Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/06—Organic material
  • B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
  • B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
  • B01D69/1216—Three or more layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/06—Organic material
  • B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
  • B01D71/32—Polyalkenyl halides containing fluorine atoms
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/06—Organic material
  • B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
  • B01D71/32—Polyalkenyl halides containing fluorine atoms
  • B01D71/34—Polyvinylidene fluoride
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/06—Organic material
  • B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
  • B01D71/82—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74 characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. introduced by chemical after-treatment
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
  • B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
  • B32B27/205—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents the fillers creating voids or cavities, e.g. by stretching
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/28—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/28—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42
  • B32B27/286—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42 comprising polysulphones; polysulfides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
  • B32B27/322—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins comprising halogenated polyolefins, e.g. PTFE
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
  • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
  • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
  • B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
  • C07C7/144—Purification; Separation; Use of additives using membranes, e.g. selective permeation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
  • C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine
  • C08F214/20—Vinyl fluoride
  • C08F214/202—Vinyl fluoride with fluorinated vinyl ethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
  • C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine
  • C08F214/26—Tetrafluoroethene
  • C08F214/262—Tetrafluoroethene with fluorinated vinyl ethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F216/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical
  • C08F216/12—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical by an ether radical
  • C08F216/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
  • C08F216/1408—Monomers containing halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F216/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical
  • C08F216/12—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical by an ether radical
  • C08F216/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
  • C08F216/1466—Monomers containing sulfur
  • C08F216/1475—Monomers containing sulfur and oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/28—Oxygen or compounds releasing free oxygen
  • C08F4/32—Organic compounds
  • C08F4/34—Per-compounds with one peroxy-radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G61/02—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes
  • C08G61/10—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes only aromatic carbon atoms, e.g. polyphenylenes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D129/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal, or ketal radical; Coating compositions based on hydrolysed polymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D129/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated ethers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
  • B01D2325/20—Specific permeability or cut-off range
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/724—Permeability to gases, adsorption
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties

Definitions

• Membranes containing Group 11 metal ionomers comprising repeat units derived from vinylidene fluoride have exceptionally good permanences and/or selectivities for alkenes compared to other membranes, when used to separate alkenes from alkanes in mixtures of these types of compounds.
• Nonporous, but permeable, membranes have been used to separate various types of chemicals for a long time.
• certain types of semipermeable membranes are used to separate water from seawater, or oxygen from nitrogen, or alkenes from alkanes.
• the separation of alkenes from alkanes is usually accomplished using a silver ionomer of a fluorinated polymer.
• a silver ionomer of a fluorinated polymer Often, because fluoropolymers are more stable to oxidation than unfluorinated polymers, the silver ionomers of fluorinated polymers are often more stable than unfluorinated polymers.
• polymers which contain fluoro substituents near, for instance sulfonic acid or carboxyl groups tend to be very strong acids (sometimes called “super acids), the silver salts may be more stable.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,151 to Erikson et al. describes the separation of lower alkenes (containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms) from lower alkanes (containing one to six carbon atoms) using a membrane which is a silver ionomer of a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and a perfluorovinyl ether containing a terminal precursor group to a sulfonic acid.
• TFE tetrafluoroethylene
• U.S. Patent Application 2015/0025293 to Feiring et al. describes the use of a membrane which is a silver ionomer of a fluorinated polymer.
• the ionomer includes repeat units derived from perfluorinated cyclic monomers.
• the present invention results in membranes which have higher permanences and separation alkene/alkane separation coefficients, and longer useful lives over previously used alkene/alkane separation membranes.
• This invention concerns, an ionomer of a Group 11 metal, comprising repeat units derived from vinylidene fluoride and a monomer containing a precursor to a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonic acid group, and provided that carbon-fluorine groups are at least 30% of the total of said carbon-fluorine groups and carbon-hydrogen groups present in said ionomer.
