.g., mono-Boc-ethylenediamine, mono-Boc-diaminohexane) with a fatty acid in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) to form an amide bond between the free amine and the fatty acid carboxylate.
  • a mono-Boc-alkyldiamine e.g., mono-Boc-ethylenediamine, mono-Boc-diaminohexane
  • EDC 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
  • the Boc protecting group can be removed from the product by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to expose a primary amine that can be coupled to another carboxylate, as described, or can be reacted with maleic anhydride and the resulting product cyclized to produce an activated maleimido derivative of the fatty acid.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • the modified antibodies can be produced by reacting a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment with a modifying agent.
  • the organic moieties can be bonded to the antibody in a non-site specific manner by employing an amine-reactive modifying agent, for example, an NHS ester of PEG.
  • Modified human antibodies or antigen-binding fragments can also be prepared by reducing disulfide bonds (e.g., intra-chain disulfide bonds) of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment. The reduced antibody or antigen-binding fragment can then be reacted with a thiol-reactive modifying agent to produce the modified antibody of the invention.
  • Modified human antibodies and antigen-binding fragments comprising an organic moiety that is bonded to specific sites of an antibody of the present invention can be prepared using suitable methods, such as reverse proteolysis (Fisch et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 3:147-153 (1992); Werlen et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 5:411-417 (1994); Kumaran et al., Protein Sci. 6(10):2233-2241 (1997); Itoh et al., Bioorg. Chem., 24(1): 59-68 (1996); Capellas et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 56(4):456-463 (1997)), and the methods described in Hermanson, G. T., Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press: San Diego, Calif. (1996).
  • suitable methods such as reverse proteolysis (Fisch et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 3:147-153 (1992); Werlen et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 5
  • the method of the present invention also uses an anti-IL-23 antibody composition comprising at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six or more anti-IL-23 antibodies thereof, as described herein and/or as known in the art that are provided in a non-naturally occurring composition, mixture or form.
  • Such compositions comprise non-naturally occurring compositions comprising at least one or two full length, C- and/or N-terminally deleted variants, domains, fragments, or specified variants, of the anti-IL-23 antibody amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of 70-100% of the contiguous amino acids of the SEQ ID NOs above, or specified fragments, domains or variants thereof.
  • Preferred anti-IL-23 antibody compositions include at least one or two full length, fragments, domains or variants as at least one CDR or LBP containing portions of the anti-IL-23 antibody sequence described herein, for example, 70-100% of the SEQ ID NOs above, or specified fragments, domains or variants thereof. Further preferred compositions comprise, for example, 40-99% of at least one of 70-100% of the SEQ ID NOs above, etc., or specified fragments, domains or variants thereof. Such composition percentages are by weight, volume, concentration, molarity, or molality as liquid or dry solutions, mixtures, suspension, emulsions, particles, powder, or colloids, as known in the art or as described herein.
  • Antibody Compositions Comprising Further Therapeutically Active Ingredients
  • the antibody compositions used in the method of the invention can optionally further comprise an effective amount of at least one compound or protein selected from at least one of an anti-infective drug, a cardiovascular (CV) system drug, a central nervous system (CNS) drug, an autonomic nervous system (ANS) drug, a respiratory tract drug, a gastrointestinal (GI) tract drug, a hormonal drug, a drug for fluid or electrolyte balance, a hematologic drug, an antineoplastic, an immunomodulation drug, an ophthalmic, otic or nasal drug, a topical drug, a nutritional drug or the like.
  • CV cardiovascular
  • CNS central nervous system
  • ANS autonomic nervous system
  • a respiratory tract drug a gastrointestinal (GI) tract drug
  • GI gastrointestinal
  • a hormonal drug a drug for fluid or electrolyte balance
  • a hematologic drug an antineoplastic
  • an immunomodulation drug an ophthalmic, otic or nasal drug
  • topical drug a nutritional drug or the like.
  • Such drugs are well known in the art, including formulations, indications, dosing and administration for each presented herein (see, e.g., Nursing 2001 Handbook of Drugs, 21′ edition, Springhouse Corp., Springhouse, P A, 2001; Health Professional's Drug Guide 2001, ed., Shannon, Wilson, Stang, Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River, N.J.; Pharmcotherapy Handbook, Wells et al., ed., Appleton & Lange, Stamford, Conn., each entirely incorporated herein by reference).
  • the anti-infective drug can be at least one selected from amebicides or at least one antiprotozoals, anthelmintics, antifungals, antimalarials, antituberculotics or at least one antileprotics, aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, antivirals, macrolide anti-infectives, and miscellaneous anti-infectives.
  • the hormonal drug can be at least one selected from corticosteroids, androgens or at least one anabolic steroid, estrogen or at least one progestin, gonadotropin, antidiabetic drug or at least one glucagon, thyroid hormone, thyroid hormone antagonist, pituitary hormone, and parathyroid-like drug.
  • the at least one cephalosporin can be at least one selected from cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefazolin sodium, cefdinir, cefepime hydrochloride, cefixime, cefmetazole sodium, cefonicid sodium, cefoperazone sodium, cefotaxime sodium, cefotetan disodium, cefoxitin sodium, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefprozil, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, cefuroxime axetil, cefuroxime sodium, cephalexin hydrochloride, cephalexin monohydrate, cephradine, and loracarbef.
  • the at least one coricosteroid can be at least one selected from betamethasone, betamethasone acetate or betamethasone sodium phosphate, betamethasone sodium phosphate, cortisone acetate, dexamethasone, dexamethasone acetate, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, fludrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone cypionate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone acetate, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, prednisolone, prednisolone acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, prednisolone tebutate, prednisone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, and triamcinolone diacetate.
  • the at least one androgen or anabolic steroid can be at least one selected from danazol, fluoxymesterone, methyltestosterone, nandrolone decanoate, nandrolone phenpropionate, testosterone, testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone propionate, and testosterone transdermal system.
  • the at least one immunosuppressant can be at least one selected from azathioprine, basiliximab, cyclosporine, daclizumab, lymphocyte immune globulin, muromonab-CD3, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolate mofetil hydrochloride, sirolimus, and tacrolimus.
  • the at least one local anti-infective can be at least one selected from acyclovir, amphotericin B, azelaic acid cream, bacitracin, butoconazole nitrate, clindamycin phosphate, clotrimazole, econazole nitrate, erythromycin, gentamicin sulfate, ketoconazole, mafenide acetate, metronidazole (topical), miconazole nitrate, mupirocin, naftifine hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, nitrofurazone, nystatin, silver sulfadiazine, terbinafine hydrochloride, terconazole, tetracycline hydrochloride, tioconazole, and tolnaftate.
  • the at least one scabicide or pediculicide can be at least one selected from crotamiton, lindane, permethrin, and pyrethrins.
  • the at least one topical corticosteroid can be at least one selected from betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, clobetasol propionate, desonide, desoximetasone, dexamethasone, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, diflorasone diacetate, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, flurandrenolide, fluticasone propionate, halcionide, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone butyrate, hydrocorisone valerate, mometasone furoate, and triamcinolone acetonide. (See, e.g., pp. 1098-1136 of Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook.)
  • Anti-IL-23 antibody compositions can further comprise at least one of any suitable and effective amount of a composition or pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one anti-1-23 antibody contacted or administered to a cell, tissue, organ, animal or patient in need of such modulation, treatment or therapy, optionally further comprising at least one selected from at least one TNF antagonist (e.g., but not limited to a TNF chemical or protein antagonist, TNF monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or fragment, a soluble TNF receptor (e.g., p55, p70 or p85) or fragment, fusion polypeptides thereof, or a small molecule TNF antagonist, e.g., TNF binding protein I or II (TBP-1 or TBP-II), nerelimonmab, infliximab, eternacept, CDP-571, CDP-870, afelimomab, lenercept, and the like), an antirheumatic (e.g., methotrexate, auranof
  • Non-limiting examples of such cytokines include, but are not limited to, any of IL-1 to IL-23 et al. (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, etc.). Suitable dosages are well known in the art. See, e.g., Wells et al., eds., Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 2 nd Edition, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn. (2000); PDR Pharmacopoeia, Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000, Deluxe Edition, Tarascon Publishing, Loma Linda, Calif. (2000), each of which references are entirely incorporated herein by reference.
  • Anti-IL-23 antibody compounds, compositions or combinations used in the method of the present invention can further comprise at least one of any suitable auxiliary, such as, but not limited to, diluent, binder, stabilizer, buffers, salts, lipophilic solvents, preservative, adjuvant or the like.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliaries are preferred.
  • Non-limiting examples of, and methods of preparing such sterile solutions are well known in the art, such as, but limited to, Gennaro, Ed., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18 th Edition, Mack Publishing Co. (Easton, Pa.) 1990.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be routinely selected that are suitable for the mode of administration, solubility and/or stability of the anti-IL-23 antibody, fragment or variant composition as well known in the art or as described herein.
  • compositions include, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates (e.g., sugars, including monosaccharides, di-, tri-, tetra-, and oligosaccharides; derivatized sugars, such as alditols, aldonic acids, esterified sugars and the like; and polysaccharides or sugar polymers), which can be present singly or in combination, comprising alone or in combination 1-99.99% by weight or volume.
  • Exemplary protein excipients include serum albumin, such as human serum albumin (HSA), recombinant human albumin (rHA), gelatin, casein, and the like.
  • amino acid/antibody components which can also function in a buffering capacity, include alanine, glycine, arginine, betaine, histidine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, aspartame, and the like.
  • One preferred amino acid is glycine.
  • Carbohydrate excipients suitable for use in the invention include, for example, monosaccharides, such as fructose, maltose, galactose, glucose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose, sucrose, trehalose, cellobiose, and the like; polysaccharides, such as raffinose, melezitose, maltodextrins, dextrans, starches, and the like; and alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, lactitol, xylitol sorbitol (glucitol), myoinositol and the like.
