US20150377563A1 - Tube structures for heat exchanger - Google Patents

Tube structures for heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150377563A1
US20150377563A1 US14/769,503 US201414769503A US2015377563A1 US 20150377563 A1 US20150377563 A1 US 20150377563A1 US 201414769503 A US201414769503 A US 201414769503A US 2015377563 A1 US2015377563 A1 US 2015377563A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
tube
inner diameter
heat exchanger
equal
ratio
Prior art date
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Abandoned
Application number
US14/769,503
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael F. Taras
Melkamu Woldesemayat
Luis Felipe Avila
Changsheng Guo
Michael W. Samko
Loren D. Hoffman
James T. Beals
Qinghua Huang
Eric Konkle
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Carrier Corp
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Carrier Corp
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Publication date
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Priority to US14/769,503 priority Critical patent/US20150377563A1/en
Assigned to CARRIER CORPORATION reassignment CARRIER CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HOFFMAN, LOREN D., KONKLE, ERIC, BEALS, JAMES T., GUO, CHANGSHENG, AVILA, LUIS FELIPE, HUANG, QINGHUA, TARAS, MICHAEL F., SAMKO, MICHAEL W., WOLDESEMAYAT, Melkamu
Assigned to CARRIER CORPORATION reassignment CARRIER CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HOFFMAN, LOREN D., KONKLE, ERIC, BEALS, JAMES T., GUO, CHANGSHENG, AVILA, LUIS FELIPE, HUANG, QINGHUA, TARAS, MICHAEL F., SAMKO, MICHAEL W., WOLDESEMAYAT, Melkamu
Publication of US20150377563A1 publication Critical patent/US20150377563A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
    • F28F13/187—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings especially adapted for evaporator surfaces or condenser surfaces, e.g. with nucleation sites
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
    • F28F1/32—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/40—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only inside the tubular element
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0068—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for refrigerant cycles