• a partially fluorinated polymer comprising repeat units derived from vinylidene fluoride; and a monomer containing a precursor to a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonic acid group, provided that carbon-fluorine groups are at least 30% of the total of said carbon-fluorine groups and carbon-hydrogen groups present in said ionomer.
• Also described herein is a process for separating one or more alkanes from one or more alkenes, comprising:
• carbon-fluorine groups Of the total of the carbon-hydrogen groups and the carbon fluorine groups in the ionomer, 30% or more are carbon-fluorine groups, preferably 60% or more, and more preferably 80% or more are carbon fluorine groups.
• a carbon-hydrogen group is meant a hydrogen atom bound directly to a carbon atom, while a carbon-fluorine group is a fluorine atom bound directly to a carbon atom.
• —CF 2 — groups contains 2 carbon fluorine groups
• a —CH 3 group contains 3 carbon-hydrogen groups.
• the carbon-hydrogen groups are each 50% of the total of carbon-hydrogen plus carbon-fluorine groups present.
• the carbon-hydrogen groups are 27.6% of the total of the carbon-fluorine plus carbon hydrogen groups present.
• the relative amount of carbon-fluorine and carbon hydrogen groups present can be determined by NMR Spectroscopy, for instance using 14 C NMR, or a combination of 19 F and proton spectroscopy.
• a “monomer containing a precursor to a sulfonic acid group” is meant a monomer, when part of the polymer after polymerization, that can be readily converted to a sulfonic acid.
• groups include sulfonyl halides, especially sulfonyl fluorides, sulfonyl esters, sulfonamides, etc. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the “monomer containing a precursor to a sulfonic acid group” is converted to the sulfonic acid group, often by hydrolysis, after chemical treatment of the polymer formed by the initial polymerization.
• the “sulfonic acid” group is actually at least partly the sulfonate salt of a Group 11 metal.
• sulfonic acid groups in the hydrolyzed or otherwise reacted original polymer, and in the ionomer, these are sometimes referred to herein as sulfonic acid groups.
• a “driving force” in the separation of the alkene and alkane by the membrane is generally meant that the effective concentration of the alkene on the first (“feed”) side of the membrane is higher than on the second (“product”) side of the membrane. This may be accomplished by, if the separation is on a gaseous feed, having higher partial pressure of the alkene on the feed side of the membrane. Thus the gaseous feed may be at a higher pressure than the product side, and/or the alkene may be swept away from the product side of the membrane by an “inert” gas such as nitrogen to lower the partial pressure of the alkene on the product side. If a liquid feed is being separated, the feed side may be at a higher pressure, and/or the alkene may be swept away by an inert liquid on the product side. These and other known methods in the art of applying a driving force may be used.
• Q a is the flow rate of component “a” through the membrane
• F a is the permeance of component a through the membrane
• P1 a is the partial pressure of a on the first (feed) side
• P2 a is the partial pressure of a on the second (product) side.
• a membrane comprising the silver ionomer is meant a membrane comprising a thin nonporous layer of the silver ionomer and one or more other polymeric layers which physically support or reinforce the silver ionomer layer.
• the silver ionomer layer is about 0.1 ⁇ m to about 1.0 ⁇ m thick, more preferably about 0.2 ⁇ m to about 0.5 ⁇ m thick.
• These other layer(s) should preferably be relatively permeable to the alkenes and alkanes to be separated, and not themselves have much if any tendency to separate alkenes and alkanes.
• the Group 11 metal is copper or silver, more preferably silver.
• the repeat units that contain the pendant sulfonic acid groups are preferably at least about 5 mole percent of the total repeat units present, more preferably at least about 10 mole percent, very preferably at least about 20 mole percent, and especially preferably at least about 25 mole percent. It is preferred that the repeat units that contain the pendant acid groups are no more than 45 mole percent of the repeat units present in the silver ionomer or its precursor acid form. It is to be understood that any minimum amount of such repeat units and any maximum amount of such repeat units may be combined to form a preferred range of the amount of these repeat units.