  • Preferred carbohydrate excipients for use in the present invention are mannitol, trehalose, and raffinose.
  • Anti-IL-23 antibody compositions can also include a buffer or a pH adjusting agent; typically, the buffer is a salt prepared from an organic acid or base.
  • Representative buffers include organic acid salts, such as salts of citric acid, ascorbic acid, gluconic acid, carbonic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, or phthalic acid; Tris, tromethamine hydrochloride, or phosphate buffers.
  • Preferred buffers for use in the present compositions are organic acid salts, such as citrate.
  • anti-IL-23 antibody compositions can include polymeric excipients/additives, such as polyvinylpyrrolidones, ficolls (a polymeric sugar), dextrates (e.g., cyclodextrins, such as 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin), polyethylene glycols, flavoring agents, antimicrobial agents, sweeteners, antioxidants, antistatic agents, surfactants (e.g., polysorbates, such as “TWEEN 20” and “TWEEN 80”), lipids (e.g., phospholipids, fatty acids), steroids (e.g., cholesterol), and chelating agents (e.g., EDTA).
  • polymeric excipients/additives such as polyvinylpyrrolidones, ficolls (a polymeric sugar), dextrates (e.g., cyclodextrins, such as 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin), polyethylene glycols,
  • carrier or excipient materials are carbohydrates (e.g., saccharides and alditols) and buffers (e.g., citrate) or polymeric agents.
  • An exemplary carrier molecule is the mucopolysaccharide, hyaluronic acid, which may be useful for intraarticular delivery.
  • the invention provides for stable formulations, which preferably comprise a phosphate buffer with saline or a chosen salt, as well as preserved solutions and formulations containing a preservative as well as multi-use preserved formulations suitable for pharmaceutical or veterinary use, comprising at least one anti-IL-23 antibody in a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation.
  • Preserved formulations contain at least one known preservative or optionally selected from the group consisting of at least one phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, chlorocresol, benzyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrite, phenoxyethanol, formaldehyde, chlorobutanol, magnesium chloride (e.g., hexahydrate), alkylparaben (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and the like), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, sodium dehydroacetate and thimerosal, or mixtures thereof in an aqueous diluent.
  • Any suitable concentration or mixture can be used as known in the art, such as 0.001-5%, or any range or value therein, such as, but not limited to 0.001, 0.003, 0.005, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, or any range or value therein.
  • Non-limiting examples include, no preservative, 0.1-2% m-cresol (e.g., 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0%), 0.1-3% benzyl alcohol (e.g., 0.5, 0.9, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5%), 0.001-0.5% thimerosal (e.g., 0.005, 0.01), 0.001-2.0% phenol (e.g., 0.05, 0.25, 0.28, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0%), 0.0005-1.0% alkylparaben(s) (e.g., 0.00075, 0.0009, 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.075, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 0.9, 1.0%), and the like.
  • 0.1-2% m-cresol e.g., 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.9,
  • the method of the invention uses an article of manufacture, comprising packaging material and at least one vial comprising a solution of at least one anti-IL-23 specific antibody with the prescribed buffers and/or preservatives, optionally in an aqueous diluent, wherein said packaging material comprises a label that indicates that such solution can be held over a period of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72 hours or greater.
  • the invention further uses an article of manufacture, comprising packaging material, a first vial comprising lyophilized anti-IL-23 specific antibody, and a second vial comprising an aqueous diluent of prescribed buffer or preservative, wherein said packaging material comprises a label that instructs a patient to reconstitute the anti-IL-23 specific antibody in the aqueous diluent to form a solution that can be held over a period of twenty-four hours or greater.
  • the anti-IL-23 specific antibody used in accordance with the present invention can be produced by recombinant means, including from mammalian cell or transgenic preparations, or can be purified from other biological sources, as described herein or as known in the art.
  • the range of the anti-IL-23 specific antibody includes amounts yielding upon reconstitution, if in a wet/dry system, concentrations from about 1.0 ⁇ g/ml to about 1000 mg/ml, although lower and higher concentrations are operable and are dependent on the intended delivery vehicle, e.g., solution formulations will differ from transdermal patch, pulmonary, transmucosal, or osmotic or micro pump methods.
  • the aqueous diluent optionally further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative.
  • preservatives include those selected from the group consisting of phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, chlorocresol, benzyl alcohol, alkylparaben (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and the like), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, sodium dehydroacetate and thimerosal, or mixtures thereof.
  • concentration of preservative used in the formulation is a concentration sufficient to yield an anti-microbial effect. Such concentrations are dependent on the preservative selected and are readily determined by the skilled artisan.
  • excipients e.g., isotonicity agents, buffers, antioxidants, and preservative enhancers
  • An isotonicity agent such as glycerin, is commonly used at known concentrations.
  • a physiologically tolerated buffer is preferably added to provide improved pH control.
  • the formulations can cover a wide range of pHs, such as from about pH 4 to about pH 10, and preferred ranges from about pH 5 to about pH 9, and a most preferred range of about 6.0 to about 8.0.
  • the formulations of the present invention have a pH between about 6.8 and about 7.8.
  • Preferred buffers include phosphate buffers, most preferably, sodium phosphate, particularly, phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • additives such as a pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizers like Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), Tween 40 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate), Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), Pluronic F68 (polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers), and PEG (polyethylene glycol) or non-ionic surfactants, such as polysorbate 20 or 80 or poloxamer 184 or 188, Pluronic® polyls, other block co-polymers, and chelators, such as EDTA and EGTA, can optionally be added to the formulations or compositions to reduce aggregation. These additives are particularly useful if a pump or plastic container is used to administer the formulation. The presence of pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant mitigates the propensity for the protein to aggregate.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizers like Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan
  • the formulations can be prepared by a process which comprises mixing at least one anti-IL-23 specific antibody and a preservative selected from the group consisting of phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, chlorocresol, benzyl alcohol, alkylparaben, (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and the like), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, sodium dehydroacetate and thimerosal or mixtures thereof in an aqueous diluent.
  • a preservative selected from the group consisting of phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, chlorocresol, benzyl alcohol, alkylparaben, (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and the like), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, sodium dehydroacetate and thimerosal or mixtures thereof in an aqueous d
  • a measured amount of at least one anti-IL-23 specific antibody in buffered solution is combined with the desired preservative in a buffered solution in quantities sufficient to provide the protein and preservative at the desired concentrations.
  • Variations of this process would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the order the components are added, whether additional additives are used, the temperature and pH at which the formulation is prepared, are all factors that can be optimized for the concentration and means of administration used.
  • the formulations can be provided to patients as clear solutions or as dual vials comprising a vial of lyophilized anti-IL-23 specific antibody that is reconstituted with a second vial containing water, a preservative and/or excipients, preferably, a phosphate buffer and/or saline and a chosen salt, in an aqueous diluent.
  • a preservative and/or excipients preferably, a phosphate buffer and/or saline and a chosen salt, in an aqueous diluent.
  • Either a single solution vial or dual vial requiring reconstitution can be reused multiple times and can suffice for a single or multiple cycles of patient treatment and thus can provide a more convenient treatment regimen than currently available.
  • Formulations of the invention can optionally be safely stored at temperatures of from about 2° C. to about 40° C. and retain the biologically activity of the protein for extended periods of time, thus allowing a package label indicating that the solution can be held and/or used over a period of 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, or 96 hours or greater. If preserved diluent is used, such label can include use up to 1-12 months, one-half, one and a half, and/or two years.
  • the solutions of anti-IL-23 specific antibody can be prepared by a process that comprises mixing at least one antibody in an aqueous diluent. Mixing is carried out using conventional dissolution and mixing procedures. To prepare a suitable diluent, for example, a measured amount of at least one antibody in water or buffer is combined in quantities sufficient to provide the protein and, optionally, a preservative or buffer at the desired concentrations. Variations of this process would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the order the components are added, whether additional additives are used, the temperature and pH at which the formulation is prepared, are all factors that can be optimized for the concentration and means of administration used.
  • the claimed products can be provided to patients as clear solutions or as dual vials comprising a vial of lyophilized at least one anti-IL-23 specific antibody that is reconstituted with a second vial containing the aqueous diluent.
  • Either a single solution vial or dual vial requiring reconstitution can be reused multiple times and can suffice for a single or multiple cycles of patient treatment and thus provides a more convenient treatment regimen than currently available.
  • the claimed products can be provided indirectly to patients by providing to pharmacies, clinics, or other such institutions and facilities, clear solutions or dual vials comprising a vial of lyophilized at least one anti-IL-23 specific antibody that is reconstituted with a second vial containing the aqueous diluent.
  • the clear solution in this case can be up to one liter or even larger in size, providing a large reservoir from which smaller portions of the at least one antibody solution can be retrieved one or multiple times for transfer into smaller vials and provided by the pharmacy or clinic to their customers and/or patients.
  • Recognized devices comprising single vial systems include pen-injector devices for delivery of a solution, such as BD Pens, BD Autojector®, Humaject®, NovoPen®, B-D® Pen, AutoPen®, and OptiPen®, GenotropinPen®, Genotronorm Pen®, Humatro Pen®, Reco-Pen®, Roferon Pen®, Biojector®, Iject®, J-tip Needle-Free Injector®, Intraject®, Medi-Ject®, Smartject® e.g., as made or developed by Becton Dickensen (Franklin Lakes, N.J., www.bectondickenson.com), Disetronic (Burgdorf, Switzerland, www.disetronic.com; Bioject, Portland, Oreg.
  • BD Pens such as BD Pens, BD Autojector®, Humaject®, NovoPen®, B-D® Pen, AutoPen®, and
  • Recognized devices comprising a dual vial system include those pen-injector systems for reconstituting a lyophilized drug in a cartridge for delivery of the reconstituted solution, such as the HumatroPen®.
  • Examples of other devices suitable include pre-filled syringes, auto-injectors, needle free injectors, and needle free IV infusion sets.
  • the products may include packaging material.
