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  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to stimulators of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), pharmaceutical formulations comprising them and their uses thereof, alone or in combination with one or more additional agents, for treating and/or preventing various diseases, wherein an increase in the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) or an increase in the concentration of cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) might be desirable.
• sGC soluble guanylate cyclase
• Soluble guanylate cyclase is the primary receptor for nitric oxide (NO) in vivo.
• NO nitric oxide
• sGC can be activated via both NO-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms.
• sGC converts GTP into the secondary messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP).
• cGMP secondary messenger cyclic GMP
• the increased level of cGMP in turn, modulates the activity of downstream effectors including protein kinases, phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and ion channels.
• NO is synthesized from arginine and oxygen by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes and by sequential reduction of inorganic nitrate.
• NOS nitric oxide synthase
• Three distinct isoforms of NOS have been identified: inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS II) found in activated macrophage cells; constitutive neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS I), involved in neurotransmission and long term potentiation; and constitutive endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS III) which regulates smooth muscle relaxation and blood pressure.
• sGC stimulators are also useful in the treatment of lipid related disorders such as e.g., dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, sitosterolemia, fatty liver disease, and hepatitis.
• lipid related disorders such as e.g., dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, sitosterolemia, fatty liver disease, and hepatitis.
• Pulmonary hypertension is a disease characterized by sustained elevation of blood pressure in the pulmonary vasculature (pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and pulmonary capillaries), which results in right heart hypertrophy, eventually leading to right heart failure and death.
• pulmonary vasculature pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and pulmonary capillaries
• the bioactivity of NO and other vasodilators such as prostacyclin is reduced, whereas the production of endogenous vasoconstrictors such as endothelin is increased, resulting in excessive pulmonary vasoconstriction.
• sGC stimulators have been used to treat PH because they promote smooth muscle relaxation, which leads to vasodilation.
• NO-independent sGC stimulators Treatment with NO-independent sGC stimulators also promoted smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum of healthy rabbits, rats and humans, causing penile erection, indicating that sGC stimulators are useful for treating erectile dysfunction.
• NO-independent, heme-dependent, sGC stimulators such as those disclosed herein, have several important differentiating characteristics, including crucial dependency on the presence of the reduced prosthetic heme moiety for their activity, strong synergistic enzyme activation when combined with NO and stimulation of the synthesis of cGMP by direct stimulation of sGC, independent of NO.
• the benzylindazole compound YC-1 was the first sGC stimulator to be identified. Additional sGC stimulators with improved potency and specificity for sGC have since been developed. These compounds have been shown to produce anti-aggregatory, anti-proliferative and vasodilatory effects.
• the present invention is directed to compounds, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, useful as sGC stimulators.
• Compounds of the invention are depicted in Table IA or Table IB.
• the invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound from Table IA or Table IB, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
• the invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulation or dosage form comprising the pharmaceutical composition.
• the invention also provides a method of treating or preventing a disease, health condition or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering, alone or in combination therapy, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound from Table IA or Table IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject; wherein the disease, health condition or disorder is a peripheral, pulmonary, hepatic, kidney, cardiac or cerebral vascular/endothelial disorder or condition, a urogenital-gynecological or sexual disorder or condition, a thromboembolic disease, a fibrotic disorder, a pulmonary or respiratory disorder, renal or hepatic disorder, ocular disorder, hearing disorder, CNS disorder, circulation disorder, topical or skin disorder, metabolic disorder, atherosclerosis, wound healing or a lipid related disorder that benefits from sGC stimulation or from an increase in the concentration of NO or cGMP.
• a compound such as a compound of Table IA or Table IB or other compounds herein disclosed, may be present in its free form (e.g. an amorphous form, or a crystalline form or a polymorph). Under certain conditions, compounds may also form co-forms. As used herein, the term co-form is synonymous with the term multi-component crystalline form. When one of the components in the co-form has clearly transferred a proton to the other component, the resulting co-form is referred to as a “salt”. The formation of a salt is determined by how large the difference is in the pKas between the partners that form the mixture. For purposes of this disclosure, compounds include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, even if the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is not explicitly noted.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereoisomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, atropoisomeric and cis-trans isomeric) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Ra and Sa configurations for each asymmetric axis, (Z) and (E) double bond configurations, and cis and trans conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as racemates, and mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, and cis-trans isomers (double bond or conformational) of the present compounds are within the scope of the present disclosure. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the present disclosure are also within the scope of the invention. As an example, a substituent drawn as below:
• R may be hydrogen, would include both compounds shown below:
• the present disclosure also embraces isotopically-labeled compounds which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. All isotopes of any particular atom or element as specified are contemplated within the scope of the compounds of the invention, and their uses.
• Exemplary isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 32 P, 33 P, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, 123 I, and 125 I, respectively.
• Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention e.g., those labeled with 3 H and 14 C are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
• Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are useful for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
• Positron emitting isotopes such as 15 O 13 N 11 C, and 18 F are useful for positron emission tomography (PET) studies to examine substrate receptor occupancy.
• Isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples herein below, by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
• the compounds of the invention are defined herein by their chemical structures and/or chemical names. Where a compound is referred to by both a chemical structure and a chemical name, and the chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemical structure is determinative of the compound's identity.
• the compounds of the invention may be prepared according to the schemes and examples depicted and described below. Unless otherwise specified, the starting materials and various intermediates may be obtained from commercial sources, prepared from commercially available compounds or prepared using well-known synthetic methods.
• Dione enolate B was diluted with ethanol and consecutively charged with HCl (e.g., 3 equiv, 1.25 M solution in ethanol) and arylhydrazine hydrate (e.g., 1.15 equiv).
• the reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred at this temperature until cyclization was deemed complete (e.g., by LC/MS analysis, typically 30 minutes).
• the reaction mixture was treated carefully with solid sodium bicarbonate (e.g., 4 equiv) and diluted with dichloromethane and water. Layers were separated, and aqueous layer was further diluted with water before extraction with dichloromethane (3 ⁇ ).
• the thick slurry was filtered, and the resulting solid cake was washed with methanol.
• the reaction was further treated with saturated sodium carbonate solution, and stirred for 10 minutes before the layers are separated.
• the organics were further dried over MgSO4, filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo.
• the product amidine D was used as-is in subsequent steps without further purification.
• Amidine D was suspended in ethanol, and stirred vigorously at 23° C. to encourage full solvation.
• the reaction was further treated with sodium 3-ethoxy-2-fluoro-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-olate (e.g., 3 equiv.), and the flask was equipped with a reflux condenser.
• the reaction was placed into a pre-heated oil bath maintained at 90° C. and stirred until full consumption of starting material was observed on the LC/MS (reaction times were typically 1 h).
• the contents were cooled to 23° C., and the reaction mixture acidified with HCl (e.g., 3 equiv., 1.25M solution in EtOH).
• the term “compound” also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, whether or not the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is actually used.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic salts of a compound of Table IA or Table IB.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound of Table IA or Table IB are used in medicine. Salts that are not pharmaceutically acceptable may, however, be useful in the preparation of a compound of Table IA or Table IB or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may involve the inclusion of another molecule such as an acetate ion, a succinate ion or other counter ion.
• the counter ion may be any organic or inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may have more than one charged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atoms are part of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have multiple counter ions. Hence, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counter ion.
• salts of the compounds described herein include those derived from the compounds with inorganic acids, organic acids or bases.
• the salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds.
• the salts can be prepared from the free form of the compound in a separate synthetic step.
• suitable “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts prepared form pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases.
• Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like. Particular embodiments include ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts.
• Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N, N.sup.1-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
• basic ion exchange resins such as
• salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids.
• acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like.
• Particular embodiments include citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric and tartaric acids.
• Other exemplary salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-na
• the term “compound” also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, whether or not the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is actually used
• the formulations may also include other types of excipients such as one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, antiadherents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, binders, suspending agents, disintegrants, fillers, sorbents, coatings (e.g. enteric or slow release) preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of Table IA or Table IB or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament).
• excipients such as one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, antiadherents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, binders, suspending agents, disintegrants, fillers, sorbents, coatings (e.g. enteric
• the pH of the formulation depends mainly on the particular use and the concentration of compound, but may range from about 3 to about 8.
• additives may be added directly to the spray-drying solution when forming the mixture such as the additive is dissolved or suspended in the solution as a slurry which can then be spray dried.
• the additives may be added following spray-drying process to aid in the forming of the final formulated product.
• the compound of Table IA or Table IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is typically formulated into pharmaceutical dosage forms to provide an easily controllable dosage of the drug and to enable patient compliance with the prescribed regimen.
• Pharmaceutical formulations of a compound of Table IA or Table IB, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be prepared for various routes and types of administration.
• Various dosage forms may exist for the same compound, since different medical conditions may warrant different routes of administration.
• a time-release formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain approximately 1 to 1000 mg of active material compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions (weight: weight).
• the pharmaceutical composition can be prepared to provide easily measurable amounts for administration.
• an aqueous solution intended for intravenous infusion may contain from about 3 to 500 ⁇ g of the active ingredient per milliliter of solution in order that infusion of a suitable volume at a rate of about 30 mL/hr can occur.
• the initial pharmaceutically effective amount of the inhibitor administered will be in the range of about 0.01-100 mg/kg per dose, namely about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg of patient body weight per day, with the typical initial range of compound used being 0.3 to 15 mg/kg/day.
• compositions of compounds of Table IA or Table IB will be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion, i.e., amounts, concentrations, schedules, course, vehicles, and route of administration, consistent with good medical practice.
• Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners, such as the age, weight, and response of the individual patient.
