US20150270573A1 - Halogenated organosilicon electrolytes, methods of using them, and electrochemical devices containing them - Google Patents

Halogenated organosilicon electrolytes, methods of using them, and electrochemical devices containing them Download PDF

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US20150270573A1
US20150270573A1 US14/374,742 US201314374742A US2015270573A1 US 20150270573 A1 US20150270573 A1 US 20150270573A1 US 201314374742 A US201314374742 A US 201314374742A US 2015270573 A1 US2015270573 A1 US 2015270573A1
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alkyl
substituted
alkoxy
electrolyte composition
aryl
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José Adrián Peña Hueso
Jian Dong
Michael L. Pollina
Monica L. Usrey
Robert J. Hamers
Robert C. West
David Osmalov
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Silatronix Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
    • C07F7/0834—Compounds having one or more O-Si linkage
    • C07F7/0838—Compounds with one or more Si-O-Si sequences
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
    • C07F7/12—Organo silicon halides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
    • C07F7/12—Organo silicon halides
    • C07F7/121—Preparation or treatment not provided for in C07F7/14, C07F7/16 or C07F7/20
    • C07F7/123—Preparation or treatment not provided for in C07F7/14, C07F7/16 or C07F7/20 by reactions involving the formation of Si-halogen linkages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • a variety of primary batteries employ electrolytes with organic solvents such as diethyl carbonate (DEC) and ethylene carbonate (EC). These batteries are often stored for extended periods of time before use. However, the performance of these batteries often drops after this storage. For instance, the capacity of these batteries often decreases after extended storage. Additionally, the pulsing capability of these batteries can drop after storage.
  • organic solvents such as diethyl carbonate (DEC) and ethylene carbonate (EC).
  • Rechargeable lithium batteries are widely discussed in the literature and are readily commercially available. They typically consist of a positive electrode and a negative electrode spaced by a separator, an electrolyte, a case, and feedthrough pins respectively connected to the electrodes and extending externally of the case.
  • Each electrode is typically formed of a metal substrate that is coated with a mixture of an active material, a binder, and a solvent.
  • the electrodes comprise sheets which are rolled together, separated by separator sheets, and then placed in a prismatic case. Positive and/or negative feed through pins (i.e., terminals) are then connected to the respective electrodes and the case is sealed.
  • the negative electrode is typically formed of a copper substrate carrying graphite as the active material.
  • the positive electrode is typically formed of an aluminum substrate carrying lithium cobalt dioxide as the active material.
  • the electrolyte is most commonly a 1:1 mixture of EC:DEC in a 1.0 M salt solution of LiPF 6 .
  • the separator is frequently a micro porous membrane made of a polyolefin such as a combination of polyethylene and/or polypropylene.
  • Electrolytes that include a polysiloxane solvent typically have a low ionic conductivity that limits their use to applications that do not require high rate performance. Additionally, batteries that include conventional polysiloxane solvents have shown poor cycling performance when used in secondary batteries. As a result, lithium bis-oxalato borate (LiBOB) has been used as the salt in these electrolytes. While LiBOB improves the performance of the batteries, LiBOB is unstable in the presence of water. The amount of moisture in battery electrolytes and/or electrodes can be on the order of several hundred ppm.
  • LiBOB lithium oxalate
  • LiHC 2 O 4 .H 2 O lithium oxalate
  • This precipitate tends to increase the internal resistance of electrical devices such as batteries.
  • an electrolyte composition comprising at least one salt and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • subscript “a” is an integer of from 1 to 3;
  • X is a halogen
  • R is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, Formula 1 moieties, and Formula II moieties:
  • R 2 is an organic spacer
  • R 3 is nil or an organic spacer
  • R 4 is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl
  • R 5 is alkyl or aryl
  • subscript “d” is from 1 to 12;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkoxy, and substituted alkoxy.
  • X is chlorine, fluorine, or bromine. In another version of the electrolyte composition, X is fluorine. In certain versions of the electrolyte composition, “a” is 1, “b” is 1, and R 1 is C 1 to C 10 alkyl. In still other versions of the electrolyte composition, R 1 is methyl.
