US20160168108A1 - Method of treating or preventing ras-mediated diseases - Google Patents

Method of treating or preventing ras-mediated diseases Download PDF

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Publication number
US20160168108A1
US20160168108A1 US14/571,690 US201414571690A US2016168108A1 US 20160168108 A1 US20160168108 A1 US 20160168108A1 US 201414571690 A US201414571690 A US 201414571690A US 2016168108 A1 US2016168108 A1 US 2016168108A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
methyl
ras
inden
acetamide
hydroxy
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US14/571,690
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English (en)
Inventor
Gary A. Piazza
Xi Chen
Adam B. Keeton
Michael R. Boyd
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ADT Pharmaceuticals LLC
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ADT Pharmaceuticals LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ADT Pharmaceuticals LLC filed Critical ADT Pharmaceuticals LLC
Priority to US14/571,690 priority Critical patent/US20160168108A1/en
Assigned to ADT PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment ADT PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BOYD, MICHAEL R., CHEN, XI, KEETON, ADAM B., PIAZZA, GARY A.
Priority to PCT/US2015/066154 priority patent/WO2016100546A1/en
Priority to US15/537,283 priority patent/US11104658B2/en
Priority to CN201580076204.6A priority patent/CN107466232B/zh
Priority to ES15821218T priority patent/ES2760898T3/es
Priority to EP19197686.9A priority patent/EP3666268A1/en
Priority to PT158212183T priority patent/PT3233071T/pt
Priority to EP15821218.3A priority patent/EP3233071B1/en
Priority to JP2017533502A priority patent/JP6763858B2/ja
Priority to DK15821218T priority patent/DK3233071T3/da
Priority to US15/056,202 priority patent/US9931315B2/en
Publication of US20160168108A1 publication Critical patent/US20160168108A1/en
Priority to JP2020005245A priority patent/JP2020055882A/ja
Priority to US16/837,757 priority patent/US11198679B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/75—Amino or imino radicals, acylated by carboxylic or carbonic acids, or by sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof, e.g. carbamates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
    • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
    • C07D235/24—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
    • C07D235/30—Nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
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    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/52—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
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    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/54—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
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    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
    • G01N33/5748—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving oncogenic proteins
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
    • C07C2602/02—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having only two atoms in common
    • C07C2602/04—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C2602/08—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring the other ring being five-membered, e.g. indane

Definitions

  • Cancer is a leading cause of death in the developed world, with over one million people diagnosed and more than 500,000 deaths per year in the United States alone. Overall it is estimated that at least one in three people will develop some form of cancer during their lifetime. There are more than 200 different histopathological types of cancer, four of which (breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate) account for over half of all new cases in the U.S. (Jemal et al., Cancer J. Clin., 53, 5-26 (2003)).
  • Ras proteins which control critically important cellular signaling pathways that regulate growth and other processes associated with tumorigenesis.
  • the name “Ras” is an abbreviation of “Rat sarcoma” reflecting the way the first members of the Ras protein family were discovered.
  • the name “ras” also is used to refer to the family of genes encoding these proteins.
  • Ras-driven cancers have remained the most intractable diseases to any available treatment. New therapeutic and preventative strategies are urgently needed for such cancers (Stephen et al., Cancer Cell, 25, 272-281 (2014)). Drug discovery programs worldwide have sought Ras-selective drugs for many years, but heretofore no avail (Spiegel, et al., Nature Chem. Biol., 10, 613-622 (2014)). New drugs that selectively target abnormal or mutant Ras and/or Ras-mediated pathological processes in patients' tumors will enable highly efficacious treatments of such patients while minimizing toxicity to cells and tissues with normal Ras functions (Stephen et al., supra; Spiegel et al., supra).
  • Ras proteins are key regulators of several aspects of normal cell growth and malignant transformation, including cellular proliferation, survival and invasiveness, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis (Downward, Nature Rev. Cancer, 3, 11-22 (2003)). Ras proteins are abnormally active in most human tumors due to mutations in the ras genes themselves, or in upstream or downstream Ras pathway components, or other alterations in Ras signaling. Targeted therapies that inhibit Ras-mediated pathways therefore are expected to inhibit the growth, proliferation, survival and spread of tumor cells having activated or mutant Ras. Some such new experimental therapeutic agents have shown promising activity in preclinical studies, albeit with only modest activity in human clinical trials.
  • Ras mutations in ras genes were first identified in human cancer over 3 decades ago. Such mutations result in the activation of one or more of three major Ras protein isoforms, including H-Ras, N-Ras, or K-Ras, that turn on signaling pathways leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor development. Activating ras gene mutations occur de novo in approximately one third of all human cancers and are especially prevalent in pancreatic, colorectal, and lung tumors. Ras mutations also develop in tumors that become resistant to chemotherapy and/or radiation, as well as to targeted therapies, such as receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Gysin et al., Genes Cancer, 2, 359-372 (2011)). While ras mutations are relatively infrequent in other tumor types, for example, breast cancer, Ras can be pathologically activated by certain growth factor receptors that signal through Ras.
  • Ras has been described as “undruggable” because of the relative abundance in cells and high affinity for its substrate, GTP (Takashima and Faller, Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 17, 507-531 (2013)).
  • NF1 neurofibromatosis type 1
  • Ras GAP activating protein
  • Inhibitors targeting components within the PI3K/Akt pathway also have not been successful as single agents, but presumably might synergize with Raf/Mek/Erk pathway inhibitors to block Ras-dependent tumor growth and survival.
  • RNAi screening several other molecular targets have been identified from RNAi screening, which might provide new opportunities to inhibit the growth of Ras-driven tumors; such other potential targets include CDK4, Cyclin D1, Tiam1, Myc, STK33, and TBK, as well as several genes involved in mitosis (Takashima and Faller, supra).
  • sulindac The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sulindac ( FIG. 1 ) has been reported to selectively inhibit proliferation of cultured tumor cells having ras mutations (Herrmann et al., Oncogene, 17, 1769-1776 (1998)). Extensive chemical modifications of sulindac and the related NSAID, indomethacin, have been aimed at removing cyclooxygenase-inhibitory activity, while improving anticancer activity (Gurpinar et al., Mol. Cancer Ther., 12, 663-674 (2013); Romeiro et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 1959-1971 (2009); Chennamaneni et al., Eur. J. Med.
  • An example of a highly potent antiproliferative derivative is a hydroxy-substituted indene derivative of sulindac, OSIP-487703 ( FIG. 1 ), that was reported to arrest colon cancer cells in mitosis by causing microtubule depolymerization (Xiao et al., Mol. Cancer Ther., 5, 60-67 (2006)). OSIP-487703 also was reported to inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of hufnan SW480 colon cancer cells. These properties of mitotic arrest and microtubule disruption were shared by several additional related compounds, including a pyridine (CP461) and trimethoxy (CP248) substituted variants ( FIG.
  • sulindac sulfide can inhibit Ras-induced malignant transformation, possibly by decreasing the effects of activated Ras on its main effector, the c-Raf-1 kinase, due to direct binding to the ras gene product p21 in a non-covalent manner (Herrmann et al., supra).
  • Sulindac sulfide also can inhibit focus formation, a marker of malignant transformation, by rat or mouse fibroblasts by forced Ras expression, but not by other transformation pathways (Gala et al., Cancer Lett., 175, 89-94 (2002); Herrmann et al., supra).
  • Sulindac sulfide was reported also to bind Ras directly and interfere with nucleotide exchange.
  • the non-COX inhibitory sulfone metabolite of sulindac has been reported to have selective effects on tumor cells with mutant Ras.
  • transfection of Caco-2 colon tumor cells with the activated K-Ras oncogene caused cells treated with either sulindac sulfide or sulfone to undergo apoptosis earlier than non-transfected cells. (Lawson et al., Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 1155-62 (2000)).
  • sulindac sulfone can inhibit mammary tumorigenesis in rats and that the effect was greater on tumors with the mutant H-Ras genotype (Thompson et al., Cancer Research 57, 267-271 (1997)).
  • Other investigators report that the inhibition of colon tumorigenesis in rats by either sulindac or sulindac sulfone occurs independently of K-Ras mutations (de Jong et al., Amer. J. Physio. Gastro and Liver Phys. 278, 266-272 (2000)).
  • RSL3 and RSL5 FIG. 3
  • RSL5 like a previously identified Ras synthetic lethal compound, erastin ( FIG. 3 ), binds the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) (Dolma et al., Cancer Cell, 3, 285-296 (2003)).
  • VDAC voltage-dependent anion channel
  • Yet another small-molecule screen identified oncrasin, a compound selectively active against K-Ras mutant cell lines (Guo et al., Cancer Res., 68, 7403-7408 (2008)).
  • One analog, NSC-743380 FIG.
  • the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a human or nonhuman mammalian Ras-mediated biological process, which method comprising administering in vivo or in vitro a Ras-inhibitory amount of at least one compound of formula I, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof:
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkoxy and alkylamino, or R and R 0 together is oxygen or sulfur, or R and R 0 together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, and alkylmercapto;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl and alkoxy; or R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond;
  • Y is hydrogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • Y′ is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, or alkoxy, or Y and Y′ together is oxygen or sulfur, or Y and Y′ together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl;
  • X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, and hydroxyl with the proviso that X is not hydroxyl when Y and Y′ together is oxygen in a compound of formula I wherein R 5 and R 6 together is a carbon-carbon bond, or X is NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcycloalkyl, arylcycloalkenyl, carbocyclyl, and carbocycloalkyl where the carbocycle of the carbocyclyl and the carbocycloalkyl is selected from 7-membered carbocyclic rings containing no
  • E is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, 7-membered, 6-membered, 5-membered, 4-membered or 3-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is a substituted aryl
  • E cannot be a substituted aryl.