• prophylactically effective amount refers to an amount effective in preventing or substantially lessening the chances of acquiring a disease or disorder or in reducing the severity of the disease or disorder before it is acquired or reducing the severity of one or more of its symptoms before the symptoms develop. Roughly, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis (to prevent the development of a disease) and secondary prophylaxis (whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process).
• Acceptable diluents, carriers, excipients, and stabilizers are those that are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lys
• the active pharmaceutical ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, e.g., hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively; in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions.
• colloidal drug delivery systems for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules
• Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 st Edition, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Eds., 2005 (hereafter “Remington's”).
• Controlled drug delivery systems supply the drug to the body in a manner precisely controlled to suit the drug and the conditions being treated.
• the primary aim is to achieve a therapeutic drug concentration at the site of action for the desired duration of time.
• controlled release is often used to refer to a variety of methods that modify release of drug from a dosage form. This term includes preparations labeled as “extended release”, “delayed release”, “modified release” or “sustained release”.
• sustained-release preparations are the most common applications of controlled release. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the compound, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g. films, or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No.
• “Immediate-release preparations” may also be prepared.
• the objective of these formulations is to get the drug into the bloodstream and to the site of action as rapidly as possible. For instance, for rapid dissolution, most tablets are designed to undergo rapid disintegration to granules and subsequent deaggregation to fine particles. This provides a larger surface area exposed to the dissolution medium, resulting in a faster dissolution rate.
• Agents described herein can be incorporated into an erodible or non-erodible polymeric matrix controlled release device.
• an erodible matrix is meant aqueous-erodible or water-swellable or aqueous-soluble in the sense of being either erodible or swellable or dissolvable in pure water or requiring the presence of an acid or base to ionize the polymeric matrix sufficiently to cause erosion or dissolution.
• the erodible polymeric matrix When contacted with the aqueous environment of use, the erodible polymeric matrix imbibes water and forms an aqueous-swollen gel or matrix that entraps the agent described herein.
• the aqueous-swollen matrix gradually erodes, swells, disintegrates or dissolves in the environment of use, thereby controlling the release of a compound described herein to the environment of use.
• One ingredient of this water-swollen matrix is the water-swellable, erodible, or soluble polymer, which may generally be described as an osmopolymer, hydrogel or water-swellable polymer.
• Such polymers may be linear, branched, or cross linked.
• the polymers may be homopolymers or copolymers. In certain embodiments, they may be synthetic polymers derived from vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, urethane, ester and oxide monomers.
• polysaccharides e.g. chitin, chitosan, dextran and pullulan
• starches e.g. dextrin and maltodextrin
• hydrophilic colloids e.g. pectin
• phosphatides e.g. lecithin
• alginates e.g.
• Cellulosics are cellulose polymer that has been modified by reaction of at least a portion of the hydroxyl groups on the saccharide repeat units with a compound to form an ester-linked or an ether-linked substituent.
• the cellulosic ethyl cellulose has an ether linked ethyl substituent attached to the saccharide repeat unit, while the cellulosic cellulose acetate has an ester linked acetate substituent.
• the cellulosics for the erodible matrix comprises aqueous-soluble and aqueous-erodible cellulosics can include, for example, ethyl cellulose (EC), methylethyl cellulose (MEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), CMEC, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose propionate (CP), cellulose butyrate (CB), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), CAP, CAT, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), HPMCP, HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate trimellitate (HPMCAT), and ethylhydroxy ethylcellulose (EHEC).
• EC ethyl cellulose
• MEC methylethyl cellulose
• CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
• CMEC hydroxyethyl cellulose
• HPC hydroxyprop
• the cellulosics comprises various grades of low viscosity (MW less than or equal to 50,000 daltons, for example, the Dow MethocelTM series E5, E15LV, E50LV and K100LY) and high viscosity (MW greater than 50,000 daltons, for example, E4MCR, E10MCR, K4M, K15M and K100M and the MethocelTM K series) HPMC.
• low viscosity MW less than or equal to 50,000 daltons
• high viscosity MW greater than 50,000 daltons
• E4MCR, E10MCR, K4M, K15M and K100M and the MethocelTM K series HPMC.
• Other commercially available types of HPMC include the Shin Etsu Metolose 90SH series.
• erodible matrix material examples include, but are not limited to, pullulan, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, glycerol fatty acid esters, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, copolymers of ethacrylic acid or methacrylic acid (EUDRAGIT®, Rohm America, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.) and other acrylic acid derivatives such as homopolymers and copolymers of butylmethacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethylmethacrylate, ethylacrylate, (2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate, and (trimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate chloride.
• pullulan polyvinyl pyrrolidone
• polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl acetate
• glycerol fatty acid esters polyacrylamide
• polyacrylic acid copolymers of ethacrylic acid
• the agents of the present invention may be administered by or incorporated into a non-erodible matrix device.
• an agent described herein is distributed in an inert matrix.
• the agent is released by diffusion through the inert matrix.
• materials suitable for the inert matrix include insoluble plastics (e.g methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene), hydrophilic polymers (e.g. ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cross linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (also known as crospovidone)), and fatty compounds (e.g. carnauba wax, microcrystalline wax, and triglycerides).
• insoluble plastics e.g methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene
• hydrophilic polymers e.g. ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cross linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (also known as crospovidone
• the agents described herein may also be incorporated into an osmotic control device.
• Such devices generally include a core containing one or more agents as described herein and a water permeable, non-dissolving and non-eroding coating surrounding the core which controls the influx of water into the core from an aqueous environment of use so as to cause drug release by extrusion of some or all of the core to the environment of use.
• the coating is polymeric, aqueous-permeable, and has at least one delivery port.
• the core of the osmotic device optionally includes an osmotic agent which acts to imbibe water from the surrounding environment via such a semi-permeable membrane.
• the osmotic agent contained in the core of this device may be an aqueous-swellable hydrophilic polymer or it may be an osmogen, also known as an osmagent. Pressure is generated within the device which forces the agent(s) out of the device via an orifice (of a size designed to minimize solute diffusion while preventing the build-up of a hydrostatic pressure head).
• osmotic control devices are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/495,061.
• the amount of water-swellable hydrophilic polymers present in the core may range from about 5 to about 80 wt % (including for example, 10 to 50 wt %).
• core materials include hydrophilic vinyl and acrylic polymers, polysaccharides such as calcium alginate, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly (acrylic) acid, poly (methacrylic) acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and cross linked PVP, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), PVA/PVP copolymers and PVA/PVP copolymers with hydrophobic monomers such as methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, and the like, hydrophilic polyurethanes containing large PEO blocks, sodium croscarmellose, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl
• hydrogels comprising interpenetrating networks of polymers that may be formed by addition or by condensation polymerization, the components of which may comprise hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers such as those just mentioned.
• Water-swellable hydrophilic polymers include but are not limited to PEO, PEG, PVP, sodium croscarmellose, HPMC, sodium starch glycolate, polyacrylic acid and cross linked versions or mixtures thereof.
• the core may also include an osmogen (or osmagent).
• the amount of osmogen present in the core may range from about 2 to about 70 wt % (including, for example, from 10 to 50 wt %).
• suitable osmogens are water-soluble organic acids, salts and sugars that are capable of imbibing water to thereby effect an osmotic pressure gradient across the barrier of the surrounding coating.
• Typical useful osmogens include but are not limited to magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfite, lithium sulfate, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, mannitol, xylitol, urea, sorbitol, inositol, raffinose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose, citric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and mixtures thereof.
• the osmogen is glucose, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, xylitol, sodium chloride, including combinations thereof
• the rate of drug delivery is controlled by such factors as the permeability and thickness of the coating, the osmotic pressure of the drug-containing layer, the degree of hydrophilicity of the hydrogel layer, and the surface area of the device.
• the thickness of the coating will reduce the release rate, while any of the following will increase the release rate: increasing the permeability of the coating; increasing the hydrophilicity of the hydrogel layer; increasing the osmotic pressure of the drug-containing layer; or increasing the device's surface area.
• entrainment of particles of agents described herein in the extruding fluid during operation of such osmotic device is desirable.
• the agent drug form is dispersed in the fluid before the particles have an opportunity to settle in the tablet core.
• a disintegrant that serves to break up the compressed core into its particulate components.
• standard disintegrants include materials such as sodium starch glycolate (e. g., ExplotabTM CLV), microcrystalline cellulose (e. g., AvicelTM), microcrystalline silicified cellulose (e. g., ProSoIvTM) and croscarmellose sodium (e.
• non-gelling, non-swelling disintegrants are resins, for example, ion-exchange resins.
• the resin is AmberliteTM IRP 88 (available from Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.).
• the disintegrant is present in amounts ranging from about 1-25% of the core agent.
• an osmotic device is an osmotic capsule.
• the capsule shell or portion of the capsule shell can be semipermeable.
• the capsule can be filled either by a powder or liquid consisting of an agent described herein, excipients that imbibe water to provide osmotic potential, and/or a water-swellable polymer, or optionally solubilizing excipients.
• the capsule core can also be made such that it has a bilayer or multilayer agent analogous to the bilayer, trilayer or concentric geometries described above.
• Coated swellable tablets comprise a tablet core comprising an agent described herein and a swelling material, preferably a hydrophilic polymer, coated with a membrane, which contains holes, or pores through which, in the aqueous use environment, the hydrophilic polymer can extrude and carry out the agent.
• the membrane may contain polymeric or low molecular weight water-soluble porosigens. Porosigens dissolve in the aqueous use environment, providing pores through which the hydrophilic polymer and agent may extrude.
• porosigens are water-soluble polymers such as HPMC, PEG, and low molecular weight compounds such as glycerol, sucrose, glucose, and sodium chloride.