  • R is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and R 1 is substituted lower alkyl or lower alkoxy.
  • At least one salt may be a lithium-containing salt. At least one salt may be present in a concentration of from about 0.1 M to about 3.5 M. Concentrations above and below 0.1 M to 3.5 M are explicitly within the scope of the composition described and claimed herein.
  • At least one salt may be selected from the group consisting of LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C, Li(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiDFOB, LiBOB, lithium alkyl fluorophosphates, lithium borates and lithium bis(chelato)borates.
  • Other salts are within the scope of the composition described and claimed herein. This list is by way of example only and not limitation.
  • the electrolyte composition may be a liquid, a gel, or a solid.
  • an electrochemical device characterized in that it includes an electrolyte composition as recited as described and claimed herein.
  • the electrochemical device may include an anode and the electrolyte composition may further be characterized in that it forms a passivation layer on the anode.
  • the device is a lithium secondary battery comprising at least one lithium metal oxide cathode and at least one anode.
  • R 2 is an organic spacer
  • R 3 is nil or an organic spacer
  • R 4 is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl
  • R 5 is alkyl or aryl
  • subscript “c” is 1 or 2
  • subscript “d” is from 1 to 12
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkoxy, and substituted alkoxy.
  • Numerical ranges as used herein are intended to include every number and subset of numbers contained within that range, whether specifically disclosed or not. Further, these numerical ranges should be construed as providing support for a claim directed to any number or subset of numbers in that range. For example, a disclosure of from I to 10 should be construed as supporting a range of from 2 to 8, from 3 to 7, 5, 6, from 1 to 9, from 3.6 to 4.6, from 3.5 to 9.9, and so forth.
  • the methods of the present invention can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the method described herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components, or limitations described herein or otherwise useful in synthetic organic chemistry.
  • FIG. 1 is a reaction scheme depicting how to make one of the preferred organosilicon compounds.
  • the compound F1S3M3 includes a silicon atom to which is bonded a fluorine (F1), two methyl groups, a trimethylene spacer (S3), and three (3) polyethylene oxide units in tandem (M3).
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphs depicting the thermal stability of 1NM3 ( FIG. 3A ) and F1S3M2 ( FIG. 3B ). As noted in the figure, F1S3M2 displayed less than 5% decomposition after heating to 150° C. in the present of 1M LiPF 6 .
  • FIG. 7 is a graph depicting full cell cycling performance of F1S3M2 at 70° C. using a NCA cathode.
  • the X-axis records cycle number
  • the Y-axis records discharge capacity in mAh.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph depicting full cell cycling performance of F1S3M2 at 55° C. using a NCA cathode.
  • the X-axis records cycle number
  • the Y-axis records discharge capacity in mAh.
  • This graph compares using EC:DEC as the electrolyte versus 78% F1S3M2/20% EC/1M LiPF 6 .
  • the electrolyte compositions described herein which are halogenated organosilicon solvents (generally liquids, but can also be solid) are non-flammable, offer improved safety and higher voltage windows than conventional electrolytes, and provide a unique solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the graphite anode, resulting in better performance and cell capacity.
  • SEI solid electrolyte interphase
  • alkynyl means an alkyl or alkenyl group as defined above containing one or more triple bonds.
  • alkynyl groups include ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the like, including higher homologs and isomers.
  • alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups (as well as alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene groups) will have from 1 to 36 carbon atoms, although longer alkyl groups are explicitly within the scope of the term “alkyl.” Those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms in the main chain are preferred in the present compositions, and groups of this length are collectively referred to as “lower alkyl, “lower alkenyl,” etc.
  • alkoxy is used herein to refer to the —OR group, where R is an alkyl as defined herein or a substituted analog thereof. Suitable alkoxy radicals include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, etc. In the same fashion as “lower” with respect to alkyl, “lower alkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group of 10 or fewer carbon atoms in the main chain.
  • “Substituted” refers to a chemical group as described herein that further includes one or more substituents, such as lower alkyl, aryl, acyl, halogen (e.g., alkylhalo such as CF 3 ), hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, acylamino, thioamido, acyloxy, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, mercapto, thia, aza, oxo, both saturated and unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons, heterocycles and the like.