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is an aryl substituted with any of halo, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and sulfonamido
  • E cannot be a substituted aryl wherein two substituents are identically selected from hydroxyl and alkoxy.
  • the present invention further provides a method of therapeutically or prophylactically treating a human or nonhuman mammalian patient with a disease or condition treatable by inhibition of one or more Ras-mediated biological process, which method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of at least one ras-inhibitory compound of formula I, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof:
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkoxy and alkylamino, or R and R 0 together is oxygen or sulfur, or R and R 0 together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, and alkylmercapto;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl and alkoxy; or R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond;
  • Y is hydrogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • Y′ is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, or alkoxy, or Y and Y′ together is oxygen or sulfur, or Y and Y′ together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl;
  • X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, and hydroxyl with the proviso that X is not hydroxyl when Y and Y′ together is oxygen in a compound of formula I wherein R 5 and R 6 together is a carbon-carbon bond, or X is NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcycloalkyl, arylcycloalkenyl, carbocyclyl, and carbocycloalkyl where the carbocycle of the carbocyclyl and the carbocycloalkyl is selected from 7-membered carbocyclic rings containing no
  • E is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, 7-membered, 6-membered, 5-membered, 4-membered or 3-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is a substituted aryl
  • E cannot be a substituted aryl.
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is an aryl substituted with any of halo, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and sulfonamido
  • E cannot be a substituted aryl wherein two substituents are identically selected from hydroxyl and alkoxy.
  • conditions treatable by the inhibition of Ras-mediated biological processes include, for example, tumor cell growth, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, as well as resistance to chemotherapy, other molecularly targeted therapeutics, and radiation; and, particularly, a method of therapeutically or prophylactically treating conditions caused or exacerbated by hyperactive or mutant Ras, including but not limited to cancer, dysplastic, hyperproliferative or precancerous conditions of pancreas, colon, lung, skin, breast, head and neck, liver, nervous and accessory cell types of the central and peripheral nervous system.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the chemical structures of sulindac and certain derivatives thereof reportedly having anticancer activity.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the chemical structures of certain other sulindac derivatives reported to inhibit Ras.
  • FIG. 3 shows chemical structures of selective Ras-inhibitory compounds identified by synthetic lethal screening.
  • FIG. 4 depicts the results of a Ras Binding Domain (RBD) pulldown assay paired with Western blot showing the relative levels of Ras activation in a panel of colorectal cancer cell lines.
  • RBD Ras Binding Domain
  • FIG. 5A reveals a correlation between sensitivity of tumor cells to compound 004 and Ras activation status of the cells as determined by Western blot analysis.
  • FIG. 5B reveals a correlation between sensitivity of tumor cells to compound 006 and Ras activation status of the cells as determined by Western blot analysis.
  • FIG. 5C reveals a correlation between sensitivity of tumor cells to compound 007 and Ras activation status of the cells as determined by Western blot analysis.
  • FIG. 5D reveals a correlation between sensitivity of tumor cells to compound 010 and Ras activation status of the cells as determined by Western blot analysis.
  • FIGS. 6A-6J show Ras-selective tumor cell growth-inhibiting activity of exemplary Ras-inhibitory compounds 006 ( FIG. 6A ), 007 ( FIG. 6B ), 019 ( FIG. 6C ), 029 ( FIG. 6D ), 002 ( FIG. 6E ), 010 ( FIG. 6F ), 011 ( FIG. 6G ), 015 ( FIG. 6H ), 022 ( FIG. 61 ) and 035 ( FIG. 6J ) against human HCT-116 colon tumor cells expressing mutant Ras compared to human HT-29 colon tumor cells expressing wild-type Ras.
  • the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a human or nonhuman mammalian Ras-mediated biological process, which method comprising administering in vivo or in vitro a Ras-inhibitory amount of at least one compound of formula I, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof:
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkoxy and alkylamino, or R and R 0 together is oxygen or sulfur, or R and R 0 together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, and alkylmercapto;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl and alkoxy; or R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond;
  • Y is hydrogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • Y′ is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, or alkoxy, or Y and Y′ together is oxygen or sulfur, or Y and Y′ together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl;
  • X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, and hydroxyl with the proviso that X is not hydroxyl when Y and Y′ together is oxygen in a compound of formula I wherein R 5 and R 6 together is a carbon-carbon bond, or X is NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcycloalkyl, arylcycloalkenyl, carbocyclyl, and carbocycloalkyl where the carbocycle of the carbocyclyl and the carbocycloalkyl is selected from 7-membered carbocyclic rings containing no
  • E is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, 7-membered, 6-membered, 5-membered, 4-membered or 3-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
  • E is a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, nitro, oxo, alkoxy, formyloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, mercapto, and alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, sulfonamido, and alkylenedioxy spanning two substituent positions.
  • substituents
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is a substituted aryl
  • E cannot be a substituted aryl.
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is an aryl substituted with any of halo, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and sulfonamido
  • E cannot be a substituted aryl wherein two substituents are identically selected from hydroxyl and alkoxy.
  • the present invention further provides a method of therapeutically or prophylactically treating a human or nonhuman mammalian patient with a disease or condition treatable by inhibition of one or more Ras-mediated biological process, which method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of at least one ras-inhibitory compound of formula I, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof:
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkoxy and alkylamino, or R and R 0 together is oxygen or sulfur, or R and R 0 together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, and alkylmercapto;
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl and alkoxy; or R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond;
  • Y is hydrogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • Y′ is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, or alkoxy, or Y and Y′ together is oxygen or sulfur, or Y and Y′ together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl;
  • X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, and hydroxyl with the proviso that X is not hydroxyl when Y and Y′ together is oxygen in a compound of formula I wherein R 5 and R 6 together is a carbon-carbon bond, or X is NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcycloalkyl, arylcycloalkenyl, carbocyclyl, and carbocycloalkyl where the carbocycle of the carbocyclyl and the carbocycloalkyl is selected from 7-membered carbocyclic rings containing no
  • E is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, 7-membered, 6-membered, 5-membered, 4-membered or 3-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
  • E is a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, nitro, oxo, alkoxy, formyloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, mercapto, and alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, sulfonamido, and alkylenedioxy spanning two substituent positions.
  • substituents
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is a substituted aryl
  • E cannot be a substituted aryl.
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is an aryl substituted with any of halo, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and sulfonamido
  • E cannot be a substituted aryl wherein two substituents are identically selected from hydroxyl and alkoxy.
  • R′, the 7-membered heterocyclic ring is selected from azepanyl, oxazepanyl, thiazepanyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl, thiepanyl, homopiperazinyl, diazepinyl and thiazepinyl
  • the 6-membered heterocyclic ring is selected from piperidinyl, oxanyl, thianyl, pyridinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dioxanyl, dithianyl, diazinyl, oxazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, dithiinyl, trioxanyl, trithianyl, triazinyl and tetrazinyl
  • the 5-membered heterocyclic ring is selected from pyrrolidinyl, te
  • E is selected from cycloheptanyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, cyclohexanyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, phenyl, cyclopentanyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclopropanyl, cyclobutanyl, azepanyl, oxazepanyl, thiazepanyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl, thiepanyl, homopiperazinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, piperidinyl, oxanyl, thianyl, pyridinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dioxanyl, dithianyl
  • E is:
  • R 12 , R 14 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 and R 19 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, mercapto, and alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and sulfonamido.
  • E is a substituted aryl or heteroaryl having at least one alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl substituent on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, or having at least one alkylmercapto on the aryl ring, or having a p-halo on the aryl ring when R′ is dialkylaminoalkyl; or,
  • R 5 and R 6 together is a carbon-carbon bond
  • R′′ is hydrogen and R′ is a substituted arylalkyl
  • E is a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, triazinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl and pyrrolyl; or
  • n 1 or 2
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • Y and Y′ are hydrogens or Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • E is a substituted phenyl
  • X is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkylmercapto or NR′R′′ wherein R′ is hydrogen, hydroxyl or alkyl, and R′′ is hydrogen, alkyl or haloalkyl; or
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl or R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • E is a substituted aryl or heteroaryl
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′ is hydrogen or hydroxyl and R′′ is COR 11 wherein R 11 is alkyl, alkoxy or amino; or
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy, or R 5 and R 6 form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is hydrogen, alkoxy or alkyl
  • E is phenyl substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups or at least two alkoxy groups
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is substituted alkoxy or NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, arylalkyl, phenyl, indanyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocycloalkyl, where the heterocycle of the heterocyclyl and the heterocycloalkyl is selected from pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and N-morpholino, and where
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkoxy and alkylamino, or R and R 0 together is oxygen or sulfur, or R and R 0 together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;
  • Y is hydrogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • Y′ is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, or alkoxy, or Y and Y′ together is oxygen or sulfur, or Y and Y′ together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, and alkylmercapto;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl and alkoxy;
  • R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, formyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and sulfonamido, or any two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 form an alkylenedioxy group;
  • X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy; alkylmercapto, and hydroxyl with the proviso that X is not hydroxyl when Y and Y′ together is oxygen, or X is NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcycloalkyl, arylcycloalkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, and carbocycloalkyl where the carbocycle of the carbocyclyl and the carbocycloalkyl is selected from 7-membered carbocyclic rings containing no double bond, or one, two or three double bonds, 6-membered carbocyclic rings
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is a substituted aryl
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is an aryl substituted with any of halo, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and sulfonamido
  • no two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 can be identically selected from hydroxyl and alkoxy.