• pores may be formed in the coating by drilling holes in the coating using a laser or other mechanical means.
• the membrane material may comprise any film-forming polymer, including polymers which are water permeable or impermeable, providing that the membrane deposited on the tablet core is porous or contains water-soluble porosigens or possesses a macroscopic hole for water ingress and drug release.
• Embodiments of this class of sustained release devices may also be multilayered, as described, for example, in EP378404.
• the agents described herein may be provided in the form of microparticulates, generally ranging in size from about 10 ⁇ m to about 2 mm (including, for example, from about 100 ⁇ m to 1 mm in diameter).
• Such multiparticulates may be packaged, for example, in a capsule such as a gelatin capsule or a capsule formed from an aqueous-soluble polymer such as HPMCAS, HPMC or starch; dosed as a suspension or slurry in a liquid; or they may be formed into a tablet, caplet, or pill by compression or other processes known in the art.
• microemulsions which generally are thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactant molecules (Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992, volume 9).
• surfactant emulsifier
• co-surfactant co-emulsifier
• an oil phase and a water phase are necessary.
• Suitable surfactants include any surfactants that are useful in the preparation of emulsions, e.g., emulsifiers that are typically used in the preparation of creams.
• the water phase includes not only water but also, typically, buffers, glucose, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, preferably lower molecular weight polyethylene glycols (e.g., PEG 300 and PEG 400), and/or glycerol, and the like, while the oil phase will generally comprise, for example, fatty acid esters, modified vegetable oils, silicone oils, mixtures of mono-di- and triglycerides, mono- and di-esters of PEG (e.g., oleoyl macrogol glycerides), etc.
• Nanocapsules can generally entrap compounds in a stable and reproducible way.
• ultrafine particles sized around 0.1 ⁇ m
• polymers able to be degraded in vivo e.g. biodegradable polyalkyl-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles. Such particles are described in the prior art.
• Implantable devices coated with a compound of this invention are another embodiment of the present invention.
• the compounds may also be coated on implantable medical devices, such as beads, or co-formulated with a polymer or other molecule, to provide a “drug depot”, thus permitting the drug to be released over a longer time period than administration of an aqueous solution of the drug.
• Suitable coatings and the general preparation of coated implantable devices are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,099,562; 5,886,026; and 5,304,121.
• the coatings are typically biocompatible polymeric materials such as a hydrogel polymer, polymethyldisiloxane, polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, ethylene vinyl acetate, and mixtures thereof.
• the coatings may optionally be further covered by a suitable topcoat of fluorosilicone, polysaccharides, polyethylene glycol, phospholipids or combinations thereof to impart controlled release characteristics in the composition.
• compositions described herein may be administered systemically or locally, e.g.: orally (e.g. using capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, tablets, sublingual tablets and the like), by inhalation (e.g. with an aerosol, gas, inhaler, nebulizer or the like), to the ear (e.g. using ear drops), topically (e.g. using creams, gels, liniments, lotions, ointments, pastes, transdermal patches, etc.), ophthalmically (e.g. with eye drops, ophthalmic gels, ophthalmic ointments), rectally (e.g.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
• the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
• Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
• the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and gly
• Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to mask an unpleasant taste or to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
• a water soluble taste masking material such as hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose or hydroxypropyl-cellulose may be employed.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered active ingredient moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water soluble carrier such as polyethyleneglycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
• water soluble carrier such as polyethyleneglycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• the active compounds can also be in microencapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above.
• Sterile injectable forms of the compositions described herein may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
• Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of injectable formulations.
• Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending a compound of Table IA or Table IB in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation.
• These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisol or alpha-tocopherol.
• the rate of compound release can be controlled.
• biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides).
• Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.
• compositions described herein may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the ear, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2 octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
• the formulations may be applied as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s) in an amount of, for example, 0.075 to 20% w/w.
• the active ingredients may be employed with either an oil-based, paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
• the oily phase of emulsions prepared using a compound of Table IA or Table IB may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. A hydrophilic emulsifier may be included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the emulsifier includes both an oil and a fat.
• compositions may also be administered by nasal aerosol or by inhalation.
• Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
• Formulations suitable for intrapulmonary or nasal administration have a particle size for example in the range of 0.1 to 500 micros (including particles in a range between 0.1 and 500 microns in increments microns such as 0.5, 1, 30, 35 microns, etc) which is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage or by inhalation through the mouth so as to reach the alveolar sacs.
• the formulations may be packaged in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water, for injection immediately prior to use.
• sterile liquid carrier for example water
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions are prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
• Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
• Increased production of NO or increased concentration of cGMP in a tissue leads to vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation and adhesion, anti-hypertensive effects, anti-remodeling effects, anti-fibrotic, anti-apoptotic effects, anti-inflammatory effects and neuronal signal transmission effects, among other effects.
• the compounds here disclosed are sGC stimulators that may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases and disorders characterized by undesirable reduced bioavailability of and/or sensitivity to NO in a biological system (e.g., in the human body), such as those associated with conditions of oxidative stress or nitrosative stress.
• a “sGC-related cardiovascular disease” is one for which the NO/sGC/cGMP system is known or suspected to be involved and is a cardiovascular disease that can be treated or prevented by sGC activation/stimulation, by activation of a NO synthase, or by addition of NO or an NO-donor or an NO precursor such as L-Arginine or L-citruline, or by inhibition of a PDE (phosphodiesterase) enzyme responsible for the breakdown of cGMP, or a combination of the any of the above methods.
• sGC activation/stimulation by activation of a NO synthase, or by addition of NO or an NO-donor or an NO precursor such as L-Arginine or L-citruline, or by inhibition of a PDE (phosphodiesterase) enzyme responsible for the breakdown of cGMP, or a combination of the any of the above methods.
• PDE phosphodiesterase
• vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels. It results from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles. In essence, the process is the opposite of “vasoconstriction”, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.
• vasoconstriction which is the narrowing of blood vessels.
• the response may be intrinsic (due to local processes in the surrounding tissue) or extrinsic (due to hormones or the nervous system).
• the response may be localized to a specific organ (depending on the metabolic needs of a particular tissue, as during strenuous exercise), or it may be systemic (seen throughout the entire systemic circulation).
• vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of a blood vessel due to muscle contraction. Vasoconstriction is one mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains mean arterial pressure (MAP). Generalized vasoconstriction usually results in an increase in systemic blood pressure, but it may also occur in specific tissues, causing a localized reduction in blood flow.
• MAP mean arterial pressure
• bronchoconstriction is used to define the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
• the condition has a number of causes, the most common being asthma. Exercise and allergies can bring on the symptoms in an otherwise asymptomatic individual. Other conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can also present with bronchoconstriction.
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• hypertension refers to an extremely common and highly preventable chronic condition in which blood pressure (BP) in the arteries is higher than normal or desired. If not properly controlled, it represents a significant risk factor for several serious cardiovascular and renal conditions.
• Hypertension may be a primary disease, called “essential hypertension” or “idiopathic hypertension”, or it may be caused by or related to other diseases, in which case it is classified as “secondary hypertension”. Essential hypertension accounts for 90-95% of all cases.
• resistant hypertension refers to hypertension that remains above goal blood pressure (usually less than 140/90 mmHg, although a lower goal of less than 130/80 mmHg is recommended for patients with comorbid diabetes or kidney disease), in spite of concurrent use of three antihypertensive agents belonging to different antihypertensive drug classes. People who require four or more drugs to control their blood pressure are also considered to have resistant hypertension.
• Hypertension is an extremely common comorbid condition in diabetes, affecting ⁇ 20-60% of patients with diabetes, depending on obesity, ethnicity, and age. This type of hypertension is herein referred to as “diabetic hypertension”. In type 2 diabetes, hypertension is often present as part of the metabolic syndrome of insulin resistance also including central obesity and dyslipidemia. In type 1 diabetes, hypertension may reflect the onset of diabetic nephropathy.
• PH Pulmonary hypertension
• PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
• PH PH with left heart disease
• PH associated with lung diseases and/or hypoxaemia PH due to chronic thrombotic and/or embolic disease and miscellaneous PH.
• PAH chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• coronary artery disease refers to a condition in which the blood supply to the heart muscle is partially or completely blocked (ischemia of the heart muscle or myocardium). This reduced blood supply to the myocardium may result in a number of “acute myocardial syndromes”: chest pain (“angina”, also called “angina pectoris”, stable or unstable) and different types of heart attacks (“myocardial infarction” or MI).
• Angina also called “angina pectoris”, stable or unstable
• MI myocardial infarction
• Atherosclerosis refers to hardening of the arteries, due to fatty deposits in the artery walls which then may progress through formation of atherosclerotic plaques, to narrowing and eventually blockage of blood flow to the in the artery.
• Atherosclerosis may affect other arteries as well, not just those of the heart.
• a blood clot is the most common cause of the blockage of the artery, as usually the artery is already partially blocked due to atherosclerotic plaque (atheroma), the atheroma may rupture or tear, leading to the formation of a clot.
• atherosclerotic plaque the atheroma
• coronary artery disease is caused by spasm of a coronary artery, which can occur spontaneously or as a result of the use of certain drugs (e.g., cocaine, nicotine).
• the cause of coronary artery disease is a birth defect, a viral infection (e.g., Kawasaki disease), systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), inflammation of the arteries (arteritis), a blood clot that travelled from a heart chamber into one of the coronary arteries or physical damage (e.g., from injury or radiation therapy).
• a viral infection e.g., Kawasaki disease
• systemic lupus erythematosus e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus
• inflammation of the arteries e.g., arthritis
• a blood clot that travelled from a heart chamber into one of the coronary arteries or physical damage (e.g., from injury or radiation therapy).
