US20150047072A1 - Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-relleased fertilizer and methods of using the same - Google Patents
Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-relleased fertilizer and methods of using the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20150047072A1 US20150047072A1 US14/335,124 US201414335124A US2015047072A1 US 20150047072 A1 US20150047072 A1 US 20150047072A1 US 201414335124 A US201414335124 A US 201414335124A US 2015047072 A1 US2015047072 A1 US 2015047072A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- plant
- growing system
- plant growing
- controlled
- grams
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 26
- 238000013270 controlled release Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000011814 protection agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 257
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 4
- 241000233639 Pythium Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-(2-oxopropyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(C)=O)C(O)=C2C(=O)C(OC)=CC(=O)C2=C1O UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000223218 Fusarium Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000258937 Hemiptera Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241001325166 Phacelia congesta Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241001361634 Rhizoctonia Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241001414989 Thysanoptera Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 27
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 26
- 241001495448 Impatiens <genus> Species 0.000 description 17
- 241000127950 Calliope Species 0.000 description 15
- 229930190166 impatien Natural products 0.000 description 14
- 240000007377 Petunia x hybrida Species 0.000 description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 9
- 241000208152 Geranium Species 0.000 description 8
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 8
- 241000220317 Rosa Species 0.000 description 7
- 241000863480 Vinca Species 0.000 description 7
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 244000165082 Lavanda vera Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000010663 Lavandula angustifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000008641 drought stress Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000001102 lavandula vera Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000018219 lavender Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011272 standard treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 241000972773 Aulopiformes Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000005881 Calendula officinalis Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 240000000785 Tagetes erecta Species 0.000 description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000019515 salmon Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 241000167854 Bourreria succulenta Species 0.000 description 3
- 240000001432 Calendula officinalis Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000208150 Geraniaceae Species 0.000 description 3
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241000591265 Impatiens hawkeri Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000007212 Verbena X moechina Moldenke Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 240000001519 Verbena officinalis Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000001594 Verbena polystachya Kunth Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000007200 Verbena x perriana Moldenke Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000002270 Verbena x stuprosa Moldenke Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000019693 cherries Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011785 micronutrient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013369 micronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- -1 phorphorus Chemical compound 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N (S,S)-paclobutrazol Chemical compound C([C@@H]([C@@H](O)C(C)(C)C)N1N=CN=C1)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000144730 Amygdalus persica Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000132059 Carica parviflora Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000014653 Carica parviflora Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000689227 Cora <basidiomycete fungus> Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000018436 Coriandrum sativum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009854 Cucurbita moschata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000001980 Cucurbita pepo Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 2
- 101000891898 Homo sapiens Synaptotagmin-3 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010020649 Hyperkeratosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 244000075898 Lantana strigocamara Species 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000511969 Mandevilla Species 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000006040 Prunus persica var persica Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000959718 Rosa arvensis Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000009337 Spinacia oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000300264 Spinacia oleracea Species 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100040757 Synaptotagmin-3 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 244000078534 Vaccinium myrtillus Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000047670 Viola x wittrockiana Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000003307 Zinnia violacea Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000642 acaricide Substances 0.000 description 2
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000024346 drought recovery Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000855 fungicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010413 gardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000008216 herbs Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YWXYYJSYQOXTPL-SLPGGIOYSA-N isosorbide mononitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[C@@H]1CO[C@@H]2[C@@H](O)CO[C@@H]21 YWXYYJSYQOXTPL-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000021749 root development Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012496 stress study Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCSXGCZMEPXKIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-4-[(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-N-(3-nitrophenyl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound Cc1ccc(N=Nc2c(O)c(cc3ccccc23)C(=O)Nc2cccc(c2)[N+]([O-])=O)c(c1)[N+]([O-])=O MCSXGCZMEPXKIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AJBZENLMTKDAEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-4,9-diol Chemical compound CC12CCC(O)C(C)(C)C1CCC(C1(C)CC3O)(C)C2CCC1C1C3(C)CCC1C(=C)C AJBZENLMTKDAEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000743339 Agrostis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000291564 Allium cepa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002732 Allium cepa var. cepa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000000662 Anethum graveolens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000295193 Angelonia Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000001436 Antirrhinum majus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000132092 Aster Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000000832 Ayote Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005730 Azoxystrobin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000218993 Begonia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000218999 Begoniaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007124 Brassica oleracea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003899 Brassica oleracea var acephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011299 Brassica oleracea var botrytis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011301 Brassica oleracea var capitata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017647 Brassica oleracea var italica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001169 Brassica oleracea var oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000003259 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000003880 Calendula Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001649047 Calibrachoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000123667 Campanula Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002566 Capsicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000201841 Celosia Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005886 Chlorantraniliprole Substances 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 244000241235 Citrullus lanatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012828 Citrullus lanatus var citroides Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000207199 Citrus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005979 Citrus limon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000131522 Citrus pyriformis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001116782 Cleome Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021508 Coleus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061182 Coleus blumei Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000386115 Coras Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002787 Coriandrum sativum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000008067 Cucumis sativus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010799 Cucumis sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009852 Cucurbita pepo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009804 Cucurbita pepo subsp pepo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219130 Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003954 Cucurbita pepo var melopepo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000007835 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005889 Cyantraniliprole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000052363 Cynodon dactylon Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012040 Dahlia pinnata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000033273 Dahlia variabilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002767 Daucus carota Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000000626 Daucus carota Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000003421 Dianthus chinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283073 Equus caballus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000025852 Eremochloa ophiuroides Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000002395 Euphorbia pulcherrima Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000234642 Festuca Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000234643 Festuca arundinacea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000544181 Gaillardia Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002148 Gellan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000735332 Gerbera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000714470 Homo sapiens Synaptotagmin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000874762 Homo sapiens Synaptotagmin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000891867 Homo sapiens Synaptotagmin-4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000003589 Impatiens walleriana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021506 Ipomoea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000207783 Ipomoea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003228 Lactuca sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000008415 Lactuca sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013628 Lantana involucrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000005183 Lantana involucrata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000208672 Lobelia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000209082 Lolium Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000220225 Malus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011430 Malus pumila Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015103 Malus silvestris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001503485 Mammuthus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001581380 Manicina areolata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006679 Mentha X verticillata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002899 Mentha suaveolens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001636 Mentha x rotundifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000016462 Mimosa pudica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000001140 Mimosa pudica Species 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000006677 Monarda citriodora ssp. austromontana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000244206 Nematoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061176 Nicotiana tabacum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010676 Ocimum basilicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007926 Ocimum gratissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000133276 Osteospermum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000044532 Paspalum conjugatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001330451 Paspalum notatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000208181 Pelargonium Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000171022 Peltophorum pterocarpum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000985664 Penstemon Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000000543 Pentas lanceolata Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000233679 Peronosporaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000304393 Phlox paniculata Species 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000758706 Piperaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000219295 Portulaca Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016311 Primula vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000028344 Primula vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009827 Prunus armeniaca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000018633 Prunus armeniaca Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000014443 Pyrus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000001987 Pyrus communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000088415 Raphanus sativus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006140 Raphanus sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000178231 Rosmarinus officinalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017848 Rubus fruticosus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007651 Rubus glaucus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011034 Rubus glaucus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009122 Rubus idaeus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000229286 Rudbeckia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017276 Salvia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007164 Salvia officinalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000757438 Scaevola Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002597 Solanum melongena Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061458 Solanum melongena Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000736285 Sphagnum Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000044578 Stenotaphrum secundatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100036417 Synaptotagmin-1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100036151 Synaptotagmin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100040817 Synaptotagmin-4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000736851 Tagetes Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012308 Tagetes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012311 Tagetes erecta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000152045 Themeda triandra Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005941 Thiamethoxam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007303 Thymus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002657 Thymus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000960400 Torenia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007218 Tripsacum dactyloides Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000003095 Vaccinium corymbosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017537 Vaccinium myrtillus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000290333 Vanilla fragrans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009499 Vanilla fragrans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012036 Vanilla tahitensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000405217 Viola <butterfly> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000616640 Viola cornuta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004031 Viola x wittrockiana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000001102 Zoysia matrella Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000036579 abiotic stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000895 acaricidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940023476 agar Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003619 algicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001887 anti-feedant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFDXOXNFNRHQEC-GHRIWEEISA-N azoxystrobin Chemical compound CO\C=C(\C(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1OC1=CC(OC=2C(=CC=CC=2)C#N)=NC=N1 WFDXOXNFNRHQEC-GHRIWEEISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OIPMQULDKWSNGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis[[ethoxy(oxo)phosphaniumyl]oxy]alumanyloxy-ethoxy-oxophosphanium Chemical compound [Al+3].CCO[P+]([O-])=O.CCO[P+]([O-])=O.CCO[P+]([O-])=O OIPMQULDKWSNGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021029 blackberry Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021014 blueberries Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- VAIZTNZGPYBOGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate Chemical compound C1=CC(OC(C)C(=O)OCCCC)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=N1 VAIZTNZGPYBOGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010418 carrageenan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000679 carrageenan Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001525 carrageenan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940113118 carrageenan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003559 chemosterilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PSOVNZZNOMJUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorantraniliprole Chemical compound CNC(=O)C1=CC(Cl)=CC(C)=C1NC(=O)C1=CC(Br)=NN1C1=NC=CC=C1Cl PSOVNZZNOMJUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CRQQGFGUEAVUIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorothalonil Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(C#N)=C(Cl)C(C#N)=C1Cl CRQQGFGUEAVUIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020971 citrus fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DVBUIBGJRQBEDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyantraniliprole Chemical compound CNC(=O)C1=CC(C#N)=CC(C)=C1NC(=O)C1=CC(Br)=NN1C1=NC=CC=C1Cl DVBUIBGJRQBEDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000216 gellan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010492 gellan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007407 health benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003898 horticulture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036512 infertility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002418 insect attractant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000077 insect repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZQEIXNIJLIKNTD-GFCCVEGCSA-N metalaxyl-M Chemical compound COCC(=O)N([C@H](C)C(=O)OC)C1=C(C)C=CC=C1C ZQEIXNIJLIKNTD-GFCCVEGCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003750 molluscacide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002013 molluscicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005645 nematicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical group OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005962 plant activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008121 plant development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005648 plant growth regulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N polynoxylin Chemical class O=C.NC(N)=O ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005614 potassium polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015136 pumpkin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008954 quail grass Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940083753 renown Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003128 rodenticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002786 root growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RCTGMCJBQGBLKT-PAMTUDGESA-N scarlet red Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1\N=N\C(C=C1C)=CC=C1\N=N\C1=C(O)C=CC2=CC=CC=C12 RCTGMCJBQGBLKT-PAMTUDGESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005369 scarlet red Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODCWYMIRDDJXKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N simazine Chemical compound CCNC1=NC(Cl)=NC(NCC)=N1 ODCWYMIRDDJXKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000020354 squash Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003206 sterilizing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000247 superabsorbent polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NWWZPOKUUAIXIW-FLIBITNWSA-N thiamethoxam Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C/1N(C)COCN\1CC1=CN=C(Cl)S1 NWWZPOKUUAIXIW-FLIBITNWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001585 thymus vulgaris Substances 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- LZGVDNRJCGPNDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trinitromethane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C([N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O LZGVDNRJCGPNDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012873 virucide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B17/00—Other phosphatic fertilisers, e.g. soft rock phosphates, bone meal
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/60—Flowers; Ornamental plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
- A01G9/029—Receptacles for seedlings
- A01G9/0291—Planting receptacles specially adapted for remaining in the soil after planting
-
- C05G3/0052—
-
- C05G3/04—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/10—Solid or semi-solid fertilisers, e.g. powders
- C05G5/14—Tablets, spikes, rods, blocks or balls
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
Definitions
- the invention relates to plant growing systems that include plant life, a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer to provide season-long performance (e.g., in the field, patio or hanging baskets), and growing media (e.g., soilless growing media). Methods of using the plant growing systems are also provided.