Definitions

  • the subject matter disclosed herein relates to heat exchangers. More specifically, the subject disclosure relates to improved tube structures for a heat exchanger.
  • a simplified typical vapor compression refrigeration cycle includes an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser and an expansion device.
  • Refrigerant flow is such that low pressure refrigerant vapor passes through a suction line to the compressor.
  • the compressed refrigerant vapor is pumped to a discharge line that connects to the condenser.
  • a liquid line receives liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser and directs it to the expansion device.
  • a two-phase refrigerant is returned to the evaporator, thereby completing the cycle.
  • evaporator and condenser heat exchangers Two of the main components in a vapor compression cycle are the evaporator and condenser heat exchangers.
  • the most common type of heat exchanger in use is of the round tube plate fin (RTPF) construction type.
  • RTPF round tube plate fin
  • the tubes were made of copper while the fins were typically made of aluminum in such heat exchangers.
  • the thermal performance of a heat exchanger is inversely proportional to the sum of its thermal resistances.
  • HVAC&R heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration
  • the airside thermal resistance contributes 50-70% while refrigerant side thermal resistance is 20-40% and the metal resistance is relatively small and represents only 6-10%. Due to the continuous market pressure and regulatory requirements to make HVAC&R units more compact and cost effective, a lot of effort has been devoted to improving the heat exchanger performance on the refrigerant side as well as the airside.
  • RTPF heat exchangers Internally enhanced round tubes used in RTPF heat exchangers allow significant heat exchanger thermal performance enhancement by improving refrigerant side heat transfer. These tubes are typically fabricated via extrusion or drawing process and mechanically expanded into the fin pack to assure good metal-to-metal contact between the tubes and the fins.
  • the internally grooved (IG) tube technology is mature for Cu alloys, allowing helically shaped enhancement profiles to be fabricated by the drawing process and expanded without significant tube internal enhancement damage.
  • the HVAC&R industry started to move from Cu to Al, primarily due to the cost reasons.
  • the Al alloys have inherently different mechanical properties and the Al IG tubes typically produced by the extrusion manufacturing process have axial enhancements that are not as advanced as helical configurations promoting wetting the entire internal perimeter of the tube by the liquid refrigerant and more efficient annular refrigerant flow at the extended range of refrigerant mass fluxes. Therefore internal enhancements for Al tubes require higher secondary-to-primary heat transfer surface ratios and more compact internally enhanced finned surfaces that, along with the softer Al material, create significant challenges for the expansion process.
  • a heat exchanger in one embodiment, includes a plurality of fins and a plurality of tubes passing a fluid therethrough, extending through the plurality of fins and radially expanded into an interference fit therewith. At least one tube of the plurality of tubes includes an outer diameter, an inner diameter, and a plurality of ridges extending from the inner diameter inwardly into an interior of the tube. A tube internal surface area enhancement ratio multiplied by the ratio of the tube outer diameter and tube wall thickness is equal to or greater than about 30.0.
  • a heat exchanger in another embodiment, includes a plurality of fins and a plurality of tubes passing a fluid therethrough, extending through the plurality of fins and radially expanded into an interference fit therewith. At least one tube of the plurality of tubes includes an outer diameter, an inner diameter, and a plurality of ridges extending from the inner diameter inwardly into an interior of the tube. An internal free volume confined between tube internal surface enhancements per unit of length divided by a square of the outer tube diameter is equal to or greater than 0.040.
  • a heat exchanger in yet another embodiment, includes a plurality of fins and a plurality of tubes passing a fluid therethrough, extending through the plurality of fins and radially expanded into an interference fit therewith. At least one tube of the plurality of tubes includes an outer diameter, an inner diameter, and a plurality of ridges extending from the inner diameter inwardly into an interior of the tube. A ratio of the outer tube diameter to the inner tube diameter is less than or equal to about 1.185.
  • a heat exchanger in another embodiment, includes a plurality of fins and a plurality of tubes passing a fluid therethrough, extending through the plurality of fins and radially expanded into an interference fit therewith. At least one tube of the plurality of tubes includes an outer diameter, an inner diameter, and a plurality of ridges extending from the inner diameter inwardly into an interior of the tube. A ratio of a top width of each ridge to the inner tube diameter multiplied by a number of ridges in the plurality of ridges is equal to or greater than about 1.60.
  • a heat exchanger in still another embodiment, includes a plurality of fins and a plurality of tubes passing a fluid therethrough, extending through the plurality of fins and radially expanded into an interference fit therewith. At least one tube of the plurality of tubes includes an outer diameter, an inner diameter, and a plurality of ridges extending from the inner diameter inwardly into an interior of the tube. A ratio of ridge cross-sectional area to a square of inner diameter is equal to or greater than about 0.0014 and a ratio of ridge height to inner diameter is equal to or greater than about 0.045.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a heat exchanger
  • FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a heat exchanger tube
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a heat exchanger tube
  • FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a heat exchanger tube.
  • FIG. 1 Shown in FIG. 1 is an embodiment of a round tube plate fin (RTPF) heat exchanger 10 , such as one utilized as an evaporator or condenser.
