US20160249025A1 - Imaging device - Google Patents

Imaging device Download PDF

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Publication number
US20160249025A1
US20160249025A1 US14/903,196 US201414903196A US2016249025A1 US 20160249025 A1 US20160249025 A1 US 20160249025A1 US 201414903196 A US201414903196 A US 201414903196A US 2016249025 A1 US2016249025 A1 US 2016249025A1
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Prior art keywords
color
signal
pixels
signals
photoelectric conversion
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Abandoned
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US14/903,196
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English (en)
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Yuki Aruga
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Nikon Corp
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Nikon Corp
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Publication of US20160249025A1 publication Critical patent/US20160249025A1/en
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    • H04N9/045—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/80—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof
    • H04N23/84—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof for processing colour signals
    • H04N23/843—Demosaicing, e.g. interpolating colour pixel values
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
    • H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
    • H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
    • H01L27/146—Imager structures
    • H01L27/14601—Structural or functional details thereof
    • H01L27/1462—Coatings
    • H01L27/14621—Colour filter arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
    • H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
    • H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
    • H01L27/146—Imager structures
    • H01L27/14643—Photodiode arrays; MOS imagers
    • H01L27/14645—Colour imagers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
    • H04N25/10—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof for transforming different wavelengths into image signals
    • H04N25/11—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics
    • H04N25/13—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics characterised by the spectral characteristics of the filter elements
    • H04N25/134—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics characterised by the spectral characteristics of the filter elements based on three different wavelength filter elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N2209/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N2209/04—Picture signal generators
    • H04N2209/041—Picture signal generators using solid-state devices
    • H04N2209/042—Picture signal generators using solid-state devices having a single pick-up sensor
    • H04N2209/045—Picture signal generators using solid-state devices having a single pick-up sensor using mosaic colour filter
    • H04N2209/046—Colour interpolation to calculate the missing colour values

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an imaging device.
  • the conventional technology In the conventional technology, light that has transmitted through a corresponding color filter is input into each pixel. Thus, for instance, in a G pixel that receives G (green) light, light other than the G light is absorbed by the color filter and is not used. Furthermore, in the G pixel not all of the G light is used; a part of the G light is absorbed or reflected by the color filter. In this manner, the conventional technology has manifested a poor use efficiency of incident light.
  • An imaging device comprises:
  • a plurality of first pixels that includes pixels of a plurality of color components and generates a first signal from incident light; a plurality of second pixels that generates a second signal from light that has transmitted at least a part of the first pixels; and a signal generation unit that generates a signal obtained by combining the first signal and the second signal.
  • the first pixels photoelectrically convert light of a specific color component out of incident light to generate the first signal and transmit light of any color component other than the specific color component; and the signal generation unit adds the first signal to the second signal to generate a brightness signal.
  • the first pixels include a pixel that photoelectrically converts light of a first color component, a pixel that photoelectrically converts light of a second color component, and a pixel that photoelectrically converts light of a third color component; and the signal generation unit generates a color difference signal by using the first signal.
  • the imaging device it is preferable that the signal generation unit performs color interpolation processing at a position of each pixel by using the first signal to obtain signals of the first to the third color components, obtains image signals of the first to the third color components based on a ratio of the signals of the first to the third color components and on the brightness signal, and generates the color difference signal based on the obtained image signals or based on the obtained image signals and the brightness signal.
  • the first color component is red, the second color component is green, and the third color component is blue; and the first pixels are arranged in a Bayer array.
  • An imaging device comprises: an image sensor having a first photoelectric conversion layer, at which pixels that photoelectrically convert light of a specific color component of incident light and transmit light of any color component other than the light of the specific color component of the incident light are two-dimensionally arrayed, and a second photoelectric conversion layer arranged as stacked in a same optical path as that of the first photoelectric conversion layer, at which pixels that photoelectrically convert the light that has transmitted through the first photoelectric conversion layer are two-dimensionally arrayed; and an image generation unit that generates a color image signal by using an output signal from the first photoelectric conversion layer and an output signal from the second photoelectric conversion layer, wherein: the image generation unit adds the output signal from the first photoelectric conversion layer to the output signal from the second photoelectric conversion layer to generate a brightness signal in the color image signal.