- Controlled-release fertilizers are well known in the art. These fertilizers are coated with materials that release nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) into soil or media for a plant's benefit over time.
- nutrients e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
- Osmocote® Plus is a CRF that releases nutrients over 3 to 14 month periods depending on factors including the amount of coating and prill size.
- Plants vary in their fertility requirements for achieving optimal growth. Indeed, plants may be characterized as light feeders (e.g., Begonias, Impatiens), medium feeders (e.g., Petunias, Geraniums), or heavy feeders (e.g., Poinsettias). Each class of feeders may tolerate varying, levels of salt, measured as electrical conductivity (EC): light feeders (EC ⁇ 0.76 to 2 mS/cm), medium feeders (EC ⁇ 1.5 to 3.0 mS/cm), and heavy feeders (EC ⁇ 2.0 to 3.5 mS/cm) using the saturated media extract (SME) procedure. See Cavins et al., “Monitoring and Managing pH and EC Using the PourThru Extraction Method,” Horticulture Information Leaflet 590, July, 2000.
- EC electrical conductivity
- High EC is detrimental to plants and is associated with poor shoot and root growth.
- an EC greater than 6.0 (using the SME procedure) or greater than 7.8 (using the PourThru extraction procedure) will result in salt injury to most crops.
- Some studies using the PourThru extraction procedure have shown that an EC above 4.7 is high and may damage sensitive plants; above 6.6 is very high with potential damage to most plants, and above 7.8 is extreme with most crops damaged. See, e.g., John M. Dole and James L. Gibson, Cutting Propagation 85 (Table 7.1) (Ball Publishing 2006); see also D. D. Warncke and D. M. Krauskopf, Extension Bulletin B-1736 (1983).
- a high EC may be caused by applying a greater amount of fertilizer than is required by the plant. Accordingly, one method of reducing EC is to reduce the fertilization rate by providing less fertilizer. See Cavins et al., supra.
- the embodiments of the invention relate to a plant growing system having, among other things, a fertility load that would not have been expected to produce superior plants.
- the invention includes plant life, a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) to provide season-long performance (e.g., in the field, patio or hanging baskets), and growing media.
- CRF controlled-release fertilizer
- a moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent may also be included.
- the growing system according to the embodiments of the present invention has high EC values because of the high fertility load.
- the inventors have surprisingly found that, despite the high EC values of the growing system, the combination of materials that make up the growing system nevertheless produces superior performing plants with darker green, healthier-looking leaves; superior growth, fill and spread; more abundant production of flowers and fruits; and a more developed, sustaining root system. Moreover, these plants are far less susceptible to the effects of pests such as fungi (e.g., Fusarium and Rhizoctonia ), pythium, caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, and other pests.
- pests such as fungi (e.g., Fusarium and Rhizoctonia ), pythium, caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, and other pests.
- the invention relates to a plant growing system comprising (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer to provide season-long performance; and (c) growing media.
- a moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent are included.
- the invention in another embodiment, relates to a high EC plant growing system comprising (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer; and (c) growing media; wherein the super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer promotes the high EC in the plant growing system.
- a moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent are included.
- the invention relates to a method for promoting season-long performance comprising planting the growing system described herein and enhancing drought tolerance by incorporating a moisture control agent.
- the invention relates to a method of increasing drought resistance comprising planting the growing system described herein and watering the plant growing system.
- the invention relates to a method of increasing drought resistance comprising planting the growing system described herein and enhancing garden performance by incorporating a pest control agent.
- the invention relates to a method of growing plants in a high EC environment, where the method comprises planting plant life in a container comprising growing media and a material comprising a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer.
- FIG. 1 is a photograph of five geranium plants grown using four different fertility treatments, where the left-most plant did not receive any fertility treatment.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph of four impatiens plants grown using four different fertility treatments.
- FIG. 3 is a photograph of four petunia plants grown using four different fertility treatments.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph of four marigold plants grown using four different fertility treatments.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph of four vinca plants grown using four different fertility treatments.
- FIG. 6 is a graph of experiments where various moisture control agents were used and the percent wilt was measured after an 11-day dry-down period.
- FIG. 7 is a graph of experiments where various moisture control agents were used and the visual quality at wilt was measured after an 11-day dry-down period.
- FIG. 8 is a picture of impatiens (upper rows) and verbena (lower rows) plants grown in media containing various moisture control agents.
- FIG. 9 shows pictures of petunia plants grown in the presence and absence of plant protection agents.
- FIG. 10 shows pictures of petunia plants grown using four different fertility treatments.
- FIG. 11 shows pictures of impatiens plants grown using two different fertility treatments.
- FIG. 12 is a graph of a drought stress study with impatiens using five different fertility treatments.
- FIG. 13 is a graph of a drought stress study with impatiens that incorporates moisture control agents.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing relative nitrogen amounts and EC values of various fertility formulas.
- FIG. 15 is a picture comparing the results of germanium plants grown in a hanging basket.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the number of flowers grown in a hanging basket.
- Live plants are produced by growers and sold by retailers for consumer use.
- the goal of the grower and retailer is to obtain a salable plant in a highly cost competitive market.
- many plants on the market lack the additional investments of fertilization, pest protection or moisture mediation. What results are inferior plants that will not exhibit season-long garden performance.
- the invention relates to a plant growing system that includes plant life (e.g., plant in small, medium or large plug format; plant cutting, young plant or seed), a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) to provide season-long performance (e.g., in the patio and field), and growing media.
- plant life e.g., plant in small, medium or large plug format; plant cutting, young plant or seed
- CRF controlled-release fertilizer
- a moisture control agent and/or plant protection agent may also be included.
- the super amounts of CRF used in the invention far exceed the levels of fertilizer previously used.
- the fertility loads used herein although resulting in high EC, unexpectedly did not detrimentally affect plants, but rather led to superior growth and performance (e.g., in the patio and field) compared to applying standard fertility loads (e.g., applied via constant liquid feed programs that typically contain 150-200 ppm of nitrogen in a complete N-P-K fertilizer with or without minor elements). Accordingly, contrary to conventional wisdom in the art, the inventors surprisingly determined that, among other things, high fertility loads could be used to obtain superior plants at the end of greenhouse/finish production, as well as season-long garden and patio settings.
- the inventors demonstrated that the plant growing systems described herein showed enhanced moisture management that protects against drought stress. Protection from drought stress may be further enhanced by including moisture control agents.
- the inventors also surprisingly found that, when adding a combination of controlled-release fertilizers (e.g., a blend of Osmocote fertilizers), EC was reduced.
- a combination of controlled-release fertilizers e.g., a blend of Osmocote fertilizers
- the inventors showed that the combination of Osmocote Plus and Osmocote Mini provided a higher fertility load and a lower EC when compared to the controlled-release fertilizers assessed individually.
- the plant growing systems described herein provide an easy and reproducible means for growing plants.
- the systems include a nutrient supply that adequately provides for both the production and garden performance phases of consumer goods. Indeed, an end user of the plant growing systems will not need to invest the time, money, or labor to ensure optimal garden performance.
- the plant growing systems will typically not require additional fertilization, while also providing protection from pests and drought—considerations commonly encountered with live plants but not being addressed with plants currently being sold. Accordingly, the invention provides an all-in-one growing system that eliminates the hassle and inconvenience of previously described systems.
- a high EC environment results from the use of a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer in the system of the embodiments of the present invention.
- some embodiments of the present invention relate to a method of growing plants in a high EC environment, where the method comprises planting plant life in a pot or container comprising growing media and a material comprising a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer to provide season-long performance.
- the material further comprises a moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent.
- a high EC plant growing system comprising (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer to provide season-long performance; and (c) growing media; wherein the super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer promotes the high EC in the plant growing system.
- the growing system further comprises a moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent.
- the term “super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer” means, in some embodiments, a CRF load greater than 8 kg/m 3 , e.g., greater than 9 kg/m 3 ; greater than 10 kg/m 3 ; greater than 12 kg/m 3 ; greater than 14 kg/m 3 ; greater than 16 kg/m 3 ; greater than 18 kg/m 3 ; or greater than 20 kg/m 3 with pot sizes greater than 10 cm in size.
- “super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer” means a CRF load of from about 8 to about 24 kg/m 3 ; about 10 to about 24 kg/m 3 ; or about 12 to about 24 kg/m 3 .
- the term “super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer” means at least 15 to 60 grams of a controlled-release fertilizer per greater than a 0.8 liter (e.g., greater than 0.9 L, greater than 1 L; greater than 1.25 L; greater than 2 L; or greater than 2.25 L) pot or container
- the amounts of fertilizer per greater than 0.8 (or 0.9) liter pot or container is from about 15 to about 30 grams; from about 12 to about 24 grams; from about 10 to about 40 grams; from about 8 to about 32 grams; or from about 14 to about 45 grams of CRF (e.g., Osmocote® Plus 5-6 month 15-9-12, Osmocote® Plus Hi Start 5-6 month 16-9-12, Osmocote® Mini 3-4 month 19-6-10 or combination of Osmocote® Plus and Osmocote® Mini).
- CRF e.g., Osmocote® Plus 5-6 month 15-9-12, Osmocote® Plus Hi Start 5-6 month 16
- the term “super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer” means from about 1.5 gram nitrogen to about 9 grams nitrogen per greater than 0.8 (or 0.9) liter pot or container, e.g., from about 2 grams nitrogen to about 5 grams nitrogen; from about 2 to about 4 grams nitrogen; from about 2 to about 8 grams nitrogen; from about 1.5 to about 6 grams nitrogen; of from about 2 to about 9 grams nitrogen per greater than 0.8 (or 0.9) liter pot or container.
- high EC means an EC higher than 7 mS/cm as determined via the PourThru method, e.g., higher than 8 mS/cm; higher than 9 mS/cm; higher than 10 mS/cm; higher than 11 mS/cm; higher than 12 mS/cm; higher than 13 mS/cm; higher than 14 mS/cm; or higher than 15 mS/cm as determined via the PourThru method.
- the EC is from about 7 mS/cm to about 18 mS/cm, e.g., from about 7 to about 12 mS/cm; from about 9 to about 18 mS/cm; from about 10 to about 18 mS/cm; from about 12 to about 18 mS/cm; from about 12 to about 16 mS/cm; or from about 10 to about 16 mS/cm as determined via the PourThru method.
- season-long performance means plants that maintain growth and production for at least 12-16 weeks.
- season-long performance of a plant may generally refer to plants that are grown in ground or plants that are grown hanging (e.g., in a hanging basket). The performance of a hanging basket, for example, will generally be shorter than that of a plant planted in-ground. Accordingly, “season-long performance” of plants planted and grown in the ground includes growth and production for at least 10-16 weeks. In another embodiment, the season-long performance of plants growing in suspension or hanging includes growth and production for at least 6-14 weeks.
- the plant growing system of the invention may comprise a wide variety of plant life such as a plant, plant cutting, young plant or seed.
- These plants may generally include, for example, flowers, vegetables, fruits, herbs, grass, trees, or perennial plant parts (e.g., bulbs; tubers; roots; crowns; stems; stolons; tillers; shoots; cuttings, including un-rooted cuttings, rooted cuttings, and callus cuttings or callus-generated plantlets; apical meristems etc.).
- Plant life that may be used in the plant growing system described herein includes plants, plant cuttings, young plants or seeds from ornamental plants such as geranium, petunia, impatiens, verbena, dahlia, pansy, vinca, ipomoea, lantana, salvia, snapdragon, scaevola, torenia, lobelia, dipladenia, calibrachoa, asters, agerantum, phlox, penstemon, gaillardia, zinnia, coleus, osteospermum, gerbera, begonia, angelonia, dianthus, calendula, campanula, celosia, portulaca, viola, mums; vegetables such as tomatoes, peppers, broccoli, cucumber, zucchini, raddish, eggplant, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, beet, carrots, spinach, squash, radish, beans, potato, onion; herbs such as basil, rosemary, dill, cilantro, coriander, th
- the varieties of ornamental plants of the present invention may comprise varieties of the vinca genus, such as Cora Cascade Polka Dot, Cora Cascade peach blush, Cora Cascade apricot, Exp. Cora Cascade apricot, Exp. Cora Cascade blush splash, Exp. Cora Cascade shell pink, Exp.