  • the at least one compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (II):
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkoxy and alkylamino, or R and R 0 together is sulfur, or R and R 0 together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;
  • Y is hydrogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • Y′ is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, or alkoxy, or Y and Y′ together is oxygen or sulfur, or Y and Y′ together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, and alkylmercapto;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl and alkoxy;
  • R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, formyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and sulfonamido, or any two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 form an alkylenedioxy group;
  • X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, and hydroxyl with the proviso that X is not hydroxyl when Y and Y′ together is oxygen, or X is NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcycloalkyl, arylcycloalkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, and carbocycloalkyl where the carbocycle of the carbocyclyl and the carbocycloalkyl is selected from 7-membered carbocyclic rings containing no double bond, or one, two or three double bonds, 6-membered carbocyclic rings
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is a substituted aryl
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is an aryl substituted with any of halo, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and sulfonamido
  • no two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 can be identically selected from hydroxyl and alkoxy.
  • the at least one compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (II):
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkoxy and alkylamino, or R and R 0 together is oxygen or sulfur, or R and R 0 together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;
  • Y is hydrogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • Y′ is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, or alkoxy, or Y and Y′ together is sulfur, or Y and Y′ together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, and alkylmercapto;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl and alkoxy;
  • R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, formyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and sulfonamido, or any two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 form an alkylenedioxy group;
  • X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, and hydroxyl with the proviso that X is not hydroxyl when Y and Y′ together is oxygen, or X is NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcycloalkyl, arylcycloalkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, and carbocycloalkyl where the carbocycle of the carbocyclyl and the carbocycloalkyl is selected from 7-membered carbocyclic rings containing no double bond, or one, two or three double bonds, 6-membered carbocyclic rings
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is a substituted aryl
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is an aryl substituted with any of halo, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and sulfonamido
  • no two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 can be identically selected from hydroxyl and alkoxy.
  • the at least one compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (II):
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkoxy and alkylamino, or R and R 0 together is oxygen or sulfur, or R and R 0 together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;
  • Y is hydrogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • Y′ is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, or alkoxy, or Y and Y′ together is oxygen or sulfur, or Y and Y′ together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, and alkylmercapto;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from trifluoromethyl and alkoxy
  • R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, formyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and sulfonamido, or any two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 form an alkylenedioxy group;
  • X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, and hydroxyl with the proviso that X is not hydroxyl when Y and Y′ together is oxygen, or X is NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylcycloalkyl, arylcycloalkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, and carbocycloalkyl where the carbocycle of the carbocyclyl and the carbocycloalkyl is selected from 7-membered carbocyclic rings containing no double bond, or one, two or three double bonds, 6-membered carbocyclic rings
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is a substituted aryl
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is an aryl substituted with any of halo, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and sulfonamido
  • no two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 can be identically selected from hydroxyl and alkoxy.
  • the at least one compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (II):
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkoxy and alkylamino, or R and R 0 together is oxygen or sulfur, or R and R 0 together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;
  • Y is hydrogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • Y′ is hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, or alkoxy, or Y and Y′ together is oxygen or sulfur, or Y and Y′ together is a single-bonded or a double-bonded nitrogen bonded to one or more of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, and trifluoromethyl;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, and alkylmercapto;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl and alkoxy;
  • R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, formyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and sulfonamido, or any two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 form an alkylenedioxy group;
  • X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, and hydroxyl with the proviso that X cannot be hydroxyl when Y and Y′ together is oxygen, or X is NR′R′′, where R′ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, benzyl, phenylalkyl, indanyl, aryl, phenyl, carbocyclyl, and carbocycloalkyl where the carbocycle of the carbocyclyl and the carbocycloalkyl is selected from 7-membered carbocyclic rings containing no double bond, or one, two or three double bonds, 6-membered carbocyclic rings containing no double bond, or one or two double bonds, 5-membered
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is a substituted aryl
  • R and R 0 are hydrogen
  • n is 1, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogens and one is halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens and two are alkoxy
  • R 5 and R 6 together form a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 7 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • Y and Y′ together is oxygen
  • X is NR′R′′ wherein R′′ is hydrogen
  • R′ is an aryl substituted with any of halo, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and sulfonamido
  • no two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 can be identically selected from hydroxyl and alkoxy.
  • X is NR′R′′ where R′ is selected from alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylalkyl selected from the group consisting of benzyl, phenylalkyl, indanyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocycloalkyl, where the heterocycle is selected from furanyl, pyrrolyl, thiophenyl, and imidazolyl, and the cyclic structure of heterocyclyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more of halo, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylmercapto, and carboxamido; R′′ is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylamin
  • X is NR′R′′ where R′ is selected from alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylalkyl, benzyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocycloalkyl where the heterocycle is selected from furanyl, pyrrolyl, and thiophenyl, and the cyclic structure of heterocyclyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more of halo, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, and dialkylamino; R′′ is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl or dialkylaminoalkyl, or R′ and R′′ together form a 5, 6, or 7-member heterocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, that contains at least one nitrogen and optionally oxygen.
  • X is NR′R′′ where R′ is selected from dialkylaminoalkyl, arylalkyl, benzyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocycloalkyl where the heterocycle is selected from furanyl and pyrrolyl, and the cyclic structure may optionally be substituted with one or more of halo, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylamino and dialkylamino; and R′′ is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl or dialkylaminoalkyl.
  • X is NR′R′′ where R′ is benzyl, or a heterocyclyl or heterocycloalkyl selected from 2-furfuryl, 2-pyrrolylmethyl, and (1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methyl; and R′′ is hydrogen.
  • X is NR′R′′ where R′ is heterocyclyl or heterocycloalkyl selected 2-furfuryl, (1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methyl, and (1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methyl; and R′′ is hydrogen.
  • R and R 0 are independently selected from hydrogen and hydroxyl
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from halogen, alkoxy, alkyl and trifluoromethyl
  • n is 1
  • R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, formyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, and sulfonamido, or any
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from halogen, alkoxy, alkyl and trifluoromethyl; three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, formyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylmercapto, azido, and substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, carbamate, carbamido, and sulfonamido, and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 is independently selected from hydroxy
  • R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylamino, mercapto, and alkylmercapto, and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 is independently selected from hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, aldehydo, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, mercapto, and alkylmercapto; and R 8 is methyl.
  • R 2 is selected from halogen, alkoxy and alkylmercapto
  • R 1 and R 3 are hydrogen
  • three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylamino, and alkylmercapto
  • one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 is independently selected from hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, mercapto, and alkylmercapto.
  • R 2 is selected from halogen and alkoxy, and R 1 and R 3 are hydrogen, more particularly R 2 is selected from fluoro and methoxy.
  • the compound employed therein is selected from:
  • the disease or condition treatable by the inhibition of one or more Ras-mediated biological process is cancer, neurofibromatosis, or Costello syndrome, particularly cancer.
  • the Ras-mediated biological process is selected from growth, proliferation, survival, metastasis, drug resistance and radiation resistance of a tumor cell.
  • cancers include pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, endocrine cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, sarcoma cancer, gastric cancer, hepatic cancer, esophageal cancer, central nervous system cancer, brain cancer, hepatic cancer, germline cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia, particularly pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer.
  • the cancer is drug-resistant or radiation-resistant.
  • the invention further provides a method wherein the patient is pre-selected by utilizing an assay of the patient's tissue, blood or tumor for an abnormal, mutant or hyperactive ras gene or Ras protein, or an aberrant Ras-mediated biological process.
  • the patient's tissue, blood or tumor contains an abnormal, mutant or hyperactive ras gene or Ras protein, or aberrant Ras-mediated biological process.
  • a Ras-inhibitory compound can be identified from one or more compounds of formulas I—II by an assay of Ras inhibition.
  • an assay of Ras inhibition Some representative assays of selective Ras inhibition are illustrated in the examples that follow herein.
  • selective “Ras inhibition” means selective, preferential or specific inhibition of aberrant Ras-mediated cellular processes, such as, for example, accelerated or aberrant cell growth, proliferation, survival, and invasiveness, relative to these processes in cells or tissues with normal or non-aberrant Ras and Ras-mediated processes.
  • selective Ras inhibition can be shown, for example, by determining the ratio (numerator/denominator) of a given compound's potency (e.g., IC 50 ) to inhibit the growth of cells with “normal” or “wild-type” Ras (numerator) relative to that of cells with mutated and/or activated Ras (denominator).
  • the terminology used herein for such an experimentally determined ratio is “selectivity” or “selectivity index”, which may be further denoted by showing the respective cell types used to determine the numerical ratio (e.g., HT-29/A549; Caco-2/SW-480; HT-29/SW-480; HT-29/CCT-116).
  • a “selectivity” value or “selectivity index” of greater than 1 (one), preferably greater than 10 (ten), more preferably greater than 100 (one hundred) and even more preferably greater than 1000 (one thousand) indicates said compound selectively inhibits hyperactive Ras and/or Ras-mediated cellular functions, such as those which may drive or accelerate cancer cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, resistance to drugs or radiation, and the like.
  • compounds with selectivity index less than or equal to one ( ⁇ 1) are, by definition herein, “non-selective” with respect to Ras.
  • the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as described above, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may further include at least one additional therapeutic agent other than a compound of formula I-II.