  • the packaging material provides, in addition to the information required by the regulatory agencies, the conditions under which the product can be used.
  • the packaging material of the present invention provides instructions to the patient, as applicable, to reconstitute the at least one anti-IL-23 antibody in the aqueous diluent to form a solution and to use the solution over a period of 2-24 hours or greater for the two vial, wet/dry, product.
  • the label indicates that such solution can be used over a period of 2-24 hours or greater.
  • the products are useful for human pharmaceutical product use.
  • the formulations used in the method of the present invention can be prepared by a process that comprises mixing an anti-IL-23 antibody and a selected buffer, preferably, a phosphate buffer containing saline or a chosen salt. Mixing the anti-IL-23 antibody and buffer in an aqueous diluent is carried out using conventional dissolution and mixing procedures.
  • a suitable formulation for example, a measured amount of at least one antibody in water or buffer is combined with the desired buffering agent in water in quantities sufficient to provide the protein and buffer at the desired concentrations. Variations of this process would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the order the components are added, whether additional additives are used, the temperature and pH at which the formulation is prepared, are all factors that can be optimized for the concentration and means of administration used.
  • the method of the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising various formulations useful and acceptable for administration to a human or animal patient.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions are prepared using water at “standard state” as the diluent and routine methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, buffering components such as histidine and histidine monohydrochloride hydrate, may be provided first followed by the addition of an appropriate, non-final volume of water diluent, sucrose and polysorbate 80 at “standard state.” Isolated antibody may then be added. Last, the volume of the pharmaceutical composition is adjusted to the desired final volume under “standard state” conditions using water as the diluent. Those skilled in the art will recognize a number of other methods suitable for the preparation of the pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be aqueous solutions or suspensions comprising the indicated mass of each constituent per unit of water volume or having an indicated pH at “standard state.”
  • standard state means a temperature of 25° C.+/ ⁇ 2° C. and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
  • standard state is not used in the art to refer to a single art recognized set of temperatures or pressure, but is instead a reference state that specifies temperatures and pressure to be used to describe a solution or suspension with a particular composition under the reference “standard state” conditions. This is because the volume of a solution is, in part, a function of temperature and pressure.
  • pharmaceutical compositions equivalent to those disclosed here can be produced at other temperatures and pressures. Whether such pharmaceutical compositions are equivalent to those disclosed here should be determined under the “standard state” conditions defined above (e.g. 25° C.+/ ⁇ 2° C. and a pressure of 1 atmosphere).
  • such pharmaceutical compositions may contain component masses “about” a certain value (e.g. “about 0.53 mg L-histidine”) per unit volume of the pharmaceutical composition or have pH values about a certain value.
  • a component mass present in a pharmaceutical composition or pH value is “about” a given numerical value if the isolated antibody present in the pharmaceutical composition is able to bind a peptide chain while the isolated antibody is present in the pharmaceutical composition or after the isolated antibody has been removed from the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., by dilution).
  • a value, such as a component mass value or pH value is “about” a given numerical value when the binding activity of the isolated antibody is maintained and detectable after placing the isolated antibody in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • Competition binding analysis is performed to determine if the IL-23 specific mAbs bind to similar or different epitopes and/or compete with each other. Abs are individually coated on ELISA plates. Competing mAbs are added, followed by the addition of biotinylated hrIL-23. For positive control, the same mAb for coating may be used as the competing mAb (“self-competition”). IL-23 binding is detected using streptavidin. These results demonstrate whether the mAbs recognize similar or partially overlapping epitopes on IL-23.
  • One aspect of the method of the invention administers to a patient a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising
  • the isolated antibody concentration is from about 77 to about 104 mg per ml of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the pH is from about 5.5 to about 6.5.
  • the stable or preserved formulations can be provided to patients as clear solutions or as dual vials comprising a vial of lyophilized at least one anti-IL-23 antibody that is reconstituted with a second vial containing a preservative or buffer and excipients in an aqueous diluent. Either a single solution vial or dual vial requiring reconstitution can be reused multiple times and can suffice for a single or multiple cycles of patient treatment and thus provides a more convenient treatment regimen than currently available.
  • non-clear solutions are formulations comprising particulate suspensions, said particulates being a composition containing the anti-IL-23 antibody in a structure of variable dimension and known variously as a microsphere, microparticle, nanoparticle, nanosphere, or liposome.
  • Such relatively homogenous, essentially spherical, particulate formulations containing an active agent can be formed by contacting an aqueous phase containing the active agent and a polymer and a nonaqueous phase followed by evaporation of the nonaqueous phase to cause the coalescence of particles from the aqueous phase as taught in U.S.
  • Porous microparticles can be prepared using a first phase containing active agent and a polymer dispersed in a continuous solvent and removing said solvent from the suspension by freeze-drying or dilution-extraction-precipitation as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,542.
  • Preferred polymers for such preparations are natural or synthetic copolymers or polymers selected from the group consisting of gleatin agar, starch, arabinogalactan, albumin, collagen, polyglycolic acid, polylactic aced, glycolide-L( ⁇ ) lactide poly(episilon-caprolactone, poly(epsilon-caprolactone-CO-lactic acid), poly(epsilon-caprolactone-CO-glycolic acid), poly(ß-hydroxy butyric acid), polyethylene oxide, polyethylene, poly(alkyl-2-cyanoacrylate), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), polyamides, poly(amino acids), poly(2-hydroxyethyl DL-aspartamide), poly(ester urea), poly(L-phenylalanine/ethylene glycol/1,6-diisocyanatohexane) and poly(methyl methacrylate).
  • Particularly preferred polymers are polyesters, such as polyglycolic acid, polylactic aced, glycolide-L( ⁇ ) lactide poly(episilon-caprolactone, poly(epsilon-caprolactone-CO-lactic acid), and poly(epsilon-caprolactone-CO-glycolic acid.
  • Solvents useful for dissolving the polymer and/or the active include: water, hexafluoroisopropanol, methylenechloride, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, benzene, or hexafluoroacetone sesquihydrate.
  • the process of dispersing the active containing phase with a second phase may include pressure forcing said first phase through an orifice in a nozzle to affect droplet formation.
  • Dry powder formulations may result from processes other than lyophilization, such as by spray drying or solvent extraction by evaporation or by precipitation of a crystalline composition followed by one or more steps to remove aqueous or nonaqueous solvent.
  • Preparation of a spray-dried antibody preparation is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,968.
  • the antibody-based dry powder compositions may be produced by spray drying solutions or slurries of the antibody and, optionally, excipients, in a solvent under conditions to provide a respirable dry powder.
  • Solvents may include polar compounds, such as water and ethanol, which may be readily dried.
  • Antibody stability may be enhanced by performing the spray drying procedures in the absence of oxygen, such as under a nitrogen blanket or by using nitrogen as the drying gas.
  • Another relatively dry formulation is a dispersion of a plurality of perforated microstructures dispersed in a suspension medium that typically comprises a hydrofluoroalkane propellant as taught in WO 9916419.
  • the stabilized dispersions may be administered to the lung of a patient using a metered dose inhaler.
  • Equipment useful in the commercial manufacture of spray dried medicaments are manufactured by Buchi Ltd. or Niro Corp.
  • An anti-IL-23 antibody in either the stable or preserved formulations or solutions described herein can be administered to a patient in accordance with the present invention via a variety of delivery methods including SC or IM injection; transdermal, pulmonary, transmucosal, implant, osmotic pump, cartridge, micro pump, or other means appreciated by the skilled artisan, as well-known in the art.
  • the present invention also provides a method for modulating or treating Crohn's disease, in a cell, tissue, organ, animal, or patient, as known in the art or as described herein, using at least one IL-23 antibody of the present invention, e.g., administering or contacting the cell, tissue, organ, animal, or patient with a therapeutic effective amount of IL-23 specific antibody.
  • any method of the present invention can comprise administering an effective amount of a composition or pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-IL-23 antibody to a cell, tissue, organ, animal or patient in need of such modulation, treatment or therapy.
  • Such a method can optionally further comprise co-administration or combination therapy for treating such diseases or disorders, wherein the administering of said at least one anti-IL-23 antibody, specified portion or variant thereof, further comprises administering, before concurrently, and/or after, at least one selected from at least one TNF antagonist (e.g., but not limited to, a TNF chemical or protein antagonist, TNF monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or fragment, a soluble TNF receptor (e.g., p55, p70 or p85) or fragment, fusion polypeptides thereof, or a small molecule TNF antagonist, e.g., TNF binding protein I or II (TBP-1 or TBP-II), nerelimonmab, infliximab, eternacept (Enbrel
  • Suitable dosages are well known in the art. See, e.g., Wells et al., eds., Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 2 nd Edition, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn. (2000); PDR Pharmacopoeia, Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000, Deluxe Edition, Tarascon Publishing, Loma Linda, C A (2000); Nursing 2001 Handbook of Drugs, 21 st edition, Springhouse Corp., Springhouse, P A, 2001; Health Professional's Drug Guide 2001, ed., Shannon, Wilson, Stang, Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River, N.J., each of which references are entirely incorporated herein by reference.
  • Treatments typically, treatment of Crohn's disease is affected by administering an effective amount or dosage of an anti-IL-23 antibody composition that total, on average, a range from at least about 0.01 to 500 milligrams of an anti-IL-23 antibody per kilogram of patient per dose, and, preferably, from at least about 0.1 to 100 milligrams antibody/kilogram of patient per single or multiple administration, depending upon the specific activity of the active agent contained in the composition.
  • the effective serum concentration can comprise 0.1-5000 ⁇ g/ml serum concentration per single or multiple administrations.
  • Suitable dosages are known to medical practitioners and will, of course, depend upon the particular disease state, specific activity of the composition being administered, and the particular patient undergoing treatment. In some instances, to achieve the desired therapeutic amount, it can be necessary to provide for repeated administration, i.e., repeated individual administrations of a particular monitored or metered dose, where the individual administrations are repeated until the desired daily dose or effect is achieved.