  • substituents such as lower alkyl, aryl, acyl, halogen (e.g., alkylhalo such as CF 3 ), hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, acylamino, thioamido, acyloxy, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, mercapto, thia, aza, oxo, both saturated and
  • aryl is used herein to refer to an aromatic substituent, which may be a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings which are fused together, linked covalently, or linked to a common group such as a diazo, methylene or ethylene moiety.
  • the common linking group may also be a carbonyl as in benzophenone.
  • the aromatic ring(s) may include, for example phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylmethyl and benzophenone, among others.
  • aryl encompasses “arylalkyl” and “substituted aryl.”
  • the aryl ring may be mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, or penta-substituted. Larger rings may be unsubstituted or bear one or more substituents.
  • “Substituted aryl” refers to aryl as just described including one or more functional groups such as lower alkyl, acyl, halogen, alkylhalo (e.g., CF 3 ), hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, acylamino, acyloxy, phenoxy, mercapto, and both saturated and unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons which are fused to the aromatic ring(s), linked covalently or linked to a common group such as a diazo, methylene, or ethylene moiety.
  • the linking group may also be a carbonyl such as in cyclohexyl phenyl ketone.
  • Halogen refers to the elements of Group 17 (IUPAC-style) (formerly group VII or VIIA) of the periodic table, namely fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).
  • organic spacer refers to a divalent group including alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene groups.
  • suitable spacers include alkylene oxide, and bivalent ether moieties. These spacers can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the above spacers can also be completely or partially halogenated. For instance, the spacers can be completely or partially fluorinated.
  • the electrolyte compositions comprise at least one salt and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • R is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy and substituted alkoxy. R may also be a moiety selected from Formula 1 and/or Formula II:
  • R 2 is an organic spacer
  • R 3 is nil or an organic spacer
  • R 4 is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl
  • R 5 is alkyl or aryl
  • subscript “c” is 1 or 2
  • subscript “d” is from 1 to 12.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkoxy, and substituted alkoxy.
  • X is chlorine, fluorine, or bromine, most preferably fluorine.
  • X is fluorine, it is also preferred that “a” is 1, “b” is 1, and R 1 is C 1 to C 10 alkyl (and most preferably R 1 is methyl).
  • R is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and R 1 is substituted lower alkyl or lower alkoxy.
  • Particularly preferred silicon-containing compounds according to the present disclosure are:
  • X is Cl, Fl, or Br. Most preferred are those in which X is fluorine, and the C 1-10 alkyl groups are C 6 or smaller (and most preferably methyl).
  • the preferred silicon-containing compounds are designated F1S3M3, and F1S3M2; F1S3M3 is depicted in FIG. 1 .
  • the salt be a lithium-containing salt.
  • the lithium-containing salts LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C, Li(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiDFOB, LiBOB, lithium alkyl fluorophosphates, lithium borates and lithium bis(chelato)borates are preferred.
  • a lithium salt is used, preferably it is present in the composition in a concentration of from about 0.1 M to about 3.5 M. Concentrations above and below this stated range are explicitly within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the composition is preferably formulated to be a free-flowing liquid.
  • the electrolyte may also be formulated to be a gel or a solid, depending upon the moieties selected for R and R 1 and the concentration of the silicon-containing compound in the electrolyte composition as a whole.
  • the present disclosure includes any and all electrochemical devices that comprise the electrolyte composition described and claimed herein. Such devices may optionally comprise an anode and the electrolyte composition optionally further comprises an additive dimensioned and configured to form a passivation layer on the anode.
  • Preferred electrochemical devices are lithium secondary batteries that comprise at least one lithium metal oxide cathode and at least one anode.
  • FIG. 1 Depicted in FIG. 1 is the preferred silicon-containing compound, which has been designated F1S3M3.
  • TMGAME triethyleneglycol allyl methyl ether
  • Triethyleneglycol methyl ether (185 mL) was dissolved in 500 mL of toluene and 47.2 g of NaOH were added under vigorous stirring in a 1L flask.