• Unstable angina refers to a change in the pattern of angina symptoms including prolonged or worsening angina and new onset of severe symptoms.
• MI can be classified into two types: “Non-ST-segment elevation” MI and “ST-segment elevation” MI.
• the complications of acute coronary syndromes depend on how much, how long, and where the coronary artery is blocked. If the blockage affects a large amount of heart muscle, the heart will not pump effectively. If the blockage shuts off blood flow to the electrical system of the heart, the heart rhythm may be affected. When a heart attack occurs, part of the myocardium dies. Dead tissue and the scar tissue that replaces it, does not contract. The scar tissue sometimes even expands or bulges when the rest of the heart tries to contract. Consequently there is less muscle to pump blood.
• the heart's pumping ability may be so reduced that the heart cannot meet the body's demands for oxygen and blood. Heart failure, low blood pressure or both then develop. If more than half of the myocardium is damaged or dies, the heart generally cannot function and severe disability or death is likely.
• Heart Failure is a progressive disorder of left ventricular (LV) myocardial remodeling that culminates in a complex clinical syndrome in which impaired cardiac function and circulatory congestion are the defining features, and results in insufficient delivery of blood and nutrients to body tissues.
• the condition occurs when the heart is damaged or overworked and unable to pump out all the blood that returns to it from the systemic circulation. As less blood is pumped out, blood returning to the heart backs up and fluid builds up in other parts of the body. Heart failure also impairs the kidneys' ability to dispose of sodium and water, complicating fluid retention further.
• Heart failure is characterized by autonomic dysfunction, neuro-hormonal activation and overproduction of cytokines, which contribute to progressive circulatory failure.
• Symptoms of heart failure include: dyspnea (shortness of breath) while exercising or resting and waking at night due to sudden breathlessness, both indicative of pulmonary edema; general fatigue or weakness; edema of the feet, ankles and legs; rapid weight gain; or chronic cough, including that producing mucus or blood.
• heart failure is classified as de novo, transient, acute, post-acute or chronic.
• Acute heart failure i.e., the rapid or gradual onset of symptoms requiring urgent therapy, may develop de novo or as a result of chronic heart failure becoming decompensated.
• the term “Heart failure” is often used to mean “chronic heart failure”.
• CHF congestive heart failure
• CCF congestive cardiac failure
• Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart.
• heart failure due to reduced ejection fraction (HFREF)
• HREF reduced ejection fraction
• HPEF left ventricular systolic dysfunction
• HNEF normal ejection fraction
• Ejection fraction is the proportion of blood in the heart pumped out of the heart during a single contraction. It is a percentage with normal being between 50 and 75%.
• Chronic heart failure is a long term situation, usually with stable treated symptomatology.
• acute decompensated heart failure is worsening or decompensated heart failure, referring to episodes in which a person can be characterized as having a change in heart failure signs and symptoms resulting in a need for urgent therapy or hospitalization.
• Heart failure may also occur in situations of high output (then it is termed “high output cardiac failure”) where the ventricular systolic function is normal but the heart cannot deal with an important augmentation of blood volume.
• Ejection Fraction is defined as the fraction of blood in the left and right ventricles that is pumped out with each heartbeat or cardiac cycle. In finite mathematics allowed by medical imaging, EF is applied to both the right ventricle, which ejects blood via the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary circulation, or the left ventricle, which ejects blood via the aortic valve into the cerebral and systemic circulation.
• heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is commonly understood to refer to a manifestation of signs and symptoms of heart failure with an ejection fraction greater than 55%. It is characterized by a decrease in left ventricular compliance, leading to increased pressure in the left ventricle. Increased left atrial size is often seen with HFPEF as a result of the poor left ventricular function.
• HFPEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
• Risk factors are hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and obstructive sleep apnea. In this type of heart failure, the heart muscle contracts well but the ventricle does not fill with blood well in the relaxation phase.
• heart failure with reduced ejection fraction refers to heart failure in which the ejection fraction is less than 40%.
• Diabetes is a common comorbidity in patients with heart failure and is associated with poorer outcomes as well as potentially compromising the efficacy of treatments.
• Other important comorbidities include systemic hypertension, chronic airflow obstruction, sleep apnea, cognitive dysfunction, anemia, chronic kidney disease and arthritis.
• Chronic left heart failure is frequently associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension.
• the frequency of certain comorbidities varies by gender: among women, hypertension and thyroid disease are more common, while men more commonly suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease and renal insufficiency.
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Depression is a frequent comorbidity of heart failure and the two conditions can and often do complicate one another.
• Cardiac cachexia has long been recognized as a serious and frequent complication of heart failure, affecting up to 15% of all heart failure patients and being associated with poor prognosis.
• Cardiac cachexia is defined as the nonedematous, non-voluntary loss of at least 6% of body weight over a period of six months.
• arrhythmias refers to abnormal heart rhythms that occur in more than 90% of people who have had a heart attack. Sometimes the problem is with the part of the heart that triggers the heartbeat and the heart rate may be too slow, other times the problems may cause the heart to beat too rapidly or irregularly. Sometimes the signal to beat is not conducted from one part of the heart to the other and the heartbeat may slow or stop. In addition areas of the myocardium that have not died but have poor blood flow may be irritable. This causes heart rhythm problems such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. This may lead to cardiac arrest if the heart stops pumping entirely.
• the “pericardium” is the sack or membrane that surrounds the heart. “Pericarditis” or inflammation of this membrane may develop as a result of a heart attack and may result in fever, pericardial effusion, inflammation of the membranes covering the lungs (pleura), pleural effusion, and joint pain. Other complications after a heart attack may include malfunction of the mitral valve, rupture of the heart muscle, a bulge in the wall of the ventricle (ventricular aneurysm), blood clots, and low blood pressure.
• cardiomyopathy refers to the progressive impairment of the structure and function of the muscular walls of the heart chambers.
• the main types of cardiomyopathies are dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive. Cardiomyophaties often cause symptoms of heart failure, and they may also cause chest pain, fainting and sudden death.
• mitral valve regurgitation refers to a situation in which the mitral valve of the heart doesn't close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward in the heart. As a result, blood can't move through the heart or to the rest of the body as efficiently, resulting in fatigue or shortness of breath.
• sleep apnea refers to the most common of the sleep-disordered breathing disorders. It is a condition characterized by intermittent, cyclical reductions or total cessations of airflow, which may or may not involve obstruction of the upper airway. There are three types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea, the most common form, central sleep apnea and mixed sleep apnea.
• CSA Central sleep apnea
• metabolic syndrome refers to a group or clustering of metabolic conditions (abdominal obesity, elevated fasting glucose, “dyslipidemia” (i.e., elevated lipid levels) and elevated blood pressure (HBP)) which occur together more often than by chance alone and that together promote the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
• “Hyperglyceridemia” refers to elevated levels of glycerides (e.g., “hypertrigliceridemia” involves elevated levels of triglycerides). “Hyperlipoproteinemia” refers to elevated levels of lipoproteins (usually LDL unless otherwise specified).
• PVD peripheral vascular disease
• PAD peripheral arterial disease
• PAOD peripheral artery occlusive disease
• PVD also includes a subset of diseases classified as microvascular diseases resulting from episodic narrowing of the arteries (e.g., “Raynaud's phenomenon”), or widening thereof (erythromelalgia), i.e., vascular spasms.
• Peripheral arterial diseases include occlusive thrombotic vasculitis, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, Raynaud's disease, and Raynaud's syndrome. Common symptoms are cold leg or feet, intermittent claudication, lower limb pain and critical limb ischemia (lower limb ulcers and necrosis). Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for peripheral arterial disease can be found in Eur. J. Vasco Endovasc. Surg, 2007, 33(1), Sl.
• stenosis refers to an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure. It is also sometimes called a “stricture” (as in urethral stricture).
• coarctation is a synonym, but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.
• restenosis refers to the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.
• a thrombus occupies more than 75% of surface area of the lumen of an artery, blood flow to the tissue supplied is reduced enough to cause symptoms because of decreased oxygen (hypoxia) and accumulation of metabolic products like lactic acid (“gout”). More than 90% obstruction can result in anoxia, the complete deprivation of oxygen and “infarction”, a mode of cell death.
• embolism is the event of lodging of an embolus (a detached intravascular mass capable of clogging arterial capillary beds at a site far from its origin) into a narrow capillary vessel of an arterial bed which causes a blockage (vascular occlusion) in a distant part of the body. This is not to be confused with a thrombus which blocks at the site of origin.
• the material that forms the embolism can have a number of different origins: if the material is blood the “embolus” is termed a “thrombus”; the solid material could also comprise fat, bacterial remains, infected tissue, etc.
• Ischemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive). Ischemia is generally caused by problems with blood vessels, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue. It also means local anemia in a given part of a body sometimes resulting from congestion (such as vasoconstriction, thrombosis or embolism). If the “ischemia” takes place in the heart muscle (or “myocardium”) the ischemia is termed myocardial ischemia. Other types of ischemia are for instance cerebral ischemia, critical limb ischemia and the like.
• Reperfusion occurs when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia. Upon restoration of circulation to the tissue, inflammatory and oxidative stress processes may develop. One example of this chain of events is ischemia-reperfusion associated with organ transplants.
• Reperfusion injury is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia and inflammation and oxidative damage ensue rather than restoration of normal function.
• Reperfusion of ischemic issues is often associated with microvascular injury, particularly due to the increased permeability of capillaries and arterioles that lead to an increase in diffusion and fluid filtration across the tissues.
• the activated endothelial cells produce more reactive oxygen species but less NO following reperfusion, and the imbalance results in an inflammatory response.