  • the aforementioned assay of Ras inhibition employs one or more isogenic cell line pair(s), wherein both of the lines share the same genetic background except that one of the lines (“mutant line”) contains one or more mutated or hyperactive ras gene(s), Ras protein(s) and/or aberrant Ras-mediated biological process(es), and the other line (“normal line”) lacks such mutation(s) or aberrant function(s).
  • mutant line contains one or more mutated or hyperactive ras gene(s), Ras protein(s) and/or aberrant Ras-mediated biological process(es)
  • normal line lacks such mutation(s) or aberrant function(s).
  • the aforementioned assay employing isogenic cell line(s) enables the determination and calculation of a Ras-Inhibitory Specificity Index (RISI).
  • RISI Ras-Inhibitory Specificity Index
  • One experimental approach to determination of such a RISI may, for example, comprise determining the ratio of the producing a specified effect on the normal line, such as, for example, 50% growth inhibition in a specified period of time, divided by the concentration of the same compound producing the same specified effect (e.g., 50% growth inhibition in the same specified period of time) on the mutant line.
  • the 50% growth inhibition values may be obtained by testing the compound against both normal and mutant cell lines at multiple concentrations over a specified concentration range, for example 10 nM-10,000 nM
  • an alternate, more streamlined approach to determining a RISI value could comprise measuring the ratio of percentage growth inhibition in a given period of time by a specified single concentration of the compound, for example 250 nM, selected from within a range of concentrations, for example from within a range of 10 nM-10,000 nM, against the mutant (numerator) relative to the normal cell line (denominator).
  • This approach may be generally more applicable to larger-scale or preliminary screening of groups of individual compounds or mixtures thereof to obtain a preliminary or screening RISI, whereas a RISI determined using concentration ranges to determine 50% growth inhibition values may be more precise.
  • a RISI value obtained for a given compound by either approach may be less than, equal to or greater than 1 (one), and a RISI value of greater than 1 (one) indicates said compound selectively inhibits Ras or Ras-mediated cellular functions.
  • the employed assay of Ras inhibition enables identification of a compound from one or more compounds of formula I or II having a RISI of greater than 1, preferably greater than 10, more preferably greater than 100, and even more preferably greater than 1000.
  • the present invention yet further provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Ras-inhibitory activity from one or more Ras-inhibitory compound(s) of formula I or II, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) or prodrug(s) thereof, alone or in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutically effective amount can be that amount provided by a Ras-inhibiting and/or a disease-process inhibiting effective amount, such as an anticancer effective amount, of a compound of formula I or II.
  • the present invention provides a method of therapeutically or prophylactically treating a condition treatable by the inhibition of Ras-mediated biological processes including, for example, tumor cell growth, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, as well as resistance to chemotherapy, other molecularly targeted therapeutics, and radiation; and, a method of therapeutically or prophylactically treating cancers harboring hyperactive or mutant Ras.
  • These methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of Ras-inhibiting activity from at least one Ras-inhibitory compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, of formula I or II.
  • the disease or condition treatable by the inhibition of one or more Ras-mediated biological process is cancer, neurofibromatosis, or Costello syndrome.
  • the Ras-mediated biological process is selected from growth, proliferation, survival, metastasis, drug resistance and radiation resistance of a tumor cell.
  • the cancer is selected from pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, endocrine cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, sarcoma cancer, gastric cancer, hepatic cancer, esophageal cancer, central nervous system cancer, brain cancer, hepatic cancer, germline cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia, particularly pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer.
  • the cancer is drug-resistant or radiation-resistant.
  • the patient is pre-selected by utilizing an assay of the patient's tissue, blood or tumor for an abnormal, mutant or hyperactive ras gene or Ras protein, or an aberrant Ras-mediated biological process.
  • the patient's tissue, blood or tumor contains an abnormal, mutant or hyperactive ras gene or Ras protein, or aberrant Ras-mediated biological process.
  • the compounds in the present invention also can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, which may include, for example, the salt of one or more acidic substituents (e.g. a carboxylic salt, a sulfonic acid salt, and the like) and the salt of one or more basic substituents (e.g. the salt of an amine, and the like).
  • Suitable salts of acidic substituents include, for example, metal salts (e.g. sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, zinc salts, and the like) and ammonium salts (e.g., NH 4 + salts, alkylammonium salts, quaternary ammonium salts, and the like).
  • Suitable salts of basic substituents include, for example, acid addition salts (e.g., hydrochloride salts, hydrobromide salts, carboxylate salts (e.g., acetate salts), sulfate salts, sulfonate salts (e.g., mesylate salts), phosphate salts, quaternary ammonium salts, and the like.
  • acid addition salts e.g., hydrochloride salts, hydrobromide salts, carboxylate salts (e.g., acetate salts), sulfate salts, sulfonate salts (e.g., mesylate salts), phosphate salts, quaternary ammonium salts, and the like.
  • prodrug is a drug derivative or drug precursor compound that typically is inactive or less than fully active until it is converted in the body through a normal metabolic process such as, for example, hydrolysis of an ester or amide form of the drug, to the active drug.
  • a prodrug may be selected and used instead of the parent drug because, for example, in its prodrug form it is less toxic, and/or may have better absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) characteristics, and the like, than the parent drug.
  • a prodrug might also be used to improve how selectively the drug interacts with cells or processes that are not its intended target. This approach may be employed particularly, for example, to prevent or decrease adverse effects, especially in cancer treatments, which may be especially prone to having severe unintended and undesirable side effects.
  • prodrug denotes a derivative of a compound, which derivative, when administered to warm-blooded animals, e.g. humans, is converted into the compound (drug).
  • a carboxylic acid group can be esterified, e.g., with a methyl group or ethyl group to yield an ester.
  • an ester is administered to a subject, the ester is cleaved, enzymatically or non-enzymatically, reductively, oxidatively, or hydrolytically, to reveal the anionic group.
  • An anionic group can be esterified with moieties (e.g., acyloxymethyl esters) which are cleaved to reveal an intermediate compound which subsequently decomposes to yield the active compound.
  • the prodrugs can be prepared in situ during the isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound with a suitable derivatizing agent.
  • hydroxy groups can be converted into esters via treatment with a carboxylic acid in the presence of a catalyst.
  • cleavable alcohol prodrug moieties include substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl ester moieties, e.g., ethyl esters, alkenyl esters, di-alkylamino alkyl esters, e.g., dimethylaminoethyl ester, acylamino alkyl esters, acyloxy alkyl esters (e.g., pivaloyloxymethyl ester), aryl esters, e.g., phenyl ester, aryl-alkyl esters, e.g., benzyl ester, optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl, halo, or methoxy substituents aryl and aryl-alkyl esters, amides, alkyl amides, di-alkyl amides, and hydroxy amides.
  • alkyl ester moieties e.g., e
  • a compound of the present invention can be in the form of a prodrug, and that such prodrugs can be prepared using reagents and synthetic transformations that are well-known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • the effectiveness of a particular prodrug can be determined using one or more analytical methods (e.g. pharmacokinetics, bioassays, in vivo efficacy studies, and the like) that are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a prodrug of a compound of formula I or II may be prepared using routine chemical procedures, such as the exemplary procedures described herein.
  • any of the E groups can be substituted on the ring with a group of the formula Q-U—, for example,
  • U is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, OCH 2 , SCH 2 and NHCH 2 ; and Q is selected from the group consisting of PEG-CO, HCO, acetyl, amino acid, substituted benzoic acid and phosphoric acid.
  • Suitable prodrugs may include, but not be limited to, those illustrated below for a compound of formula IV, specifically as exemplary prodrug derivatives of compound 015:
  • U is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, OCH 2 , SCH 2 and NHCH 2 ; and Q is selected from the group consisting of PEG-CO, HCO, acetyl, amino acid, substituted benzoic acid and phosphoric acid.
  • alkyl part of any of the substituents described herein, e.g., but not limited to, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylmercapto, hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, arylalkyl, arylcycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkylenyl, arylcycloalkyl, dialkylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, dialkylaminoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkylcarbonyloxy, dialkylalkylaminoalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, alkylenedioxy, carbocycloalkyl, and phenylalkyl, means a straight-chain or
  • alkyls examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-buityl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isoamyl, hexyl, octyl, dodecanyl, octadecyl, and the like.
  • Alkyl substituents can be unsubstituted or substituted, for example with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of a halogen, a nitro, an amino, a hydroxyl, a thio, an acyl, a mercapto, and a cyano.
  • alkenyl means a straight-chain or branched-chain alkenyl having one or more double bonds. Unless otherwise specified, the alkenyl can contain from 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, for example from 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, or preferably from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyls include vinyl, allyl, 1,4-butadienyl, and isopropenyl substituents, and the like.
  • alkynyl means a straight-chain or branched-chain alkynyl having one or more triple bonds. Unless otherwise specified, alkynyls can contain from 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, for example, from 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, or preferably, from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkynyls include ethynyl, propynyl (propargyl), butynyl, and the like.
  • Alkenyl, alkynyl substituents can be unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of a halogen, a nitro, an amino, a hydroxyl, a thio, an acyl, an alkyl, and a cyano.
  • aryl means an aromatic carbocyclic radical, as commonly understood in the art, and includes monocyclic and polycyclic aromatics such as, for example, phenyl and naphthyl rings.
  • the aryl comprises one or more six-membered rings including, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, and the like.
  • the aryl comprises six or more carbon atoms in the ring skeleton thereof (e.g., from 6 to about 10 carbon atoms making up the ring).
  • “aryl” by itself refers to unsubstituted aryl groups and does not cover substituted aryl groups.
