US20170014393A1 - Methods of treating developmental disorders with gaboxadol - Google Patents

Methods of treating developmental disorders with gaboxadol Download PDF

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US20170014393A1
US20170014393A1 US15/209,862 US201615209862A US2017014393A1 US 20170014393 A1 US20170014393 A1 US 20170014393A1 US 201615209862 A US201615209862 A US 201615209862A US 2017014393 A1 US2017014393 A1 US 2017014393A1
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gaboxadol
patient
pharmaceutically acceptable
acceptable salt
pharmaceutical composition
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US15/209,862
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Matthew During
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Ovid Therapeutics Inc
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Ovid Therapeutics Inc
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Priority to US15/209,862 priority Critical patent/US20170014393A1/en
Priority to PE2022002752A priority patent/PE20230735A1/es
Priority to CA2992734A priority patent/CA2992734A1/en
Priority to JP2018502084A priority patent/JP2018520189A/ja
Priority to KR1020187004863A priority patent/KR20180031721A/ko
Priority to MX2018000745A priority patent/MX2018000745A/es
Priority to PCT/US2016/042238 priority patent/WO2017015049A1/en
Priority to PE2018000085A priority patent/PE20190338A1/es
Priority to BR112018000933A priority patent/BR112018000933A2/pt
Priority to IL256912A priority patent/IL256912B2/he
Priority to AU2016295138A priority patent/AU2016295138B2/en
Priority to IL305342A priority patent/IL305342A/he
Priority to TW105122538A priority patent/TWI819995B/zh
Priority to TW112110413A priority patent/TW202325293A/zh
Publication of US20170014393A1 publication Critical patent/US20170014393A1/en
Assigned to OVID THERAPEUTICS INC. reassignment OVID THERAPEUTICS INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DURING, MATTHEW
Priority to US15/840,521 priority patent/US20180098974A1/en
Priority to MX2022004734A priority patent/MX2022004734A/es
Priority to CL2018000142A priority patent/CL2018000142A1/es
Priority to CONC2018/0000375A priority patent/CO2018000375A2/es
Priority to US16/053,343 priority patent/US20180338960A1/en
Priority to US16/221,794 priority patent/US11096929B2/en
Priority to US16/400,227 priority patent/US20190255027A1/en
Priority to US16/451,591 priority patent/US20190321342A1/en
Priority to US16/911,540 priority patent/US20210030727A1/en
Priority to JP2021087584A priority patent/JP2021130687A/ja
Priority to AU2021250862A priority patent/AU2021250862B2/en
Priority to US17/981,148 priority patent/US20230071127A1/en
Priority to JP2023080696A priority patent/JP2023103375A/ja
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • Gaboxadol (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c]pyridine-3-ol) (THIP)) is described in EP Patent No. 0000338 and in EP Patent No. 0840601, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,278,676, 4,362,731, 4,353,910, and WO 2005/094820.
  • Gaboxadol is a selective GABA A receptor agonist with a preference for 6-subunit containing GABA A receptors.
  • gaboxadol was the subject of a series of pilot studies that tested its efficacy as an analgesic and anxiolytic, as well as a treatment for tardive dyskinesia, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and spasticity.
  • gaboxadol moved into late stage development for the treatment of insomnia. The development was discontinued after the compound failed to show significant effects in sleep onset and sleep maintenance in a three-month efficacy study. Additionally, patients with a history of drug abuse who received gaboxadol experienced a steep increase in psychiatric adverse events.
  • Angelman syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of function of the UBE3A gene encoding a ubiquitin E3 ligase.
  • Motor dysfunction is a characteristic feature of Angelman syndrome, but neither the mechanisms of action nor effective therapeutic strategies have yet been elucidated.
  • Administering low doses of gaboxadol has been shown to improve the abnormal firing properties of a population of Purkinje cells in cerebellar brain slices and reduces cerebellar ataxia in Ube3a-deficient mice in vivo.
  • Fragile X syndrome may be the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability and the most common single-gene cause of autism. It is caused by mutations on the fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR1) and lack of fragile X mental retardation protein, which in turn, leads to decreased inhibition of translation of many synaptic proteins.
  • FMR1 fragile X mental retardation gene
  • mGluR metabotropic glutamate receptor
  • GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • the fragile X mouse models show decreased GABA subunit receptors, decreased synthesis of GABA, increased catabolism of GABA, and overall decreased GABAergic input in many regions of the brain.
  • Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome is a late-onset disorder, usually occurring after age 50. Mutations in the FMR1 gene increase the risk of developing FXTAS. The mutation relates to a DNA segment known as a CGG triplet repeat which is expanded within the FMR1 gene. Normally, this DNA segment is repeated from 5 to about 40 times. In people with FXTAS the CGG segment may be repeated 55 to 200 times. This mutation is known as an FMR1 gene premutation. An expansion of more than 200 repeats, a full mutation, causes Fragile X syndrome discussed above. FXTAS is typically characterized by problems with movement and thinking ability (cognition). FXTAS signs and symptoms usually worsen with age.
  • Affected individuals have areas of damage in the cerebellum, the area of the brain that controls movement.
  • Characteristic features of FXTAS are intention tremor, which is trembling or shaking of a limb when trying to perform a voluntary movement such as reaching for an object, and problems with coordination and balance (ataxia).
  • Many affected individuals develop other movement problems, such as parkinsonism, which includes tremors when not moving (resting tremor), rigidity, and unusually slow movement (bradykinesia).
  • affected individuals may have reduced sensation, numbness or tingling, pain, or muscle weakness in the lower limbs, and inability to control the bladder or bowel.
  • Other symptoms may include chronic pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia and chronic migraine, hypothyroidism, hypertension, insomnia, sleep apnea, vertigo, olfactory dysfunction, and hearing loss.
  • People with FXTAS commonly have cognitive disabilities such as short-term memory loss and loss of executive function, which is the ability to plan and implement actions and develop problem-solving strategies. Loss of this function impairs skills such as impulse control, self-monitoring, focusing attention appropriately, and cognitive flexibility.
  • Many people with FXTAS experience psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, moodiness, or irritability.
  • Methods of treating a developmental disorder described herein include administering to a patient in need thereof about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the method provides improvement in next day functioning.