• White blood cells carried to the area by the newly returned blood flow, release a host of inflammatory factors and free radicals in response to tissue damage.
• the restored blood flow brings with it oxygen that damages cellular proteins, DNA and plasma membranes.
• This process of ischemia-reperfusion is also thought to be responsible for formation and failure to heal of chronic wounds, (e.g., pressure sores or diabetic ulcers).
• angiopathy as used herein is the generic term for a disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). The most common and most prevalent angiopathy is “diabetic angiopathy”, a common complication of chronic diabetes. Another common type of angiopathy is “cerebral amyloid angiopathy” (CAA), also known as congophilic angiopathy, wherein amyloid deposits form in the walls of the blood vessels of the central nervous system.
• CAA Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
• congophilic is used because the presence of the abnormal aggregations of amyloid can be demonstrated by microscopic examination of brain tissue after application of a special stain called Congo red. The amyloid material is only found in the brain and as such the disease is not related to other forms of amyloidosis.
• a “stroke”, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the rapid loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to “ischemia” (lack of blood flow with resultant insufficient oxygen and glucose supply to the tissue) caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism, fat accumulation or a spasm), or a hemorrhage (leakage of blood). As a result, the affected area of the brain cannot function, which might result in an inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body, inability to understand or formulate speech, or an inability to see one side of the visual field.
• Risk factors for stroke include old age, hypertension, previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetes, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking and atrial fibrillation. High blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke.
• An “ischemic stroke” is occasionally treated in a hospital with thrombolysis (also known as a “clot buster”), and some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from neurosurgery.
• thrombolysis also known as a “clot buster”
• Prevention of recurrence may involve the administration of antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and dipyridamole, control and reduction of hypertension, and the use of statins. Selected patients may benefit from carotid endarterectomy and the use of anticoagulants.
• Vascular dementia is the 2nd most common cause of dementia among the elderly. It is more common among men and usually begins after age 70. It occurs more often in people who have vascular risk factors (e.g, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking) and in those who have had several strokes. Many people have both vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease. Vascular dementia typically occurs when multiple small cerebral infarcts (or sometimes hemorrhages) cause enough neuronal or axonal loss to impair brain function.
• Vascular dementias include the following types: multiple lacunar infarction (wherein small blood vessels are affected and infarcts occur deep within hemispheric white and gray matter); multi-infarct dementia (wherein medium-sized blood vessels are affected); strategic single-infarct dementia (wherein a single infarct occurs in a crucial area of the brain such as the angular gyms or the thalamus; Binswanger dementia or subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (wherein small-vessel dementia is associated with severe, poorly controlled hypertension and systemic vascular disease and which causes diffuse and irregular loss of axons and myelin with widespread gliosis, tissue death due to an infarction, or loss of blood supply to the white matter of the brain).
• glioma refers to a type of tumor that starts in the brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it arises from glial cells. The most common site of gliomas is the brain. Gliomas make up about 30% of all brain and central nervous system tumors and 80% of all malignant brain tumors.
• sexual dysfunction encompasses a series of conditions “characterized by disturbances in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes associated with the sexual response cycle”; while problems of this type are common, sexual dysfunction is only considered to exist when the problems cause distress for the patient.
• sexual dysfunction can be either physical or psychological in origin. It can exist as a primary condition, generally hormonal in nature, although most often it is secondary to other medical conditions or to drug therapy for said conditions. All types of sexual dysfunction can be further classified as life-long, acquired, situational or generalized (or combinations thereof).
• the DSM-IV-TR specifies five major categories of “female sexual dysfunction”: sexual desire/interest disorders; “sexual arousal disorders (including genital, subjective and combined)”; orgasmic disorder; dyspareunia and vaginismus; and persistent sexual arousal disorder.
• FSAD Male sexual arousal disorder
• FSAD encompasses both the lack of subjective feelings of excitement (i.e., subjective sexual arousal disorder) and the lack of somatic responses such as lubrication and swelling (i.e., genital/physical sexual arousal disorder).
• FSAD may be strictly psychological in origin, although it generally is caused or complicated by medical or physiological factors.
• Hypoestrogenism is the most common physiologic condition associated with FSAD, which leads to urogenital atrophy and a decrease in vaginal lubrication.
• erectile dysfunction is a male sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual performance.
• a penile erection is the hydraulic effect of blood entering and being retained in sponge-like bodies within the penis. The process is often initiated as a result of sexual arousal, when signals are transmitted from the brain to nerves in the penis. Erectile dysfunction is indicated when an erection is difficult to produce.
• cardiovascular disease and diabetes neurological problems (for example, trauma from prostatectomy surgery), hormonal insufficiencies (hypogonadism) and drug side effects.
• compounds of Table IA or Table IB that are stimulators of sGC, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are therefore useful in the prevention and/or treatment of the following types of cardiac, pulmonary, peripheral, hepatic, kidney, or cerebral vascular/endothelial disorders, conditions and diseases related to circulation:
• Alzheimer's disease dementia with frontal lobe degeneration including Pick's syndrome; progressive nuclear palsy; dementia with corticobasal degeneration; Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); Huntington's disease; demyelination; Multiple Sclerosis; thalamic degeneration; Creutzfeldt-Jakob dementia; HIV-dementia; schizophrenia with dementia or Korsakoff psychosis; Multiple System Atrophy and other forms of Parkinsonism Plus; movement disorders; neuroprotection; anxiety, tension and depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); bipolar disorder; schizophrenia;
• inflammation is normally closely regulated by the body. Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. “Acute inflammation” is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A cascade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as “chronic inflammation”, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.
• compounds of Table IA or Table IB that are stimulators of sGC, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are therefore useful in the prevention and/or treatment of the following types of cardiac, pulmonary, peripheral, hepatic, kidney, digestive or Central Nervous System disorders, conditions and diseases which may involve inflammation or an inflammatory process:
• wound healing refers to the intricate process where the skin (or another organ or tissue) repairs itself after injury.
• the epidermis (outermost layer) and dermis (inner or deeper layer) exist in a steady-state equilibrium, forming a protective barrier against the external environment. Once the protective barrier is broken, the normal (physiologic) process of wound healing is immediately set in motion.
• the classic model of wound healing is divided into three or four sequential, yet overlapping, phases: (1) hemostasis (not considered a phase by some authors), (2) inflammation, (3) proliferation and (4) remodeling.
• a set of complex biochemical events takes place in a closely orchestrated cascade to repair the damage.
• platelets adhere to the site of injury, become activated, and aggregate (join together), followed by activation of the coagulation cascade which forms a clot of aggregated platelets in a mesh of cross-linked fibrin protein. This clot stops active bleeding (“hemostasis”).
• bacteria and cell debris are phagocytosed and removed from the wound by white blood cells.
• Platelet-derived growth factors (stored in the alpha granules of the platelets) are released into the wound that cause the migration and division of cells during the proliferative phase.
• the proliferation phase is characterized by angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction.
• vascular endothelial cells form new blood vessels.
• fibroplasia and granulation tissue formation, fibroblasts grow and form a new, provisional extracellular matrix (ECM) by excreting collagen and fibronectin.
• ECM extracellular matrix
• re-epithelialization of the epidermis occurs, in which epithelial cells proliferate and ‘crawl’ atop the wound bed, providing cover for the new tissue.
• myofibroblasts decrease the size of the wound by gripping the wound edges and contracting using a mechanism that resembles that in smooth muscle cells. When the cells' roles are close to complete, unneeded cells undergo apoptosis.
• non-healing chronic wounds one example includes diabetic wounds or ulcers, and, in particular, diabetic foot ulcers.
• Factors that contribute to non-healing chronic wounds are diabetes, venous or arterial disease, infection, and metabolic deficiencies of old age.
• bone healing refers to a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture.
• fracture healing several phases of recovery facilitate the proliferation and protection of the areas surrounding fractures and dislocations.
• the length of the process depends on the extent of the injury, and usual margins of two to three weeks are given for the reparation of most upper bodily fractures; anywhere above four weeks given for lower bodily injury.
• the healing process is mainly determined by the “periosteum” (the connective tissue membrane covering the bone).
• the periosteum is one source of precursor cells which develop into “chondroblasts” and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone.
• the bone marrow when present), endosteum, small blood vessels, and fibroblasts are other sources of precursor cells.
• compounds of Table IA or Table IB that are stimulators of sGC and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are therefore useful in the treatment of the following types of diseases, disorders or conditions in which stimulation of the processes of wound or bone healing would be desirable:
• connective tissue refers to a kind of animal tissue that supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body. It is one of the four general classes of animal tissues, the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissues. Connective tissue is found everywhere, including in the central nervous system. It is located in between other tissues. All CT has three main components—ground substances, fibers and cells—and all these components are immersed in the body fluids.
• connective tissue disorder or condition refers to any condition that involves abnormalities in connective tissue in one or more parts of the body. Certain disorders are characterized by over-activity of the immune system with resulting inflammation and systemic damage to the tissues, usually with replacement of normal tissue (e.g., normal tissue of a certain organ) with connective tissue. Other disorders involve biochemical abnormalities or structural defects of the connective tissue itself. Some of these disorders are inherited, and some are of unknown etiology.
• connective tissue diseases When connective tissue diseases are of autoimmune origin they are classified as “rheumatic disorders”, “autoimmune rheumatic disorders” or “autoimmune collagen-vascular disorders”.