- the plants have superior genetics such as enhanced yields, aesthetics, and garden performance compared to standard, corresponding plants.
- These plants may be hybrid plants derived from parent plants having superior characteristics, or genetically modified plants comprising foreign nucleic acid molecules and/or endogenous genetic elements that confer desirable traits such as enhanced nutrition or health benefits, superior flavor, brighter or novel colors, greater yields, more fragrance, sterility, modified architecture such as more branching, shorter, taller, deeper rooting, enhanced root branching; attract beneficial pest-control agents; repel undesirable pests; bioremediation; biotic pest tolerance to diseases, nematodes, insects; abiotic stress tolerance such as cold, freezing, heat, drought salt, alkaline.
- the plant growing system of the invention comprises a super amount of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF).
- the CRF may include any coated fertilizer that comprises nitrogen, phorphorus, potassium, and/or micronutrients such as magnesium, sulfur, zinc, iron, copper.
- the CRF nutrient sources may be derived from urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), calcium phosphate, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate or combinations or derivatives thereof; and/or secondary nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, micronutrients such as iron, copper, zinc, chloride, silica, manganese, boron, molybdenum or combinations thereof.
- the controlled-release fertilizer may release nutrients over a four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12-14, or 16-18 month time period.
- the CRFs may include commercially available products such as Nutricote®; Osmocote®, Osmocote® Plus; Osmocote® Plus Hi Start; Osmocote® Mini; Osmocote® Exact; Harrell's Polyon® in any array of longevities, NPK content, and physical form (e.g., NPK+Micronutrients); Osmocote® Pro; Multicote®; Basacote®; Plantacote® NPK, Plantacote® Blends and Plantacote® Pluss; Trikote®; Duration®; ESN®; Nutralene®/isobutyldiurea (IBDU)/Nitroform® (slow release nitrogen sources to provide slow release nitrogen feeding).
- IBDU Nutralene®/isobutyldiurea
- the invention provides a combination of CRFs (e.g., a blend of Osmocote fertilizers).
- CRFs e.g., a blend of Osmocote fertilizers.
- the inventors found, contrary to conventional wisdom, that combining CRFs actually reduced rather than increased EC. This result is demonstrated in FIG. 14 .
- a plot of the EC versus fertility load (gN/plant) showed that as the amount of singular controlled-release fertilizer is increased, the EC also showed an associated increase (see, e.g., L1a to L1c).
- the controlled-release fertilizers are added in combination (e.g., L2 or L3), an increase in the amount demonstrated higher fertility in gN/plant but a lower EC.
- Big Box (“BB”) are generally grown with 3 times per week of fertigation with 150-200 ppm; R&D Std (“RDS”) plants were grown with 3 times per week of fertigation with 150-200 ppm; Leif 1a (“L1a”) 15 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12); Leif 1b (“L1b”) 30 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12); Leif 1c (“L1c”) 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12); Leif 2 (“L2”) 5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+20 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10); Leif 3 (“L3”) 2.5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+15 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10); Leif 4 (“L4”) 30 grams of 8-9 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12).
- the invention provides that the CRF may be in the form of a fertilizer stick, tablet, spike or other delivery form.
- Examples of commercially available products include, but are not limited to, Osmocote® Exact Tablets, Jobe's® fertilizer spikes, Miracle-Gro® fertilizer spikes.
- the plant growing system of the invention comprises growing media.
- the growing media may be any growing media such as peat, perlite, wheat straw, biodigester remains, coir, bark or combinations thereof.
- the growing media primarily comprises peat plus perlite in a ratio of 85% peat and 15% perlite.
- the media is MetroMix 360 containing formulated Canadian Sphagnum peat moss, coarse perlite, bark ash, starter nutrient charge (with Gypsum) and slow release nitrogen and dolomitic limestone.
- the plant growing system of the invention comprises a moisture control agent.
- Moisture control agents assist in preventing over- or under-watering.
- the moisture control agent includes, but is not limited to, water-swellable/water-absorbable/water-retentive polymers such as cross-linked polymers that swell without dissolving in the presence of water, and may, for example, absorb at least 10, 100, 1000, or more times its weight in water.
- Such polymers include cross-linked polyacrylamides or cross-linked polyacrylates; carrageenan, agar, alginic acid, guar gums and its derivatives, and gellan gum; products resulting from the grafting of acrylonitrile onto starch; and the like.
- moisture control agents that can be used in the plant growing system of the embodiments of the present invention, include Aridall® Superabsorbent Polymer (potassium polyacrylate); Aqualon Aquasorb® (sodium carboxymethylcellulose); Stockosorb®; Watersorb®; Zeba®; lignins, alkyl polyglucosides (APGs); and the like and combinations thereof.
- the plant growing system of the invention comprises a plant protection agent.
- the plant protection agent may be acaricides, algicides, antifeedants, avicides, bactericides, bird repellents, chemosterilants, herbicide safeners, insect attractants, insect repellents, insecticides, mammal repellents, mating disruptors, miticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant activators, plant-growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists, virucides or mixtures thereof.
- the plant protection agent is controlled/timed-release.
- the plant protection agents may include commercially available products such as Barricade®, Departure®, Fusilade®, Foestyl-AI®, Monument®, Pennant®, Princep®, Refuge®, Reward®, Tenacity®, Banner®, Concert®, Daconil®, Headway®, Heritage®, Hurricane®, Instrata®, Medallion®, Micora®, Palladium®, Renown®, Subdue®, Avid®, Award®, Citation®, Endeavor®, Flagship®, Meridian®, Scimitar®, Bonzi®, Primo®, Trimmit®, Cyantraniliprole (insecticide) or Chlorantraniliprole (insecticide) and the like or mixtures thereof.
- the plant protection agent is an insecticide such as but not limited to.
- the plant protection agent is phosphite or Fosetyl-Al encapsulated with Osmocote resin using and N-P-K core that acts as the Osmotic Pump to drive release of the fungicide to control Pythium, Phytophtora, and Downy Mildew.
- the plant growing system may comprise a biodegradable pot or container.
- the pot or container may be at least 0.8 L (e.g., greater than 0.9 L, greater than 1 L; greater than 1.25 L; greater than 2 L; or greater than 2.25 L).
- the pot or container can be from about 0.9 L to about 2.25 L, e.g., from about 0.9 L to about 2 L, from about 1 L to about 2.25 L, from about 1 L to 2 L or from about 1.25 L to about 2.25 L.
- the biodegradable pot or container provides a protective housing unit for the components of the plant growing systems described herein (e.g., plant, super amount of controlled-release fertilizer, etc.). As such, the biodegradable pot or container must be sufficiently rigid and also biodegradable to allow for production and shipment to end-users.
- the biodegradable pots also support the sustainable and earthy nature of gardening by often using renewable resources such as cow manure, wood fibers or peat.
- the biodegradable pot or container may comprise a molded material, a formed material, a composted material, a shaped material, or combinations thereof.
- the material may be peat, wheat straw, coconut fiber, manure (e.g., cow, bull, horse), paper pulp, brown or white sugarcane fibers, coir, or combinations thereof, and may be molded, for example, into an 0.9 liter or larger sized pot or container.
- Biodegradable pots are also superior growing containers because of the impact on root development. Indeed, biodegradable pots permit the roots to grow through the container enabling quicker and better root development into the surrounding soil upon transplanting.
- pots or containers made of other materials may also be used with the embodiments described herein.
- the invention provides for a method of growing a plant comprising planting the plant growing system described herein and watering said plant growing system.
- the invention provides for a method of planting comprising pushing the plant growing system described herein into a surface, and watering the inserted plant growing system.
- the method of planting requires preparing a surface adapted to receive the plant growing system described herein, where the system leads to superior growth due to enhanced fertility, protection from moisture stress and plant pests such as insects and diseases.
- the invention provides for a method of growing a plant in an environment having a high EC.
- the invention provides for a method of increasing the drought resistance of a plant comprising planting the plant utilizing the plant growing system described herein.
- the plant growing system may further comprise a moisture control agent described herein.
- the plant growing system may include, but not limited to, the moisture controlling agents described in paragraph [0050] above.
- a planting growing system that further comprises a moisture controlling agent may additionally comprise a plant protection agent.
- the plant protecting agent may include, but is not limited to, the plant protecting agents described in paragraph [0051]-[0052] above.
- the plant growing system of the embodiments of the present invention permits the production of healthy, commercial salable plants as demonstrated below.
- the pH, EC, height, growth index, flower count, and overall plant quality were measured as shown below in Tables 1-5 for Geranium, Impatiens, Petunia, Marigold, and Vinca.
- the pH and EC were measured seven and 21 days after planting (DAP), whereas the height, growth index (measured by height+diameter in axis 1+diameter in axis 2 divided by 3), flower count, and overall plant quality were each measured five weeks after planting (WAP).
- FIG. 1 shows each of the geranium plants, where the left-most plant was unfertilized; the plant to its right was grown using the standard system; and the other plants grown using the 15, 30, and 60 gram treatments appearing to the right, respectively.
- FIGS. 2-5 show each of the impatiens, petunia, marigold, and vinca plants, respectively, where the left-most plant was grown using the standard treatment and the plants grown using the 15, 30, and 60 gram treatments appearing to the right, respectively.
- Tables 1-5 demonstrate that superior performing plants can be grown in the plant growing system of the embodiments of the present invention even at very high ECs. For example, at 21 days after planting, geraniums grown with the 60 gram fertility treatment had an EC of 17.5 mS/cm (PourThru extraction method). Nevertheless, five weeks after planting, the flower count and overall plant quality was higher than plants grown using the standard treatment.
- Impatiens were grown in ten different growing systems, none of which contained a CRF, but contained, in some cases, the moisture control agents listed below:
- the plants were grown as 288 cell-pack plugs in eight replications under standard greenhouse conditions. The plants were subsequently transplanted into 4 and 8 inch pots and the 8 inch pot data is presented in this example.
- Each plant received liquid fertilization (constant liquid feed; no clear water) three times per week at a rate of 200 ppm nitrogen.
- those plants containing the Stockosorb® treatment i.e., e and f
- FIG. 8 shows a side-by-side comparison between impatiens grown in the various media described above. The plants in the lower row are verbena.
- Petunia plants were grown in 4 inch pots containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15, 10 grams of 8-9 M Osmocote® Pro (17-5-11), and 2 grams Stockosorb® under standard greenhouse conditions.
- the plants were treated with Heritage® and Subdue® fungicides and Flagship® insecticide.
- the plants were treated with a drench containing Heritage® 0.5 oz./100 gal.; Subdue® 1.0 oz./100 gal.; and Flagship® 4 oz./100 gal.
- FIG. 9 shows a higher rate of disease pressure on the untreated controls than the plants grown using the growing systems according to the embodiments of the present invention.
- Petunia plants were grown in 6 inch pots containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15; 15, 30 or 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote® Plus (15-9-12); and 1 gram Stockosorb® under standard greenhouse conditions.
- the plants were treated with Heritage® and Subdue® fungicides and Flagship® insecticide.
- the plants were treated with a drench containing Heritage® 0.5 oz./100 gal.; Subdue® 1.0 oz./100 gal.; and Flagship° 4 oz./100 gal.