  • Preferred doses can optionally include 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 and/or 100-500 mg/kg/administration, or any range, value or fraction thereof, or to achieve
  • the dosage administered can vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent, and its mode and route of administration; age, health, and weight of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms, kind of concurrent treatment, frequency of treatment, and the effect desired.
  • a dosage of active ingredient can be about 0.1 to 100 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.
  • 0.1 to 50, and, preferably, 0.1 to 10 milligrams per kilogram per administration or in sustained release form is effective to obtain desired results.
  • treatment of humans or animals can be provided as a one-time or periodic dosage of at least one antibody of the present invention 0.1 to 100 mg/kg, such as 0.5, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mg/kg, per day, on at least one of day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40, or, alternatively or additionally, at least one of week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, or, alternatively or additionally, at least one of week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
  • Dosage forms (composition) suitable for internal administration generally contain from about 0.001 milligram to about 500 milligrams of active ingredient per unit or container.
  • the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.5-99.999% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
  • the antibody can be formulated as a solution, suspension, emulsion, particle, powder, or lyophilized powder in association, or separately provided, with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle examples include water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and 1-10% human serum albumin. Liposomes and nonaqueous vehicles, such as fixed oils, can also be used.
  • the vehicle or lyophilized powder can contain additives that maintain isotonicity (e.g., sodium chloride, mannitol) and chemical stability (e.g., buffers and preservatives).
  • the formulation is sterilized by known or suitable techniques.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in the most recent edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, A. Osol, a standard reference text in this field.
  • IL-23 specific antibodies of the present invention can be delivered in a carrier, as a solution, emulsion, colloid, or suspension, or as a dry powder, using any of a variety of devices and methods suitable for administration by inhalation or other modes described here within or known in the art.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration can contain as common excipients sterile water or saline, polyalkylene glycols, such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, hydrogenated naphthalenes and the like.
  • Aqueous or oily suspensions for injection can be prepared by using an appropriate emulsifier or humidifier and a suspending agent, according to known methods.
  • Agents for injection can be a non-toxic, non-orally administrable diluting agent, such as aqueous solution, a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a solvent.
  • the usable vehicle or solvent water, Ringer's solution, isotonic saline, etc.
  • sterile involatile oil can be used as an ordinary solvent or suspending solvent.
  • any kind of involatile oil and fatty acid can be used, including natural or synthetic or semisynthetic fatty oils or fatty acids; natural or synthetic or semisynthtetic mono- or di- or tri-glycerides.
  • Parental administration is known in the art and includes, but is not limited to, conventional means of injections, a gas pressured needle-less injection device as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,198, and a laser perforator device as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,839,446 entirely incorporated herein by reference.
  • the invention further relates to the administration of an anti-IL-23 antibody by parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intrarticular, intrabronchial, intraabdominal, intracapsular, intracartilaginous, intracavitary, intracelial, intracerebellar, intracerebroventricular, intracolic, intracervical, intragastric, intrahepatic, intramyocardial, intraosteal, intrapelvic, intrapericardiac, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary, intrarectal, intrarenal, intraretinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intrathoracic, intrauterine, intravesical, intralesional, bolus, vaginal, rectal, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, or transdermal means.
  • An anti-IL-23 antibody composition can be prepared for use for parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous) or any other administration particularly in the form of liquid solutions or suspensions; for use in vaginal or rectal administration particularly in semisolid forms, such as, but not limited to, creams and suppositories; for buccal, or sublingual administration, such as, but not limited to, in the form of tablets or capsules; or intranasally, such as, but not limited to, the form of powders, nasal drops or aerosols or certain agents; or transdermally, such as not limited to a gel, ointment, lotion, suspension or patch delivery system with chemical enhancers such as dimethyl sulfoxide to either modify the skin structure or to increase the drug concentration in the transdermal patch (Junginger, et al.
  • the ustekinumab Phase 3 program in Crohn's disease included two 8-week studies evaluating the efficacy and safety ofustekinumab intravenous (IV) induction, and one maintenance study evaluating the efficacy and safety of ustekinumab subcutaneous (SC) maintenance, for a total duration of 52 weeks of treatment.
  • Ustekinumab was evaluated in the full spectrum of biologic-eligible patients with Crohn's disease, ie, those who were conventional therapy failures and those who were biologic therapy failures.
  • the collective genetic and preclinical evidence implicates the prominent role of selectively targeting IL-23 in modulating the underlying pathophysiology of IBD.
  • the available clinical experience of 2 IL-23 antagonists and the established evidence from an approved IL-12/23 antagonist (ustekinumab) have demonstrated proof of mechanism and proof of concept, respectively, for targeting IL-23 in the treatment of Crohn's disease.
  • the available evidence provide support for investigating guselkumab in the treatment of Crohn's disease.
  • the primary endpoint is clinical remission at Week 12 (defined as CDAI score ⁇ 150). For this endpoint, comparisons of each guselkumab group with placebo will be made.
  • the short-term endpoints at Week 12 will be based on comparisons of each guselkumab group with the placebo group, and the long-term endpoints at Week 48 will be based on comparisons of each guselkumab group with the ustekinumab group.
  • the actual exposure data (area under the serum concentration versus time curve [AUC]) achieved in monkeys relative to the predicted Week 8 to Week 12 IV clinical induction dosing interval AUC, or steady-state SC maintenance interval AUC (both normalized to weekly dosing to compare with the monkey dosing interval) provide ample exposure margins for the proposed clinical doses.
  • AUC serum concentration versus time curve
  • guselkumab is a late-stage biotherapeutic with a good clinical safety profile in participants with plaque psoriasis, with data generated primarily at 100 mg SC, but also at doses up to 300 mg SC and 10 mg/kg IV in a limited number of patients with plaque psoriasis and in healthy normal volunteers, respectively, during Phase 1 of clinical development.
  • risankizumab an IL-23 inhibitor with clinical potency comparable to guselkumab
  • risankizumab an IL-23 inhibitor with clinical potency comparable to guselkumab
  • Guselkumab has undergone extensive nonclinical and clinical development.
  • the collective efficacy and safety results of the Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3 clinical studies in healthy volunteers and patients with plaque psoriasis and the recent regulatory approval for the plaque psoriasis indication established a favorable benefit-risk profile for guselkumab in the treatment of plaque psoriasis.
  • This clinical experience provided support to the ongoing development of guselkumab in other inflammatory diseases such as PsA, GPP, EP, and PPP.
  • the approved dose regimen of guselkumab in psoriasis (100 mg SC at Week 0 and Week 4, and then q8w) has been demonstrated to have a favorable safety profile, and dose regimens as high as 200 mg SC q8w have been shown to have favorable safety in a Phase 2 trial in rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the main risk is infection.
  • Other potential safety concerns also described in greater detail in the guselkumab IB, are based on guselkumab being an immunomodulatory mAb and include malignancy and hypersensitivity. Since the higher dose regimens of guselkumab (as proposed in this protocol) have not been previously studied, safety will be evaluated in an initial cohort of 25 patients by an independent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC).
  • DMC Data Monitoring Committee
  • the early safety evaluation of the initial cohort will ensure acceptable safety for continued study of the proposed Phase 2 and Phase 3 dose regimens in larger numbers of patients, and the ongoing unblinded safety assessments by the DMC throughout the Phase 2 and 3 studies will ensure patient safety in the overall development program.
  • Ustekinumab (STELARA) is the active comparator in this protocol.
  • Ustekinumab is a human IgG1 kappa mAb that binds with high affinity and specificity to the p40 subunit common to both human IL-12 and human IL-23.
  • Ustekinumab is an approved treatment for moderately to severely active Crohn's disease in adult patients in several countries including the US, Canada, and the EU; submissions for regulatory approval of the Crohn's disease indication are currently under review in a number of countries globally.
  • the primary endpoint and major secondary endpoints evaluate the short-term efficacy of guselkumab versus placebo. These endpoints are described below.
  • GALAXI 1 The primary hypothesis for GALAXI 1 is that guselkumab is superior to placebo in inducing a reduction from baseline in CDAI score in participants with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease.
  • GALAXI 2 and GALAXI 3 are identical studies and have the same objectives and endpoints, as
  • the primary endpoint is clinical remission at Week 12 (defined as CDAI score ⁇ 150). For this endpoint, comparisons of each guselkumab group with placebo will be made.
  • GALAXI 2 and GALAXI 3 The primary hypothesis for both GALAXI 2 and GALAXI 3 is that guselkumab is superior to placebo in achieving clinical remission at Week 12 in participants with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease. GALAXI 2 and GALAXI 3 will also evaluate the relative performance of long-term treatment with guselkumab versus ustekinumab.
  • the clinical development program for guselkumab in Crohn's disease will be conducted under this single protocol: a Phase 2/3, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled (ustekinumab), parallel-group, multicenter protocol to evaluate the safety and efficacy of guselkumab in participants with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease who have demonstrated an inadequate response or failure to tolerate previous conventional therapy or biologic therapy.
  • GALAXI 1 the safety and efficacy of guselkumab dose regimens spanning a wide induction and maintenance dose range will be evaluated to support the selection of induction and maintenance dose regimens for confirmatory evaluation in Phase 3. It is estimated that 250 to 500 participants may be required to select the dose regimens that will be evaluated in Phase 3 (GALAXI 2 and GALAXI 3). Therefore, the first 250 participants in GALAXI 1 will be enrolled into an Initial Dose Decision Cohort; an interim analysis (IA) primarily based on this cohort will occur once these participants reach Week 12 (or terminate study participation prior to Week 12).
  • IA interim analysis
  • Phase 3 dose-confirming studies i.e., GALAXI 2 and GALAXI 3
  • the safety and efficacy of the selected guselkumab dose regimens will be evaluated.
  • a target of 770 participants will be enrolled in each of the Phase 3 studies, for a total target sample size of 1,540 participants in the Phase 3 portion of the protocol.