• Useful monomers containing a sulfonic acid group or a precursor to a sulfonic acid group include one or more of CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F, CF 2 ⁇ CFOCH 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F and CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF(CF 3 )OCF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F, and CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF(CF 3 )OCF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F is preferred.
• the carbon atom bound to the sulfonic acid group has at least one fluorine bound to that carbon atom.
• the various forms of the VF2 copolymer described herein are so-called “glassy” copolymers.
• the copolymer has no melting point above about 30° C. with a heat of fusion of 3 J/g or more when measured by Differential Scanning calorimetry using ASTM Test D3418-12e1 using a heating and cooling rate of 10° C./min, and measured on the second heat.
• a glassy copolymer has a Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) above about 40° C., more preferably about 40° C.
• the Tg is measured according to ASTM Test D3418-12e1 at a heating and cooling rate of 10° C./min, and the Tg is taken as the midpoint (inflection point) of the transition on the second heat.
• the Tg is less than about 220° C., because for instance if the Tg is too high it may be difficult to dissolve the polymer to form a coating or layer.
• the Group 11 metal ionomer is produced by contacting, in a liquid medium, a fluorinated polymer containing pendant sulfonic acid groups (not metal sulfonate salts) with a Group 11 metal salt whose anion's conjugate Bronsted acid has a pKa in water at 25° C. of less than 1.0.
• the polymeric portion of the ionomers may contain repeat units derived from other monomers, as long as other compositional limits of the polymer, such as the minimum fraction of carbon-fluorine groups present.
• Useful monomers include one or more of tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, vinyl fluoride, trifluororethylene hexafluoropropylene, and ethylene.
• repeat units derived from cyclic or cyclizable perfluorinated monomers not be present in the ionomer.
• a cyclic perfluorinated monomer is meant a perfluorinated olefin wherein a double bond of the olefin is in the ring or the double bond is an exo double bond wherein one end of the double bond is at a ring carbon atom.
• a cyclizable perfluorinated monomer is meant a noncyclic perfluorinated compound containing two olefinic bonds, and that on polymerization forms a cyclic structure in the main chain of the polymer (see for instance N.
• Such perfluorinated cyclic and cyclizable compounds include perfluoro(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole), perfluoro(2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane), a perfluoroalkenyl perfluorovinyl ether, and 2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoroimethoxy-1,3-dioxole.
• the Group 11 metal ionomer has no melting point above about 0° C. with a heat of fusion of 3 J/g or more when measured by Differential Scanning calorimetry using ASTM Test D3418-12e1 using a heating rate of 10° C./min, and measured on the second heat.
• the ionomer has no Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) above 50° C.
• the Tg is measured according to ASTM Test D3418-12e1 at a heating rate of 10° C./min, and the Tg is taken as the midpoint of the transition.
• the Tg of the ionomer is below the temperature at which the process is run.
• the ionomers may be produced by methods described in this application, US Patent Application 2015/0025293 to Feiring et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,151 to Erikson et al. and L. Sauguet, et al., Fluorinated Copolymers and Terpolymers Based on Vinylidene Fluoride and Bearing Sulfonic Acid Side - Group, Journal of Polymer Science, Part A:, Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 45, (2007), p. 1814-1834, all of which are hereby included by reference.
• Some compositions of polymers useful in this invention are also described in Feiring et al., and such polymers described therein containing pendant acidic groups may also be treated as described herein to form silver ionomers.
• the cell was placed in a testing apparatus comprising of a feed line, a retentate line, a sweep line, and a permeate line.
• the feed consisted of a mixture of an olefin (propylene) gas and a paraffin (propane) gas.
• olefin propylene
• paraffin propane
• Each gas was supplied from a separate cylinder.
• polymer grade propylene 99.5 vol % purity
• paraffin 99.9 vol % purity propane was used.
• the two gases were then fed to their respective mass flow controllers where a mixture of any composition can be made.
• the standard mixing composition was 20 vol % olefin and 80 mol % paraffin at a total gas flow rate of 200 mL/min.