  • Methods of treating a developmental disorder described herein include administering to a patient in need thereof about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the method provides improvement in the patient for more than 6 hours after administration to the patient.
  • Methods of treating a developmental disorder include administering to a patient in need thereof gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the method provides an in vivo plasma profile including a C max less than about 400 ng/ml and wherein the method provides improvement in the patient for more than 6 hours after administration of the gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Methods of treating a developmental disorder include administering to a patient in need thereof gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the method provides an in vivo plasma profile comprising a AUC 6-12 of less than about 900 ng ⁇ hr/ml and wherein the method provides improvement in the patient for more than 6 hours after administration of the gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Methods of treating a developmental disorder include administering to a patient in need thereof a first pharmaceutical composition comprising gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a second pharmaceutical composition comprising gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the second pharmaceutical composition provides an in vivo plasma profile comprising a mean AUC 0- ⁇ of at least 20% less than the first pharmaceutical composition.
  • the developmental disorder may be an Autistic Spectrum Disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, Autism, Angelman syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), Rett syndrome, Asperger's syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Lanau-Kleffner Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Tardive Dyskinesia, and/or Williams Syndrome.
  • FIG. 1 shows the arithmetic mean plasma concentration-time profiles of gaboxadol following single oral doses (2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg) as described in Example 1 with horizontal lines ⁇ indicating the change between 6 and 12 hours.
  • FIG. 2 shows the arithmetic mean plasma concentration-time profiles of gaboxadol following single oral doses (2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg) as described in Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 schematically illustrates treatment of three groups over a proposed 12 week course of treatment: 1) single evening dose 2) morning and evening dose and 3) placebo.
  • Described herein are methods of treating developmental disorders with gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Many pharmaceutical products are administered as a fixed dose, at regular intervals, to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Its duration of action is reflected by its plasma half-life.
  • Advantageously disclosed herein are methods of treating developmental disorders by administration of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder include administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides improvement for more than 6 hours after administration to the patient.
  • the developmental disorder is an Autistic Spectrum Disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, Autism, Angelman syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), Rett syndrome, Asperger's syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Lanau-Kleffner Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Tardive Dyskinesia, and/or Williams Syndrome.
  • the developmental disorder Autism, Rett syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and/or Fragile X syndrome.
  • the developmental disorder is a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise characterized (PDD-NOS). Symptoms of PDD-NOS can vary widely from one child to the next.
  • child with PDD-NOS can be characterized as having impaired social interaction, better language skills than children with autistic disorder but not as good as those with Asperger's syndrome, fewer repetitive behaviors than children with Asperger's syndrome or autistic disorder, and a later age of onset.
  • the developmental disorder is Autism. In other embodiments, the developmental disorder is Angelman syndrome. In embodiments the developmental disorder is Fragile X syndrome. In embodiments the developmental disorder is Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS)
  • Embodiments described herein provide that a patient in need thereof is administered a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be provided as an acid addition salt, a zwitter ion hydrate, zwitter ion anhydrate, hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt, or in the form of the zwitter ion monohydrate.
  • Acid addition salts include but are not limited to, maleic, fumaric, benzoic, ascorbic, succinic, oxalic, bis-methylenesalicylic, methanesulfonic, ethane-disulfonic, acetic, propionic, tartaric, salicylic, citric, gluconic, lactic, malic, mandelic, cinnamic, citraconic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, itaconic, glycolic, p-amino-benzoic, glutamic, benzene sulfonic or theophylline acetic acid addition salts, as well as the 8-halotheophyllines, for example 8-bromo-theophylline.
  • inorganic acid addition salts including but not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric or nitric acid addition salts may be used.
  • gaboxadol is provided as gaboxadol monohydrate.
  • amounts of active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition will depend on the form of gaboxadol provided.
  • pharmaceutical compositions of including 5.0, 10.0, or 15.0 mg gaboxadol correspond to 5.6, 11.3, or 16.9 mg gaboxadol monohydrate.
  • gaboxadol is crystalline, such as the crystalline hydrochloric acid salt, the crystalline hydrobromic acid salt, or the crystalline zwitter ion monohydrate. In embodiments, gaboxadol is provided as a crystalline monohydrate.
  • deuteration of pharmaceuticals to improve pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and toxicity profiles has been demonstrated previously with some classes of drugs. Accordingly the use of deuterium enriched gaboxadol is contemplated and within the scope of the methods and compositions described herein.
  • Deuterium can be incorporated in any position in replace of hydrogen synthetically, according to the synthetic procedures known in the art. For example, deuterium may be incorporated to various positions having an exchangeable proton, such as the amine N—H, via proton-deuterium equilibrium exchange. Thus, deuterium may be incorporated selectively or non-selectively through methods known in the art to provide deuterium enriched gaboxadol. See Journal of Labeled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 19(5) 689-702 (1982).
  • Deuterium enriched gaboxadol may be described by the percentage of incorporation of deuterium at a given position in the molecule in the place of hydrogen.
  • deuterium enrichment of 1% at a given position means that 1% of molecules in a given sample contain deuterium at that specified position.
  • the deuterium enrichment can be determined using conventional analytical methods, such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  • deuterium enriched gaboxadol means that the specified position is enriched with deuterium above the naturally occurring distribution (i.e., above about 0.0156%).
  • deuterium enrichment is no less than about 1%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98% of deuterium at a specified position.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder include administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions include 0.1 mg to 25 mg, 0.1 mg to 20 mg, 0.1 mg to 15 mg, 0.5 mg to 25 mg, 0.5 mg to 20 mg, 0.5 to 15 mg, 1 mg to 25 mg, 1 mg to 20 mg, 1 mg to 15 mg, 1.5 mg to 25 mg, 1.5 mg to 20 mg, 1.5 mg to 15 mg, 2 mg to 25 mg, 2 mg to 20 mg, 2 mg to 15 mg, 2.5 mg to 25 mg, 2.5 mg to 20 mg, 2.5 mg to 15 mg, 3 mg to 25 mg, 3 mg to 20 mg, 3 mg to 15 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions include 5 mg to 20 mg, 5 mg to 10 mg, 4 mg to 6 mg, 6 mg to 8 mg, 8 mg to 10 mg, 10 mg to 12 mg, 12 mg to 14 mg, 14 mg to 16 mg, 16 mg to 18 mg, or 18 mg to 20 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions include 0.1 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 7 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg, 17.5 mg, 20 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or amounts that are multiples of such doses.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions include 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • compositions herein may be provided with immediate release, delayed release, extended release, or modified release profiles.