- 10 shows inferior garden performance of untreated controls (Standard) than for plants grown using the growing systems of the embodiments of the invention (Growing System+15 g CRF, 30 g CRF and 60 g CRF) after 12 weeks in the garden.
- Impatiens plants were grown in 4 inch pots containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15, 10 grams of 8-9 M Osmocote® Pro (17-5-11), and 2 grams Stockosorb® under standard greenhouse conditions.
- the plants were treated with Heritage® and Subdue® fungicides and Flagship® insecticide.
- FIG. 11 shows inferior garden performance of untreated controls (Standard) than for plants grown using the growing systems according to the embodiments of the present invention after 14 weeks in the garden.
- the plant growing system of the embodiments of the present invention permits not only the production of healthy, commercial salable plants, but also plants that are better able to tolerate drought stress.
- the benefits of drought protection can be further increased by incorporating a moisture control agent.
- Accent premium white impatiens were all grown in a plant growing system containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15, 1.5 and five different fertility treatments.
- the standard treatment involved adding liquid fertilization (constant liquid feed; no clear water) three times per week at a rate of 150 ppm nitrogen.
- the other four treatments involved the use of 15 grams, 30 grams or 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12) controlled-release fertilizer per 1.3 L pot, and 5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+20 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10) controlled-release fertilizer per 1.3 L pot.
- the plants were grown in 50, 72 or 288 cell-pack plugs in six replications under standard greenhouse conditions. When plants reached pot fill, they were heavily watered and did not receive any additional watering. The plants were scored daily and days to 75% wilt were recorded.
- FIG. 12 shows plants produced using the growing system show a dramatic improvement in drought tolerance.
- Accent premium white impatiens were all grown in a plant growing system containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15 and three different fertility treatments.
- the standard treatment involved adding liquid fertilization (constant liquid feed; no clear water) three times per week at a rate of 150 ppm nitrogen.
- the other two treatments involved the use of 15 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12) controlled-release fertilizer per 1.3 L pot, and 5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+20 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10) controlled-release fertilizer per 1.3 L pot.
- FIGS. 15-16 The results of this study are summarized in FIGS. 15-16 .
- the plant growing system of the present invention delivering unsurpassed consumer season-long garden performance (sustained growth, healthy foliage, abundant flowers) over an eight week period when compared to Geranium using conventional liquid feed.
Abstract
The invention relates to a plant growing system having (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer to provide season-long performance; and (c) growing media. The planting growing system may also include a moisture control agent or a plant protection agent. Despite the high EC values of the growing system, the combination of materials that make up the growing system nevertheless produces superior performing plants with darker green, healthier-looking leaves; superior growth, fill and spread; more abundant production of flowers and fruits; and a more developed, sustaining root system. Moreover, these plants are far less susceptible to the effects of pests such as fungi (e.g., Fusarium and Rhizoctonia), pythium, caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, and other pests.
Description
- This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/625,992, filed Apr. 18, 2012.
- The invention relates to plant growing systems that include plant life, a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer to provide season-long performance (e.g., in the field, patio or hanging baskets), and growing media (e.g., soilless growing media). Methods of using the plant growing systems are also provided.
- Controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) are well known in the art. These fertilizers are coated with materials that release nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) into soil or media for a plant's benefit over time. For example, Osmocote® Plus is a CRF that releases nutrients over 3 to 14 month periods depending on factors including the amount of coating and prill size.
- Plants vary in their fertility requirements for achieving optimal growth. Indeed, plants may be characterized as light feeders (e.g., Begonias, Impatiens), medium feeders (e.g., Petunias, Geraniums), or heavy feeders (e.g., Poinsettias). Each class of feeders may tolerate varying, levels of salt, measured as electrical conductivity (EC): light feeders (EC ˜0.76 to 2 mS/cm), medium feeders (EC ˜1.5 to 3.0 mS/cm), and heavy feeders (EC ˜2.0 to 3.5 mS/cm) using the saturated media extract (SME) procedure. See Cavins et al., “Monitoring and Managing pH and EC Using the PourThru Extraction Method,” Horticulture Information Leaflet 590, July, 2000.
- High EC is detrimental to plants and is associated with poor shoot and root growth. For example, an EC greater than 6.0 (using the SME procedure) or greater than 7.8 (using the PourThru extraction procedure) will result in salt injury to most crops. Some studies using the PourThru extraction procedure have shown that an EC above 4.7 is high and may damage sensitive plants; above 6.6 is very high with potential damage to most plants, and above 7.8 is extreme with most crops damaged. See, e.g., John M. Dole and James L. Gibson, Cutting Propagation 85 (Table 7.1) (Ball Publishing 2006); see also D. D. Warncke and D. M. Krauskopf, Extension Bulletin B-1736 (1983). A high EC may be caused by applying a greater amount of fertilizer than is required by the plant. Accordingly, one method of reducing EC is to reduce the fertilization rate by providing less fertilizer. See Cavins et al., supra.
- A recent study reviewed the effects of CRF on nutrient leaching. See Andiru, G., “Effects of Controlled-Released Fertilizer on Nutrient Leaching and Garden Performance of Impatiens walleriana (Hook. F., “Extreme Scarlet,” Masters Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2010). The report found, among other things, that low to medium CRF application rates (3.4-6.8 kg/m3; 2.5-5 g/container) produced commercially acceptable plant quality, whereas a higher CRF application rate (13.6 kg/m3; 10 g/container) resulted in smaller canopy cover than the control. Moreover, “if high fertilizer rates were used, high initial release might not favor growth of young plants.” See Andiru, supra. Accordingly, the study confirms that high fertility loads should be avoided for obtaining superior performing plants.
- The embodiments of the invention relate to a plant growing system having, among other things, a fertility load that would not have been expected to produce superior plants. In particular, the invention includes plant life, a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) to provide season-long performance (e.g., in the field, patio or hanging baskets), and growing media. A moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent may also be included. The growing system according to the embodiments of the present invention has high EC values because of the high fertility load. For that reason, the inventors have surprisingly found that, despite the high EC values of the growing system, the combination of materials that make up the growing system nevertheless produces superior performing plants with darker green, healthier-looking leaves; superior growth, fill and spread; more abundant production of flowers and fruits; and a more developed, sustaining root system. Moreover, these plants are far less susceptible to the effects of pests such as fungi (e.g., Fusarium and Rhizoctonia), pythium, caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, and other pests.
- In one embodiment, the invention relates to a plant growing system comprising (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer to provide season-long performance; and (c) growing media. In other embodiments, a moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent are included.
- In another embodiment, the invention relates to a high EC plant growing system comprising (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer; and (c) growing media; wherein the super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer promotes the high EC in the plant growing system. In other embodiments, a moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent are included.
- In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for promoting season-long performance comprising planting the growing system described herein and enhancing drought tolerance by incorporating a moisture control agent.
- In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of increasing drought resistance comprising planting the growing system described herein and watering the plant growing system.
- In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of increasing drought resistance comprising planting the growing system described herein and enhancing garden performance by incorporating a pest control agent.
- In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of growing plants in a high EC environment, where the method comprises planting plant life in a container comprising growing media and a material comprising a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer.
-
FIG. 1 is a photograph of five geranium plants grown using four different fertility treatments, where the left-most plant did not receive any fertility treatment. -
FIG. 2 is a photograph of four impatiens plants grown using four different fertility treatments. -
FIG. 3 is a photograph of four petunia plants grown using four different fertility treatments. -
FIG. 4 is a photograph of four marigold plants grown using four different fertility treatments. -
FIG. 5 is a photograph of four vinca plants grown using four different fertility treatments. -
FIG. 6 is a graph of experiments where various moisture control agents were used and the percent wilt was measured after an 11-day dry-down period. -
FIG. 7 is a graph of experiments where various moisture control agents were used and the visual quality at wilt was measured after an 11-day dry-down period. -
FIG. 8 is a picture of impatiens (upper rows) and verbena (lower rows) plants grown in media containing various moisture control agents. -
FIG. 9 shows pictures of petunia plants grown in the presence and absence of plant protection agents. -
FIG. 10 shows pictures of petunia plants grown using four different fertility treatments. -
FIG. 11 shows pictures of impatiens plants grown using two different fertility treatments. -
FIG. 12 is a graph of a drought stress study with impatiens using five different fertility treatments. -
FIG. 13 is a graph of a drought stress study with impatiens that incorporates moisture control agents. -
FIG. 14 is a graph showing relative nitrogen amounts and EC values of various fertility formulas. -
FIG. 15 is a picture comparing the results of germanium plants grown in a hanging basket. -
FIG. 16 is a graph showing the number of flowers grown in a hanging basket. - Live plants are produced by growers and sold by retailers for consumer use. The goal of the grower and retailer is to obtain a salable plant in a highly cost competitive market. However, many plants on the market lack the additional investments of fertilization, pest protection or moisture mediation. What results are inferior plants that will not exhibit season-long garden performance.
- Additionally, current practices and research advise against supplying high amounts of fertilizer. Indeed, negative effects have been observed on post-production performance when high levels of fertilizer are used. See Nell, T. A., et al., Hart. Science 24: 996-998 (1989). As such, to “harden” or “tone” plants for shipping and the retail environment, growers will stop fertilization 1-2 weeks prior to shipment. See Nell, supra. This is done to avoid the negative impact (excess growth and stretching) of high EC fertility on plant development and quality, as well as the impact to their budget and the environment. (Conover C. A., Poole R. T., and Steinkamp K. Using the Pour Through Nutrient Extraction Procedure Production Regimes: Optimum Fertilizer Rates and Associated Leachate electrical Conductivity Levels of Twelve Foliage Plants. (http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/foliage/resrpts/rh—92—24.htm).
- The inventors have developed a system that is counterintuitive to accepted precepts regarding high fertility and ECs and its impact on plant performance during production and dramatically so through the gardening season. In particular, the invention relates to a plant growing system that includes plant life (e.g., plant in small, medium or large plug format; plant cutting, young plant or seed), a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) to provide season-long performance (e.g., in the patio and field), and growing media. A moisture control agent and/or plant protection agent may also be included. The super amounts of CRF used in the invention far exceed the levels of fertilizer previously used. Indeed, the fertility loads used herein, although resulting in high EC, unexpectedly did not detrimentally affect plants, but rather led to superior growth and performance (e.g., in the patio and field) compared to applying standard fertility loads (e.g., applied via constant liquid feed programs that typically contain 150-200 ppm of nitrogen in a complete N-P-K fertilizer with or without minor elements). Accordingly, contrary to conventional wisdom in the art, the inventors surprisingly determined that, among other things, high fertility loads could be used to obtain superior plants at the end of greenhouse/finish production, as well as season-long garden and patio settings.
- To protect plant health during distribution and for the end user, the inventors demonstrated that the plant growing systems described herein showed enhanced moisture management that protects against drought stress. Protection from drought stress may be further enhanced by including moisture control agents.
- The inventors also surprisingly found that, when adding a combination of controlled-release fertilizers (e.g., a blend of Osmocote fertilizers), EC was reduced. For example, the inventors showed that the combination of Osmocote Plus and Osmocote Mini provided a higher fertility load and a lower EC when compared to the controlled-release fertilizers assessed individually.
- The plant growing systems described herein provide an easy and reproducible means for growing plants. The systems include a nutrient supply that adequately provides for both the production and garden performance phases of consumer goods. Indeed, an end user of the plant growing systems will not need to invest the time, money, or labor to ensure optimal garden performance. For example, the plant growing systems will typically not require additional fertilization, while also providing protection from pests and drought—considerations commonly encountered with live plants but not being addressed with plants currently being sold. Accordingly, the invention provides an all-in-one growing system that eliminates the hassle and inconvenience of previously described systems.