  • Substituted aryl can be an aryl substituted, for example, with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of a halogen, a nitro, an amino, a hydroxyl, a thio, an acyl, and alkyl, and a cyano. It is to be noted that arylalkyl, benzyl, or heteroaryl groups are not considered “aryl” in accordance with the present invention.
  • heteroaryl refers to a cyclic aromatic radical having from five to ten ring atoms of which at least one atom is O, S, or N, and the remaining atoms are carbon.
  • heteroaryl radicals include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, and isoquinolinyl.
  • a range of the number of atoms in a structure is indicated (e.g., a C 1-12 , C 1-8 , C 1-6 , or C 1-4 alkyl, alkylamino, etc.), it is specifically contemplated that any sub-range or individual number of carbon atoms falling within the indicated range also can be used.
  • any chemical group e.g., alkyl, alkylamino, etc.
  • any chemical group e.g., alkyl, alkylamino, etc.
  • any sub-range thereof e.g., 1-2 carbon atoms, 1-3 carbon atoms, 1-4 carbon atoms, 1-5 carbon atoms, 1-6 carbon atoms, 1-7 carbon atoms, 1-8 carbon atoms, 1-9 carbon atoms, 1-10 carbon atoms, 1-11 carbon
  • One or more hydroxyl groups can be converted to the oxo derivative by direct oxidation, which can be accomplished using any known method such as, for example, a Swern oxidation, or by reaction with a metal oxidant, such as a chromium oxide (e.g., chromium trioxide), a manganese oxide (e.g., manganese dioxide or permanganate) or the like.
  • a metal oxidant such as a chromium oxide (e.g., chromium trioxide), a manganese oxide (e.g., manganese dioxide or permanganate) or the like.
  • Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, for example, via Swern oxidation, or they can be oxidized to carboxylic acids (e.g., —CO 2 H), for example by reaction with a metal oxidant.
  • the thiols e.g., —SR, —SH, and the like
  • One or more hydroxyl groups can be converted to an ester (e.g., —CO 2 R), for example, by reaction with an appropriate esterifying agent such as for example, an anhydride (e.g., (R(CO)) 2 O) or an acid chloride (e.g., R(CO)Cl), or the like.
  • an appropriate esterifying agent such as for example, an anhydride (e.g., (R(CO)) 2 O) or an acid chloride (e.g., R(CO)Cl), or the like.
  • One or more hydroxyl groups can be converted to a sulfonate (e.g., —SO 2 R) by reaction with an appropriate sulfonating agent such as, for example, a sulfonyl chloride (e.g., RSO 2 Cl), or the like, wherein R is any suitable substituent including, for example, organic substituents described herein.
  • Ester derivatives also can be obtained, for example, by reacting one or more carboxylic acid substituents (e.g., —CO 2 H) with an alkylating agent such as, for example, a diazoalkane (e.g., diazomethane) an alkyl or aryl iodide, or the like.
  • an alkylating agent such as, for example, a diazoalkane (e.g., diazomethane) an alkyl or aryl iodide, or the like.
  • One or more amides can be obtained by reaction of one or more carboxylic acids with an amine under appropriate amide-forming conditions which include, for example, activation of a carboxylic acid (e.g., by conversion to an acid chloride or by reaction with a carbodiimide reagent) followed by coupling of the activated species with a suitable amine.
  • One or more hydroxyl groups can be converted to a halogen using a halogenating agent such as, for example, an N-halosuccinamide such as N-iodosuccinamide, N-bromosuccinamide, N-chlorosuccinamide, or the like, in the presence of a suitable activating agent (e.g., a phosphine, or the like).
  • a suitable activating agent e.g., a phosphine, or the like.
  • One or more hydroxyl groups also can be converted to ether by reacting one or more hydroxyls, for example, with an alkylating agent in the presence of a suitable base.
  • Suitable alkylating agents can include, for example, an alkyl or aryl sulfonate, an alkyl or aryl halide, or the like.
  • One or more suitably activated hydroxyls for example a sulfonate ester, and/or one or more suitably activated halides, can be converted to the corresponding cyano, halo, or amino derivative by displacement with a nucleophile which can include, for example, a thiol, a cyano, a halide ion, or an amine (e.g., H 2 NR, wherein R is a desired substituent), or the like.
  • a nucleophile which can include, for example, a thiol, a cyano, a halide ion, or an amine (e.g., H 2 NR, wherein R is a desired substituent), or the like.
  • Amines can be obtained by a variety of methods known in the art, for example, by hydrolysis of one or more amide groups. Amines also can be obtained by reacting one or more suitable oxo groups (e.g., an aldehyde or ketone) with one or more suitable amines under the appropriate conditions, for example, reductive amination conditions, or the like. One or more amines, in turn, can be converted to a number of other useful derivatives such as, for example, amides, sulfonamides, and the like.
  • suitable oxo groups e.g., an aldehyde or ketone
  • suitable amines e.g., an aldehyde or ketone
  • One or more amines in turn, can be converted to a number of other useful derivatives such as, for example, amides, sulfonamides, and the like.
  • Certain chemical modifications of a compound of formula I or II can be introduced as desired to obtain useful new variants with new or modified biological properties such as: new or improved potency and/or selectivity for inhibiting Ras-mediated biological processes, improved efficacy against a disease process such as, but not limited to, tumor cell growth, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, as well as resistance to chemotherapy, other molecularly targeted therapeutics, and radiation, as well as enhanced oral bioavailability, less toxicity in a particular host mammal, more advantageous pharmacokinetics and/or tissue distribution in a given host mammal, and the like.
  • the present invention employs methods for obtaining useful new compounds of formula I and II by applying one or more well-known chemical reactions to a given compound to obtain a derivative wherein, for example, one or more phenolic hydroxyl group(s) may instead be replaced by an ester, sulfonate ester or ether group; one or more methyl ether group(s) may instead be replaced by a phenolic hydroxyl group; one or more phenolic hydroxyl group(s) may instead be replaced by an aromatic hydrocarbon substituent; a secondary amine site may instead be replaced by an amide, sulfonamide, tertiary amine, or alkyl quaternary ammonium salt; a tertiary amine site may instead be replaced by a secondary amine; and one or more aromatic hydrogen substituent(s) may instead be replaced by a halogen, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, thiol or cyano substituent.
  • a compound of formula I or II can be substituted at one, some, or all of the respective available positions.
  • an acetate substituent can be introduced a one, some, or all of the available positions, which may include, for example ether or amino positions.
  • esters or sulfonate esters may include, but are not limited to: (1) conversion to ester, sulfonate ester, and ether substituents at one or more phenolic hydroxyl positions in compounds of formula I and II; for instance, for preparation of esters or sulfonate esters a given compound can be reacted with an acid halide (e.g., RCOX or RSO 2 X, where X is Cl, Br or I, and R is a C 1 -C 6 aliphatic or aromatic radical) in anhydrous pyridine or triethylamine; alternatively, the given compound may be reacted with an acid (RCO 2 H or RSO 3 H) wherein R is an aliphatic or aromatic radical and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in triethylamine to prepare the ester or sulfonate ester; for preparation of ethers, the given compound is reacted with an organic halide (e.g., RX or R
  • certain compounds of formula I or II can have one or more asymmetric carbon(s) and thus such compounds are capable of existing as enantiomers or diastereomers.
  • the present invention includes such enantiomers or diastereomers, including any racemates thereof.
  • the separate enantiomers or diastereomers can be synthesized from appropriate chiral starting materials, or the racemates can be resolved by conventional procedures, which are well-known to those skilled in the art, such as chiral chromatography, fractional crystallization of diastereomers or diastereomeric salts, and the like.
  • Certain compounds can exist as geometrical isomers, such as, for example, compounds with double-bonded substituents with geometrical isomers Z and E, and the present invention includes all such isomers, including certain isomers, for example the Z isomers, which are preferred. Also, certain compounds may contain substituents wherein there is restricted rotation and/or other geometric isomers are possible. For example, certain oxime substituents may exist in syn or anti configurations. The present invention includes all such configurations, including all possible hindered-rotational isomers, and other geometric isomers.
  • One or more compound(s) of formula I or II or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) or prodrugs(s) thereof can be included in a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present invention further provides a composition that includes an effective amount of at least one compound of formula I or II, which may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) or prodrug(s) thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the composition of the present invention preferably includes a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of at least one Ras-inhibitory compound of formula I or II.
  • the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount can include an amount that produces a therapeutic or prophylactic response in a patient to whom a compound or composition of the present invention is administered.
  • a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount can include, for example, a Ras-inhibitory and/or an anticancer effective amount.
  • the composition of the present invention can further include a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of at least one additional compound other than a compound of formula I or II, which may or may not be another Ras-inhibitory compound, and may be an anticancer compound.
  • the additional compound is a Ras-inhibitory compound other than a compound of formula I or II, it is preferably present in the composition in a Ras-inhibiting amount.
  • the additional compound is an anticancer compound in general, it is preferably present in the composition in an anticancer effective amount.
  • composition of the present invention can be produced by combining one or more compound(s) of formula I or II with an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and can be formulated into a suitable preparation, which may include, for example, preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous forms such as tablets, capsules, powers, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, and aerosols, and other formulations known in the art for their respective routes of administration.
  • a compound of formula I or II can be used alone or in appropriate association, as well as in combination, with other pharmacologically active compounds, including other compounds, e.g., other Ras-inhibitory compounds, as described herein.
  • any suitable pharmacologically or physiologically acceptable carrier can be utilized.
  • the following methods and carriers are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting.
  • a compound of formula I or II can be administered alone or in combination with a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of at least one other compound.