  • pharmaceutical compositions with different drug release profiles may be combined to create a two phase or three-phase release profile.
  • pharmaceutical compositions may be provided with an immediate release and an extended release profile.
  • pharmaceutical compositions may be provided with an extended release and delayed release profile.
  • Such composition may be provided as pulsatile formulations, multilayer tablets, or capsules containing tablets, beads, granules, etc.
  • Compositions may be prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable “carrier” composed of materials that are considered safe and effective.
  • the “carrier” includes all components present in the pharmaceutical formulation other than the active ingredient or ingredients.
  • carrier includes, but is not limited to, diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, fillers, and coating compositions.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered once, twice, or three times daily, or every other day.
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein is provided to the patient in the evening.
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein is provided to the patient once in the evening and once in the morning.
  • the total amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject in a 24-hour period is 1 mg to 30 mg.
  • the total amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject in a 24-hour period is 1 mg to 20 mg.
  • the total amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject in a 24-hour period is 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg. In embodiments, the total amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject in a 24-hour period is 20 mg.
  • a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides improvement in at least one symptom of the developmental disorder.
  • Symptoms may include, but are not limited to, ataxia, gait, speech impairment, vocalization, cognition, motor activity, clinical seizure, hypotonia, hypertonia, feeding difficulty, drooling, mouthing behavior, sleep difficulties, hand flapping, easily provoked laughter and short attention span.
  • improvement in cognition Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, such as thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem solving. These higher-level functions of the brain encompass language, imagination, perception, and the planning and execution of complex behaviors.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides improvement of at least one symptom for more than 4 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition to the patient.
  • the improvement of at least one symptom for more than 6 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition to the patient is provided in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • improvement of at least one symptom for more than, e.g., 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 15 hours, 18 hours, 20 hours, or 24 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition to the patient is provided in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • improvement in at least one symptom for at least e.g., 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 15 hours, 18 hours, 20 hours, or 24 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition to the patient is provided in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • improvement in at least one symptom for 12 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition to the patient is provided in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides improvement in next day functioning to the patient.
  • FIG. 1 shows the arithmetic mean plasma concentration-time profiles of gaboxadol following single oral doses (2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg)(see, Example 1, below) with horizontal lines ⁇ indicating the change between 6 and 12 hours.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile, wherein the in vivo plasma profile of the patient 6 hours after administration of the gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is reduced by more than 50% and the method provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile, wherein the in vivo plasma profile of the patient 6 hours after administration of the gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is reduced by more than 55% and the method provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile, wherein the in vivo plasma profile of the patient 6 hours after administration of the gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is reduced by more than 60% and the method provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile, wherein the in vivo plasma profile of the patient 6 hours after administration of the gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is reduced by more than 65% and the method provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile, wherein the in vivo plasma profile of the patient 6 hours after administration of the gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is reduced by more than 70% and the method provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile, wherein the in vivo plasma profile of the patient 6 hours after administration of the gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is reduced by more than 75% and the method provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder wherein the amount of gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within the patient about 4 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition is less than about 75% of the administered dose. In embodiments, provided herein are methods wherein the amount of gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within the patient about, e.g., 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 15 hours, or 20 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition is less than about 75%.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder wherein the amount of gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within the patient about 4 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition is less than about 80% of the administered dose. In embodiments, provided herein are methods wherein the amount of gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within the patient about, e.g., 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 15 hours, or 20 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition is less than about 80% of the administered dose.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder wherein the amount of gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within the patient about 4 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition is between about 65% to about 85% of the administered dose. In embodiments, the amount of gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within the patient after about, e.g., 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 15 hours, or 20 hours after administration of the pharmaceutical composition is between about 65% to about 85% of the administered dose.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma concentration 6 hours after administration which is less than 75% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma concentration 6 hours after administration which is less than 80% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma concentration 6 hours after administration which is less than 85% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma concentration 6 hours after administration which is less than 90% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma concentration 6 hours after administration which is less than 95% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma concentration 6 hours after administration which is less than 100% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a C max less than about 500 ng/ml.
  • the composition provides improvement for more than 6 hours after administration to the patient.
  • the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a C max less than about, e.g., 450 ng/ml, 400 ng/ml 350 ng/ml, or 300 ng/ml and wherein the composition provides improvement of next day functioning of the patient.
  • the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a C max less than about, e.g., 250 ng/ml, 200 ng/ml 150 ng/ml, or 100 ng/ml and wherein the composition provides improvement of next day functioning of the patient.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 0- ⁇ of less than about 900 ng ⁇ hr/ml.
  • the composition provides improvement in next day functioning of the patient.
  • the compositions provide an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 0- ⁇ of less than about, e.g., 850 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 800 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 750 ng ⁇ hr/ml, or 700 ng ⁇ hr/ml and wherein the composition provides improvement of next day functioning of the patient.
  • the composition provides improvement in one or more symptom for more than 6 hours after administration.
  • kits for treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 0- ⁇ of less than about, e.g., 650 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 600 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 550 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 500 ng ⁇ hr/ml, or 450 ng ⁇ hr/ml.
  • the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 0- ⁇ of less than about, e.g., 400 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 350 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 300 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 250 ng ⁇ hr/ml, or 200 ng ⁇ hr/ml.
  • the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 0- ⁇ of less than about, e.g., 150 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 100 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 75 ng ⁇ hr/ml, or 50 ng ⁇ hr/ml.
  • the composition provides improvement of next day functioning of the patient after administration for more than, e.g., 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, or 12 hours, after administration of the composition to the patient.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 75% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 80% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 85% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 90% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 95% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 100% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 75% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 80% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 85% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 90% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 95% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 100% of the C max and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 75% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 80% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 85% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 90% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 95% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 6-12 which is less than 100% of the administered dose and provides improvement in the patient for more than 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 hours after administration.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a first pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a second pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the second pharmaceutical composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a mean AUC 0- ⁇ of at least about 20% less than the first pharmaceutical composition.