- In some embodiments, a high EC environment results from the use of a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer in the system of the embodiments of the present invention. Accordingly, some embodiments of the present invention relate to a method of growing plants in a high EC environment, where the method comprises planting plant life in a pot or container comprising growing media and a material comprising a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer to provide season-long performance. In other embodiments, the material further comprises a moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent.
- Other embodiments of the present invention relate to a high EC plant growing system comprising (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer to provide season-long performance; and (c) growing media; wherein the super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer promotes the high EC in the plant growing system. In other embodiments, the growing system further comprises a moisture control agent and/or a plant protection agent.
- As used herein, the term “super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer” means, in some embodiments, a CRF load greater than 8 kg/m3, e.g., greater than 9 kg/m3; greater than 10 kg/m3; greater than 12 kg/m3; greater than 14 kg/m3; greater than 16 kg/m3; greater than 18 kg/m3; or greater than 20 kg/m3 with pot sizes greater than 10 cm in size. In some embodiments, “super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer” means a CRF load of from about 8 to about 24 kg/m3; about 10 to about 24 kg/m3; or about 12 to about 24 kg/m3.
- In other embodiments, the term “super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer” means at least 15 to 60 grams of a controlled-release fertilizer per greater than a 0.8 liter (e.g., greater than 0.9 L, greater than 1 L; greater than 1.25 L; greater than 2 L; or greater than 2.25 L) pot or container For example, in some embodiments, the amounts of fertilizer per greater than 0.8 (or 0.9) liter pot or container is from about 15 to about 30 grams; from about 12 to about 24 grams; from about 10 to about 40 grams; from about 8 to about 32 grams; or from about 14 to about 45 grams of CRF (e.g., Osmocote® Plus 5-6 month 15-9-12, Osmocote® Plus Hi Start 5-6 month 16-9-12, Osmocote® Mini 3-4 month 19-6-10 or combination of Osmocote® Plus and Osmocote® Mini).
- In still other embodiments, the term “super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer” means from about 1.5 gram nitrogen to about 9 grams nitrogen per greater than 0.8 (or 0.9) liter pot or container, e.g., from about 2 grams nitrogen to about 5 grams nitrogen; from about 2 to about 4 grams nitrogen; from about 2 to about 8 grams nitrogen; from about 1.5 to about 6 grams nitrogen; of from about 2 to about 9 grams nitrogen per greater than 0.8 (or 0.9) liter pot or container.
- As used herein, the term “high EC” means an EC higher than 7 mS/cm as determined via the PourThru method, e.g., higher than 8 mS/cm; higher than 9 mS/cm; higher than 10 mS/cm; higher than 11 mS/cm; higher than 12 mS/cm; higher than 13 mS/cm; higher than 14 mS/cm; or higher than 15 mS/cm as determined via the PourThru method. In some embodiments, the EC is from about 7 mS/cm to about 18 mS/cm, e.g., from about 7 to about 12 mS/cm; from about 9 to about 18 mS/cm; from about 10 to about 18 mS/cm; from about 12 to about 18 mS/cm; from about 12 to about 16 mS/cm; or from about 10 to about 16 mS/cm as determined via the PourThru method.
- As used herein, “season-long performance” means plants that maintain growth and production for at least 12-16 weeks. In another embodiment, the season-long performance of a plant may generally refer to plants that are grown in ground or plants that are grown hanging (e.g., in a hanging basket). The performance of a hanging basket, for example, will generally be shorter than that of a plant planted in-ground. Accordingly, “season-long performance” of plants planted and grown in the ground includes growth and production for at least 10-16 weeks. In another embodiment, the season-long performance of plants growing in suspension or hanging includes growth and production for at least 6-14 weeks.
- The plant growing system of the invention may comprise a wide variety of plant life such as a plant, plant cutting, young plant or seed. These plants may generally include, for example, flowers, vegetables, fruits, herbs, grass, trees, or perennial plant parts (e.g., bulbs; tubers; roots; crowns; stems; stolons; tillers; shoots; cuttings, including un-rooted cuttings, rooted cuttings, and callus cuttings or callus-generated plantlets; apical meristems etc.). Plant life that may be used in the plant growing system described herein includes plants, plant cuttings, young plants or seeds from ornamental plants such as geranium, petunia, impatiens, verbena, dahlia, pansy, vinca, ipomoea, lantana, salvia, snapdragon, scaevola, torenia, lobelia, dipladenia, calibrachoa, asters, agerantum, phlox, penstemon, gaillardia, zinnia, coleus, osteospermum, gerbera, begonia, angelonia, dianthus, calendula, campanula, celosia, portulaca, viola, mums; vegetables such as tomatoes, peppers, broccoli, cucumber, zucchini, raddish, eggplant, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, beet, carrots, spinach, squash, radish, beans, potato, onion; herbs such as basil, rosemary, dill, cilantro, coriander, thyme, oregano, mint; fruits such as, blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, watermelon, apple, cherry, pear, orange, lemon, and pumpkin; turfgrasses such as bluegrass, St. Augustinegrass, bermudagrass, bentgrass, bahiagrass, centipedegrass, tall fescue, buffalograss, zoysiagrass, ryegrass, fine fescue; and agricultural crops such as corn, sugar cane, wheat, soybean, tobacco, citrus, etc. Without being limited to varieties enumerated herein, the varieties of ornamental plants of the present invention may comprise varieties of the vinca genus, such as Cora Cascade Polka Dot, Cora Cascade peach blush, Cora Cascade apricot, Exp. Cora Cascade apricot, Exp. Cora Cascade blush splash, Exp. Cora Cascade shell pink, Exp. Cora Cascade strawberry, Cora Cascade cherry, Exp. Cora Cascade cherry, Cora Cascade magenta, Cora Cascade lilac, Exp. Cora Cascade violet, Exp. Nirvana Cascade white, Exp. Nirvana Cascade polka dot, Nirvana Cascade pink blush, Nirvana Cascade® pink splash, Nirvana Cascade® burgundy, or Nirvana Cascade lavender eye; plants of the cleome genus, such as Sparkler F1 blush, Sparkler F1 rose, Sparkler F1 white, Sparkler™ lavender; plants of the helianthus annuus genus, such as Exp. Yellow Dark Ct Indeterminant, or Exp. Yellow Dark Ct Indeterminant; plants of the impatients hawkeri genus Exp. NGI red, Exp. NGI red, Divine scarlet red, Exp. NGI orange, Divine orange bronze leaf, Exp. NGI salmon, Exp. New Guinea Impatiens salmon, Exp. New Guinea Impatiens salmon, Exp. NGI bicolor orange, Exp. NGI white, Exp. NGI white, Exp. New Guinea Impatiens pink, Divine pink, Exp. NGI violet, Divine violet, Exp. NGI lavender, or Divine lavender; plants of the lantana genus, such as Exp. Bandana white, Bandana® primrose, Bandana® peach, Bandana® rose upgrade, Exp. Bandana red, Exp. Bandana cherry, Bandana® orange sunrise, Bandana® trailing gold, or Exp. Bandana trailing red; plants of the mandevilla hydrida genus Exp. Rio dark pink, Rio pink, Exp. Rio pink, Rio deep red, Exp. Rio red, or Exp. Rio white; plants of the pelargonium interspecific genus Calliope exp. It pk, Calliope exp. Coral (bicolor), Exp. Calliope hot rose, Exp. Calliope rose splash, Exp. Calliope burgundy, Calliope exp. lay, Exp. Calliope lavender rose, Calliope exp. ro, Calliope exp. Scarlet, Calliope Scarlet Fire “Cope Scarfir”, Exp. Calliope hot scarlet, Calliope Dark Red“Ameri Trared”, Exp. Calliope burgundy, Exp. Calliope violet, Exp. Calliope burgundy, Calliope exp. ro w/Eye, Exp. Caliente® lavender rose, Caliente Pink “Cante Pinka”, Caliente exp. Dp.Pk, Exp. Caliente® salmon, Caliente Coral “Cante Coras”, Caliente Orange “Cante Oran”, Caliente exp. Vio, Caliente exp. Vio, Caliente exp. ro sp, Exp. Caliente® rose coral, or Caliente exp. pkbl; plants of the pentas lanceolata genus, such as Exp. Trailing white, Exp. Trailing white, Exp. Trailing white, Exp. Trailing pink bicolor, Exp. Trailing pink bicolor, Exp. Trailing deep pink, Exp. Trailing rose, Exp. Trailing rose, Exp. Trailing cherry, or Exp. Trailing red; plants of the petunia pendula genus, such as Plush white, Ramblin′ white, Exp. Ramblin yellow, Plush red, Ramblin′ red, Plush blue, or Ramblin′ nu blue; plants of the rudbeckia genus, such as Tiger eye gold F1; plants of the tagetes erecta genus, such as Perfection™ yellow, Perfection™ F1 gold, Perfection™ F1 orange, Exp. Perfection Vanilla White, Asian Cut flower, Gold, Asian Cut flower, or Orange, plants of the viola cornuta genus, such as Endurio yellow with violet wing, or Exp.Endurio yellow with violet wing; plants of the viola wittrockiana genus, such as Exp Colossus Yellow/Blotch VI042, Mammoth Blue-ti-ful, Exp. WonderFall White, Exp. WonderFall Yellow, Exp. WonderFall Yellow Blotch, WonderdFall Yellow with Red Wing trailing, Exp. WonderFall Blue Blotch, WonderFall Blue Picotee Shades, Exp. WonderFall Purple; and plants of the zinnia genus, such as ZOWIE!™ YELLOW FLAME, Uproar™ Rose, Uproar™ White 1695-1-T1, Uproar™ Deep Yellow 1695-17-T1, Uproar™ Orange 1695-8-T1, Uproar™ Scarlet 1695-10-T2.
- In one embodiment, the plants have superior genetics such as enhanced yields, aesthetics, and garden performance compared to standard, corresponding plants. These plants may be hybrid plants derived from parent plants having superior characteristics, or genetically modified plants comprising foreign nucleic acid molecules and/or endogenous genetic elements that confer desirable traits such as enhanced nutrition or health benefits, superior flavor, brighter or novel colors, greater yields, more fragrance, sterility, modified architecture such as more branching, shorter, taller, deeper rooting, enhanced root branching; attract beneficial pest-control agents; repel undesirable pests; bioremediation; biotic pest tolerance to diseases, nematodes, insects; abiotic stress tolerance such as cold, freezing, heat, drought salt, alkaline.
- The plant growing system of the invention comprises a super amount of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF). The CRF may include any coated fertilizer that comprises nitrogen, phorphorus, potassium, and/or micronutrients such as magnesium, sulfur, zinc, iron, copper. The CRF nutrient sources may be derived from urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), calcium phosphate, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate or combinations or derivatives thereof; and/or secondary nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, micronutrients such as iron, copper, zinc, chloride, silica, manganese, boron, molybdenum or combinations thereof. The controlled-release fertilizer may release nutrients over a four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12-14, or 16-18 month time period.
- The CRFs may include commercially available products such as Nutricote®; Osmocote®, Osmocote® Plus; Osmocote® Plus Hi Start; Osmocote® Mini; Osmocote® Exact; Harrell's Polyon® in any array of longevities, NPK content, and physical form (e.g., NPK+Micronutrients); Osmocote® Pro; Multicote®; Basacote®; Plantacote® NPK, Plantacote® Blends and Plantacote® Pluss; Trikote®; Duration®; ESN®; Nutralene®/isobutyldiurea (IBDU)/Nitroform® (slow release nitrogen sources to provide slow release nitrogen feeding).