  • the active ingredient(s) can be combined, if desired, with appropriate additives to make tablets, powders, granules, capsules or the like.
  • Suitable additives can include, for example, lactose, mannitol, corn starch or potato starch. Suitable additives also can include binders, for example crystalline cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acacia, or gelatins; disintegrants, for example, corn starch, potato starch or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate. If desired, other additives such as, for example, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, and/or flavoring agents, and the like, can be included in the composition.
  • binders for example crystalline cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acacia, or gelatins
  • disintegrants for example, corn starch, potato starch or sodium carboxymethylcellulose
  • lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate.
  • other additives such as, for example, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, and/or flavoring agents
  • the Ras-inhibitory compounds used in accordance with the present invention can be formulated into a preparation for injection or infusion by dissolution, suspension, or emulsification in an aqueous or non-aqueous solvent, such as vegetable oil, synthetic aliphatic acid glycerides, esters of higher aliphatic acid or propylene glycol (if desired, with conventional additives such as solubilizers isotonic agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, stabilizers, and preservatives).
  • an aqueous or non-aqueous solvent such as vegetable oil, synthetic aliphatic acid glycerides, esters of higher aliphatic acid or propylene glycol (if desired, with conventional additives such as solubilizers isotonic agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, stabilizers, and preservatives).
  • the compounds of formulas I and II also can be made into an aerosol formulation to be administered by inhalation.
  • aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like.
  • the compounds can be formulated into suppositories by admixture with a variety of bases such as emulsifying bases or water-soluble bases.
  • bases such as emulsifying bases or water-soluble bases.
  • the suppository formulations can be administered rectally, and can include vehicles such as cocoa butter, carbowaxes, and polyethylene glycols, which melt at body temperature but are solid at room temperature.
  • Unit dosage forms for oral or rectal administration such as syrups, elixirs, and suspensions can be provided wherein each dosage unit, e.g., teaspoonful, tablet, or suppository contains a predetermined amount of the composition containing the compound of formula I or II.
  • unit dosage forms for injection or intravenous administration can comprise a composition as a solution in sterile water, normal saline, or other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • unit dosage form refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human and animal subjects, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of at least one compound(s) of formula I or II (alone, or if desired, with another therapeutic or prophylactic agent).
  • the unit dosage can be determined by methods known to those of skill in the art, for example, by calculating the amount of active ingredient sufficient to produce the desired effect in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the specifications for the unit dosage forms that can be used in accordance with the present invention depend on the particular effect to be achieved and the particular pharmacodynamics associated with the compound(s) in the individual host.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for example, vehicles, adjuvants, excipients, or diluents, are accessible to those of skill in the art and are typically available commercially. One skilled in the art can easily determine the appropriate method of administration for the exact formulation of the composition being used. Any necessary adjustments in dose can readily be made by an ordinarily skilled practitioner to address the nature or severity of the condition being treated. Adjustments in dose also can be made on the basis of other factors such as, for example, the individual patient's overall physical health, sex age, prior medical history, and the like.
  • the compounds of formulas I and II can be utilized in a variety of therapeutic and prophylactic (disease preventing) applications, and also in certain non-therapeutic or non-prophylactic applications. It will be appreciated that one or more of these compounds can be used, for example, as a control in diagnostic kits, bioassays, or the like.
  • the method of the present invention is applied therapeutically or prophylactically, for example, toward treatment or prevention of cancer or toward treatment or prevention of a condition (e.g. an abnormal condition or disease) treatable by the inhibition of Ras-mediated biological process(es).
  • the compounds of formulas I and II can be administered alone, or in combination with a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of at least one additional compound other than a compound of formula I or II.
  • the present invention further provides a method of therapeutically or prophylactically treating a condition treatable by the inhibition of one or more Ras-mediated biological processes, which method includes administering to a patient a Ras-inhibiting amount of at least one Ras-inhibitory compound of formula I or II. More particularly, the present invention provides a method of therapeutically or prophylactically treating a condition treatable by the inhibition of one or more Ras-mediated biological processes, which includes administering a Ras-inhibiting effective amount of at least one compound of formula I or II.
  • the compounds of formulas I and II and their compositions can be used medically to regulate biological phenomena, including but not limited to such Ras-modulated processes as tumor cell growth, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, as well as resistance to chemotherapy, other molecularly targeted therapeutics, and radiation.
  • the compounds of formula I and II are therefore useful in the treatment of diseases and conditions that can be controlled by the inhibition of Ras-mediated cellular functions.
  • diseases include, for example, diseases wherein hyperactive Ras (e.g., including mutant Ras) is implicated; such diseases prominently include cancer, among others.
  • Compounds of formula I or II can be expected to have efficacious actions in patients with cancer, especially in patients whose cancers have underlying hyperactive, over-expressed or mutant Ras-mediated pathological processes that are inhibited by a compound(s) of formula I or II.
  • Other aberrant Ras-mediated diseases or conditions that are expected to be treatable or preventable by administration of Ras-inhibiting amounts of compound(s) of formula I or II include for example, neurofibromatosis and Costello syndrome.
  • compound(s) of formula I or II may promote broader sensitivity of cancer to other drugs and/or radiation therapy by inhibiting the ability of cancer cells to develop or express resistance to such drugs and/or radiation therapy making possible the effective chemotherapeutic and/or radiotherapeutic treatment of cancer.
  • a Ras-inhibiting effective amount is used.
  • the Ras-inhibiting amount is effective to inhibit one or more conditions selected from the group consisting of tumor cell growth, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, as well as resistance to chemotherapy, other molecularly targeted therapeutics, and radiation.
  • the method of the present invention further includes administering a Ras-inhibiting effective amount of at least one additional compound other than a compound of formula I or II.
  • the method of the present invention can be made more effective by administering one or more other Ras-inhibitory compound(s), along with a compound of formula I or II.
  • One or more Ras-inhibitory compound(s) of formula I, II or III also can be co-administered in combination with an anticancer agent other than a compound of formula I or II, for example, to cause anticancer chemotherapy-resistant and/or radiation-resistant tumor cells to become chemotherapy-sensitive and/or radiation-sensitive and/or to inhibit de novo the development of cancer cell resistance to the anticancer agent and/or to cancer cell resistance to radiation treatment.
  • the patient is pre-selected by utilizing an assay of said patient's tissue, blood or tumor for an abnormal, mutant or hyperactive ras gene or Ras protein, or an aberrant Ras-mediated biological process.
  • one or more compounds of formula I or II can be administered by any suitable route including, for example, oral or parenteral, including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, ophthalmic, intramuscular, buccal, rectal, vaginal, intraorbital, intracerebral, intracranial, intraspinal, intraventricular, intrathecal, intracisternal, intracapsular, intrapulmonary, intranasal, transmucosal, transdermal, or via inhalation.
  • oral or parenteral including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, ophthalmic, intramuscular, buccal, rectal, vaginal, intraorbital, intracerebral, intracranial, intraspinal, intraventricular, intrathecal, intracisternal, intracapsular, intrapulmonary, intranasal, transmucosal, transdermal, or via inhalation.
  • one or more compound(s) of formula I or II can be administered as a solution that is suitable for intravenous injection or infusion, or can be administered as a tablet, a capsule, or the like, in any other suitable composition or formulation as described herein. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. The formulations may also be applied topically.
  • the Ras-“inhibiting-effective amount” as utilized in accordance with an embodiment of the composition and method of the present invention includes the dose necessary to achieve a Ras-“inhibiting effective level” of the active compound in an individual patient.
  • the Ras-inhibiting-effective amount can be defined, for example, as that amount required to be administered to an individual patient to achieve in said patient a Ras-inhibiting-effective blood or tissue level, and/or intracellular target-inhibiting level of a compound of formula I or II to cause the desired medical treatment.
  • the dose of the pharmaceutically active agent(s) described herein for methods of preventing or treating a disease or disorder can be, in embodiments, about 0.001 to about 1 mg/kg body weight of the subject being treated per day, for example, about 0.001 mg, 0.002 mg, 0.005 mg, 0.010 mg, 0.015 mg, 0.020 mg, 0.025 mg, 0.050 mg, 0.075 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.15 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, or 1 mg/kg body weight per day.
  • the dose of the pharmaceutically active agent(s) described herein can be about 1 to about 1000 mg/kg body weight of the subject being treated per day, for example, about 1 mg, 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 0.020 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg, or 1000 mg/kg body weight per day.
  • inventive methods can provide any amount of any level of treatment, prevention, amelioration, or inhibition of the disorder in a mammal.
  • a disorder, including symptoms or conditions thereof may be reduced by, for example, 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10%.
  • the treatment, prevention, amelioration, or inhibition provided by the inventive method can include treatment, prevention, amelioration, or inhibition of one or more conditions or symptoms of the disorder, e.g., cancer.
  • treatment,” “prevention,” “amelioration,” or “inhibition” can encompass delaying the onset of the disorder, or a symptom or condition thereof.
  • the effective level when used as the preferred endpoint for dosing, the actual dose and schedule can vary depending, for example, upon inter-individual differences in pharmacokinetics, drug distribution, metabolism, and the like.
  • the effective level also can vary when one or more compound(s) of formula I or II are used in combination with other therapeutic agents, for example, one or more additional anticancer compound(s), or a combination thereof.
  • the effective level can vary depending upon the particular disease (e.g., cancer or neurofibromatosis) or biological process (e.g., tumor cell growth, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, as well as resistance to chemotherapy, other molecularly targeted therapeutics, and radiation) for which treatment is desired.