  • the RTPF heat exchanger 10 includes a plurality of tubes 12 and a plurality of fins 14 .
  • the plurality of tubes 12 carries a fluid, for example, a refrigerant. Thermal energy is exchanged between the fluid and air flowing past the plurality of fins 14 .
  • the tubes 12 may be formed of an aluminum or aluminum alloy by, for example, an extrusion or drawing process, while in other embodiments, the tubes 12 maybe formed of other materials, for example, copper, Cu—Ni, steel or plastic.
  • the tubes 12 are inserted into the openings 16 in the fins 14 and mechanically expanded via, for example, one or more bullets inserted into an interior of the tubes 12 .
  • the expansion of the tubes 12 ensures sufficient tube 12 to fin 14 contact for heat transfer purposes and also secures the tubes 12 in a predetermined position in the heat exchanger 10 , relative to the fins 14 .
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of a tube 12 of a heat exchanger 10 .
  • the tube 12 includes a plurality of enhancements, or ridges 18 extending into an interior 20 of the tube 12 .
  • the tube 12 has an outer diameter 22 and an inner diameter 24 , with the ridges 18 (also called in-tube fins or enhancements) extending inwardly from the inner diameter 24 into the interior 20 of the tube 12 .
  • the ridges 18 extend along a length 26 of the tube 12 .
  • the ridges 18 extend substantially axially, while in other embodiments, the ridges 18 extend helically along the tube 12 at a helix angle 30 with respect to a tube axis 28 .
  • each ridge 18 has a base width 32 at a base 38 of the ridge 18 , a top width 34 at a tip 40 , or most radially inwardly portion of the ridge 18 , with a groove width 36 spacing between adjacent ridges 18 at the base of adjacent ridges 18 .
  • each ridge 18 extends from base 38 to tip 40 defining a ridge height 42 , and sides 44 of each ridge 18 may converge at a ridge angle 46 , so-called the apex angle of the ridge 18 .
  • each ridge 18 includes a top fillet 52 between the tip 40 and sides 44 .
  • the top width 34 is defined herein as a distance along the tip 40 to a theoretical intersection between the tip 40 and the sides 44 .
  • a base fillet 54 may connect sides 44 and groove 56 .
  • Base width 32 and groove width 36 are similarly defined using a theoretical intersection point between the sides 44 and the groove 56 . It is to be appreciated that while circular tubes having inner and outer diameters are described herein, the present disclosure may also be applied to tubes 12 with non-circular cross-sections.
  • tubes 12 and ridges 18 all relate to the post-expanded state of the tube 12 , or dimensions and features of the tubes 12 and ridges 18 after the tubes 12 have been expanded, securing the tubes 12 to the fins 14 .
  • An embodiment of the expanded tube 12 has a internal surface area, or internal surface area per unit length defined as:
  • An unenhanced tube 12 has an internal surface area per unit length A. When A is divided by ID, it results in a surface enhancement ratio, ⁇ .
  • ⁇ is related to a ratio of tube wall thickness 48 and the outer diameter 22 by the expression:
  • T w wall thickness 48
  • the tubes 12 satisfying this requirement in the post-expanded state achieve sufficient tube 12 to fin 14 interference for thermal performance and for securing the tube 12 to the fin 14 , while ensuring minimal thermal performance degradation due to distortion of the interior surfaces of the tube 12 , such as the groove 36 and ridge 18 structure.
  • Liquid layer distribution and containment within the ridged area, or the individual areas between ridges 18 is directly related to the size of this area and has an immediate impact on heat transfer coefficient or thermal resistance of single-phase or two-phase refrigerant flowing inside the tubes 12 .
  • Free internal volume per unit of length of the tube 12 , S, or the portion of the interior 20 confined between the ridges 18 can be expressed as:
  • a ratio of S to a square of the outer diameter 22 to be greater than or equal to 4%, or:
  • An amount of surface area available for contact with an expansion bullet (not shown) utilized in the interior 20 of the tube 12 is critical in determining an axial force required to be applied to the expansion bullet to achieve the necessary expansion of the tube 12 . It is desired to achieve the expansion with the smallest force possible to prevent excessive deformation of ridges 18 , buckling and/or galling of interior tube 12 surfaces and features, so it is desired to have wider ridges 18 as compared to the inner diameter 24 so that a lower axial expansion force is required to achieve a desired, uniform radial expansion of the tube 12 . As such it is desired that a ratio of the ridge top width 34 to the inner diameter 24 multiplied by the number of ridges 18 is greater than or equal to 1.60 or
  • the ridge angle 46 is the key to determining the surface enhancement ratio ⁇ , the free volume S contained between ridges 18 and a weight of the tube 12 .
  • Surface enhancement ratio ⁇ and free volume S drive thermal performance of the tube 12 , while tube weight affects cost of the tube 12 .
  • the ridge angle 46 must be designed to yield optimal results given these competing constraints, and defines a cross-sectional area of the ridges 18 . Desired ratios of ridge 18 size to inner diameter 24 is expressed as follows:
  • the outer diameter 22 is about 7 mm, with an inner diameter 24 of 5.8 mm, resulting in a wall thickness 48 of about 0.6 mm.
  • the tube 12 has 50 ridges 18 , each ridge 18 having a ridge height 42 of about 0.32 mm, a base width 32 of about 0.212 mm and a top width 34 of about 0.185 mm.
  • the ridge angle 46 is about 4.8 degrees.
  • Equation (2) requiring that ⁇ *(OD/T w ) ⁇ 30.0, the result is 33.4.
  • Equation (4) requiring that S/(OD) 2 is greater than or equal to 0.040, yields the result 0.047.
  • Equation (5) requiring that OD/ID ⁇ 1.185, results in a ratio of 1.181.
  • Equations (7) and (8) yield results of 0.0016 and 0.046 compared to requirements of greater than or equal to 0.0014 and greater than or equal to 0.045, respectively.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
US14/769,503 2013-02-21 2014-02-10 Tube structures for heat exchanger Abandoned US20150377563A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/769,503 US20150377563A1 (en) 2013-02-21 2014-02-10 Tube structures for heat exchanger