  • Participants who complete the 48-week Phase 2 or Phase 3 studies may be eligible to enter the LTE to receive approximately 2 additional years of treatment.
  • the overall GALAXI Phase 2/3 protocol will enroll a total of approximately 2,000 participants, with a total duration for each participant of up to approximately 3 years.
  • the target population in all 3 studies under this protocol will be identical and will consist of men or women ⁇ 18 years of age at the time of informed consent with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (of at least 3 months' duration). Participants must have colitis, ileitis, or ileocolitis previously confirmed by radiography, histology, and/or endoscopy.
  • a maximum of 10% of the total enrolled population will be participants who have baseline scores for SES-CD ⁇ 4 (ie, for participants with isolated ileal disease), or SES-CD ⁇ 7 (ie, for participants with colonic or ileocolonic disease).
  • a broad participant population eligible for systemic therapy will be evaluated in this protocol and will include participants who have demonstrated an inadequate response or failed to tolerate previous conventional therapy or biologic therapy.
  • Participants must have demonstrated an inadequate response to, or have failed to tolerate, at least 1 of the following conventional Crohn's disease therapies: oral corticosteroids (including prednisone, budesonide, and beclomethasone dipropionate) or the immunomodulators azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or methotrexate (MTX). Participants who have demonstrated corticosteroid dependence (ie, an inability to successfully taper corticosteroids without a return of the symptoms of Crohn's disease) are also eligible. Participants may be na ⁇ ve to biologic therapy (ie, a TNF antagonist or vedolizumab or ustekinumab) or may have been exposed to biologic therapy but have not demonstrated inadequate response or intolerance.
  • biologic therapy ie, a TNF antagonist or vedolizumab or ustekinumab
  • Participants must have demonstrated an inadequate response to, or have failed to tolerate, at least 1 or more biologic therapies (ie, TNF antagonists or vedolizumab) at a dose approved for the treatment of Crohn's disease.
  • Inadequate response is defined as: Primary non-response (i.e., no initial response) or Secondary non-response (i.e., response initially but subsequently lost response). Participants who have demonstrated an inadequate response to, or have failed to tolerate ustekinumab are not eligible.
  • concomitant therapies should maintain stable dosing (except for steroid tapering) and new concomitant therapies should not be initiated unless considered medically necessary by the investigator. Corticosteroids will be tapered beginning at Week 12. Initiation of prohibited therapies will result in study intervention discontinuation (SID). Finally, in the event of persistent inadequate response or clinically significant Crohn's disease worsening, discontinuation of study intervention should be strongly considered.
  • a pharmacogenomic blood sample will be collected from participants who consent to this component of the protocol (where local regulations permit). Participation in pharmacogenomic research is optional.
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples will be analyzed for identification of genetic factors that may be associated with clinical response.
  • DMC An external independent DMC, with defined roles and responsibilities as governed by a DMC charter, will assess the safety of participants across the 3 studies.
  • the DMC's initial responsibility will be careful review of the safety data from the first 25 participants randomized and treated in GALAXI 1. After that, ongoing safety data reviews will continue as specified in the DMC charter. After each review, the DMC will make recommendations to the sponsor about the continuation of the studies.
  • participant will be randomized in a 1:1:1:1:1 ratio to receive 1 of 3 dose regimens of guselkumab, ustekinumab, or placebo. Participants will be allocated to a treatment group using a permuted block randomization with baseline CDAI score ( ⁇ 300 or >300) and prior BIO-Failure status (Yes/No) as the stratification variables.
  • baseline CDAI score ⁇ 300 or >300
  • BIO-Failure status Yes/No
  • a minimum of 25% and a maximum of 50% of the total enrolled population will be CON-Failure participants.
  • a maximum of 10% of the total enrolled population will have baseline scores for SES-CD ⁇ 4 (ie, for participants with isolated ileal disease), or SES-CD ⁇ 7 (ie, for participants with colonic or ileocolonic disease).
  • Allocation to treatment group will be performed using a central randomization center by means of an interactive web response system (IWRS).
  • IWRS interactive web response system
  • Interim analyses are planned at Week 12 (and at Week 24, if necessary) after all participants from the Initial Dose Decision Cohort have either completed the Week 12 (or Week 24) visit or terminated study participation prior to the Week 12 (or Week 24) visit to inform the dose decision for Phase 3.
  • All available data from both the Initial Dose Decision Cohort and the Transition Cohort will be analyzed, including any data beyond Week 12. Additional data transfers and analyses may be performed at other time points if needed to enable the dose decision for Phase 3.
  • the goal is to select 2 guselkumab dose regimens for confirmatory evaluation in Phase 3.
  • Participants will receive guselkumab 1200 mg IV induction q4w from Week 0 through Week 8 (i.e., total of 3 IV doses). At Week 12, participants will continue treatment with guselkumab 200 mg SC maintenance q4w through Week 44.
  • Participants will receive guselkumab 600 mg IV induction q4w from Week 0 through Week 8 (ie, total of 3 IV doses). At Week 12, participants will continue treatment with guselkumab 200 mg SC maintenance q4w through Week 44.
  • Participants will receive guselkumab 200 mg IV induction q4w from Week 0 through Week 8 (ie, total of 3 IV doses). At Week 16, participants will continue treatment with guselkumab 100 mg SC maintenance q8w through Week 40.
  • Participants will receive a single ustekinumab IV induction dose at Week 0 (weight-based IV doses approximating 6 mg/kg as outlined below).
  • participants will receive ustekinumab SC maintenance (90 mg SC q8w) through Week 40.
  • Group 5 Placebo ⁇ Placebo or Ustekinumab Crossover
  • Clinical response is defined as a reduction from baseline (ie, Week 0) in the CDAI score of ⁇ 100 points or being in clinical remission (CDAI ⁇ 150).
  • participants in all treatment groups will be assessed for their clinical response status at Week 12.
  • placebo administrations IV and SC
  • No dosing adjustments are planned for any of the treatment groups from Week 0 through Week 48, except for Group 5 (Placebo) at Week 12 based on clinical response status as described above.
  • concomitant and prohibited therapies are described below.
  • concomitant therapies should maintain stable dosing (except for steroid tapering) and new concomitant therapies should not be initiated, unless considered medically necessary by the investigator.
  • Corticosteroids will be tapered beginning at Week 12.
  • Initiation of prohibited therapies will result in SID.
  • discontinuation of study intervention should be strongly considered.
  • All participants who complete the Week 48 evaluations may be eligible to enter the LTE and continue to receive study intervention for approximately 2 additional years (Week 48 to Week 156).
  • the primary endpoint is change from baseline in the CDAI score at Week 12.
  • the major secondary endpoints are: clinical remission at Week 12, clinical response at Week 12, PRO-2 remission at Week 12, endoscopic response at Week 12, and clinical-biomarker response at Week 12. Analyses of these endpoints will be based on comparisons between each guselkumab group and the placebo group. Additional analyses of endpoints at other time points, including comparisons of guselkumab with ustekinumab at Week 48, will also be performed.
  • DBLs Database locks
  • baseline CDAI score S300 or >300
  • baseline SES-CD score 512 or >12
  • prior BIO-Failure status Yes/No
  • baseline corticosteroid use Yes/No
  • a minimum of 25% and a maximum of 50% of the total enrolled population will be participants who are CON-Failures.
  • a maximum of 10% of the total enrolled population will have baseline scores for SES-CD ⁇ 4 (ie, for participants with isolated ileal disease) or SES-CD ⁇ 7 (ie, for participants with colonic or ileocolonic disease). Allocation to treatment groups will be performed using a central randomization center by means of an IWRS.
  • the Phase 3 guselkumab dose regimens will be selected based on the efficacy and safety of the induction dose range (i.e., from 200 mg to 1200 mg IV) and maintenance dose range (i.e., from 100 mg SC q8w to 200 SC q4w) evaluated in the Phase 2 study.
  • induction dose range i.e., from 200 mg to 1200 mg IV
  • maintenance dose range i.e., from 100 mg SC q8w to 200 SC q4w
  • 2 guselkumab dose regimens i.e., IV induction ⁇ SC maintenance
  • IV induction ⁇ SC maintenance 2 guselkumab dose regimens
  • Group 1 and Group 2 Guselkumab Regimen 1 and Guselkumab Regimen 2
  • Participants will receive guselkumab IV induction q4w from Week 0 through Week 8 (i.e., total of 3 IV doses). Depending on whether the selected SC maintenance dose is given q4w and/or q8w, participants will continue treatment with guselkumab SC maintenance starting at Week 12 through Week 44 (i.e., if q4w regimen) or starting at Week 16 through Week 40 (i.e., if q8w regimen).
  • Group 3 Active Control—Ustekinumab ( ⁇ 6 mg/kg IV ⁇ 90 mg SC q8w)
  • Participants will receive a single ustekinumab IV induction dose at Week 0 (weight-based IV dose approximating 6 mg/kg as outlined below).
  • participants will receive ustekinumab SC maintenance (90 mg SC q8w) through Week 40.
  • Group 4 Placebo ⁇ Placebo or Ustekinumab Crossover
  • Participants will receive placebo IV q4w from Week 0 through Week 8 (i.e., total of 3 IV doses). At Week 12, participants will continue treatment based on their clinical response status as follows:
  • Clinical response is defined as a reduction from baseline (ie, Week 0) in the CDAI score of ⁇ 100 points or being in clinical remission (CDAI ⁇ 150). To maintain the blind, participants in all treatment groups will be assessed for their clinical response status at Week 12.
  • concomitant and prohibited therapies are described below.
  • concomitant therapies should maintain stable dosing (except for steroid tapering) and new concomitant therapies should not be initiated; unless considered medically necessary by the investigator.
  • Corticosteroids will be tapered beginning at Week 12.
  • Initiation of prohibited therapies will result in SID.
  • discontinuation of study intervention should be strongly considered.