  • the effective level can vary depending on whether the treatment is for therapy or prevention of a particular disease such as, for example, cancer.
  • Solid tumors may include particularly those tumors where ras gene mutations are highly prevalent, such as pancreatic cancer, lung cancer and colon cancer, as well as diverse other solid tumors such as, for example, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, endocrine tumors, uterine cancer, breast cancer, sarcomas, gastric cancer, hepatic cancer, esophageal cancer, central nervous system (e.g., brain) cancer, hepatic cancer, germline cancer, and the like.
  • patients who are most likely to have a favorable response to a Ras-inhibitory compound of formula I or II can be pre-selected, prior to said treatment with said compound, by assaying said patient's blood, tissues or tumor for the presence ras gene mutations and/or abnormal Ras proteins and/or aberrant Ras-mediated biological function(s), using assay procedures (including use of commercially available assay kits) well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the present invention further provides a method of therapeutically or prophylactically treating cancer, which method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an anticancer effective amount of at least one Ras-inhibitory compound(s) of formula I or II.
  • the anticancer effective amount can be determined, for example, by determining an amount to be administered effective to produce a Ras-inhibiting-effective blood or tissue level and/or intracellular target-inhibiting “effective level” in the subject patient.
  • the effective level can be chosen, for example, as that blood and/or tissue level (e.g., 10 12 -10 ⁇ 6 M from examples that follow) effective to inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells in a screening assay.
  • the effective level can be determined, for example, on the basis of the blood, tissue or tumor level in a patient that corresponds to a concentration of a therapeutic agent that effectively inhibits the growth of a human cancer in any assay that is clinically predictive of anticancer activity. Further, the effective level can be determined, for example based on a concentration at which certain markers of cancer in a patient's blood or tumor tissue (e.g., mutant or hyperactive ras gene(s) and/or Ras protein(s) and/or aberrant Ras-mediated biological pathway(s)) are inhibited by a particular compound that inhibits cancer.
  • certain markers of cancer in a patient's blood or tumor tissue e.g., mutant or hyperactive ras gene(s) and/or Ras protein(s) and/or aberrant Ras-mediated biological pathway(s)
  • the effective level can be determined, for example, based on a concentration effective to slow or stop the growth of a patient's cancer, or cause a patient's cancer to regress or disappear, or render a patient asymptomatic to a particular cancer, or improve a cancer patient's subjective sense of condition.
  • the anticancer effective level can then be used to approximate (e.g., by extrapolation) or even to determine precisely, the level which is required clinically to achieve a Ras-inhibiting-effective blood, tissue, tumor and/or intracellular level to cause the desired medical treatment. It will be appreciated that the determination of the therapeutically effective amount clinically required to effectively inhibit Ras-mediated processes also requires consideration of other variables that can influence the effective level, as discussed herein.
  • the actual dose and dosing schedule for drug administration can vary for each patient depending upon factors that include, for example, inter-individual differences in pharmacokinetics, drug absorption, drug disposition and tissue distribution, drug metabolism, drug excretion, whether other drugs are used in combination, or other factors described herein that influence the effective level.
  • the appropriate dose, schedule, or method of administering a particular formulation in order to achieve the desired effective level in an individual patient.
  • one skilled in the art also can readily determine and use an appropriate indicator of the effective level of the compound(s) of formula I and II.
  • the effective level can be determined by direct analysis (e.g., analytical chemistry) or by indirect analysis (e.g., with clinical chemistry indicators) of appropriate patient samples (e.g., blood and/or tissues).
  • the effective level also can be determined, for example, if the compound in question has antitumor activity, by direct or indirect observations, such as, for example, observing the shrinkage, slowing or cessation of growth or spreading of a tumor in a cancer patient.
  • direct or indirect observations such as, for example, observing the shrinkage, slowing or cessation of growth or spreading of a tumor in a cancer patient.
  • the present inventive method of therapeutically or prophylactically treating cancer further includes administering an anticancer effective amount of at least one additional compound other than a compound of formula I or II.
  • an anticancer agent for example, one or more compound(s) of formula I or II can be co-administered with an anticancer agent, and/or can be co-administered with radiation therapy, in which case the effective level is the level needed to inhibit or reverse the ability of the cancer to develop resistance to the anticancer agent and/or to the radiation therapy, respectively.
  • anticancer compounds include reversible DNA binders, DNA alkylators, and DNA strand breakers.
  • suitable reversible DNA binders include topetecan hydrochloride, irinotecan (CPT 11—Camptosar), rubitecan, exatecan, nalidixic acid, TAS-103, etoposide, acridines (e.g., amsacrine, aminocrine), actinomycins (e.g., actinomycin D), anthracyclines (e.g., doxorubicin, daunorubicin), benzophenainse, XR 11576/MLN 576, benzopyridoindoles, Mitoxantrone, AQ4, Etopside, Teniposide, (epipodophyllotoxins), and bisintercalating agents such as triostin A and echinomycin.
  • DNA alkylators include sulfur mustard, the nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechlorethamine), chlorambucil, melphalan, ethyleneimines (e.g., triethylenemelamine, carboquone, diaziquone), methyl methanesulfonate, busulfan, CC-1065, duocarmycins (e.g., duocarmycin A, duocarmycin SA), metabolically activated alkylating agents such as nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomustine, (2-chloroethyl)nitrosoureas), triazine antitumor drugs such as triazenoimidazole (e.g., dacarbazine), mitomycin C, leinamycin, and the like.
  • nitrogen mustards e.g., mechlorethamine
  • chlorambucil e.g., chlorambucil
  • melphalan e.g., ethyleneimines (e.
  • DNA strand breakers examples include doxorubicin and daunorubicin (which are also reversible DNA binders), other anthracyclines, belomycins, tirapazamine, enediyne antitumor antibiotics such as neocarzinostatin, esperamicins, calicheamicins, dynemicin A, hedarcidin, C-1027, N1999A2, esperamicins, zinostatin, and the like.
  • doxorubicin and daunorubicin which are also reversible DNA binders
  • other anthracyclines such as neocarzinostatin, esperamicins, calicheamicins, dynemicin A, hedarcidin, C-1027, N1999A2, esperamicins, zinostatin, and the like.
  • doxorubicin and daunorubicin which are also
  • anticancer agents include abarelix, aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, altretamine, amifostine, aminoglutethimide, anastrazole, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase, azacitidine, azathioprine, BCG vaccine, bevacizumab, bexarotene, bicalutamide, bleomycin sulfate, bortezomib, bromocriptine, busulfan, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, chloroquine phosphate, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin hydrochloride, daunorubicin citrate liposomal, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin hydrochloride,
  • Suitable forms of radiation therapy include, for example, all forms of radiation therapy approved for commercial use in the United States, and those forms that will become approved in the future, for which radiation resistance thereto can be controlled by a Ras-inhibitory compound of formula I or II.
  • prophylaxis includes inhibition as described herein, e.g., inhibition of the growth or proliferation of cancer cells, or inhibition of aberrant Ras-mediated cellular functions.
  • the inhibition can be, but need not be, 100% inhibition in order to be prophylactically effective, and a clinically desirable benefit can be realized with less than 100% inhibition.
  • Ras-inhibitory compound(s) of formula I or II used in accordance with the present invention can be selected based upon the potency and/or selectivity for inhibiting Ras-mediated cellular processes, as assessed by in vitro or in vivo assays, and/or based on other pharmacological, toxicological, pharmaceutical or other pertinent considerations that are well-known to those skilled in the art.
  • the reaction mixture was poured into 2 L of ice water, the aqueous layer extracted with ether, and the solution washed twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, 5% Na 2 CO 3 solution, water, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and then concentrated to give a milky oil.
  • the oil was dissolved in 100 mL of methylene chloride and 200 mL of hexane, and the solution was loaded to a dry-packed silica gel flash column (800 g of TLC grade silica gel tightly packed in a 2 L fritted funnel, vacuum), eluted with 5% ether-hexane to give 5-fluoro-2-methylindanone as a clear oil.
  • reaction mixture was poured into 50 ml of ice-water, and was acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid.
  • the mixture was extracted with methylene chloride (25 mL ⁇ 2), the combined organic layer washed with water (25 mL ⁇ 2), and concentrated.
  • the residue was purified on a silica gel column three times to produce the titled compound (E, 117 mg) as a yellow/orange solid.
  • the mixture containing the crystals was suspended in 2 mL of ethyl ether and 3 mL of hexane, treated with sonicator for 1 h, then stored in a ⁇ 20° C. freezer overnight. The precipitate was collected by filtration, and the titled compound (007) was obtained as a yellow solid (41 mg).
  • aqueous solution was extracted with ether, the extracts washed with potassium hydroxide solution (200 mL ⁇ 2) and the combined aqueous solution acidified with concentrated HCl.
  • the precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water, ethanol and hexane, then dried over air to give p-methoxy- ⁇ -methylcinnamic acid (235 g) which was used for next step reaction without further purification.
  • the aqueous layer was extracted with ether, and the solution was washed twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, 5% Na 2 CO 3 solution, water, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and then concentrated to give a milky oil.
  • the oil was dissolved in 100 mL of methylene chloride and 200 mL of hexane, and applied to a dry-packed silica gel flash column (800 g of TLC grade silica gel tightly packed in a 2 L fritted funnel, vacuum), eluted with 5% ether-petroleum ether to give 6-methoxy-2-methylindanone as a clear oil.
  • the solution was washed with water (200 mL ⁇ 3), the organic layer concentrated, and the residue treated with 150 g of potassium hydroxide in 300 ml of ethanol and 200 ml of water.