  • 143 g of allylbromide was added drop-wise using an addition funnel over a two hour period. Care was taken to ensure that the mixture did not get too hot. (If the solution boils, the concentration of allylbromide drops.) After the two-hour addition, the mixture was kept at about 50° C. overnight. The next day the liquid was decanted and the solid washed with hexane.
  • the liquid fractions were mixed and the solvents (hexane and toluene) were evaporated by rotary evaporation.
  • the crude orange product was vacuum distilled (about 85° C. at 0.5 Torr) to give the intermediate product, the triethyleneglycol allyl methyl ether.
  • the next step involved the synthesis of the disiloxane 2S3D3 using a hydrosilylation reaction. See FIG. 1 .
  • This synthesis can also be accomplished under different conditions and using different catalysts.
  • the route used here was as follows:
  • the Si—O—Si bond in 2S3D3 is then substituted with a halogen, in this example, fluorine.
  • a halogen in this example, fluorine.
  • This can be done using LiPF 6 , NaF, NH 4 F, NH 4 FHF, and the like. Any analogous halogen-containing compound (i.e., containing Cl or Br, rather than F) can be used.
  • compositions described herein have much improved thermal stability as compared to other Si-containing electrolytes such as 1NM3.
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphs depicting the thermal stability of 1NM3 ( FIG. 3A ) versus the stability of F1S3M2 ( FIG. 3B ).
  • “1NM3” (CH 3 ) 3 —Si—O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 —CH 3 )
  • F1S3M2 displayed less than 5% decomposition after heating to 150° C. in the present of 1M LiPF 6 .
  • FIG. 3A 1NM3 displayed near-complete ( ⁇ 100%) at 100° C.
  • FIG. 5 The performance results were even more dramatic when comparing F1S3M3 at 70° C. using NCA cathodes. See FIG. 5 .
  • the carbonate control half cell and the F1S3M3 half cell performed in near-parallel fashion.
  • the specific capacity of the 1NM3 half cell plummeted after approximately 10 cycles.
  • This graph shows that the electrolyte composition described herein function quite well using different types of anodes, cathodes, and separators.
  • FIG. 4 experiments used a half cell constructed of a NMC cathode, a lithium anode, and a W-Scope film separator.
  • the F1S3M3 half cell performed admirably.
  • the FIG. 5 experiments used a half cell constructed of a NCA cathode, a lithium anode, and a Celgard 2400 separator.
  • the F1S3M3 half cell performed admirably under these conditions too.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph depicting full cell cycling performance of compound F1S3M3 at 70° C. using a NMC cathode.
  • the F1S3M3 full cell equaled the performance of the carbonate control cell under these conditions.
  • Similar results were obtained for F1S3M2 using a NCA cathode, as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 7 is also notable because the discharge capacities followed identical trajectories whether at C/10 or C/2.
  • the electrolyte composition containing F1S3M2 performed in essentially identical fashion to the graphite control and the EC/DEC control. (The graph depicted in FIG. 7 shows full cell cycling performance of F1S3M2 at 70° C. using a NCA cathode.)
  • FIG. 9 is a graph comparing discharge rates at 30° C. between F1S3M2 as compared to EC:DEC control device using a NCA cathode.
  • the discharge capacity of the F1S3M2 device closely mirrored that of the EC:DEC device at a host of different discharge conditions varying between C/10 to 2C during the course of the charge-discharge cycling.
  • the results here are very significant in that the discharge rate was varied widely in cycles 1 to 8 (C/10, to C/4, to C/2, to C/1, to 2C, to C/10, and then held steady at C/4 from cycle 8 to cycle 17).
  • the device including the electrolyte composition described herein performed in essentially the same fashion as the controls.

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US9917328B2 (en) 2018-03-13
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KR20140127840A (ko) 2014-11-04
US20150037686A1 (en) 2015-02-05
WO2013116836A1 (en) 2013-08-08
EP2809708B1 (en) 2017-04-05
CA2860922A1 (en) 2013-08-08
JP6272240B2 (ja) 2018-01-31
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CA2860922C (en) 2020-05-12
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