  • All participants who complete the Week 48 evaluations may be eligible to enter the LTE and continue to receive approximately 2 additional years of treatment.
  • GALAXI 2 and GALAXI 3 have the same primary and major secondary endpoints.
  • the primary endpoint is clinical remission at Week 12, based on comparisons between guselkumab and placebo.
  • the major secondary endpoints of clinical remission at Week 48, durable clinical remission at Week 48, corticosteroid-free clinical remission at Week 48, PRO-2 remission at Week 48, and endoscopic response at Week 48 are based on comparisons between guselkumab and ustekinumab.
  • the major secondary endpoints of PRO-2 remission at Week 12, endoscopic response at Week 12, and fatigue response at Week 12 are based on comparisons between each guselkumab treatment group and the placebo group.
  • a DBL is planned for Week 48. Additional DBLs may be added if necessary and will be specified in the SAP.
  • the LTE will be conducted for approximately 2 years, from Week 48 through Week 156.
  • Participants who are not eligible to enter the LTE at Week 48 are to return for a FES visit 16 weeks after their last study intervention administration.
  • participant may self-administer study intervention at the investigative site.
  • a caregiver may also be trained to administer study intervention.
  • participants who are eligible for self- (or caregiver) administration of study intervention will be supplied with study intervention for at-home administration and will have their first at-home administration at Week 52. Participants who are unable or unwilling to have study intervention administered away from the investigative site will continue administration at the investigative site.
  • Inadequate response is defined as not being in clinical response AND having a CDAI score of at least 220 points.
  • Clinical response is defined as a reduction from baseline (ie, Week 0) in the CDAI score of ⁇ 100 points or being in clinical remission (CDAI ⁇ 150).
  • Participants (who are receiving placebo, ustekinumab, or the lower SC maintenance dose of guselkumab) will be eligible to receive a single, blinded, treatment adjustment to the highest guselkumab SC maintenance dose as defined in the Phase 2 or the Phase 3 portion of the protocol in which they are enrolled. Participants who are already receiving the highest guselkumab SC maintenance dose will receive a single, blinded, sham treatment adjustment.
  • Database locks are planned at Week 96 and when the final participant has completed the final efficacy and safety visit in the LTE. Additional DBLs may be added if necessary, and will be specified in the Phase 3 SAP.
  • a short-term placebo-control period facilitates the evaluation of the short-term efficacy and safety of a new treatment compared with placebo within a timeframe for which the use of placebo in participants with active disease is considered clinically acceptable in support of scientific research.
  • the use of an active comparator control can alleviate the concern over the extended use of placebo and can also provide an opportunity to evaluate comparative efficacy and safety in a randomized-controlled setting.
  • Ustekinumab was selected as the active comparator because it targets an overlapping mechanism of action (i.e., both 1-12/23 blockade) and the preclinical evidence suggests the potential for improved efficacy with more specific targeting of IL-23.
  • the proposed dosing of ustekinumab in this protocol is the highest currently approved induction-maintenance dose regimen and was one of the dose regimens evaluated in the ustekinumab Phase 3 clinical development program in Crohn's disease. Therefore, the inclusion of ustekinumab as an active comparator in this program will provide a valuable and relevant benchmark for comparison with guselkumab.
  • Ustekinumab is included as an active-reference arm in the Phase 2 study to collect data that will inform treatment effect size and sample size assumptions for the Phase 3 studies.
  • Ustekinumab is included in the 2 Phase 3 studies as an active comparator control arm to enable the randomized-controlled evaluation of the long-term efficacy and safety of the 2 guselkumab dose regimens compared with ustekinumab through approximately 1 year (i.e., Week 48) of treatment.
  • An important objective of this development program is to determine whether the efficacy of guselkumab is superior (or, at minimum, non-inferior) to ustekinumab in achieving long-term clinical remission.
  • PRO Patient-reported outcome evaluations (ie, IBDQ, PROMIS-29, PROMIS Fatigue 7-item Short Form, 5-level EuroQol 5 dimensions [EQ-5D-5L] instrument) will be used to assess the benefits of guselkumab treatment on disease-specific and general HRQOL.
  • induction dose regimens comprising guselkumab 600 mg IV, and 200 mg IV, each given at Weeks 0, 4, and 8, were selected for the Phase 2 dose-ranging study.
  • guselkumab (1200 mg q4w IV) induction dose regimen will evaluate the possibility of achieving a higher level of efficacy at Week 12 than that observed with the higher risankizumab dose regimen (ie, 600 mg IV) tested in Phase 2.
  • the 3 guselkumab IV induction dose regimens provide a 6-fold range of exposure that is likely to result in adequate separation between dose levels and consequently support guselkumab induction dose selection for Phase 3.
  • risankizumab was well-tolerated at dose regimens up to 6 doses of 600 mg IV q4w, ie, a total of 3600 mg over a period of 26 weeks. Longer-term follow-up of these participants through Week 52 did not identify any significant safety concerns based on published data. Nonetheless, an external DMC will be commissioned to monitor the benefit-risk of guselkumab.
  • a maintenance regimen of 100 mg SC q8w will be studied.
  • the guselkumab 100 mg SC q8w regimen is expected to provide efficacy at least similar to, or greater than that observed with ustekinumab 90 mg SC q8w, the maintenance dose regimen for the active comparator being evaluated in this study.
  • No treatment adjustments are planned for any of the treatment groups from Week 0 through Week 48 of GALAXI 1, except for IV induction placebo nonresponders who will cross over to receive the ustekinumab dose regimen being evaluated in this study (i.e., ⁇ 6 mg/kg IV at Week 12 followed by 90 mg SC q8w from Week 20). Participants randomized to placebo IV who are responders at Week 12 will continue to receive SC placebo through Week 44.
  • the goal is to select a single induction dose regimen from the induction dose range evaluated (ie, 200 mg to 1200 mg IV q4w at Week 0, Week 4, and Week 8) in the Phase 2 dose-ranging study based on the totality of the efficacy, safety, and exposure-response (E-R) data at the time of dose decision.
  • the choice of a single induction regimen to be evaluated in the Phase 3 dose-confirming studies is based on the consideration that a sufficient amount of information will be available to establish an optimal induction dose regimen.
  • the selected induction dose regimen will be paired with 2 maintenance dose regimens selected from the range of exposures obtained from the guselkumab SC dose regimens evaluated in Phase 2 (i.e., between 100 mg q8w to 200 mg q4w).
  • Phase 2 data may support the selection of more than one induction dose regimen for Phase 3 evaluation.
  • each selected induction dose regimen will be paired with an appropriate maintenance dose regimen.
  • No treatment adjustments are planned for any of the treatment groups from Week 0 through Week 48 of GALAXI 2 and GALAXI 3, except for IV induction placebo nonresponders who will cross over to receive the ustekinumab dose regimen being evaluated in this study (ie, ⁇ 6 mg/kg IV at Week 12 followed by 90 mg SC q8w from Week 20). Participants randomized to placebo IV who are responders at Week 12 will continue to receive SC placebo through Week 44.
  • Participants will continue on their assigned guselkumab maintenance dose during the LTE of GALAXI 1, GALAXI 2, and GALAXI 3. Participants who experience inadequate response between Week 52 through Week 80 while on the lower of the 2 maintenance dose regimens being evaluated in the respective study will be eligible for a single dose adjustment, and will receive the higher maintenance dose until the end of the LTE to assess if they can regain clinical response.
  • a maximum of 10% of the total enrolled population will be participants who have baseline scores for SES-CD ⁇ 4 (i.e., for participants with isolated ileal disease) or SES-CD ⁇ 7 (i.e., for participants with colonic or ileocolonic disease).
  • Prior or current medication for Crohn's disease must include at least 1 of the following, and must fulfill additional criteria as described in Appendix 2 (Section 10.2), Appendix 3 (Section 10.3), and Appendix 4 (Section 10.4): a. Current treatment with oral corticosteroids (including budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate) and/or immunomodulators (AZA, 6-MP, MTX)
  • oral corticosteroids including budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate
  • AZA, 6-MP, MTX immunomodulators
  • Participants meeting criteria 5a-c may also be na ⁇ ve to biologic therapy (i.e., a TNF antagonist or vedolizumab or ustekinumab) or may have been exposed to these biologic therapies but have not demonstrated inadequate response or intolerance.
  • biologic therapy i.e., a TNF antagonist or vedolizumab or ustekinumab
  • Conventional immunomodulators i.e., AZA, 6-MP, or MTX
  • AZA, 6-MP, or MTX for at least 12 weeks and have been on a stable dose for at least 4 weeks; or if recently discontinued, must have been stopped for at least 4 weeks.
  • receiving antibiotics as a primary treatment of Crohn's disease doses must be stable for at least 3 weeks; or if recently discontinued, must have been stopped for at least 3 weeks.
  • receiving enteral nutrition as a primary treatment for Crohn's disease must have been receiving for at least 2 weeks; or if recently discontinued, must have been stopped for at least 2 weeks.
  • TB screening criteria a. Have no history of latent or active TB prior to screening. An exception is made for participants who have a history of latent TB AND who satisfy one of the following criteria:
  • Contraceptive (birth control) use by men or women should be consistent with local regulations regarding the acceptable methods of contraception for those participating in clinical studies. Typical use failure rates may differ from those when used consistently and correctly. Use should be consistent with local regulations regarding the use of contraceptive methods for participants in clinical studies.
  • a female participant of childbearing potential must have a negative urine pregnancy test result at screening and baseline. 10.
  • a female participant must be: a. Not of childbearing potential b. Of childbearing potential and: c. Practicing a highly effective method of contraception (failure rate of ⁇ 1% per year when used consistently and correctly) and agrees to remain on a highly effective method while receiving study intervention and until 16 weeks after last dose (ie, the end of relevant systemic exposure); however, the method selected must meet local/regional regulations/guidelines for highly effective contraception.