  • the first photoelectric conversion layer has a first pixel that photoelectrically converts light of a first color component, a second pixel that photoelectrically converts light of a second color component, and a third pixel that photoelectrically converts light of a third color component; and the image generation unit generates a color difference signal in the color image signal by using the output signal from the first photoelectric conversion layer.
  • the image generation unit performs color interpolation processing at each pixel of the image sensor by using the output signal from the first photoelectric conversion layer to acquire signals of the first to the third color components, acquires image signals of the first to the third color components based on a ratio of the signals of the first to the third color components and on the brightness signal, and generates the color difference signal based on the image signals or based on the image signals and the brightness signal.
  • the first color component is red, the second color component is green, and the third color component is blue; and the first to the third pixels are arranged in a Bayer array.
  • the use efficiency of incident light can be improved.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the arrangement of a digital camera.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an image sensor.
  • FIG. 3 shows diagrams illustrating an example of the arrangement of pixels.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a method for generating a Y signal.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a method for generating Cb and Cr signals.
  • FIG. 6 shows diagrams illustrating an example of relative spectral response in an image sensor in which no color filters are arranged and in an image sensor in which color filters are arranged.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the configuration of a digital camera 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the digital camera 1 includes an imaging optical system 10 , an image sensor 11 , a control unit 12 , an operation unit 13 , an image processing unit 14 , a liquid crystal monitor 15 , and a buffer memory 16 .
  • the digital camera 1 is equipped with a memory card 17 .
  • the control unit 12 which includes a microprocessor and peripheral circuits, executes a control program stored at a ROM (not shown in figures) to perform various types of controls of the digital camera 1 .
  • the image sensor 11 which includes a plurality of pixels, receives a light flux from a subject via the imaging optical system 10 and performs photoelectrical conversion to output an analog image signal or a digital image signal. If an analog image signal is output from the image sensor 11 , the analog image signal is AD-converted by an AD conversion circuit (not shown in figures) to generate a digital image signal. The digital image signal is store d at the buffer memory 16 .
  • the digital image signal stored at the buffer memory 16 is subjected to various types of image processing at the image processing unit 14 .
  • the resultant signal is displayed at the liquid crystal monitor 15 or stored at the memory card 17 .
  • the memory card 17 is constituted by a non-volatile flash memory or the like and is capable of being attached to and detached from the digital camera 1 .
  • the operation unit 13 which includes various types of operation buttons such as a release button, a forward-reverse button, and a power button, is operated by a photographer.
  • the operation unit 13 outputs an operation signal in response to the operation of each operation button by the photographer to the control unit 12 .
  • the image processing unit 14 includes, for instance, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • the image processing unit 14 performs various types of image processing such as interpolation, compression, and white balance adjustment as well as the image generation processing described later on the image data captured by the image sensor 11 .
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the image sensor 11 according to this embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 shows a state in which a side on which light is incident is defined to be upside. Accordingly, in the following explanation, a side in which the light is incident is defined to be “upper” or “up” and a side opposite to the side in which the light is incident is defined to be “lower” or “down”.
  • the image sensor 11 has an upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 and a lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 .
  • the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 and the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 are arranged as stacked one on another in the same optical path.
  • the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 is made of an organic photoelectric conversion layer that absorbs (photoelectrically converts) light of a specific color component (described later in detail).
  • the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 is made of an organic photoelectric conversion layer that absorbs (photoelectrically converts) light having all the wavelengths of the visible light.
  • the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 and the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 are formed on one and the same semiconductor substrate and the positions of pixels in each layer correspond to each other one for one. For instance, the pixel at the first column in the first row of the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 corresponds to the pixel at the first column in the first row of the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 .
  • FIG. 3( a ) is a diagram illustrating the arrangement of the pixels of the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 .
  • an axis in the horizontal direction is defined to be an x-axis and an axis in the vertical direction is defined to be a y-axis.