• autoimmune disorders In an “autoimmune disorder”, antibodies or other cells produced by the body attack the body's own tissues. Many autoimmune disorders affect connective tissue in a variety of organs. In autoimmune disorders, inflammation and the immune response may result in connective tissue damage, around the joints and also in other tissues, including vital organs, such as the kidneys or organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
• the sac that surrounds the heart (pericardium), the membrane that covers the lungs (pleura), the mediastinum (an undelineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue, containing the heart, the great vessels of the heart, the esophagus, the trachea, the phrenic nerve, the cardiac nerve, the thoracic duct, the thymus, and the lymph nodes of the central chest) and even the brain may be affected.
• fibrosis refers to the accumulation of connective tissue or fibrous tissue (scar tissue, collagen) in a certain organ or part of the body. If fibrosis arises from a single cell line it is called a “fibroma”. Fibrosis occurs as the body attempts to repair and replace damaged cells, and thus can be a reactive, benign or a pathological state. Physiological fibrosis is similar to the process of scarring. A pathological state develops when the tissue in question is repeatedly and continuously damaged. A single episode of injury, even if severe, does not usually cause fibrosis. If injury is repeated or continuous (for instance as it occurs in chronic hepatitis) the body attempts to repair the damage, but the attempts result instead in excessive accumulation of scar tissue.
• Scar tissue starts to replace regular tissue of the organ which performs certain functions that the scar tissue is not able to perform; it can also interfere with blood flow and limit blood supply to other cells. As a result, these other functional cells start to die and more scar tissue is formed.
• blood pressure in the vein that carries blood from the intestine to the liver increases, giving rise to the condition known as “portal hypertension”.
• clerosis refers to the hardening or stiffening of tissue or a structure or organ that would normally be flexible, usually by replacement of normal organ specific tissue with connective tissue.
• fibroses or fibrotic diseases including but not limited to pulmonary fibrosis (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis), fibrosis of the liver (or “cirrhosis”), endomyocardial fibrosis, old myocardial infarction, atrial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis (affecting the bone marrow), retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis (affects the lungs), nephrogenic fibrosis (affecting the skin), Crohn's disease, arthrofibrosis, Peyronie's disease (affecting the penis), Dupuytren's contracture (affecting the hands and fingers), some forms of adhesive capsulitis (affecting the shoulders).
• pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis
• fibrosis of the liver or “cirrhosis”
• endomyocardial fibrosis old myocardial in
• scleroses or “sclerotic diseases” including but not limited to Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); atherosclerosis; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and nephrotic syndrome; hippocampal sclerosis (affecting the brain); lichen sclerosus (a disease that hardens connective tissue of the vagina and penis); liver sclerosis (chirrhosis); multiple sclerosis or focal sclerosis (diseases that affects coordination); osteosclerosis (a disease in which bone densitiy is significantly reduced); otosclerosis (disease affecting the ears); tuberous sclerosis (rare genetic disease affecting multiple systems); primary sclerosing cholanginitis (hardening of the bile duct); primary lateral sclerosis (progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles); and keloids.
• ALS Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis
• atherosclerosis a disease that hardens connective tissue of the vagina and penis
• liver sclerosis chirrhosis
• systemic sclerosis or “progressive systemic scleroderma” refers to a condition which involves scarring of the joints, skin and internal organs as well as blood vessel abnormalities.
• Systemic sclerosis can sometimes occur in limited forms, for examples sometimes affecting just the skin or mainly only certain parts of the skin or as CREST syndrome (wherein peripheral areas of the skin but not the trunk are involved).
• the usual initial symptom of systemic sclerosis is swelling, then thickening and tightening of the skin at the end of the fingers. “Raynaud's phenomenon”, in which fingers suddenly and temporarily become very pale and tingle or become numb, painful or both, is common.
• polymyositis refers to muscle inflammation.
• skin inflammation refers to muscle inflammation that is accompanied by skin inflammation.
• polychondritis refers to cartilage inflammation.
• oesinophilic fasciitis refers to a rare disorder in which oesinophilic immune cells are released and results in inflammation and hardening of the “fasciae” which is the layer of tough fibrous tissue beneath the skin, on top and between the muscles.
• the fasciae becomes painfully inflamed and swollen and gradually hardens in the arms and legs. As the skin of the arms and legs progressively hardens, they become difficult to move. Eventually the become stuck in unusual positions. Sometimes, if the arms are involved the person may develop carpal tunnel syndrome.
• specific diseases of disorders which may be treated and/or prevented by administering an sGC stimulator of Table IA or Table IB that are stimulators of sGC, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, include but are not limited to the following type of diseases involving inflammation, autoimmunity or fibrosis (i.e., fibrotic diseases):
• specific diseases of disorders which may be treated and/or prevented by administering an sGC stimulator of Table IA or Table IB that are stimulators of sGC, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, include but are not limited to: certain types of cancers; Sickle Cell Disease; Sickle Cell Anemia; cancer metastasis; osteoporosis; gastroparesis; functional dyspepsia; diabetic complications; alopecia or hair loss; diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction; neurologic disorders associated with decreased nitric oxide production; arginosuccinic aciduria; neuromuscular diseases: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), limb girdle muscular dystrophies, distal myopathies, type I and type II myotonic dystrophies, facio-scapulo-peroneal muscular dystrophy, autosomal and X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, amy
• the invention relates to a method of treating a disease, health condition or disorder in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Table IA or Table IB, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the subject in need of treatment, wherein the disease, health condition or disorder is selected from one of the diseases listed above.
• compounds of the invention can be delivered in the form of implanted devices, such as stents.
• a stent is a mesh ‘tube’ inserted into a natural passage/conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction.
• the term may also refer to a tube used to temporarily hold such a natural conduit open to allow access for surgery.
• a drug-eluting stent is a peripheral or coronary stent (a scaffold) placed into narrowed, diseased peripheral or coronary arteries that slowly releases a drug to block cell proliferation, usually smooth muscle cell proliferation. This prevents fibrosis that, together with clots (thrombus), could otherwise block the stented artery, a process called restenosis.
• the stent is usually placed within the peripheral or coronary artery by an Interventional Cardiologist or Interventional Radiologist during an angioplasty procedure.
• Drugs commonly used in DES in order to block cell proliferation include paclitaxel or rapamycin analogues.
• a sGC stimulator of the invention can be delivered by means of a drug-eluting stent coated with said sGC stimulator.
• a drug-eluting stent coated with a sGC stimulator of the invention may be useful in the prevention of stent restenosis and thrombosis during percutaneous coronary interventions.
• a drug-eluting stent coated with a sGC stimulator of the invention may be able to prevent smooth cell proliferation as well as to assist re-vascularization and re-generation of the endothelial tissue of the artery in which the stent is inserted.
• CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
• a sGC stimulator of the invention can be used for the prevention of saphenous graft failure during CABG.
• Compounds of the invention may assist the process of endothelialization and help prevent thrombosis.
• the sGC stimulator is delivered locally in the form of a gel.
• the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably.
• the terms “subject” and “patient” refer to an animal (e.g., a bird such as a chicken, quail or turkey, or a mammal), specifically a “mammal” including a non-primate (e.g., a cow, pig, horse, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, cat, dog, and mouse) and a primate (e.g., a monkey, chimpanzee and a human), and more specifically a human.
• a non-primate e.g., a cow, pig, horse, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, cat, dog, and mouse
• a primate e.g., a monkey, chimpanzee and a human
• the subject is a non-human animal such as a farm animal (e.g., a horse, cow, pig or sheep), or a pet (e.g., a dog, cat, guinea pig or rabbit). In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
• a farm animal e.g., a horse, cow, pig or sheep
• a pet e.g., a dog, cat, guinea pig or rabbit.
• the subject is a human.
• biological sample refers to an in vitro or ex vivo sample, and includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; blood, saliva, urine, faeces, semen, tears, lymphatic fluid, ocular fluid, vitreous humour, or other body fluids or extracts thereof
• preventing refers to administering a medicament beforehand to avert or forestall the appearance of one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder.
• prevent is not an absolute term. In the medical art it is understood to refer to the prophylactic administration of a drug to substantially diminish the likelihood or seriousness of a condition, or symptom of the condition and this is the sense intended in this disclosure.
• the Physician's Desk Reference a standard text in the field, uses the term “prevent” hundreds of times.
• the terms “prevent”, “preventing” and “prevention” with regard to a disorder or disease refer to averting the cause, effects, symptoms or progression of a disease or disorder prior to the disease or disorder fully manifesting itself.
• the methods of the invention are a preventative or “pre-emptive” measure to a patient, specifically a human, having a predisposition (e.g., a genetic predisposition) to developing an sGC, cGMP and/or NO related disease, disorder or symptom.
• a predisposition e.g., a genetic predisposition
• Compounds and compositions here disclosed are also useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including, without limitation, dogs, cats, mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, rabbits, horses, pigs and cattle.
• the terms “in combination” or “co-administration” can be used interchangeably to refer to the use of more than one therapy (e.g., one or more prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents).
• the use of the terms does not restrict the order in which therapies (e.g., prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents) are administered to a subject.
• Co-administration encompasses administration of the first and second amounts of the compounds in an essentially simultaneous manner, such as in a single pharmaceutical composition, for example, capsule or tablet having a fixed ratio of first and second amounts, or in multiple, separate capsules or tablets for each.
• co administration also encompasses use of each compound in a sequential manner in either order.
• co-administration involves the separate administration of the first amount of a compound of Table IA or Table IB and a second amount of an additional therapeutic agent, the compounds are administered sufficiently close in time to have the desired therapeutic effect.
• a first therapy e.g., a prophylactic or therapeutic agent such as a compound described herein
• a first therapy can be administered prior to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks before), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) the administration of a second therapy (e.g., a prophylactic or therapeutic agent such as an anti-cancer agent) to a subject.