  • a participant's childbearing potential changes after start of the study e.g., a premenarchal woman experiences menarche
  • the risk of pregnancy changes e.g., a woman who is not heterosexually active becomes active
  • a woman must begin using a highly effective method of contraception, as described throughout the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 11.
  • a woman must agree not to donate eggs (ova, oocytes) for the purposes of assisted reproduction during the study and for a period of 16 weeks after the last administration of study intervention.
  • a barrier method of contraception eg, condom with spermicidal foam/gel/film/cream/suppository.
  • condom who is sexually active with a pregnant female must use a condom.
  • c. must agree not to donate sperm for the purpose of reproduction.
  • Participants with active fistulas may be included if there is no anticipation of a need for surgery and no abscesses are currently identified.
  • 3. has had any kind of bowel resection within 6 months, or any other intra-abdominal or other major surgery (eg, requiring general anesthesia) within 12 weeks, before baseline. 4.
  • Biologic agents 1) Anti-TNF therapy (eg, infliximab, etanercept, certolizumab pegol, adalimumab, golimumab) received within 8 weeks of baseline 2) Vedolizumab received within 16 weeks of baseline 3) Ustekinumab received within 16 weeks of baseline 4) Other immunomodulatory biologic agents received within 12 weeks of baseline or within 5 half-lives of baseline, whichever is longer. e. Any investigational intervention received within 4 weeks of baseline or within 5 half-lives of baseline, whichever is longer. f.
  • Anti-TNF therapy eg, infliximab, etanercept, certolizumab pegol, adalimumab, golimumab
  • Vedolizumab received within 16 weeks of baseline
  • Ustekinumab received within 16 weeks of baseline 4 weeks of baseline or within 5 half-lives of baseline, whichever is longer.
  • Nonautologous stem cell therapy eg, Prochymal
  • natalizumab efalizumab
  • biologic agents that deplete B- or T-cells eg, rituximab, alemtuzumab, or visilizumab
  • apheresis eg, Adacolumn apheresis
  • total parenteral nutrition for Crohn's disease within 3 weeks of baseline. 7.
  • a biologic agent targeting 1-12/23 or IL-23 including but not limited to briakinumab, brazikumab, guselkumab, mirakizumab (formerly LY2525623), and risankizumab.
  • Has a history of serious infection e.g., hepatitis, sepsis, pneumonia, or pyelonephritis
  • any infection requiring hospitalization or IV antibiotics for 8 weeks before baseline.
  • HCV human immunodeficiency virus
  • lymphoproliferative disease including monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance, lymphoma, or signs and symptoms suggestive of possible lymphoproliferative disease, such as lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, or splenomegaly, or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
  • C-SSRS Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale
  • Ideation level 1 participants with C-SSRS ratings of Wish to be Dead (“Ideation level 1”), Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts (“Ideation level 2”), Active Suicidal Ideation with Any Methods (Not Plan) without Intent to Act (“Ideation level 3”) or non-suicidal self-injurious behavior who are determined to be at risk by the investigator may not be randomized.
  • Ideation level 2 Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts
  • Ideation level 3 Active Suicidal Ideation with Any Methods (Not Plan) without Intent to Act
  • Ideation level 3 non-suicidal self-injurious behavior who are determined to be at risk by the investigator may not be randomized.
  • Intravenous study intervention should be administered over a period of not less than 1 hour, and not more than 2 hours. The infusion should be completed within 6 hours of preparation. Since multiple SC injections may be administered within the administration visit, each injection of study intervention should be given at a different location of the body.
  • Participants who are receiving oral 5-ASA compounds, oral corticosteroids, conventional immunomodulators (ie, AZA, 6-MP, or MTX), antibiotics, and/or enteral nutrition for the treatment of Crohn's disease at baseline should maintain a stable dose for the specified period before baseline, as defined in the Inclusion Criteria.
  • Treatment failures will be defined in the SAP.
  • Concomitant therapies for Crohn's disease including 5-ASAs, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and immunomodulators (ie, AZA, 6-MP, or MTX), and/or total parental or enteral nutrition may be administered and changed at the discretion of the investigator.
  • Adverse events will be reported and followed by the investigator. Any clinically relevant changes occurring during the study must be recorded in the Adverse Event section of the eCRF. Any clinically significant abnormalities persisting at the end of the study/early withdrawal will be followed by the investigator until resolution or until a clinically stable endpoint is reached.
  • the study will include the following evaluations of safety and tolerability according to the time points specified:
  • ECG electrocardiogram
  • Height and weight will be measured as specified in the Schedule of Activities. Subjects will be instructed to remove shoes and outdoor apparel and gear prior to these measurements.
  • Vital signs (including temperature, pulse/heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure) will be obtained before and approximately every 30 minutes during every IV infusion, and at approximately 30-minute intervals after completion of the final IV infusion. Vital signs should be obtained before and approximately 30 minutes after the final SC injection.
  • Study intervention administration should not be given to a participant with a clinically important, active infection. Investigators are required to evaluate participants for any signs or symptoms of infection at scheduled visits (see Schedule of Activities, Section 1.3). If a participant develops a serious infection, including but not limited to sepsis or pneumonia, discontinuation of study treatment (ie, no further study intervention administrations) must be considered.
  • Participants must undergo testing for TB and their medical history assessment must include specific questions about a history of TB or known occupational or other personal exposure to individuals with active TB. The participant should be asked about past testing for TB, including chest radiograph results and responses to tuberculin skin or other TB testing. Investigators have the option to use both the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test and the tuberculin skin test to screen for latent TB if they believe, based on their judgment, that the use of both tests is clinically indicated in order to evaluate a participant who has high risk of having latent TB. If either the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test or the tuberculin skin test is positive, the participant is considered to have latent TB infection for the purposes of eligibility for this study.
  • Participants with a negative QuantiFERON-TB Gold test result (and a negative tuberculin skin test result in countries in which the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test is not approved/registered or the tuberculin skin is mandated by local health authorities) are eligible to continue with pre-randomization procedures.
  • Participants with a newly identified positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold (or tuberculin skin) test result must undergo an evaluation to rule out active TB and initiate appropriate treatment for latent TB.
  • Appropriate treatment for latent TB is defined according to local country guidelines for immunocompromised patients. If no local country guidelines for immunocompromised patients exist, US guidelines must be followed, or the participant will be excluded from the study.
  • a participant whose first QuantiFERON-TB Gold test result is indeterminate should have the test repeated.
  • the participant may be enrolled without treatment for latent TB if active TB is ruled out, their chest radiograph shows no abnormality suggestive of TB (active or old, inactive TB) and the participant has no additional risk factors for TB as determined by the investigator. This determination must be promptly reported to the sponsor's or designee's medical monitor and recorded in the participant's source documents and initialed by the investigator.
  • Participants who experience close contact with an individual with active TB during the conduct of the study must have a repeat chest radiograph, a repeat QuantiFERON TB Gold test, a repeat tuberculin skin test in countries in which the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test is not approved/registered or the tuberculin skin test is mandated by local health authorities, and, if possible, referral to a physician specializing in TB to determine the participant's risk of developing active TB and whether treatment for latent TB is warranted.
  • QuantiFERON-TB Gold test or tuberculin skin test result should be considered detection of latent TB. If the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test result is indeterminate, the test should be repeated as outlined in Appendix 5 (Section 10.5). Participants should be encouraged to return for all subsequent scheduled study visits according to the protocol. Subjects who discontinue treatment for latent TB prematurely or who are noncompliant with therapy must immediately discontinue further administration of study intervention and be encouraged to return for all subsequent scheduled study visits according to the Schedule of Activities (Section 1.3).
  • SC aqueous epinephrine, corticosteroids, respiratory assistance, and other proper resuscitative measures are essential and must be available at the study site where the injections or infusions are being administered.
  • Participants who experience serious adverse reactions related to an injection or infusion should be discontinued from further study intervention administrations. Participants who experience reactions following an injection or infusion that result in bronchospasm with wheezing and/or dyspnea that requires ventilatory support, or symptomatic hypotension with a decrease in systolic blood pressure greater than 40 mm Hg will not be permitted to receive additional study intervention. Participants who experience reactions suggestive of serum sickness-like reactions (resulting in symptoms such as myalgia and/or arthralgia with fever and/or rash that are not representative of signs and symptoms of other recognized clinical syndromes) occurring 1 to 14 days after an injection of study intervention, should be discontinued from further study intervention administrations. Note that these symptoms may be accompanied by other events including pruritus, facial, hand, or lip edema, dysphagia, urticaria, sore throat, and/or headache.
  • AE except laboratory abnormalities
  • Minor infusion-related AEs may be managed by slowing the rate of the IV infusion and/or treating with antihistamines and/or acetaminophen (paracetamol) as clinically indicated. If an IV infusion of study intervention is stopped because of an AE that, in the opinion of the investigator, is not severe or does not result in a serious adverse event (SAE), the infusion may be restarted with caution.
  • SAE serious adverse event
  • An injection-site reaction is any adverse reaction at a SC study intervention injection site. Injection sites will be evaluated for reactions and any injection-site reaction will be recorded as an AE.
  • C-SSRS Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale
  • the C-SSRS defines 5 subtypes of suicidal ideation and 4 possible suicidal behaviors, as well as non-suicidal self-injurious behavior and completed suicide. It will be used as a screening tool to prospectively evaluate suicidal ideation and behavior in this study, as part of a comprehensive evaluation of safety.
  • the C-SSRS is an investigator-administered questionnaire. Two versions of it will be used in this study: the ‘Baseline/Screening’ version of the C-SSRS will be conducted during the screening visit and the ‘Since Last Visit’ version of the C-SSRS will be completed at all other visits through the end of the study.
  • the investigator or trained study-site personnel will interview the participant and complete the C-SSRS.
  • the C-SSRS will be provided in the local languages in accordance with local guidelines.
  • the C-SSRS will be the first assessment performed, before any other study procedure. At all subsequent visits, the C-SSRS will be performed according to the assessment schedule and should be performed after other PROs but before any other study procedure. Participants will be interviewed by the investigator or trained study-site personnel in a private, quiet place.