  • the coordinates of a pixel P is expressed P(x, y).
  • the pixels are arranged, for instance, in a Bayer array. That is, as shown in FIG. 3( a ) , an R pixel that photoelectrically converts R (red) light and a G pixel that photoelectrically converts G (green) light are arranged alternately at an odd number row.
  • a G pixel that photoelectrically converts G (green) light and a B pixel that photoelectrically converts B (blue) light are arranged alternately.
  • Light of a color component that is not photoelectrically converted (absorbed) by each pixel of the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 transmits through the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 .
  • the pixel P( 1 , 1 ) of the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 absorbs and photoelectrically converts the light of R component, so that the light of any color component other than the R component transmits through the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 .
  • FIG. 3( b ) is a diagram illustrating the arrangement of the pixels of the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 .
  • the position of each pixel as shown in FIG. 3( b ) is the same as that in FIG. 3( a ) .
  • the pixel P( 1 , 1 ) of the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 corresponds to the pixel P( 1 , 1 ) of the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 .
  • At the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 are two-dimensionally arranged pixels that are capable of absorbing light having all the wavelengths of visible light.
  • each pixel of the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 absorb and photoelectrically convert all the visible light that is not absorbed by the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 (that is, that transmits through the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 ). Consequently, for instance, at the pixel P( 1 , 1 ) of the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 , the visible light that is not absorbed at the pixel P( 1 , 1 ) of the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 , that is, the visible light that contains only the color components other than the R component is absorbed and photoelectrically converted.
  • each pixel of the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 absorbs light of one of the RGB components and each corresponding pixel of the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 receives and photoelectrically converts light of the color component that transmits through (i.e., is not absorbed by) the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 .
  • addition of the output signal from the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 to the output signal of the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 provides a signal generated by the photoelectric conversion of the visible light input to the image sensor 11 without any other processing, i.e., a white-and-black signal, which is identical with the output signal from the conventional image sensor provided with no color filter.
  • the image processing unit 14 generates a Y signal (brightness signal) by adding the output signal from the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 to the output signal from the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 at the position of each pixel.
  • r represents an output signal from an R pixel in the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31
  • g represents an output signal from a G pixel in the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31
  • b represents an output signal from a B pixel in the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 .
  • w represents an output signal from a pixel arranged at the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 , which pixel absorbs the light having all the wavelengths of visible light.
  • the image processing unit 14 obtains a Y signal according to the expression (1) below at the position of an R pixel, according to the expression (2) below at the position of a G pixel, or according to the expression (3) below at the position of a B pixel.
  • the image processing unit 14 normalizes the Y signal within the range of 0 to 1.
  • the image processing unit 14 performs demosaic processing (color interpolation processing) while performing matrix conversion for adjusting white balance or spectrum on an image signal of a Bayer array output from the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 to obtain respective signal values of the R component, the G component, and the B component for each pixel.
  • demosaic processing color interpolation processing
  • the signal of R component generated by demosaic processing is expressed as r′ signal
  • the signal of G component generated by demosaic processing is expressed as g′ signal
  • the signal of B component generated by demosaic processing is expressed as b′ signal.
  • the image processing unit 14 normalizes the r′ signal, the g′ signal, and the b′ signal each within the range of 0 to 1.
  • the image processing unit 14 acquires R, G, and B signals as color image signals by using the Y signal and the r′, g′, and b′ signals obtained by the demosaic processing.
  • R, G, and B signals as color image signals by using the Y signal and the r′, g′, and b′ signals obtained by the demosaic processing.
  • ITU-R BT.601 Standard as shown by the expression (4) below is used.
  • the image processing unit 14 plugs in the r′, g′, and b′ signals generated by the demosaic processing and the Y signal for the expression (8) to acquire an R signal in the color image signal.
  • the image processing unit 14 plugs in the r′, g′, and b′ signals generated by the demosaic processing and the Y signal for the following expressions (9) and (10) to acquire the G signal and B signal in the color image signal.