  • the first and/or the second pharmaceutical compositions are administered once, twice, or three times daily, or every other day. In embodiments, the first or the second pharmaceutical composition is provided to the patient in the evening. In embodiments, the second pharmaceutical composition includes an amount of gaboxadol that is at least one third of the amount of gaboxadol provided in the first pharmaceutical composition. In embodiments, the second pharmaceutical composition includes an amount of gaboxadol that is at least half of the amount of gaboxadol provided in the first pharmaceutical composition.
  • the first or the second pharmaceutical composition is provided to the patient once in the evening and once in the morning.
  • the total amount of gaboxadol or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject in a 24-hour period is 1 mg to 30 mg.
  • the total amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject in a 24-hour period is 1 mg to 20 mg.
  • the total amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject in a 24-hour period is 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg.
  • the total amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject in a 24-hour period is 20 mg.
  • the first and/or the second pharmaceutical compositions may be provided with immediate release, delayed release, extended release, or modified release profiles.
  • the first and second pharmaceutical compositions may be provided at the same time or separated by an interval of time, e.g., 6 hours, 12 hours etc.
  • the first and the second pharmaceutical compositions may be provided with different drug release profiles to create a two-phase release profile.
  • the first pharmaceutical composition may be provided with an immediate release profile and the second pharmaceutical composition may provide an extended release profile.
  • one or both of the first and second pharmaceutical compositions may be provided with an extended release or delayed release profile.
  • Such compositions may be provided as pulsatile formulations, multilayer tablets or capsules containing tablets, beads, granules, etc.
  • the first pharmaceutical composition is an immediate release composition.
  • the second pharmaceutical composition is an immediate release composition.
  • the first and second pharmaceutical compositions are provided as separate immediate release compositions, e.g., tablets or capsules. In embodiments the first and second pharmaceutical compositions are provided 12 hours apart.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a first pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a second pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the second pharmaceutical composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a mean AUC 0- ⁇ of at least about, e.g., 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% less than the first pharmaceutical composition.
  • the composition provides improvement of next day functioning of the patient.
  • the composition may provide improvement in one or more symptoms for more than about, e.g., 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, or 12 hours after administration of the first and/or second pharmaceutical composition.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a first pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a second pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the second pharmaceutical composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a mean AUC 0- ⁇ of less than about 900 ng ⁇ hr/ml.
  • the second pharmaceutical composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 0- ⁇ of less than about, e.g., 800 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 750 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 700 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 650 ng ⁇ hr/ml, or 600 ng ⁇ hr/ml.
  • the second pharmaceutical composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 0- ⁇ of less than about, e.g., 550 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 500 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 450 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 400 ng ⁇ hr/ml, or 350 ng ⁇ hr/ml.
  • the second pharmaceutical composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a AUC 0- ⁇ of less than about, e.g., 300 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 250 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 200 ng ⁇ hr/ml, 150 ng ⁇ hr/ml, or 100 ng ⁇ hr/ml.
  • the first and second pharmaceutical composition are administered wherein the compositions provide improvement of next day functioning of the patient.
  • the first pharmaceutical composition provides improvement in one or more symptom for more than, e.g., 6 hours, 8 hours or 12 hours after administration of the first pharmaceutical composition.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a first pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a second pharmaceutical composition including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the first composition provides an in vivo plasma profile with a C max that is more than about 50% greater than the C max provided by the administration of the second pharmaceutical composition.
  • the C max provided by the administration of the second pharmaceutical composition may or may not include the plasma profile contribution of the first pharmaceutical composition.
  • the administration of the second pharmaceutical composition does not include the plasma profile contribution of the first pharmaceutical composition.
  • the first composition provides an in vivo plasma profile having a C max that is more than about e.g., 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% greater than the C max provided by the administration of the second pharmaceutical composition.
  • the T max of the first pharmaceutical composition is less than 3 hours. In embodiments, the T max of the first pharmaceutical composition is less than 2.5 hours. In embodiments, the T max of the first pharmaceutical composition is less than 2 hours. In embodiments, the T max of the first pharmaceutical composition is less than 1.5 hours. In embodiments, the T max of the first pharmaceutical composition is less than 1 hour.
  • the first pharmaceutical composition provides a dissolution of at least about 80% within the first 20 minutes of administration to a patient in need thereof. In embodiments, the first pharmaceutical composition provides a dissolution of at least about, e.g., 85%, 90% or 95% within the first 20 minutes of administration to a patient in need thereof. In embodiments, the first pharmaceutical composition provides a dissolution of at least 80% within the first 10 minutes of administration to a patient in need thereof.
  • the first and/or the second pharmaceutical compositions are sub therapeutic dosages.
  • a sub therapeutic dosage is an amount of gaboxadol pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is less than the amount required for a therapeutic effect.
  • a sub therapeutic dosage is an amount of gaboxadol pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that alone may not provide improvement in at least one symptom of the developmental disorder but is sufficient to maintain such improvement.
  • the methods provide administering a first pharmaceutical composition that provides improvement in at least one symptom of a developmental disorder and a second composition that maintains the improvement.
  • the second pharmaceutical composition may provide a synergistic effect to improve at least one symptom of a developmental disorder.
  • the second pharmaceutical composition may provide a synergistic effect to improve at least one symptom of a developmental disorder.
  • provided herein are methods of treating a developmental disorder including administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including a first pharmaceutical dosage including gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the composition provides improvement for more than 6 hours after administration and a second pharmaceutical composition including a sub therapeutic dosage of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Administration of the first and second pharmaceutical compositions may be separated by an interval of time to achieve long-term improvement in at least one symptom.
  • the first and second pharmaceutical composition may be administered 6 hours apart.
  • the first and second pharmaceutical composition may be administered 12 hours apart.
  • the first and second pharmaceutical compositions may administered within, e.g, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours etc.
  • the first and second pharmaceutical compositions may administered separated by at least, e.g., 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours etc.
  • improvement in at least one symptom of a developmental disorder for more than 8 hours after administration to the patient is provided.