  • the trained personnel administering the C-SSRS will determine the level of suicidal ideation or behavior, if any. They will then determine the next course of action if any level of suicidal ideation or behavior is reported. The participant should not be released from the site until the C-SSRS has been reviewed by the investigator and the participant's risk has been assessed and follow-up determined, as appropriate.
  • Suicidal Ideation level 4 Suicidal Ideation with Intention to Act
  • Suicidal Ideation level 5 Suicidal Ideation with Specific Plan and Intent
  • suicidal behavior actual suicide attempt, interrupted suicide attempt, aborted suicide attempt, or preparatory behaviors for making a suicide attempt
  • a mental health professional eg, psychiatrist, psychologist, or appropriately trained social worker or nurse
  • Ideation level 1 Participants with C-SSRS ratings of Wish to be Dead (“Ideation level 1”), Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts (“Ideation level 2”), Active Suicidal Ideation with Any Methods (Not Plan) without Intent to Act (“Ideation level 3”) or non-suicidal self-injurious behavior must be determined not to be at risk by the investigator in order to be randomized. Any questions regarding eligibility of such participants should be discussed with the medical monitor or designee.
  • Ideation level 4 Suicidal Ideation with Intention to Act
  • Ideation level 5 Suicidal Ideation with Specific Plan and Intent
  • suicidal behavior actual suicide attempt, interrupted suicide attempt, aborted suicide attempt, or preparatory behaviors for making a suicide attempt
  • the participant at the discretion of the investigator, may be continued with treatment if agreed to by the medical monitor or designee. Discussion of such participants with the medical monitor or designee is required.
  • a medical monitor or delegate and the clinical site will be notified if pre-specified abnormal laboratory values defined in the Laboratory Manual are identified in any participant during the conduct of the study.
  • Serum samples will be screened for antibodies binding to guselkumab or ustekinumab and the titer of confirmed positive samples will be reported as applicable. Other analyses may be performed to further characterize the immunogenicity of guselkumab or ustekinumab. Antibodies to guselkumab or ustekinumab will be evaluated on blood drawn from all participants. Additionally, samples should also be collected at the final visit for participants who terminate from the study. These samples will be tested by the sponsor or sponsor's designee. Genetic analyses will not be performed on these serum samples. Participant confidentiality will be maintained.
  • the detection and characterization of antibodies to guselkumab and ustekinumab will be performed using validated assay methods by or under the supervision of the sponsor.
  • Adverse events will be reported by the participant (or, when appropriate, by a caregiver, surrogate, or the participant's legally acceptable representative) for the duration of the study. Anticipated events will be recorded and reported.
  • the sponsor assumes responsibility for appropriate reporting of AEs to the regulatory authorities.
  • the sponsor will also report to the investigator (and the head of the investigational institute where required) all SUSARs.
  • the investigator or sponsor where required must report SUSARs to the appropriate IEC/IRB that approved the protocol unless otherwise required and documented by the IEC/IRB.
  • a SUSAR will be reported to regulatory authorities unblinded. Participating investigators and IEC/IRB will receive a blinded SUSAR summary, unless otherwise specified.
  • any dose of study intervention greater than the highest dose at a single dosing visit specified in this protocol will be considered an overdose.
  • the sponsor does not recommend specific intervention for an overdose.
  • Serum samples will be used to evaluate the PK of guselkumab and ustekinumab.
  • Samples collected for the analyses of serum concentrations of guselkumab and ustekinumab may additionally be used to evaluate safety or efficacy aspects that address concerns arising during or after the study period, or for the evaluation of relevant biomarkers. Genetic analyses will not be performed on these serum samples. Participant confidentiality will be maintained.
  • each serum sample should be divided into 2 aliquots (1 for serum concentration of study intervention, and a back-up).
  • 1 venous blood sample of sufficient volume should be collected.
  • Each serum sample will be divided into 3 aliquots (1 each for serum concentration of study intervention, antibodies to study intervention, and a back-up).
  • Serum samples will be analyzed to determine concentrations of guselkumab and ustekinumab using respective validated, specific, and sensitive methods by or under the supervision of the sponsor's respective assay methods.
  • Serum samples will be used to evaluate various guselkumab PK parameters based on blood drawn from all participants according to the Schedule of Activities.
  • Inflammatory PD markers will be evaluated using blood samples collected at visits Post-baseline PD test results will not be released to the investigators by the central laboratory.
  • a pharmacogenomic blood sample will be collected from participants who consent separately to this component of the study to allow for pharmacogenomic research, as necessary where local regulations permit. Participation in pharmacogenomic research is optional.
  • Genetic (DNA) variation may be an important contributory factor to interindividual variability in drug response and associated clinical outcomes. Genetic factors may also serve as markers for disease susceptibility and prognosis, and may identify population subgroups that respond differently to an intervention.
  • DNA samples will be analyzed for identification of genetic factors that may be associated with clinical response. This research may consist of the analysis of 1 or more candidate genes, assessment of Single Nucleic Polymorphisms (SNPs), or analysis of the entire genome (as appropriate) in relation to guselkumab or ustekinumab intervention and/or Crohn's disease. Whole blood samples of approximately 10 mL will be collected for genetic analyses.
  • SNPs Single Nucleic Polymorphisms
  • TNF-Failure a program conducted by the sponsor in participants with Crohn's disease who had previously failed or were intolerant to TNF- ⁇ ntagonist therapy
  • CON-Failure a program conducted by the sponsor in participants with Crohn's disease who had previously failed or were intolerant to conventional therapies
  • BIO-Failure a program conducted by the sponsor in participants with Crohn's disease who had previously failed or were intolerant to TNF- ⁇ ntagonist therapy
  • CON-Failure a program conducted by the sponsor in participants with Crohn's disease who had previously failed or were intolerant to conventional therapies
  • BIO-Failure the data from a risankizumab Crohn's disease Phase 2 study in which the majority of participants were those who had previously failed or were intolerant to biologic therapies
  • BIO-Failure population at Week 12 were based on the following:
  • the clinical remission rates are assumed to be 10% for placebo, 20% for guselkumab 200 mg IV, and 30% for guselkumab 600 mg IV at Week 12 in the BIO-Failure population.
  • BIO-Failure population Assumptions for the BIO-Failure population and the CON-Failure population were based on the following:
  • the mean CDAI reduction from baseline at Week 12 is expected to be approximately 45 to 50 for placebo, approximately 85 to 95 for guselkumab 200 mg IV, and approximately 105 to 115 for guselkumab 600 mg IV and guselkumab 1200 mg IV at Week 12 with a common SD of 100 (considering increased variability in a relatively smaller Phase 2 study).
  • Rates for clinical remission at Week 48 were derived by combining the randomized and non-randomized population in CNTO1275CRD3003, resulting in a clinical remission rate of 23% in TNF-Failure participants and 50% in CON-Failure participants for ustekinumab.
  • the overall randomized population with a minimum of 25% and up to 50% of the participants being from the CON-Failure population is expected to achieve approximately 30% to 36% clinical remission at Week 48 for ustekinumab.
  • a meaningful difference of 15% in clinical remission between guselkumab and ustekinumab is assumed at Week 48.
  • Power for Phase 2 was evaluated for the 2 analysis populations described below, using a 2-sample t-test (at the 0.05 level of significance) to detect a significant difference in the change from baseline in the CDAI score at Week 12 between the guselkumab high IV induction dose and placebo.
  • the total sample size for the Initial Dose Decision Cohort is 250 subjects.
  • the Total Phase 2 Population It is anticipated that 100 to 250 participants will be enrolled into the Transition Cohort by the time a dose decision is made for Phase 3. Thus, the sample size for the total Phase 2 study is expected to range from a minimum of 350 participants (70 per dose group) up to a maximum of 500 participants (100 per dose group).
  • the power, based on the minimum number of participants, is greater than 90% for the change from baseline in the CDAI score at Week 12 and greater than 85% for clinical remission at Week 12 (Table 8).
  • Table 8 Power to detect a treatment effect of guselkumab versus placebo based on mean change in CDAI and proportion of participants achieving clinical remission at Week 12
  • Treatment-emergent AEs are AEs with onset during the intervention phase or that are a consequence of a pre-existing condition that has worsened since baseline. All reported treatment-emergent AEs will be included in the analysis. For each AE, the percentage of participants who experience at least 1 occurrence of the given event will be summarized by intervention group.
  • a population PK analysis approach using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling will be used to evaluate guselkumab PK parameters. The influence of important covariates on the population PK parameter estimates may be evaluated. Details will be provided in a population PK analysis plan and the results of the population PK analysis will be presented in a separate technical report. Participants will be excluded from the PK analysis if their data do not allow for accurate assessment of the PK (eg, incomplete administration of the study intervention; missing time of study intervention administration). Detailed rules for the analysis will be specified in the SAPs.
  • the incidence and titers of antibodies to guselkumab and ustekinumab will be summarized respectively for all participants who receive a dose of guselkumab or ustekinumab and have appropriate samples for detection of antibodies to guselkumab or ustekinumab (ie, participants with at least 1 sample obtained after their first dose of guselkumab or ustekinumab).
  • a listing of participants who are positive for antibodies to guselkumab or ustekinumab will be provided.
  • the maximum titers of antibodies to guselkumab or ustekinumab will be provided for participants who are positive for antibodies to guselkumab or ustekinumab.
  • NAbs neutralizing antibodies
  • Planned biomarker analyses may be deferred if emerging study data show no likelihood of providing useful scientific information. Any biomarker samples received by the contract vendor or sponsor after the cutoff date will not be analyzed, and therefore, excluded from the biomarker analysis.
  • RNA analyses will be summarized in a separate technical report.
  • biomarker analyses will characterize the effects of guselkumab to identify biomarkers relevant to treatment, and to determine if these biomarkers can predict response to

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