- In some embodiments, the invention provides a combination of CRFs (e.g., a blend of Osmocote fertilizers). The inventors found, contrary to conventional wisdom, that combining CRFs actually reduced rather than increased EC. This result is demonstrated in
FIG. 14 . A plot of the EC versus fertility load (gN/plant) showed that as the amount of singular controlled-release fertilizer is increased, the EC also showed an associated increase (see, e.g., L1a to L1c). However, when the controlled-release fertilizers are added in combination (e.g., L2 or L3), an increase in the amount demonstrated higher fertility in gN/plant but a lower EC. Big Box (“BB”) are generally grown with 3 times per week of fertigation with 150-200 ppm; R&D Std (“RDS”) plants were grown with 3 times per week of fertigation with 150-200 ppm;Leif 1a (“L1a”) 15 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12);Leif 1b (“L1b”) 30 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12); Leif 1c (“L1c”) 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12); Leif 2 (“L2”) 5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+20 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10); Leif 3 (“L3”) 2.5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+15 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10); Leif 4 (“L4”) 30 grams of 8-9 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12). - In other embodiments, the invention provides that the CRF may be in the form of a fertilizer stick, tablet, spike or other delivery form. Examples of commercially available products include, but are not limited to, Osmocote® Exact Tablets, Jobe's® fertilizer spikes, Miracle-Gro® fertilizer spikes.
- The plant growing system of the invention comprises growing media. The growing media may be any growing media such as peat, perlite, wheat straw, biodigester remains, coir, bark or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the growing media primarily comprises peat plus perlite in a ratio of 85% peat and 15% perlite. In another embodiment, the media is MetroMix 360 containing formulated Canadian Sphagnum peat moss, coarse perlite, bark ash, starter nutrient charge (with Gypsum) and slow release nitrogen and dolomitic limestone. Other organic matter that could also be utilized wheat straw, wheat-grain-based media, corn stalks, bark, biodigester remains, coir, peat and peat-like materials, wood residues, bagasse, rice hulls, sand, perlite, vermiculite, calcinated clays, expanded polystyrenes, urea formaldehydes, and mixtures thereof
- The plant growing system of the invention comprises a moisture control agent. Moisture control agents assist in preventing over- or under-watering. The moisture control agent includes, but is not limited to, water-swellable/water-absorbable/water-retentive polymers such as cross-linked polymers that swell without dissolving in the presence of water, and may, for example, absorb at least 10, 100, 1000, or more times its weight in water. Such polymers include cross-linked polyacrylamides or cross-linked polyacrylates; carrageenan, agar, alginic acid, guar gums and its derivatives, and gellan gum; products resulting from the grafting of acrylonitrile onto starch; and the like. Specific, non-limiting examples of moisture control agents that can be used in the plant growing system of the embodiments of the present invention, include Aridall® Superabsorbent Polymer (potassium polyacrylate); Aqualon Aquasorb® (sodium carboxymethylcellulose); Stockosorb®; Watersorb®; Zeba®; lignins, alkyl polyglucosides (APGs); and the like and combinations thereof.
- The plant growing system of the invention comprises a plant protection agent. The plant protection agent may be acaricides, algicides, antifeedants, avicides, bactericides, bird repellents, chemosterilants, herbicide safeners, insect attractants, insect repellents, insecticides, mammal repellents, mating disruptors, miticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant activators, plant-growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists, virucides or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the plant protection agent is controlled/timed-release.
- The plant protection agents may include commercially available products such as Barricade®, Departure®, Fusilade®, Foestyl-AI®, Monument®, Pennant®, Princep®, Refuge®, Reward®, Tenacity®, Banner®, Concert®, Daconil®, Headway®, Heritage®, Hurricane®, Instrata®, Medallion®, Micora®, Palladium®, Renown®, Subdue®, Avid®, Award®, Citation®, Endeavor®, Flagship®, Meridian®, Scimitar®, Bonzi®, Primo®, Trimmit®, Cyantraniliprole (insecticide) or Chlorantraniliprole (insecticide) and the like or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the plant protection agent is an insecticide such as but not limited to. In another embodiment, the plant protection agent is phosphite or Fosetyl-Al encapsulated with Osmocote resin using and N-P-K core that acts as the Osmotic Pump to drive release of the fungicide to control Pythium, Phytophtora, and Downy Mildew.
- The plant growing system may comprise a biodegradable pot or container. The pot or container may be at least 0.8 L (e.g., greater than 0.9 L, greater than 1 L; greater than 1.25 L; greater than 2 L; or greater than 2.25 L). In some embodiments, the pot or container can be from about 0.9 L to about 2.25 L, e.g., from about 0.9 L to about 2 L, from about 1 L to about 2.25 L, from about 1 L to 2 L or from about 1.25 L to about 2.25 L.
- The biodegradable pot or container provides a protective housing unit for the components of the plant growing systems described herein (e.g., plant, super amount of controlled-release fertilizer, etc.). As such, the biodegradable pot or container must be sufficiently rigid and also biodegradable to allow for production and shipment to end-users. The biodegradable pots also support the sustainable and earthy nature of gardening by often using renewable resources such as cow manure, wood fibers or peat.
- The biodegradable pot or container may comprise a molded material, a formed material, a composted material, a shaped material, or combinations thereof. For example, the material may be peat, wheat straw, coconut fiber, manure (e.g., cow, bull, horse), paper pulp, brown or white sugarcane fibers, coir, or combinations thereof, and may be molded, for example, into an 0.9 liter or larger sized pot or container.
- Biodegradable pots are also superior growing containers because of the impact on root development. Indeed, biodegradable pots permit the roots to grow through the container enabling quicker and better root development into the surrounding soil upon transplanting.
- It is understood that pots or containers made of other materials (e.g., plastic) may also be used with the embodiments described herein.
- Methods of using the plant growing systems are contemplated herein. In one embodiment, the invention provides for a method of growing a plant comprising planting the plant growing system described herein and watering said plant growing system. In another embodiment, the invention provides for a method of planting comprising pushing the plant growing system described herein into a surface, and watering the inserted plant growing system. In another embodiment, the method of planting requires preparing a surface adapted to receive the plant growing system described herein, where the system leads to superior growth due to enhanced fertility, protection from moisture stress and plant pests such as insects and diseases. In another embodiment, the invention provides for a method of growing a plant in an environment having a high EC.
- In another embodiment, the invention provides for a method of increasing the drought resistance of a plant comprising planting the plant utilizing the plant growing system described herein. In another embodiment, the plant growing system may further comprise a moisture control agent described herein. For example, the plant growing system may include, but not limited to, the moisture controlling agents described in paragraph [0050] above. In an alternative embodiment, a planting growing system that further comprises a moisture controlling agent may additionally comprise a plant protection agent. The plant protecting agent may include, but is not limited to, the plant protecting agents described in paragraph [0051]-[0052] above.
- The following examples are not intended to limit the invention in anyway.
- The plant growing system of the embodiments of the present invention permits the production of healthy, commercial salable plants as demonstrated below.
- Five annual garden plants, namely, Calliope dark red geranium, Accent premium white impatiens, Ramblin Nu Blu petunia, Moonstruck yellow marigold, and Cora white vinca were all grown in a plant growing system containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15, 1.5 grams Stockosorb, and four different fertility treatments. The standard treatment involved adding liquid fertilization (constant liquid feed; no clear water) three times per week at a rate of 150 ppm nitrogen. The other three treatments involved the use of 15 grams, 30 grams or 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12) controlled-release fertilizer per 1.5 L pot. The plants were grown as 72 cell-pack plugs in eight replications under standard greenhouse conditions. The pH, EC, height, growth index, flower count, and overall plant quality were measured as shown below in Tables 1-5 for Geranium, Impatiens, Petunia, Marigold, and Vinca. The pH and EC were measured seven and 21 days after planting (DAP), whereas the height, growth index (measured by height+diameter in
axis 1+diameter inaxis 2 divided by 3), flower count, and overall plant quality were each measured five weeks after planting (WAP). -
FIG. 1 shows each of the geranium plants, where the left-most plant was unfertilized; the plant to its right was grown using the standard system; and the other plants grown using the 15, 30, and 60 gram treatments appearing to the right, respectively.FIGS. 2-5 show each of the impatiens, petunia, marigold, and vinca plants, respectively, where the left-most plant was grown using the standard treatment and the plants grown using the 15, 30, and 60 gram treatments appearing to the right, respectively. - Overall, the data presented in Tables 1-5 demonstrate that superior performing plants can be grown in the plant growing system of the embodiments of the present invention even at very high ECs. For example, at 21 days after planting, geraniums grown with the 60 gram fertility treatment had an EC of 17.5 mS/cm (PourThru extraction method). Nevertheless, five weeks after planting, the flower count and overall plant quality was higher than plants grown using the standard treatment.
- Dramatically, and unexpectedly, geraniums grown with 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus demonstrated higher plant quality and bloom count than plants undergoing standard liquid fertilization in spite of having an EC at 21 days after planting of 17.5 mS/cm (Table 1). Impatiens grown with 15 and 30 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus also showed superior or comparable plant quality to controls, even though the EC value for 30 gram Osmocote treatment was 11.2 mS/cm, 21 days after planting (Table 2). Superior plant quality was also seen with petunia even plants grown in 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus that had an EC value at 21 days after planting of 17.5 mS/cm (Table 3). Marigolds grown at 60 grams of 5-6 month Osmocote Plus had commercial level plant quality in spite of an EC value of 18.2 mS/cm 21 days after planting (Table 4). Plants produced in the growing system often have such enhanced desirable, horticultural characteristics as dark green leaf color, better lateral branch development, and a more favorable mounding habit.