  • improvement for more than about, e.g., 10 hours, 12 hours, 15 hours, 18 hours, 20 hours, or 24 hours after administration to the patient is provided.
  • the first pharmaceutical composition and/or the second pharmaceutical composition include about 0.1 mg to about 40 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the amount of gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the first pharmaceutical composition and the second pharmaceutical composition may be the same or different.
  • the administration of the first and second pharmaceutical composition may provide a synergistic effect to improve at least one symptom of a developmental disorder.
  • the first and/or the second pharmaceutical composition include 0.1 mg to 25 mg, 0.1 mg to 20 mg, 0.1 mg to 15 mg, 0.5 mg to 25 mg, 0.5 mg to 20 mg, 0.5 to 15 mg, 1 mg to 25 mg, 1 mg to 20 mg, 1 mg to 15 mg, 1.5 mg to 25 mg, 1.5 mg to 20 mg, 1.5 mg to 15 mg, 2 mg to 25 mg, 2 mg to 20 mg, 2 mg to 15 mg, 2.5 mg to 25 mg, 2.5 mg to 20 mg, 2.5 mg to 15 mg, 3 mg to 25 mg, 3 mg to 20 mg, or 3 mg to 15 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the first and/or the second pharmaceutical composition include 5 mg to 15 mg, 5 mg to 10 mg, 4 mg to 6 mg, 6 mg to 8 mg, 8 mg to 10 mg, 10 mg to 12 mg, 12 mg to 14 mg, 14 mg to 16 mg, 16 mg to 18 mg, or 18 mg to 20 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the first and/or the second pharmaceutical composition include 0.1 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 7 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg, 17.5 mg, 20 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or amounts that are multiples of such doses.
  • the first pharmaceutical compositions include 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the second pharmaceutical compositions include 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg gaboxadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the term “about” or “approximately” as used herein means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 3 or more than 3 standard deviations, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, up to 10%, up to 5%, and/or up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value.
  • “Improvement” refers to the treatment of a developmental disorder measured relative to at least one symptom.
  • “Improvement in next day functioning” or “wherein there is improvement in next day functioning” refers to improvement wherein the beneficial effect of at least one symptom lasts over a period of time, e.g., 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours etc.
  • PK refers to the pharmacokinetic profile.
  • C max is defined as the highest plasma drug concentration estimated during an experiment (ng/ml).
  • T max is defined as the time when C max is estimated (min).
  • AUC 0- ⁇ is the total area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve, from drug administration until the drug is eliminated (ng ⁇ hr/ml). The area under the curve is governed by clearance. Clearance is defined as the volume of blood or plasma that is totally cleared of its content of drug per unit time (ml/min).
  • Treating” or “treatment” refers to alleviating or delaying the appearance of clinical symptoms of a disease or condition in a subject that may be afflicted with or predisposed to the disease or condition, but does not yet experience or display clinical or subclinical symptoms of the disease or condition.
  • “treating” or “treatment” may refer to preventing the appearance of clinical symptoms of a disease or condition in a subject that may be afflicted with or predisposed to the disease or condition, but does not yet experience or display clinical or subclinical symptoms of the disease or condition.
  • Treating” or “treatment” also refers to inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting or reducing its development or at least one clinical or subclinical symptom thereof.
  • Treating” or “treatment” further refers to relieving the disease or condition, e.g., causing regression of the disease or condition or at least one of its clinical or subclinical symptoms.
  • the benefit to a subject to be treated may be statistically significant, mathematically significant, or at least perceptible to the subject and/or the physician. Nonetheless, prophylactic (preventive) and therapeutic (curative) treatment are two separate embodiments of the disclosure herein.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and compositions that are “generally regarded as safe”—e.g., that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset and the like, when administered to a human.
  • this term refers to molecular entities and compositions approved by a regulatory agency of the federal or a state government, as the GRAS list under section 204(s) and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, that is subject to premarket review and approval by the FDA or similar lists, the U.S. Pharmacopeia or another generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
  • Effective amount or “therapeutically effective amount” means a dosage sufficient to alleviate one or more symptoms of a disorder, disease, or condition being treated, or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacological and/or physiologic effect.
  • “Patient in need thereof” may include individuals that have been diagnosed with a developmental disorder including, for example, Autism, Angelman's syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), or Rett's syndrome.
  • the methods may be provided to any individual including, e.g., wherein the patient is a neonate, infant, a pediatric patient (6 months to 12 years), an adolescent patient (age 12-18 years) or an adult (over 18 years).
  • Example 2 provides the plasma concentration profiles and dose proportionality of gaboxadol monohydrate following single oral doses ranging from 2.5 to 20 mg.
  • the absolute bioavailability of gaboxadol monohydrate capsules ranging from 2.5 to 20 mg is also assessed.
  • This study was composed of separate groups of 10 healthy adult subjects (at least 4 of each gender) who participated in a 6-period, double-blind, randomized, crossover study designed to access the dose proportionality and absolute bioavailability of 5 single oral doses of gaboxadol across the dose range of 2.5 to 20 mg.
  • the order in which the subjects received the 5 single oral doses of gaboxadol was randomized within Treatment Periods 1 through 5.
  • Each subject was expected to complete all 6 treatment periods and there was a washout of at least 4 days between each treatment period.
  • Treatment A one 2.5 mg gaboxadol capsule and 1 matching placebo capsule
  • Treatment B one 5 mg gaboxadol capsule and 1 matching placebo capsule
  • Treatment C one 10 mg gaboxadol capsule and 1 matching placebo capsule
  • Treatment D one 15 mg gaboxadol capsule and 1 matching placebo capsule
  • Treatment E 20 mg gaboxadol (two 10 mg gaboxadol capsules).
  • Subjects received their study drug after an overnight fast with 240 mL of water in the morning about 8:00 AM. Water was permitted ad libitum except within 1 hour prior to and after study drug administration. No food was allowed for 4 hours post dose.
  • pharmacokinetic parameters e.g., AUC, C max , T max , apparent t 1/2 , cumulative urinary excretion, renal clearance, clearance, and steady-state volume of distribution, as appropriate.
  • AUC and C max for gaboxadol were potency adjusted to facilitate comparison of pharmacokinetic data across studies.
  • Table 1 provides the individual potency-adjusted pharmacokinetic parameters of gaboxadol following single oral doses (2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg).