  • the expressions (9) and (10) are prepared in the same mariner as that for the R signal mentioned above.
  • the image processing unit 14 acquires R, G, and B signals in the color image signal by using the ratio of the r′ signal, the gr signal and the b′ signal and the Y signal.
  • the image processing unit 14 plugs in the R, G, and B signals calculated according to the expressions (8) to (10) for the following expressions (11) and (12) to acquire a Cr signal and a Cb signal.
  • the expressions (11) and (12) are relational expressions for SDTV prescribed by the ITU-R BT.601 Standard.
  • the image processing unit 14 may be configured to plug in the Y signal, the R signal, and the B signal for the following expressions (13) and (14) to acquire a Cr signal and a Cb signal. Also, the expressions (13) and (14) are relational expressions for SDTV prescribed by the ITU-R BT.601 Standard.
  • the image processing unit 14 uses the signals output from the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 and the output from the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 to generate color image signals of a YCbCr format.
  • the digital camera 1 includes the image sensor 11 having the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 at which pixels that photoelectrically convert light of a specific color component of incident light and transmit light of any component other than the specific component of the incident light are two-dimensionally arrayed, and a lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 arranged as stacked in the same optical path as that of the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 at which pixels that photoelectrically convert light transmitted through the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 are two-dimensionally arrayed; and the image processing unit 14 that generates a color image signal of a YCbCr format by using an output signal from the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 and an output signal from the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 .
  • the image processing unit 14 adds the output signal from the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 to the output signal from the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 to generate a brightness signal (Y signal) in the color image signal.
  • Y signal brightness signal
  • FIG. 6 shows examples of relative spectral response at conventional image sensors one having no color filters and the other having color filters arranged in a Bayer array.
  • the horizontal axis represents wavelength and the vertical axis represents output, with the peak output of each spectrum being normalized to 1.
  • the G output from the image sensor having color filters arranged in a Bayer array is demonstrably lower than the output from the image sensor having no color filters. That is, at the image sensor having the color filters arranged in a Bayer array, not all the light is used even at a wavelength near the peak of G as compared with the image sensor having no color filters.
  • the image sensors having the conventional color filters manifest each a decreased use efficiency of light.
  • the digital camera 1 according to this embodiment is capable of using the light that is otherwise absorbed by color filters in the conventional image sensors. This enables the digital camera 1 to have a higher use efficiency of the incident light than that of the conventional digital camera.
  • the image processing unit 14 in the digital camera 1 is configured to perform demosaic processing (color interpolation processing) at each pixel of the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 , thus generating r′, g′, and b′ signals, to generate R, G, and B signals in the color image signal using the ratio of the r′, g′, and b′ signals and Y signal, and to generate Cb and Cr signals according to predetermined conversion formulae (expressions (11) and (12)).
  • this embodiment is arranged to use a Y signal to obtain R, G, and B signals in the color image signal. The reason for this is as follows.
  • the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 is not capable of obtaining information about the G component and the B component at the position of the R pixel so that the respective signal values for the G component and the 13 component obtained by demosaic processing are values interpolated from the signal values of G pixel(s) and B pixel(s) near the R pixel.
  • the output signal from the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 contains information about the G component and the B component. Consequently, it is expected that use of the output signal from the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 enables an image signal to have higher color reproducibility compared to the image signal obtained by demosaic processing.
  • the digital camera 1 is configured to use a Y signal obtained by adding the output signal from the upper photoelectric conversion layer 31 to the output signal from the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 to obtain R, G, and B signals in the color image signal. This enables the image signal to have color reproducibility higher than the conventional technology.
  • the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 is made of an organic photoelectric conversion layer.
  • the lower photoelectric conversion layer 32 may be made of photodiodes.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
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  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Color Television Image Signal Generators (AREA)
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JP2013142761A JP6136669B2 (ja) 2013-07-08 2013-07-08 撮像装置
PCT/JP2014/067886 WO2015005234A1 (ja) 2013-07-08 2014-07-04 撮像装置

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US20190052846A1 (en) 2019-02-14
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