  • the mixture was refluxed overnight under nitrogen, the ethanol removed under vacuum, 500 ml water added, the aqueous solution washed well with ether and then boiled with charcoal.
  • the aqueous filtrate was acidified to pH 2 with 50% hydrochloric acid, extracted with methylene chloride (300 mL ⁇ 3), solvent evaporated, and the residue treated with acetone in a sonicator bath until a precipitate formed.
  • the solution was diluted with 25 mL of methylene chloride, neutralized with 2 mL of acetic acid, washed with water (20 mL ⁇ 3), dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrated.
  • the residue was purified over silica gel, eluted with hexane/acetone, and the major yellow fraction was collected. After concentrating, the residue was stored in a freezer under argon until a crystal seed formed ( ⁇ 2 weeks).
  • the mixture was suspended in 2 mL of ethyl ether and 3 mL of hexane, treated with sonicator for 1 h, then stored in a ⁇ 20° C. freezer overnight. The precipitate was collected by filtration.
  • the title compound (006) was obtained as a yellow solid (36 mg).
  • the mixture was stirred for 2 h, quenched with 1 ml of 30% potassium hydroxide solution, diluted with 25 mL of methylene chloride, neutralized with 2 mL of acetic acid, washed with water (20 mL ⁇ 3) and dried with sodium sulfate.
  • the organic layer was concentrated and the residue was purified with silica gel column eluted with hexane/acetone. The major yellow fraction was collected, and after concentration the residue was treated with acetone/hexane, sonicated for 1 h, then stored in a ⁇ 20° C. freezer for 2 h. The precipitate was collected by filtration, and the titled compound (019) was obtained as a yellow solid (75 mg).
  • This example illustrates the synthesis of an exemplary prodrug of a compound of formula I, specifically (Z)-2-(5-fluoro-1-(4-formoxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)-2-methyl-1H-inden-3-yl)-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)acetamide (002, which is a prodrug of 007), which is employed in an embodiment of the invention.
  • Table 1 provides the 1 H-NMR data of exemplary compounds employed in the invention. All spectra were recorded using DMSO-d 6 as solvent.
  • Cells used in such assays included A-549, HT-29, MDA-MB-231, Colo-205, Caco2, HCT-116, SW-480, and DLD-1 human cancer cells obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • Human tumor cells were cultured using standard methods in RPMI-1640 growth medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS).
  • Normal rat kidney (NRK) and Ki-Ras transformed NRK cells (K-NRK) were obtained from ATCC, and were cultured according to supplier recommendations.
  • CellTiter-Glo ATP cell growth assay reagents were obtained from Promega and used according to the manufacturer's protocol.
  • Inhibitors of EGFR, Raf, and MEK were obtained from Selleck Chemicals. Cells were plated at a density of 5,000 cells per well in 96-well microplates or 1,250 cells per well in 384-well plates, and allowed to attach for at least 4 h.
  • Test compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and this working stock was further diluted in growth medium for addition to cell cultures. Serial dilutions of the test compound were prepared in growth medium containing an equal amount of DMSO not exceeding 0.2% final concentration. Each compound concentration was tested in at least 3 separate samples per cell line. At the end of a 3-day treatment period, growth inhibition was analyzed using a bioluminescent assay of ATP concentration (Promega CellTiter-Glo) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Resulting luminescence was measured using the luminescence cartridge of the Molecular Devices Spectramax Paradigm microplate reader. Relative growth inhibition for each sample was determined by comparison with the values obtained for vehicle treated control samples. Growth inhibition values were plotted with the GraphPad Prism5 software using the 4-parameter logistic fit to obtain IC 50 values, which corresponds to the growth inhibitory potency of the compound.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • This example illustrates a Ras binding domain assay used in an embodiment of the present invention to measure Ras activation status.
  • the activation state of Ras in cell lines was assayed using the Active Ras Pull-Down and Detection Kit (Thermo Scientific). Cell lines were cultured as described above. Cells were disrupted with non-ionic detergent, and the active (GTP-bound) Ras was isolated by its high affinity for Raf via precipitate with sepharose-bound GST-Raf fusion protein. The precipitated active Ras was then subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (western blot).
  • PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • Detection was achieved using the anti-Ras mouse primary antibody and anti-mouse-horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody. Paired samples of whole cell lysate were analyzed by western blot for expression level of total Ras protein as well as a gel loading control, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Digital enhanced chemiluminescence imaging of the resulting western blots was performed using a Syngene G:Box. The intensity of Ras bands from each cell line and the corresponding GAPDH bands were quantitated using NIH ImageJ, and expressed as “relative Ras activation.”
  • This example illustrates effects of exemplary compounds of the present invention on cancer cells having activated or mutated Ras compared to wild-type (WT) Ras.
  • Compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of cells expressing constitutively active K-Ras oncogene compared with cells with inactive Ras.
  • A549 lung cancer cells, which harbor a mutation in the K-Ras oncogene were treated for three days with the compounds.
  • the IC 50 values of the compounds ranged from ⁇ 1 nM to over 5900 nM in cells with mutated Ras.
  • This example illustrates the levels of Ras activation in different colorectal cancer cells.
  • a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines was selected to further describe the selectivity of the compounds for cells with activated Ras.
  • Three of the cell lines in the panel have been reported to harbor ras mutations: HCT-116, DLD-1, and SW-480 (Stoneman and Morris, Clin Mol Pathol., 48, M326-332(1995)).
  • Three of the cell lines were reported to express wild type Ras: HT-29, Caco-2, and Colo-205(Stoneman and Morris, supra; Shirasawa et al., Science, 260, 85-88 (1993)).
  • the activation state of Ras in the cell lines was assayed using the Active Ras Pull-Down and Detection Kit.
  • the ratio of the intensity of the Ras to GAPDH bands was expressed as relative Ras activation, which is presented above each lane in FIG. 4 .
  • This example illustrates selective growth inhibition in colorectal cell lines constitutively containing activated Ras or wild-type Ras.
  • the growth inhibitory activity of the compounds was tested using the CellTiter-Glo assay. Cells were seeded in 384-well plates and allowed to attach, then ten-fold serial dilutions of compounds were tested. Each concentration was tested in at least 3 separate samples per cell line. As indicated in Table 3, the potency of the compounds ranged from ⁇ 1 nM in cells with Ras activation, to greater than 1300 nM in cells with WT Ras.
  • the ratio of a given compound's potency ((IC50 (subscript 50)) to inhibit the growth of cells having wild-type Ras (Caco-2) relative to that of cells having activated Ras (SW-480) demonstrates selectivity for the Ras-mutant-containing cells.
  • This example illustrates the correlation between the sensitivity to these compounds and Ras activation status.
  • the log of the IC 50 values of four highly active compounds were plotted on the y-axis of the graphs and the log of the relative levels of Ras activation (e.g., as described in Example 9) was plotted on the x-axis.
  • Linear regression analysis of the resulting coordinates demonstrates a statistically significant inverse correlation between Ras activation and sensitivity of the cell lines as shown in FIG. 6 , in which HCT-116, DLD-1, and SW-480 cells harbor Ras mutations, while: HT-29, Caco-2, and Colo-205 express wild-type Ras. Correlation coefficients (r 2 ) are presented in each of the plots.
  • FIGS. 6A-6G show results of these studies for exemplary compounds 006, 007, 019, 029, 002, 010, 011, 015, 022 and 035, respectively.
  • the calculated HT-29/HCT-116 selectivity values for the aforementioned compounds were 43, 92, 188, 35, 112, 141, 168, 80, 117, and 31, respectively. These selectivity values are the ratios of each compound's potency (IC 50 ) to inhibit the growth of cells lacking activated Ras ((HCT-29) relative to that of cells with activated Ras (HCT-116), demonstrating selectivity for the Ras-mutant-containing cells.
  • This example illustrates non-selective growth inhibition with known Ras pathway inhibitors which are not compounds of the present invention.
  • the growth inhibitory activity of commercially available compounds which are active in the Ras signal transduction pathway were tested in the same panel of cell lines using the CellTiter-Glo assay. Cells were seeded in 384-well plates and allowed to attach. Ten-fold serial dilutions of compounds were tested. Each compound concentration was tested in at least 3 separate samples per cell line.
  • the potency of the EGF receptor inhibitor compounds ranged from 4 ⁇ M to >20 ⁇ M, with no pattern of selectivity with regard to Ras activation.
  • the C-Raf inhibitor, GW5074 did not show selectivity for cell lines expressing activated Ras.
  • the B-Raf inhibitors tested were generally active in the low micromolar range, but were significantly more potent in Colo-205 cells, which have the lowest level of active Ras.
  • the MEK inhibitor, Selumetinib was also most potent against COLO-205 and HT-29 cell lines showing, if anything, a “reverse” selectivity toward inactive Ras compared with the compounds of this invention.
  • HCT-116 DLD-1 SW-480 Caco-2 HT-29 COLO-205
  • Compound Target IC 50 (nM) IC 50 (nM) IC 50 (nM) IC 50 (nM) IC 50 (nM) IC 50 (nM) Gefitinib EGFR 12,600 7,550 8,630 8,920 6,370 8,200 GW5074 C-Raf 15,800 7,750 8,070 >20,000 19,100 7,100 GDC0879 B-Raf 8,140 7,640 >20,000 >20,000 23,600 75.8 Vemurafenib B-Raf 5,990 5,620 6,860 5,200 5,100 151 Selumetinib MEK 4,110 20,400 >20,000 >20,000 854 4.60

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