  • FIG. 2 shows the arithmetic mean plasma concentration-time profiles of gaboxadol following single oral doses (2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg).
  • the bioavailability of gaboxadol is approximately 92%.
  • Plasma AUC 0- ⁇ and C max of gaboxadol show dose proportional increases and appear to be linear over the entire dose range examined, from of 2.5 to 20 mg.
  • the time to peak plasma concentrations (T max 30-60 min) and the half-life (t1 ⁇ 2 of 1.5 h) for gaboxadol appear to be independent of dose across the gaboxadol dose range of 2.5 to 20 mg.
  • the excretion of gaboxadol is mainly via urine, where 96.5% of the dose is recovered; 75% is recovered within 4 hours after administration.
  • This study was a double blind, double-dummy, randomized, active- and placebo-controlled, single dose, 3-period crossover study, followed by an open-label, single-dose, single period study in healthy elderly male and female subjects.
  • Subjects were randomized to each of 3 treatments (Treatments A, B, and C) to be administered in a crossover manner over the first 3 treatment periods.
  • Treatment A subjects received a single dose of gaboxadol 10 mg
  • Treatment B subjects received a single dose of flurazepam 30 mg
  • Treatment C subjects received a single dose of placebo.
  • Doses were administered orally at bedtime on Day 1.
  • Subjects were domiciled from early in the evening of dosing until ⁇ 36 hours post-dose (morning of Day 3) during each treatment period.
  • the subjects who participated in treatment periods 1-3 participated in a fourth treatment period.
  • a single dose of gaboxadol 10 mg (Treatment D) was administered orally in an open-label manner on the morning of Day 1 for PK of gaboxadol.
  • Study participants included healthy, elderly male and female subjects between 65 and 80 years of age, with a Mini Mental Status 24, weighing at least 55 kg. All subjects received 10 mg gaboxadol monohydrate capsules and 30 mg flurazepam (provided as 2 ⁇ 15 mg capsules), matching placebo was provided for both gaboxadol and flurazepam.
  • Gaboxadol single dose 10 mg did not show residual effect 9 hours post-dose on the primary endpoints Choice Reaction Time and Critical Flicker Fusion, whereas the active reference Flurazepam (30 mg single dose) showed significant effect on the same tests.
  • gaboxadol did not show any signs of residual effects on other measurements applied in the study (Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT); Digit symbol substitution test (DSST), Tracking, Memory tests, Body Sway, and Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire).
  • This study was a double blind, randomized, placebo and active controlled 5 way cross over study to investigate the effect of evening and middle of the night dosing of gaboxadol on driving performance.
  • the study participants included healthy, male and female subjects between 21 and 45 years of age, with a valid drivers license for at least 3 years.
  • gaboxadol The effects of gaboxadol on driving performance were investigated using real driving on the road setting. Subjects received 15 mg gaboxadol either in the evening prior to going to bed or at 4 am in the middle of the night following a wake-up call. Following a cognitive and psychomotor test battery, the driving test started at 9 am and lasted for one hour. Gaboxadol 15 mg had a clinically relevant impairing effect on driving following middle-of-the-night administration.
  • This study was a 4-night, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind (with in-house blinding), placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study to assess the effects of gaboxadol on daytime performance in healthy adults subjected to a 5-hour sleep restriction.
  • the study included a 2-night single-blind placebo run-in period, a 4-night double-blind treatment period during which sleep was restricted to 5 hours and a 2-night single-blind placebo run-out period.
  • the study included healthy male and female volunteers 18 to ⁇ 55 years of age.
  • the primary endpoints included observations based on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) and Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) assessment.
  • MSLT Multiple Sleep Latency Test
  • SWS Slow Wave Sleep
  • the primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of gaboxadol (15 mg) compared to placebo in reducing daytime sleep propensity as measured by MSLT.
  • the MSLT was on average 2.01 minutes longer for subjects treated with gaboxadol (15 mg) than for those with placebo on the last two Sleep Restriction days.
  • a secondary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of gaboxadol compared to placebo in increasing the amount of slow wave sleep (SWS) during the last 2 nights of sleep restriction.
  • Subjects receiving gaboxadol experienced significantly more SWS during the Sleep Restriction period than did placebo subjects (p ⁇ 0.001, 1 sided).
  • subjects treated with gaboxadol on average had 20.53 minutes of SWS longer than those treated with placebo on the last two Sleep Restriction nights.
  • this study examined the efficacy of gaboxadol compared to placebo during the last 2 nights/days of sleep restriction in: (1) improving memory and attention as assessed by a neurobehavioral battery; (2) reducing subjective sleepiness as measured by the Karolinska Sleepiness Score (KSS); (3) altering sleep parameters (e.g., total sleep time, latency to onset of Slow Wave Sleep (SWS), slow wave activity (SWA); and (4) reducing biological stress typified by increased heart rate variability, and decreased cortisol levels and decreased catecholamine levels, as well as decreased body temperature.
  • KSS Karolinska Sleepiness Score
  • SWS Slow Wave Sleep
  • SWA slow wave activity
  • LDA Longitudinal data analysis
  • ANCOVA A supportive analysis using covariance
  • gaboxadol has a protective effect on reducing daytime sleepiness as measured by the MSLT on the last 2 days of 4-nights of sleep restriction. Compared with placebo, gaboxadol increases the amount of slow wave sleep (SWS) during the last 2 nights of 4-nights of sleep restriction.
  • SWS slow wave sleep
  • This study is designed to determine whether gaboxadol will lead to an improvement in one or more symptoms of Angelman syndrome. Participants are randomized into 6 separate treatment groups (A-F). Inclusion criteria for randomization will require that each participant has been previously diagnosed with Angelman syndrome by clinical evaluation or that the participant is diagnosed with one or more of the major and minor criteria for Angelman syndrome.
  • Treatment group A receives 20 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group B receives 15 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group C receives 15 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 5 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group D receives 10 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group E receives 10 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 10 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group F receives 10 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 5 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Participants are assessed throughout the treatment period to determine whether gaboxadol administration leads to an improvement in one or more symptoms of Angelman syndrome.
  • Several behavioral domains; communication, attention, maladaptive behaviors, and hyper-excitability are assessed.