• the mixed gas was fed through a water bubbler to humidify the gas mixture bringing the relative humidity to greater than 90%.
• a back pressure regulator is used in the retentate line to control the feed pressure to the membrane.
• the feed pressure was normally kept at 60 psig (0.41 MPa) after the back pressure regulator the gas is vented.
• the sweep line consisted of a pure humidified nitrogen stream. Nitrogen from a cylinder was connected to a mass flow controller. The mass flow controller was set to a flow of 300 mL/min. The nitrogen was fed to a water bubbler to bring the relative humidity to greater than 90%. After the bubbler the nitrogen was fed to the sweep port of the membrane to carry any permeating gas through to the permeate port.
• the permeate line consisted of the permeated gas through the membrane and the sweep gas as well as water vapor.
• the permeate was connected to a three way valve so flow measurements could be taken.
• a Varian® 450 GC gas chromatograph (GC) with a GS-GasPro capillary column (0.32 mm, 30 m) was used to analyze the ratio of the olefin and paraffin in the permeate stream.
• the pressure in the permeate side was typically between 1.20 and 1.70 psig (8.3 to 11.7 kPa). Experiments were carried out at room temperature.
• HFPO hexafluoropropylene oxide
• VF2 vinyllidene fluoride (H 2 C ⁇ CF 2 )
• Teflon® AF2400 available from the DuPont Co, Wilmington, Del. 19898, USA
• Teflon® AF A 0.3% solution of Teflon® AF2400 (available from the DuPont Co, Wilmington, Del. 19898, USA) (for further information about Teflon® AF, see P. R. Resnick, et al., Teflon AF Amorphous Fluoropolymers, J. Schiers, Ed., Modern Fluoropolymers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997, p. 397-420, which is hereby included by reference) in Fluorinert® 770 (available from 3M Corp., 3M Center, Sty. Paul, Minn., USA) was coated onto a PAN350 membrane made by Nanostone Water, 10250 Valley View Rd., Eden Prairie, Minn.
• the PAN350 membrane is made from polyacrylonitrile and that it is a microporous membrane
• the thickness of the Teflon AF2400 layer is about 0.1 to about 0.2 ⁇ m.
• the solution of silver ionomer prepared in the previous paragraph was then coated onto the Teflon AF2400 layer of bilayer membrane, and then dried at 100° c for 1 h.
• VF2/SEFVE copolymer synthesized in the above procedure 20 mL of deionized water, 40 mL of methanol, 2.7 g of ammonium carbonate and a magnetic stirring bar.
• the reaction mixture was stirred and maintained at 50-60° C. overnight.
• methanol in the mixture was evaporated and 50 mL of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid was added to the mixture.
• the liquid was decanted after stirring for 15 min and 50 mL of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid was added. After stirring for 15 min, the liquid was again decanted and 50 mL of deionized water was added.
• a membrane containing having a layer of the silver ionomer of the sulfonic acid containing polymer made in the previous paragraph was made by the same method described in Comparative Example A.
• a membrane containing a layer of a silver ionomer was made by the same method described in Example 1, except only 31 mg of AgNO 3 was used.
• Table 1 lists the initial permeances of the membranes from Examples A, 1 and 2.
• the membrane cell for the permeance measurements used a 47 mm diameter flat membrane sheet.
• the feed gas composition was humidified, by passing through an aqueous bubbler, and was 20 mole % propylene (polymer synthesis grade), and 80% propane at room temperature. The total flow rate of both gases was 200 mL/min.
• the feed gas (mixture of propylene and propane) pressure was 60 psig, and the sweep gas on the second side of the membrane was humidified nitrogen at a pressure of 0.0 to 0.3 psig.
• the permeate from the second side of the membrane was analyzed by FTIR to determine the total permeate amounts of propane and propylene.
• Permeances (GPU) are given in cm 3 /cm 2 /sec/cm Hg ⁇ 10 6 .
• Table 1 shows that ionomers of the present composition surprisingly have superior permeances and/or selectivities for alkenes than prior art membranes.

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