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201361767506P 2013-02-21 2013-02-21
PCT/US2014/015550 WO2014130281A1 (fr) 2013-02-21 2014-02-10 Structures de tuyau pour échangeur de chaleur
US14/769,503 US20150377563A1 (en) 2013-02-21 2014-02-10 Tube structures for heat exchanger

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US20150377563A1 true US20150377563A1 (en) 2015-12-31

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US (1) US20150377563A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2959251B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN105026869B (fr)
ES (1) ES2764403T3 (fr)
PL (1) PL2959251T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2014130281A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220128318A1 (en) * 2020-10-28 2022-04-28 Carrier Corporation Heat transfer tube for heat pump application
US20220228809A1 (en) * 2019-06-13 2022-07-21 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Heat exchanger, method for producing a heat exchanger and power plant comprising such a heat exchanger
US20220412669A1 (en) * 2019-11-29 2022-12-29 Ma Aluminum Corporation Inner spiral grooved tube with excellent heat transfer property and heat exchanger

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110763068A (zh) * 2019-11-30 2020-02-07 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 换热器和空调器
CN217303714U (zh) * 2021-03-01 2022-08-26 海德鲁挤压解决方案股份有限公司 在热交换器中安装可膨胀管的系统、可膨胀管和膨胀弹头

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US5259448A (en) * 1991-07-09 1993-11-09 Mitsubishi Shindoh Co., Ltd. Heat transfer tubes and method for manufacturing
US5555622A (en) * 1991-02-13 1996-09-17 The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Method of manufacturing a heat transfer small size tube
US5996686A (en) * 1996-04-16 1999-12-07 Wolverine Tube, Inc. Heat transfer tubes and methods of fabrication thereof
US6164370A (en) * 1993-07-16 2000-12-26 Olin Corporation Enhanced heat exchange tube
US20020195233A1 (en) * 2001-04-17 2002-12-26 Petur Thors Heat transfer tube with grooved inner surface
US7048043B2 (en) * 2002-03-12 2006-05-23 Trefimetaux Reversible grooved tubes for heat exchangers
US20070089868A1 (en) * 2005-10-25 2007-04-26 Hitachi Cable, Ltd. Heat transfer pipe with grooved inner surface
US20070199684A1 (en) * 2004-12-02 2007-08-30 Sumitomo Light Metal Industries, Ltd. Internally grooved heat transfer tube for high-pressure refrigerant
US20110000254A1 (en) * 2008-04-24 2011-01-06 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Heat exchanger and air conditioner using the same

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JP4728897B2 (ja) * 2006-07-14 2011-07-20 株式会社コベルコ マテリアル銅管 リターンベンド管およびフィンアンドチューブ型熱交換器
KR20090022841A (ko) * 2007-08-31 2009-03-04 엘지전자 주식회사 냉동 장치의 열교환기 및 그 냉매 튜브와 그 제조 방법
JP4738401B2 (ja) * 2007-11-28 2011-08-03 三菱電機株式会社 空気調和機
JP2011144989A (ja) * 2010-01-13 2011-07-28 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 熱交換器用の伝熱管、熱交換器、冷凍サイクル装置及び空気調和装置
CN201706940U (zh) * 2010-05-25 2011-01-12 广东龙丰精密铜管有限公司 一种内螺纹管和应用这种内螺纹管的热交换器及空调
EP2598821B1 (fr) * 2010-07-26 2019-08-28 Carrier Corporation Échangeur de chaleur avec tubes et ailettes en aluminium

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5555622A (en) * 1991-02-13 1996-09-17 The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Method of manufacturing a heat transfer small size tube
US5259448A (en) * 1991-07-09 1993-11-09 Mitsubishi Shindoh Co., Ltd. Heat transfer tubes and method for manufacturing
US6164370A (en) * 1993-07-16 2000-12-26 Olin Corporation Enhanced heat exchange tube
US5996686A (en) * 1996-04-16 1999-12-07 Wolverine Tube, Inc. Heat transfer tubes and methods of fabrication thereof
US20020195233A1 (en) * 2001-04-17 2002-12-26 Petur Thors Heat transfer tube with grooved inner surface
US7048043B2 (en) * 2002-03-12 2006-05-23 Trefimetaux Reversible grooved tubes for heat exchangers
US20070199684A1 (en) * 2004-12-02 2007-08-30 Sumitomo Light Metal Industries, Ltd. Internally grooved heat transfer tube for high-pressure refrigerant
US20070089868A1 (en) * 2005-10-25 2007-04-26 Hitachi Cable, Ltd. Heat transfer pipe with grooved inner surface
US20110000254A1 (en) * 2008-04-24 2011-01-06 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Heat exchanger and air conditioner using the same

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220228809A1 (en) * 2019-06-13 2022-07-21 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Heat exchanger, method for producing a heat exchanger and power plant comprising such a heat exchanger
US20220412669A1 (en) * 2019-11-29 2022-12-29 Ma Aluminum Corporation Inner spiral grooved tube with excellent heat transfer property and heat exchanger
US20220128318A1 (en) * 2020-10-28 2022-04-28 Carrier Corporation Heat transfer tube for heat pump application

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2764403T3 (es) 2020-06-03
PL2959251T3 (pl) 2020-05-18
EP2959251B1 (fr) 2019-11-13
CN105026869A (zh) 2015-11-04
CN105026869B (zh) 2017-09-12
WO2014130281A1 (fr) 2014-08-28
EP2959251A1 (fr) 2015-12-30

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