  • Participants engage in an unstructured play session to elicit speech and non-verbal communication attempts. Speech attempts by the child are transcribed phonetically and categorized into five different types of vocalizations using the Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development-Revised (SAEVD-R) (Nathani, Ertmer et al. 2006) which categorizes non-speech and pre-speech sounds (protophones), as well as vowels, consonants and syllables.
  • SAEVD-R Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development-Revised
  • Gait abnormalities occur in most cases of Angelman syndrome.
  • five primary spatiotemporal parameters are analyzed: cadence, gait velocity, stride width, step length and percent stance.
  • a principal component analysis is used to establish a gait index for assessment of the subjects.
  • primary outcome measures that may be assessed include changes in raw or standard scores between baseline and after trial completion of
  • Secondary outcome measures may include normalization of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signature when comparing post gaboxadol administration results to baseline results.
  • EEG electroencephalogram
  • This study is designed to determine whether gaboxadol leads to an improvement in one or more symptoms of Angelman syndrome (AS).
  • Angelman syndrome manifests as several distinct characteristics that range in severity and include developmental delay, movement and/or balance disorder, and tremulous movement of limbs.
  • Perhaps the most unique behavioral characteristic is the combination of a happy demeanor, smiling and frequent of bouts of laughter.
  • these individuals possess an easily excitable personality exhibited by hand-flapping or waving movements.
  • EEG electroencephalogram
  • Main focus may include motor ability and sleep. Well-established scales may be used, complemented by more innovative outcome measures for sleep and motor function.
  • a potential confounding factor for behavior in AS is the co-existence of autism (Peters et al., Clin Genet, 2004; 66[6]:530-6).
  • subjects may be assessed for this co-morbidity, using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and potentially excluded.
  • ADOS Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
  • the primary objective of this study may be to evaluate the safety and tolerability from Baseline to Week 6 and Week 12 of gaboxadol in adult subjects with AS across different dose levels and in two dosing schedules.
  • the following dosing schedules may be tested against placebo: (1) Once daily (o.d.): An evening dose, titrated to the target dose of 15 mg unless not tolerated; and (2) Twice daily (b.i.d.): Evening and morning doses titrated to the target doses of 15 mg evening dose and 10 mg morning dose unless not tolerated.
  • the Safety endpoints that relate to this study may include: (1) Frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events; (2) Vital signs (weight, blood pressure, temperature); (3) Laboratory parameters (electrolytes, lipids, glucose, liver and pancreas function tests, hematology, creatinine); (4) Suicidality assessed by ABC-Irritability Subscale; (5) EEG (change in background frequency, intensity of epileptiform discharges); and/or (6) Caregivers may maintain an electronic seizure diary (on same device as sleep log).
  • AEs adverse events
  • Vital signs weight, blood pressure, temperature
  • Laboratory parameters electrolytes, lipids, glucose, liver and pancreas function tests, hematology, creatinine
  • Suicidality assessed by ABC-Irritability Subscale (5) EEG (change in background frequency, intensity of epileptiform discharges); and/or (6)
  • Caregivers may maintain an electronic seizure diary (on same device as sleep log).
  • the secondary objective of this study may include the identification of a set of parameters that may best characterize the efficacy of gaboxadol in adult AS subjects for subsequent efficacy trials. These tests may be administered at four full day site visits (Screening, Baseline, Interim and End of Treatment) by an appropriately trained professional to provide the test to an adult AS patient. Assessments may be based on direct observation and input from caregivers. The efficacy assessments that may be explored include Gross Motor Ability/Function and Fine Motor Ability/Function.
  • Evaluation of Gross Motor Ability/Function may include analysis of spatiotemporal and functional gait measurements (Zeno Walkway and PKMAS software analysis, provided by ProtoKintetics) and Modified Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment-Gait (MPOMA-G) scale assessed while subject is walking on Zeno Walkway.
  • Evaluation of Fine Motor Ability/Function may include analysis of Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-CAT); ADL (to document fine motor function) and mobility domains in the content-balanced (more extensive) version.
  • Additional evaluation of sleep may include analysis of parent/caregiver logs of sleep patterns that may include: (1) bed time; (2) time of sleep onset; (3) number and duration of awakenings; (4) number of disruptive behavior; (5) time of last awakening; and (6) daytime sleepiness.
  • This study may include three treatment groups. For example, a total of approximately 75 subjects may be enrolled and at the completion of the study, there may be approximately 25 subjects in each of the three treatment groups: 1) single evening dose 2) morning and evening dose and 3) placebo.
  • All subjects may receive a morning dose (either active or placebo) and an evening dose (either active or placebo) during the entire duration of treatment.
  • a morning dose either active or placebo
  • an evening dose either active or placebo
  • two dosing schedules of gaboxadol may be tested: a single evening dose (o.d.; Schedule A) and a morning plus evening dose (b.i.d; Schedule B) designed to provide a more sustained exposure.
  • Schedule C is morning and evening placebo. All subjects may be up-titrated to the target dose unless this target dose is not tolerated (titration conventions described below). All subjects may receive treatment for a maximum of 12 weeks at their optimal tolerated dose.
  • Doses may be progressively increased in 5 mg increments (active or placebo) to a target dose of 3 capsules evening dose in schedule A and B, and 2 capsules morning dose in schedule B.
  • Each dose escalation may be performed after adequate tolerability has been assessed by caregiver and investigator. For example, treatment initiation at Day 1 with 1 capsule (active (Act) or placebo (Plc)) in the evening. Then target up-titration may begin at Day 3 (window+2 days): If no adverse event (AE) related to the study drug is observed by caregiver and/or the investigator, another capsule (active or placebo) is added in the evening.
  • AE adverse event
  • Inclusion criteria may include one or more of the following: (1) Age ⁇ 18 years, ⁇ 40 years; (2) Must possess a clinical diagnosis of AS according to the 2005 consensus criteria with developmental delay, movement or balance disorder, and speech disorder; (3) Must possess a previous or current molecular confirmation of AS; (4) Subjects must be receiving a stable dose of concomitant medications, including anti-epileptic medication, supplements, and special diets, for at least 4 weeks prior to Baseline, and be able to maintain these throughout the duration of the study.