-
TABLE 1 Geranium (numbers in parentheses indicate standard deviation) Plant EC (mS/cm) Height Growth Index Flower Quality pH (Pour thru) (cm) (H + D1 + D2)/3 Count (5 > 1) Treatment 7 DAP 21 DAP 7 DAP 21 DAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP Standard 5.1 5.6 3.0 2.3 14.4 26.0 1.3 3.3 (0.03) (5.6) (0.3) (0.17) (2.4) (2.6) (0.7) (0.9) 15 grams 5.1 4.9 7.2 7.7 13.5 22.1 1.3 3.5 (0.03) (0.06) (0.6) (0.97) (1.7) (2.6) (0.5) (0.5) 30 grams 5.4 4.7 8.2 9.8 12.6 21.3 1.1 3.8 (0.07) (0.17) (1.5) (2.2) (2.0) (2.0) (0.8) (0.9) 60 grams 5.4 5.0 8.2 17.5 11.4 19.5 1.8 4.3 (0.08) (0.06) (1.5) (2.4) (1.9) (3.1) (0.7) (1.0) -
TABLE 2 Impatiens (numbers in parentheses indicate standard deviation) Plant EC (mS/cm) Height Growth Index Flower Quality pH (Pour thru) (cm) (H + D1 + D2)/3 Count (5 > 1) Treatment 7 DAP 21 DAP 7 DAP 21 DAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP Standard 5.3 6.0 3.5 2.3 11.6 26.4 28.3 3.6 (0.03) (0.05) (0.5) (0.19) (1.2) (1.6) (6.6) (0.7) 15 grams 4.9 5.6 9.4 7.3 10.6 22.5 19.5 4.0 (0.06) (0.09) (0.4) (1.7) (1.3) (2.5) (7.6) (0.9) 30 grams 4.9 5.5 12.1 11.2 10.6 21.7 18.1 3.6 (0.02) (0.05) (0.8) (1.4) (1.4) (2.3) (5.2) (0.9) 60 grams 5.0 5.4 13.8 16.2 8.8 17.4 16.3 2.4 (0.06) (0.07) (2.5) (2.1) (1.8) (2.7) (8.4) (0.5) -
TABLE 3 Petunia (numbers in parentheses indicate standard deviation) Plant EC (mS/cm) Height Growth Index Flower Quality pH (Pour thru) (cm) (H + D1 + D2)/3 Count (5 > 1) Treatment 7 DAP 21 DAP 7 DAP 21 DAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP Standard 5.2 6.1 3.2 2.1 24.0 43.5 14.4 2.4 (0.05) (0.05) (0.3) (0.1) (3.6) (5.0) (7.2) (0.7) 15 grams 5.1 6.0 6.8 3.1 21.8 41.5 13.0 2.5 (0.02) (0.09) (0.7) (0.7) (3.0) (3.2) (4.0) (0.5) 30 grams 4.9 5.6 12.7 7.0 20.5 42.8 10.6 3.1 (0.00) (0.11) (0.9) (1.6) (3.2) (5.8) (5.9) (0.8) 60 grams 4.9 5.6 14.2 11.8 21.4 40.0 11.1 2.8 (0.04) (0.14) (1.3) (3.5) (2.1) (4.2) (3.9) (0.7) -
TABLE 4 Marigold (numbers in parentheses indicate standard deviation) Plant EC (mS/cm) Height Growth Index Flower Quality pH (Pour thru) (cm) (H + D1 + D2)/3 Count (5 > 1) Treatment 7 DAP 21 DAP 7 DAP 21 DAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP Standard 6.2 6.4 3.7 3.4 21.4 28.8 1.3 5.0 (0.03) (0.04) (0.4) (0.5) (1.4) (1.4) (1.0) (0.0) 15 grams 6.0 5.5 5.5 8.0 20.9 29.5 1.3 5.0 (0.05) (0.07) (0.6) (0.7) (2.0) (2.6) (0.9) (0.0) 30 grams 6.1 5.5 7.3 11.0 20.0 28.1 1.9 4.9 (0.03) (0.11) (0.7) (0.5) (1.5) (3.3) (1.0) (0.6) 60 grams 5.9 5.5 10.7 18.4 19.0 26.3 1.5 4.4 (0.09) (0.06) (2.3) (2.4) (0.5) (1.6) (0.8) (0.5) -
TABLE 5 Vinca (numbers in parentheses indicate standard deviation) Plant EC (mS/cm) Height Growth Index Flower Quality pH (Pour thru) (cm) (H + D1 + D2)/3 Count (5 > 1) Treatment 7 DAP 21 DAP 7 DAP 21 DAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP 5 WAP Standard 5.7 5.9 2.8 2.0 14.1 17.8 3.3 3.6 (0.04) (0.09) (0.4) (0.3) (1.2) (0.7) (0.9) (0.5) 15 grams 5.2 5.7 9.3 3.4 13.6 16.5 3.8 3.5 (0.07) (0.09) (1.0) (0.6) (1.6) (2.4) (0.5) (1.1) 30 grams 5.2 5.5 12.5 8.0 11.9 14.4 2.9 2.8 (0.12) (0.07) (2.8) (1.2) (2.3) (3.6) (0.6) (0.9) 60 grams 5.0 5.4 15.8 12.6 11.4 14.1 2.9 2.3 (0.15) (0.05) (1.9) (2.4 (1.9) (2.5) (0.8) (0.5) - Impatiens were grown in ten different growing systems, none of which contained a CRF, but contained, in some cases, the moisture control agents listed below:
-
- (a) Manitoba Peat;
- (b) Manitoba Peat and X6 wetting agent (1200 ppm);
- (c) Fafard Growing Mix F-15 and X6 wetting agent (1200 ppm);
- (d) Fafard Growing Mix F-15 and Zeba® (2 lbs./yd3);
- (e) Fafard Growing Mix F-15 and Stockosorb® (2 lbs./yd3);
- (f) Fafard Growing Mix F-15, Stockosorb® (2 lbs./yd3), and Aq200 wetting agent (1200 ppm);
- (g) Fafard Growing Mix F-15 and Stepsperse® (0.5% by wt.);
- (h) Fafard Growing Mix F-15 and Stepsperse® (1% by wt.);
- (i) Fafard Growing Mix F-15 and Zaplock® (1 lb./yd3); and
- (j) Fafard Growing Mix F-15 and Zaplock® (2 lbs./yd3).
- The plants were grown as 288 cell-pack plugs in eight replications under standard greenhouse conditions. The plants were subsequently transplanted into 4 and 8 inch pots and the 8 inch pot data is presented in this example. Each plant received liquid fertilization (constant liquid feed; no clear water) three times per week at a rate of 200 ppm nitrogen. After an 11 day period over which one set of plants was kept watered using constant liquid feed and another set of plants was allowed to dry down, those plants containing the Stockosorb® treatment (i.e., e and f) showed the least variance in percent wilt between watered and dry-down, as shown in
FIG. 6 . This demonstrates that the Stockosorb® treatment resulted in the best water retention. The same plants exhibited the least variance in visual quality at wilt between watered and dry-down, as shown inFIG. 7 .FIG. 8 shows a side-by-side comparison between impatiens grown in the various media described above. The plants in the lower row are verbena. - Petunia plants were grown in 4 inch pots containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15, 10 grams of 8-9 M Osmocote® Pro (17-5-11), and 2 grams Stockosorb® under standard greenhouse conditions. One week prior to the plants filling the pot and being retail ready for commercial sale, the plants were treated with Heritage® and Subdue® fungicides and Flagship® insecticide. The plants were treated with a drench containing Heritage® 0.5 oz./100 gal.; Subdue® 1.0 oz./100 gal.; and
Flagship® 4 oz./100 gal.FIG. 9 shows a higher rate of disease pressure on the untreated controls than the plants grown using the growing systems according to the embodiments of the present invention. - Petunia plants were grown in 6 inch pots containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15; 15, 30 or 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote® Plus (15-9-12); and 1 gram Stockosorb® under standard greenhouse conditions. One week prior to the plants filling the pot and being retail ready for commercial sale, the plants were treated with Heritage® and Subdue® fungicides and Flagship® insecticide. The plants were treated with a drench containing Heritage® 0.5 oz./100 gal.; Subdue® 1.0 oz./100 gal.; and Flagship° 4 oz./100 gal.
FIG. 10 shows inferior garden performance of untreated controls (Standard) than for plants grown using the growing systems of the embodiments of the invention (Growing System+15 g CRF, 30 g CRF and 60 g CRF) after 12 weeks in the garden. Also, Impatiens plants were grown in 4 inch pots containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15, 10 grams of 8-9 M Osmocote® Pro (17-5-11), and 2 grams Stockosorb® under standard greenhouse conditions. One week prior to the plants filling the pot and being retail ready for commercial sale, the plants were treated with Heritage® and Subdue® fungicides and Flagship® insecticide. The plants were treated with a drench containing Heritage° 0.5 oz./100 gal.; Subdue° 1.0 oz./100 gal.; andFlagship® 4 oz./100 gal.FIG. 11 shows inferior garden performance of untreated controls (Standard) than for plants grown using the growing systems according to the embodiments of the present invention after 14 weeks in the garden. - The plant growing system of the embodiments of the present invention permits not only the production of healthy, commercial salable plants, but also plants that are better able to tolerate drought stress. The benefits of drought protection can be further increased by incorporating a moisture control agent.
- Accent premium white impatiens were all grown in a plant growing system containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15, 1.5 and five different fertility treatments. The standard treatment involved adding liquid fertilization (constant liquid feed; no clear water) three times per week at a rate of 150 ppm nitrogen. The other four treatments involved the use of 15 grams, 30 grams or 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12) controlled-release fertilizer per 1.3 L pot, and 5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+20 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10) controlled-release fertilizer per 1.3 L pot. The plants were grown in 50, 72 or 288 cell-pack plugs in six replications under standard greenhouse conditions. When plants reached pot fill, they were heavily watered and did not receive any additional watering. The plants were scored daily and days to 75% wilt were recorded.
FIG. 12 shows plants produced using the growing system show a dramatic improvement in drought tolerance. - Accent premium white impatiens were all grown in a plant growing system containing Fafard Growing Mix F-15 and three different fertility treatments. The standard treatment involved adding liquid fertilization (constant liquid feed; no clear water) three times per week at a rate of 150 ppm nitrogen. The other two treatments involved the use of 15 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12) controlled-release fertilizer per 1.3 L pot, and 5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+20 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10) controlled-release fertilizer per 1.3 L pot. In addition to non-amended control and Stockosorb at 1.5 mg per pot; Active, SYT1 (guar gum 1) at 1 gram per pot, Active, SYT2 (guar gum 2) at 1 gram per pot, Active, SYT3 (guar gum 3) at 1 gram per pot, Active, SYT4 (APG) at 0.2% solution per pot were incorporated into the media. The plants were grown in 72 cell-pack plugs in eight replications under standard greenhouse conditions. When plants reached pot fill, they were heavily watered and did not receive any additional watering. The plants were scored daily and days to 75% wilt were recorded.
FIG. 13 shows plants produced using the growing system that includes SYT3 further increased protection from drought stress. - To assess the ability of the growing system to sustain plant life in a hanging basket, fully formed, showcase hanging baskets were grown using the growing system, described herein to grow Calliope Dark Red Geranium. The plant growing system used in this experiment comprised 2.5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+15 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10) and further amended with fungicide and insecticide drenches (azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, and thiamethoxam). The results of this study are summarized in
FIGS. 15-16 . As demonstrated inFIGS. 15 and 16 , the plant growing system of the present invention delivering unsurpassed consumer season-long garden performance (sustained growth, healthy foliage, abundant flowers) over an eight week period when compared to Geranium using conventional liquid feed. - All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Claims (29)
1-27. (canceled)
28. A plant growing system comprising (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer; and (c) growing media,
wherein said super amount of controlled-release fertilizer is about 1.5-9 grams of nitrogen per plant and wherein said controlled-release fertilizer releases nutrients over 3-4 months, 5-6 months, or 8-9 months.
29. The plant growing system of claim 28 , wherein said plant growing system sustains growth and production of said plant life for at least 12 weeks.
30. The plant growing system of claim 29 , wherein said plant growing system sustains growth and production of said plant life for at least 12-16 weeks.
31. The plant growing system of claim 28 , wherein said plant growing system sustains growth and production of said plant life planted and grown in the ground for at least 10-16 weeks.
32. The plant growing system of claim 28 , wherein said plant growing system sustains growth and production of said plant life growing in suspension or hanging for at least 6-14 weeks.
33. The plant growing system of claim 28 , wherein the plant life is a plant, plant cutting, young plant or seed.
34. The plant growing system of claim 28 , wherein the plant has superior genetics that enhance yield, aesthetics, and garden performance.
35. The plant growing system of claim 28 , wherein said system further comprises a moisture control agent.
36. The plant growing system of claim 28 , wherein said system further comprises a plant protection agent.
37. The plant growing system of claim 28 , wherein the growing media comprises peat, perlite, wheat straw, biodigester remains, bark, coir, or combinations thereof.
38. The plant growing system of claim 28 , wherein the system is contained in a biodegradable pot or container.
39. A plant growing system comprising (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer; and (c) growing media, wherein said super amount of controlled-release fertilizer is a combination of controlled-release fertilizers and totals about 1.5-9 grams of nitrogen per plant, wherein said super amount of wherein said controlled-release fertilizer releases nutrients over 3-4 months, 5-6 months, or 8-9 months, and wherein said plant growing system has a lower electrical conductivity (EC) when compared to a plant growing system where the controlled-release fertilizers are assessed individually.
40. The plant growing system of claim 39 , wherein the super amount of controlled-release fertilizer is 15 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12); 30 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12); 60 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12); 5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+20 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10); 2.5 grams of 5-6 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12)+15 grams of 3-4 M Osmocote Mini (19-6-10); or 30 grams of 8-9 M Osmocote Plus (15-9-12).
41. The plant growing system of claim 39 , wherein the plant life is a plant, plant cutting, young plant or seed.
42. The plant growing system of claim 39 , wherein the plant has superior genetics that enhance yield, aesthetics, and garden performance.