• a second therapy e.g., a prophylactic or therapeutic agent such as an anti-cancer agent
• Examples of other therapeutic agents that may be combined with a compound of this disclosure, either administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical composition include, but are not limited to:
• nitrovasodilators such as organic nitrate and nitrite esters, including nitroglycerin, amyl nitrite, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide 5-mononitrate, and nicorandil
• Isosorbide (Dilatrate®-SR, Imdur®, Ismo®, Isordil®, Titradose®, Monoket®), FK 409 (NOR-3); FR 144420 (NOR-4); 3-morpholinosydnonimine; Linsidomine chlorohydrate (“SIN-1”); S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (“SNAP”); AZD3582 (CINOD lead compound), NCX 4016, NCX 701, NCX 1022, HCT 1026, NCX 1015, NCX 950, NCX 1000, NCX 1020, AZD 4717, NCX 1510/NCX 1512, NCX 2216, and
• PDE5 inhibitors such as, for example, Sildenafil (Viagra®) and other related agents such as Avanafil, Lodenafil, Mirodenafil, Sildenafil citrate (Revatio®), Tadalafil (Cialis® or Adcirca®), Vardenafil (Levitra®) and Udenafil; Alprostadil; and Dipyridamole; PF-00489791 PDE9 inhibitors, such as, for example, PF-04447943; (9) Calcium channel blockers such as: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: Amlodipine (Norvasc), Aranidipine (Sapresta), Azelnidipine (Calblock), Barnidipine (HypoCa), Benidipine (Coniel), Cilnidipine (Atelec, Cinalong, Siscard), Clevidipine (Cleviprex), Dilti
• PDE5 inhibitors such as, for example, Sildenafil (
• Nonselective calcium channel inhibitors such as: mibefradil, bepridil and fluspirilene, fendiline; (10) Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs): for instance the dual (ETA and ETB) endothelin receptor antagonist Bosentan (marketed as Tracleer®); Sitaxentan, marketed under the name Thelin®; Ambrisentan is marketed as Letairis® in U.S.; dual/nonselective endothelin antagonist Actelion-1, that entered clinical trials in 2008; (11) Prostacyclin derivatives or analogues: for instance prostacyclin (prostaglandin 12), Epoprostenol (synthetic prostacyclin, marketed as Flolan®); Treprostinil (Remodulin®), Iloprost (Ilomedin®), Iloprost (marketed as Ventavis®); oral and inhaled forms of Remodulin® that are under development; Beraprost, an oral prostanoid available in
• Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Phase III calcium (CD26; DPP-IV; DP-IV) Inhibitors/HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ TNFSF6 Expression Inhibitors TAK-875 Takeda Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 Phase III (FFAR1; GPR40) Agonists/ Insulin Secretagogues TT-401 7TM Pharma Cannabinoid CB1 Phase I Antagonists TT-401 Transition Phase I Therapeutics ZYH-2 Cadila Healthcare PPARalpha Ligands/ Phase I (d/b/a Zydus Cadila) PPARgamma Ligands ZYO-1 Cadila Healthcare Cannabinoid CB1 Phase I (d/b/a Zydus Cadila) Antagonists 701645 Cellonis Phase I Biotechnologies 701499 Cellonis Phase I Biotechnologies 743300 University of Phase I California, San Francisco 448661 University of Phase I Pittsburgh AD-1 National Institute Clinical Pharma Res Dev Colesevelam hydrochloride Da
• Bucindolol hydrochloride ARCA beta-Adrenoceptor Pre-Registered Antagonists Aliskiren hemifumarate Novartis Renin Inhibitors Phase III Ferric carboxymaltose Vifor Phase III LCZ-696 Novartis Angiotensin AT1 Phase III Antagonists/ Neprilysin (Enkephalinase, Neutral Endopeptidase, NEP) Inhibitors Neuregulin-1 Zensun Phase III Olmesartan medoxomil Tohoku University Angiotensin AT1 Phase III Antagonists C3BS-CQR-1 Cardio3 Phase II/III BioSciences MyoCell Bioheart Phase II/III Serelaxin Novartis Phase II/III AAV1/SERCA2a AmpliPhi Phase II Biosciences/ Celladon/Mount Sinai School of Medicine Albiglutide GlaxoSmithKline GLP-1 Receptor Phase II Agonists Allogeneic mesenchymal Mes
• Antihyperlipidemic drugs under active development for the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome GFT-505 Genfit PPARalpha Agonists/ Phase II PPARdelta Agonists MBX-8025 Metabolex PPARdelta Agonists Phase II Pitavastatin calcium Kowa APOA1 Expression Phase I Enhancers/HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ SPP1 (Osteopontin) Expression Inhibitors (53) Antiobesity drugs:
• Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparent plastic material. During the packaging process, recesses are formed in the plastic foil. The recesses have the size and shape of individual tablets or capsules to be packed or may have the size and shape to accommodate multiple tablets and/or capsules to be packed. Next, the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses accordingly and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed.
• the tablets or capsules are individually sealed or collectively sealed, as desired, in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet.
• the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening.
• Dione enolate B was diluted with ethanol and consecutively charged with HCl (e.g., 3 equiv, 1.25 M solution in ethanol) and arylhydrazine hydrate (e.g., 1.15 equiv).
• the reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred at this temperature until cyclization was deemed complete (e.g., by LC/MS analysis, typically 30 minutes).
• the reaction mixture was treated carefully with solid sodium bicarbonate (e.g., 4 equiv) and diluted with dichloromethane and water. Layers were separated, and aqueous layer was further diluted with water before extraction with dichloromethane (3 ⁇ ).
• the thick slurry was filtered, and the resulting solid cake was washed with methanol.
• the reaction was further treated with saturated sodium carbonate solution, and stirred for 10 minutes before the layers are separated.
• the organics were further dried over MgSO4, filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo.
• the product amidine D was used as-is in subsequent steps without further purification.
• Amidine D was suspended in ethanol, and stirred vigorously at 23° C. to encourage full solvation.
• the reaction was further treated with sodium 3-ethoxy-2-fluoro-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-olate (e.g., 3 equiv.), and the flask was equipped with a reflux condenser.
• the reaction was placed into a pre-heated oil bath maintained at 90° C. and stirred until full consumption of starting material was observed on the LC/MS (reaction times were typically 1 h).
• the contents were cooled to 23° C., and the reaction mixture acidified with HCl (e.g., 3 equiv., 1.25M solution in EtOH).
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B from Intermediate-1A, except ethyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine-3-carboxylate (4 equiv.) was the amine reactant, and the reaction was run in THF. The workup was carried out in dichloromethane and brine. The crude material was purified via silica gel chromatography utilizing a®-10% methanol/dichloromethane gradient to deliver the desired Intermediate-9 (42 mg, 37% yield) as a solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B from Intermediate-1A, except 2-(aminomethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanamide (4 equiv.) was the amine reactant, 4 equivalents of triethylamine was used, and contents were heated at 90° C. for 24 h as a solution in dioxane/water (3:1). The mixture was diluted in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was dried, filtered and evaporated to give a solid. The solid was purified via silica gel chromatography (0 to 80% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient) to deliver the desired Intermediate-3 (262 mg, 40% yield) as a white solid.
• Step 1 Synthesis of ethyl 1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate
• the oil was purified by silica gel chromatography (10-15% ethyl acetate in hexane gradient) to give diethyl 2-(dicyanomethyl)-2-methylmalonate (5.76 g, 32% yield) as a colorless oil.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except 2-(aminomethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanoic acid (4 equiv.) was the amine reactant, 6 equivalents of triethylamine was used, and contents were heated to 85° C. as a solution in 1,4-dioxane/water (4:1) for 24 h. The mixture was cooled to 23° C. and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated solution of ammonium chloride, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to yield a crude solid.
• Step 2 Synthesis of ethyl 3-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate
• the desired amidine intermediate was generated according to the procedure described in step 3 of general procedure A, with the exception of using ethyl 3-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate as the starting ester, and the mixture was heated 4 h at 110° C.
• the reaction mixture was cooled in ice, then methanol (14 equiv.) and aqueous hydrochloric acid (17 equiv.) were added in succession over 5 min. This mixture was heated 30 min at 80° C., then cooled in ice and filtered.
• the filter cake was washed with toluene (2 ⁇ ) and air dried to yield the crude amidine hydrochloride salt.
• the title product was prepared following step 4 of general procedure A, except 5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboximidamide was the starting amidine, 2.5 equivalents of sodium (Z)-3-ethoxy-2-fluoro-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-olate was used, and the mixture was heated for 2 h at 90° C. The reaction was cooled to 23° C. and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was redissolved in dichloromethane and treated with hydrochloric acid (2.5M in ethanol, 3 equiv.).
• Step 2 Synthesis of N-acetyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(((5-fluoro-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-2-hydroxypropanehydrazide
• N′-acetyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(((5-fluoro-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-2-hydroxypropanehydrazide (1 equiv.) in pyridine at 0° C. was added triflic anhydride (5 equiv.). The mixture was removed from the ice bath and stirred at 23° C. for 24 h. The mixture was diluted in ethyl acetate and washed with water.
• Step 1 Synthesis of N-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(((5-fluoro-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-2-hydroxypropanoyl)cyclopropanecarbohydrazide
• Step 2 Synthesis of 2-(5-cyclopropyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-((5-fluoro-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)propan-2-ol
• Step 2 Synthesis of ethyl 2-(3-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-5-hydroxyl-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (Compound 110)
• Step 3 Preparation of Compound 73 and Compound 74
• the crude material was purified via silica gel chromatography using a 1-8% methanol in dichloromethane gradient to deliver the desired intermediate, methyl 3-((2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-3-oxopropanoate (173 mg, 65% yield) as an off-white solid.
• the crude material was purified via silica gel chromatography utilizing a 3-30% gradient of a 7:1 acetonitrile/methanol solution in dichloromethane, followed by a switch to a 15% methanol in dichloromethane gradient to deliver a mixture of the desired intermediate, 4-(2-((2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl acetate, and a close running impurity, 1-acetyl-4-(2-((2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo ethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl acetate (32.1 mg, 33% yield)
• Step 1 Synthesis of methyl 3-((2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate
• Step 2 Synthesis of 1-((2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-3-methoxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxopropan-2-yl benzoate
• reaction mixture was then diluted in saturated ammonium chloride solution, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude material was purified via reverse phase HPLC utilizing a 5-95% acetonitrile in water gradient to deliver the desired intermediate, 1-((2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-3-methoxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxopropan-2-yl benzoate (48.3 mg, 73% yield) as an off-white solid.
• the title compound was prepared from Intermediate-2 following general procedure C, except 3-methyl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (1.05 equiv.) was the acid reactant, 1.5 equivalents of T3P was used, contents were stirred at 50° C. for 12 h then 80° C. for 36 h, and ethyl acetate was used for extraction during workup.
• the crude material was purified via reverse phase HPLC utilizing a 10-95% acetonitrile in water gradient to deliver the desired compound (1.6 mg, 2% yield) as an off-white solid.
• the resulting suspension was heated at 70° C. for 24 h, after which the reaction was filtered through celite, diluted in saturated ammonium chloride solution, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude material was purified via reverse phase HPLC utilizing a 5-95% acetonitrile in water gradient to deliver the desired compound, Compound 3 (4.0 mg, 4% yield) as an off-white solid.
• the title compound was prepared from Intermediate-1A following general procedure B, except isoxazolidine hydrochloride was the amine reactant, and the contents were heated at 110° C. for 24 has a solution in dioxane/water (10:1). The reaction was cooled to 23° C., the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the resulting residue was purified via reverse phase HPLC to deliver the desired compound (38 mg, 69% yield) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except 1,2-oxazinane hydrochloride was the amine reactant, and the contents were heated at 110° C. for 24 h as a solution in dioxane/water (10:1). The contents were cooled to 23° C., the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the resulting residue was purified via reverse phase HPLC to deliver the desired compound (36 mg, 63% yield) as a white solid.
• Step 1 Synthesis of methyl 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(((5-fluoro-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) pyrimidin-4-yl) amino) methyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate
• Step 2 Synthesis of 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(((5-fluoro-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-2-hydroxypropanehydrazide
• Step 3 Synthesis of 2-(3, 3, 3-trifluoro-2-(((5-fluoro-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-2-hydroxypropanoyl) hydrazinecarbothioamide
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except Intermediate-1B (1 equiv.) was used in place of Intermediate-1A, thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (1.5 equiv.) was the amine reactant, and contents were heated at 90° C. for 12 h as a solution in dioxane.
• the resulting crude material was purified via reverse phase HPLC to deliver the desired compound (11 mg, 43% yield) as a white solid.
• Step 1 Synthesis of ethyl 5-((bis-(tert-butoxycarbonyl))amino)-1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate
• the crude material was combined with the crude product from a previous reaction and purification by silica gel chromatography (®-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to provide the desired intermediate, ethyl 5-((bis-(tert-butoxycarbonyl))amino)-1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (236 mg, 63% combined yield) as an oil.
• Step 2 Synthesis of ethyl 5-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate
• Step 3 Synthesis of ethyl 5-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate
• Step 1 Synthesis of ethyl 5-(dimethylamino)-1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate
• Trifluoroacetic anhydride (10 equiv.) was added to (5-hydrazinylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol (1 equiv.) at 0° C. After complete addition, the reaction was warmed 23° C., stirred for 20 min and the solvents removed in vacuo. Polyphosphoric acid (excess) was then added to the reaction, and the contents were heated at 100° C. for 2 h. The hot suspension was poured over ice and basified with ammonium hydroxide till pH 11.
• Step 2 Synthesis of 6-(((tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine
• Step 3 Synthesis of 6-(((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine
• reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and purified via silica gel chromatography to deliver the desired intermediate, 6-(((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine (0.16 g, 38%) as a tan solid.
• Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (2 equiv.) was added to a suspension of Intermediate-1A (1 equiv.), 6-(((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine (2 equiv.), and triethylamine (2 equiv) in dioxane/water (10:1), and the reaction was heated at 100° C. for 48 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 23° C., concentrated in vacuo and purified via reverse phase HPLC to deliver the desired compound Intermediate-15 (6 mg, 36%) as a white solid.
• Tetrapropylammonium Perruthenate (0.1 equiv.) was added to a suspension of Intermediate-15 (1 equiv.) and NMO (10 equiv.) in acetonitrile and water (10 equiv.) at 23° C. The reaction was monitored for completion by LCMS, filtered, and purified via reverse phase HPLC to deliver the desired compound (9 mg, 12%) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except Intermediate-1B (1 equiv.) was used in place of Intermediate-1A, 5-aminopentanoic acid was the amine reactant, and contents were heated at 90° C. for 65 h as a solution in dioxane.
• the resulting crude material was purified via reverse phase HPLC to deliver the desired compound (43 mg, 10.6%) as a tan solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except Intermediate-1B (1 equiv.) was used in place of Intermediate-1A, dimethylamine (60 equiv.) was the amine reactant, no triethylamine was used, and contents were heated at 90° C. for 2 h as a solution in dioxane.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to 23° C., diluted with dicloromethane and washed successively with 1N HCl solution, water and brine. The organic layer was then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to deliver the desired compound (13 mg, 80%) as a tan solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except Intermediate-1B (1 equiv.) was used in place of Intermediate-1A, morpholine (60 equiv.) was the amine reactant, no triethylamine was used, and contents were heated at 90° C. for 2 h as a solution in dioxane.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to 23° C., diluted with dicloromethane and washed successively with 1N HCl solution, water and brine. The organic layer was then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to deliver the desired compound (13 mg, 72%) as a tan solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except Intermediate-1E was used in place of Intermediate-1A, 2-(aminomethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanamide was the amine reactant, and the contents were heated at 100° C. for 16 h. The contents were cooled to 23° C., diluted with water, acidified to pH 4 with 1N HCl solution and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude material was purified via silica gel chromatography utilizing 5-15% acetonitrile-methanol (7:1) in dichloromethane gradient to deliver the desired compound (47 mg, 67% yield) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except Intermediate-1F was used in place of Intermediate-1A, 2-(aminomethyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol was the amine reactant, and the contents were heated to 90-100° C. for 5 d. The contents were cooled to 23° C., diluted with water, acidified to pH 4 with 1N HCl solution and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude material was purified via silica gel chromatography utilizing 15-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient to deliver the desired compound (38 mg, 55% yield) as a white solid.
• the reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo, re-suspended in aqueous 6 N HCl/THF (3:1 v/v) and heated at 60° C. for 18 h. After cooling to 23° C., the contents were poured into half-saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with dichloromethane/iPrOH (4:1). The organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude material was purified via silica gel chromatography utilizing 70-100% acetonitrile-methanol (7:1) in dichloromethane to deliver the desired compound (31 mg, 62% yield) as a beige-colored solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure C, except 2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-2-methylpropanoic acid (1 equiv.) was the acid reactant, 2.5 equivalents of T3P was used, contents were heated at 70° C. for 24 h, and ethyl acetate was used for extraction during workup.
• the crude material was purified via silica gel chromatography to deliver the desired compound (87 mg, 7% yield) as a brown solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except 2-methylbutane-1,2-diamine (1.1 equiv.) was the amine reactant, 1 equivalent of triethylamine was used, and the contents were stirred as a solution in DMF at 23° C. until complete consumption of starting material by LC/MS.
• the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and water.
• the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo.
• the residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% methanol in dichlromethane) delivered the desired compound (67 mg, 15% yield) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except 2-cyclopropylpropane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride (2 equiv.) was the amine reactant, 4 equivalents of triethylamine was used, and the contents were stirred as a solution in DMF at 23° C. until complete consumption of starting material by LC/MS.
• the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and water.
• the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo.
• the residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% methanol in dichlromethane) delivered the desired compound (81 mg, 67% yield) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except 1-(aminomethyl)cyclopropanamine (as the 2HCl salt, 2 equiv.) was the amine reactant, 8 equivalents of triethylamine was used, and the contents were stirred as a solution in DMF at 23° C. until complete consumption of starting material by LC/MS.
• the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and water.
• the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo.
• the residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% methanol in dichlromethane) delivered the desired compound (54 mg, 40% yield) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methylpropane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride was the amine reactant, 6 equivalents of triethylamine was used, and the contents were stirred at 23° C. as a solution in DMF until complete consumption of starting material was observed by LC/MS.
• the solution was diluted with ethyl acetate and water.
• the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Purification of the residue via silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) delivered the desired compound (108 mg, 84% yield) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except (R)-2-(((S)-3-amino-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropan-2-yl)amino)-2-phenylethanol was the amine reactant, 6 equivalents of triethylamine was used, and the contents were stirred at 23° C. as a solution in DMF until complete consumption of starting material was observed by LC/MS. The solution was diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Purification of the residue via silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) delivered the desired compound (72 mg, 70% yield) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared following general procedure B, except (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methylpropane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride was the amine reactant, 6 equivalents of triethylamine was used, and the contents were stirred at 23° C. as a solution in DMF until complete consumption of starting material was observed by LC/MS.
• the solution was diluted with ethyl acetate and water.
• the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Purification of the residue via silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) delivered the desired compound (58 mg, 46% yield) as a white solid.

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