  • Exclusion Criteria may include one or more of the following: (1) Non-ambulatory subjects (e.g. requiring a wheelchair) not able to perform the tests for Assessment of Motor Ability/Function (as described above); (2) Poorly controlled seizures defined as >3 absence-type seizure per week and/or >1 major seizure episodes per month; (3) Concomitant cardiovascular, respiratory diseases; Concomitant liver disease with alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase >2.5 ⁇ upper limit of normal (ULN); (4) Concomitant renal disease with creatinine above ULN (5) Concomitant hematologic disease with absolute neutrophil count >2 ⁇ 10 9 /L or platelets ⁇ 50 ⁇ 10 9 /L or hemoglobin ⁇ 80 g/L; (6) Other genetic disorders; (7) Concomitant use of minocycline, levodopa, sleep medication and any other use of any investigational agent, device, and/or investigational procedure 4 weeks prior to Baseline and during the study; (8) At
  • Descriptive statistics may be used to summarize all primary and secondary endpoints as well as baseline variables, by treatment group.
  • n number of missing values, mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum will be provided.
  • frequency and percentage will be presented for each category. Confidence intervals (CI) will be provided where meaningful. All Cis will be two-sided 95% confidence intervals.
  • gaboxadol This study is designed to determine whether lower doses of gaboxadol lead to an improvement in younger patients or patients with less severe clinically evaluated symptoms.
  • adolescent patients (age 12-18 years) may have the similar clinical presentation and baseline disease characteristics as the adult population but the reduction in ambulation may be less severe.
  • the target benefit of gaboxadol will also include the reduction in ataxia and the improvement in ambulatory function.
  • Treatment group A receives 7.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group B receives 5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group C receives 5 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group D receives 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group E receives 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 1 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group F receives 1 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • This study is designed to determine whether gaboxadol leads to an improvement in one or more symptoms of Fragile X syndrome. Participants are randomized into 6 separate treatment groups (A-F). Inclusion criteria for randomization require patients that have been diagnosed with Fragile X syndrome. For example, patients who are at least moderately ill based on a Clinical Global Impression Severity score of at least 4 and have qualifying scores on the ABC-C and IQ test
  • Treatment group A receives 20 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group B receives 15 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group C receives 15 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 5 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group D receives 10 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group E receives 10 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 10 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group F receives 10 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 5 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Primary Outcome Measures may include:
  • VABS-II Adaptive Behavior Scale-II
  • ABS-C Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community Edition
  • Treatment group A receives 7.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group B receives 5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group C receives 5 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group D receives 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group E will receive 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 1 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group F receives 1 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • This protocol is directed to treating symptomatic permutation carriers who have pre-FXTAS or FXTAS symptoms including neuropathy, central pain symptoms, insomnia, and full FXTAS involving tremor and ataxia which is often associated with cognitive decline.
  • Treatment group A receives 7.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group B receives 5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group C receives 5 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group D receives 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group E receives 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 1 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group F receives 1 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
  • BDS-II Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale
  • CVLT-2 California Verbal Learning Test 2
  • RBANS Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
  • This study is designed to determine whether gaboxadol leads to an improvement in cognitive symptoms, i.e., attentional processes which are fundamental to executive function/dysfunction associated with Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and involves a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial and an auditory “oddball” task. Participants will be individuals with FXTAS. FMR1 CGG repeat lengths will be quantified in all subjects using conventional procedures. FXTAS will be diagnosed following published criteria (Bacalman et al., Clin Psychiatry 2006, 67:87-94; Jacquemont et al., Lancet Neurol 2003, 6:45-55).
  • Treatment group A receives 7.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group B receives 5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group C receives 5 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group D receives 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Treatment group E receives 2.5 mg gaboxadol in the evening and 1 mg gaboxadol in the morning.
  • Treatment group F receives 1 mg gaboxadol in the evening.
  • Neuropsychological testing will involve examining each patient's EEG. Accordingly, EEG during a two-stimulus auditory oddball experiment will be recorded in a sound-attenuated, dimly-lit chamber. Lower (113 Hz) and higher (200 Hz) frequency pure tones will be presented at 40 dB above individual hearing level in 4 blocks, each containing 100 tones, with a stimulus onset asynchrony jittered from 1.0-1.5 seconds. Prior to each block, subjects will be instructed to respond to the infrequent (probability equaling 25%) “oddball” tones (high or low target tones, counterbalanced across blocks).
  • a dual task will be employed in which subjects are instructed to press a button to each target tone, and to also keep a mental count of the number of targets in each block.
  • the mental count of target tones will be reported immediately following completion after each block.
  • Data Analysis will involve the
  • EEG segments contaminated with blinks, eye movements, excessive muscle activity, or amplifier blocking will be rejected using a semi-automated computer algorithm.
  • Artifact-free EEG segments of 1024 ms (with a 100 ms pre-stimulus baseline period, and 924 ms post-stimulus onset) will be averaged by experimental condition to obtain the ERPs.
  • Mean amplitude and local peak latency of 4 ERP components will be quantified in the following time windows: N100 (N1, 70-150 ms), P2 (160-260 ms), N200 (N2, 170-300 ms), and P3 (300-650 ms).
  • the waveforms to both target and standard tones will be used to measure N1.
  • the P2 will be measured from ERPs to standard tones.
  • the N2 component is defined from the difference wave (ERPs to targets minus standards).
  • the P3 will be measured from both the difference wave and the ERP waveform to targets.
  • ERP measures will be submitted to repeated-measures ANOVAs (SPSS 22, IBM) with the between-subjects factor of treatment, and the within-subjects factors of visit and electrode.
  • Analyses of N1 and P2 will include 4 fronto-central electrodes (Fz, Cz, FC1/2). Five central channels (Cz, FC1/2, CP1/2) will be used for the N2 analyses.
  • P3 analyses will be carried out with 26 scalp electrodes (all except FP1/2). The Greenhouse-Geiser correction will be used to adjust for violations of sphericity, where appropriate.
  • P2 mean amplitude in response to the first 30 standard tones will be compared to the amplitude of response to the last 30 standard tones within the first block of each study, with the between-subjects factor of treatment, and the within-subjects factors of visit, trial position, and electrode.
  • Linear regression will be used to examine the correlations between changes (1-year follow-up minus baseline) in the

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