43. The plant growing system of claim 39 , wherein said system further comprises a moisture control agent.
44. The plant growing system of claim 39 , wherein said system further comprises a plant protection agent.
45. The plant growing system of claim 39 , wherein the growing media comprises peat, perlite, wheat straw, biodigester remains, bark, coir, or combinations thereof.
46. The plant growing system of claim 39 , wherein the system is contained in a biodegradable pot or container.
47. The plant growing system of claim 39 , wherein the super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer is in the form of fertilizer sticks.
48. The plant growing system of claim 39 , wherein a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer is a combination of controlled-release fertilizers.
49. A plant growing system comprising (a) plant life; (b) a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer; and (c) growing media,
wherein said controlled-release fertilizer releases nutrients over 3-4 months, 5-6 months, or 8-9 months, and
wherein the plant growing system has an electrical conductivity (EC) of about 7 mS/cm to about 18 mS/cm determined using the PourThru method.
50. The plant growing system of claim 49 , wherein the plant life is a plant, plant cutting, young plant or seed.
51. The plant growing system of claim 49 , wherein the plant has superior genetics that enhance yield, aesthetics, and garden performance.
52. The plant growing system of claim 49 , wherein said system further comprises a moisture control agent.
53. The plant growing system of claim 49 , wherein said system further comprises a plant protection agent.
54. The plant growing system of claim 49 , wherein the growing media comprises peat, perlite, wheat straw, biodigester remains, bark, coir, or combinations thereof.
55. The plant growing system of claim 49 , wherein the system is contained in a biodegradable pot or container.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/335,124 US20150047072A1 (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2014-07-18 | Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-relleased fertilizer and methods of using the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201261625992P | 2012-04-18 | 2012-04-18 | |
US13/844,328 US8813423B2 (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2013-03-15 | Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-released fertilizer and methods of using the same |
US14/335,124 US20150047072A1 (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2014-07-18 | Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-relleased fertilizer and methods of using the same |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/844,328 Division US8813423B2 (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2013-03-15 | Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-released fertilizer and methods of using the same |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20150047072A1 true US20150047072A1 (en) | 2015-02-12 |
Family
ID=49381498
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/844,328 Active US8813423B2 (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2013-03-15 | Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-released fertilizer and methods of using the same |
US14/335,124 Abandoned US20150047072A1 (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2014-07-18 | Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-relleased fertilizer and methods of using the same |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/844,328 Active US8813423B2 (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2013-03-15 | Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-released fertilizer and methods of using the same |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US8813423B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2838869B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP6313748B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2013205652B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2869199C (en) |
MX (2) | MX2014012104A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2013158316A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107417358A (en) * | 2017-05-31 | 2017-12-01 | 铜仁市绿缘生态农林发展有限公司 | A kind of peach special fertilizer and its fertilizing method |
WO2019147759A3 (en) * | 2018-01-25 | 2020-04-09 | Jiffy International As | Additives for enhanced binding in growing media |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20160037728A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-02-11 | Adama Makhteshim Ltd. | Artificial environment for efficient uptate of fertilizers and other agrochemicals in soil |
PL2818037T3 (en) * | 2013-06-26 | 2018-01-31 | Swedeponic Holding Ab | Method for growing herbs |
RU2582989C1 (en) * | 2015-04-08 | 2016-04-27 | Федеральное Государственное Бюджетное Учреждение Науки Институт Химии Коми Научного Центра Уральского Отделения Российской Академии Наук | Method of increasing yield of natural hayfields |
US10131584B2 (en) | 2015-11-25 | 2018-11-20 | Brian D. Gold | Fertilizer compositions including wool pellets and animal products, wool pellets including animal products, and related methods |
US9822042B2 (en) * | 2016-04-01 | 2017-11-21 | Florikan E.S.A. LLC | Method of hydroponically growing of plants |
MX2019008885A (en) * | 2017-01-26 | 2019-12-05 | Jiffy Int As | Wood fibers for enhanced binding in growing media. |
CN107011033A (en) * | 2017-04-07 | 2017-08-04 | 河北德瑞化工有限公司 | Sweet potato and potato special fertiliser granulates agent and preparation method and application containing sustained-release pesticides |
CN107182683B (en) * | 2017-06-30 | 2018-05-25 | 台州市农业科学研究院 | Southern warm-wetness region mountainous region sweet cherry protects leaf and promotees fruit integrated approach |
CN108307985A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-07-24 | 康美药业(文山)药材种植管理有限公司 | A kind of Dendrobium Chrysotoxum Lindl culture substrate and preparation method |
CN111837914B (en) * | 2019-04-23 | 2022-03-04 | 四维生态科技(杭州)有限公司 | Planting method of iced vegetables |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4014675A (en) * | 1974-12-05 | 1977-03-29 | Hercules Incorporated | Fertilizer stick |
US20060112629A1 (en) * | 2004-11-18 | 2006-06-01 | Wright Robert D | Chipped wood as a substrate for plant growth |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5435821A (en) * | 1985-12-12 | 1995-07-25 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Controlled release vegetation enhancement agents coated with sulfonated polymers, method of production and prcesses of use |
US5022182A (en) | 1988-08-22 | 1991-06-11 | Promac Industries, Ltd. | Agricultural processes and products |
JPH10191780A (en) * | 1997-01-13 | 1998-07-28 | Kureha Chem Ind Co Ltd | Culture soil for raising plant |
JP2000139207A (en) * | 1998-09-10 | 2000-05-23 | Chisso Corp | Granular medium and mixed medium using the same |
JP3474802B2 (en) * | 1999-05-21 | 2003-12-08 | ユージー基材株式会社 | Slow release fertilizer |
JP2002000068A (en) * | 2000-06-28 | 2002-01-08 | Mg:Kk | Artificial culture medium unit |
DE10158693A1 (en) * | 2001-11-29 | 2003-06-26 | Ashland Suedchemie Kernfest | Coated granular fabrics |
US7317141B2 (en) | 2004-04-26 | 2008-01-08 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Transcriptional activators involved in abiotic stress tolerance |
MX2007004282A (en) * | 2004-10-12 | 2007-06-18 | Oms Investments Inc | Shaped plant growth nutrient products and processes for the production thereof. |
US8846574B2 (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2014-09-30 | Kumiai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. | Granular fertilizer containing herbicidal agrochemical |
JP3172516U (en) * | 2011-10-11 | 2011-12-22 | 渡辺 正人 | Plant growing container |
-
2013
- 2013-03-15 EP EP13778873.3A patent/EP2838869B1/en active Active
- 2013-03-15 WO PCT/US2013/032692 patent/WO2013158316A1/en active Application Filing
- 2013-03-15 CA CA2869199A patent/CA2869199C/en active Active
- 2013-03-15 MX MX2014012104A patent/MX2014012104A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2013-03-15 JP JP2015507015A patent/JP6313748B2/en active Active
- 2013-03-15 US US13/844,328 patent/US8813423B2/en active Active
- 2013-03-15 AU AU2013205652A patent/AU2013205652B2/en active Active
-
2014
- 2014-07-18 US US14/335,124 patent/US20150047072A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-10-07 MX MX2020003714A patent/MX2020003714A/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4014675A (en) * | 1974-12-05 | 1977-03-29 | Hercules Incorporated | Fertilizer stick |
US20060112629A1 (en) * | 2004-11-18 | 2006-06-01 | Wright Robert D | Chipped wood as a substrate for plant growth |
Non-Patent Citations (8)
Title |
---|
Argo et al. Fertilizer Containers/Greenhouse Grower 2008, 3 pp. * |
Bilderback et al. Drill and fill and other field nursery fertilizer application techniques SNA Research Conference 2003, Vol. 48, 118-120. * |
Castro et al. Spent oyster mushroom substrate in a mix with organic soil for plant pot cultivation. Micologia Aplicada International, 20(1), 2008, 17-26. * |
Harrell's 12-6-8 200132 Nursery Polyon, retrieved on 6/30/2016, retrieved from the Internet at <https://www.harrells.com/resources/exports/file?n=200132&t=label> one page. * |
Midcap Controlled Release Fertilizer Evaluation 1999 9 & 12 Month Products, 20 pp.âââââ * |
Million et al. Water use and fertilizer response of azalea using several no-leach irrigation methods. HortTechnology 2007, 17(1) 21-25. * |
OSMOCOTE Plus, retrieved on 6/30/2016, retrieved from the Internet at <http://www.schrothwholesale.com/downloads/20-4410OsmocotePlus8-9MoTechSheet.pdf> September 15, 2011, copyright 2005, 7 pp. * |
Wright et al. The landscape performance of annual bedding plants grown in pine tree substrate. HortTechnology 2009, 19 (1), 78-82. * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107417358A (en) * | 2017-05-31 | 2017-12-01 | 铜仁市绿缘生态农林发展有限公司 | A kind of peach special fertilizer and its fertilizing method |
WO2019147759A3 (en) * | 2018-01-25 | 2020-04-09 | Jiffy International As | Additives for enhanced binding in growing media |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX2014012104A (en) | 2014-11-21 |
WO2013158316A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
US8813423B2 (en) | 2014-08-26 |
US20130283485A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
CA2869199A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
MX2020003714A (en) | 2020-07-22 |
EP2838869A1 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
JP2015521031A (en) | 2015-07-27 |
AU2013205652A1 (en) | 2013-11-07 |
CA2869199C (en) | 2020-12-01 |
JP6313748B2 (en) | 2018-04-18 |
AU2013205652B2 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
EP2838869B1 (en) | 2019-11-27 |
EP2838869A4 (en) | 2016-02-24 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8813423B2 (en) | Plant growing system containing a super amount of a controlled-released fertilizer and methods of using the same | |
CN103688835A (en) | Strawberry potted tray cutting seedling method | |
CN110122297A (en) | A kind of two sections of container seedling culture methods of apocarya | |
CN110213959A (en) | Plant and method for high density plant production | |
CN103918454A (en) | Corn environment-friendly and high-yield planting method | |
CN106900461A (en) | A kind of vine tea and woody oleiferous plants crop, the bionical Compound Management method of mountain rice | |
CN109906900B (en) | Potato protospecies breeding method | |
CN103444407A (en) | Annual double cropping efficient planting pattern of triticale and purple yam in Huang-Huai region | |
Sharma et al. | Effect of spacing and pinching on regulation of flowering in ‘African’marigold’(Tegetes erecta linn.) under submontane low hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh | |
Jat et al. | Effect of foliar application of urea and zinc sulphate on growth and flowering parameters in African marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn.) | |
Singh et al. | Effect of planting date and spacing on performance of marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn) cv. PUSA NARANGI under North Bihar agro-ecological conditions | |
Karki et al. | Effect of maleic hydrazide and gibberellic acid on growth and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Calcuttia Orange | |
CN102301909A (en) | Method for efficiently and quickly propagating Grevillea 'Sandra Gordon' | |
CN106489477B (en) | A kind of Ecology Chinese podophyllum root method for culturing seedlings | |
CN104303640A (en) | Seedling breeding method of cassava | |
Heijerman et al. | Higher profits with planting hole treatment in red currant | |
CN107242002A (en) | Bletilla field production growing season management method | |
CN112970502A (en) | High-yield method for white pomelos | |
Hegde et al. | Influence of biostimulants on growth and physiology of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora TZVELEV.) var. Kolar Local under protected cultivation | |
CN113455265B (en) | Method for cultivating golden camellia seedlings with concave veins | |
Patel et al. | Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth, flowering and yield of bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae) under shade net | |
CN107711407A (en) | A kind of method for transplanting of golden flower tea trees | |
CN107439298A (en) | A kind of oriental cherry nursery stock elite standization breeding method | |
Ghosh et al. | Effect of straight fertilizer and water soluble fertilizer on growth and flowering of African marigold cv. Seracole | |
Sankaranarayanan et al. | Paper tube nursery technique in Cotton: Timely establishment and enhanced yield |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |