US20140305049A1 - Earthquaske-proof barrier using buried resonant cylinders - Google Patents

Earthquaske-proof barrier using buried resonant cylinders Download PDF

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US20140305049A1
US20140305049A1 US14/359,338 US201214359338A US2014305049A1 US 20140305049 A1 US20140305049 A1 US 20140305049A1 US 201214359338 A US201214359338 A US 201214359338A US 2014305049 A1 US2014305049 A1 US 2014305049A1
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earthquake
resonant
proof
proof barrier
barrier
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Sanghoon Kim
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Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation of Mokpo National Maritime University
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Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation of Mokpo National Maritime University
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    • E04B1/985—
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
    • E04H9/02—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate withstanding earthquake or sinking of ground
    • E04H9/021—Bearing, supporting or connecting constructions specially adapted for such buildings
    • E04H9/0215—Bearing, supporting or connecting constructions specially adapted for such buildings involving active or passive dynamic mass damping systems
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/92—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers
    • E04B1/98—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers against vibrations or shocks; against mechanical destruction, e.g. by air-raids
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
    • E04H9/02—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate withstanding earthquake or sinking of ground
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
    • E04H9/02—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate withstanding earthquake or sinking of ground
    • E04H9/021—Bearing, supporting or connecting constructions specially adapted for such buildings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates, in general, an earthquake-roof apparatus for protecting a building against an earthquake, and more particularly, to technology for protecting a building beyond an earthquake-proof barrier or a seismic shadow zone that stops seismic waves from being propagated by burying plurality of resonant cylinders outside the building so as to function as the earthquake-proof barrier or the seismic shadow zone, instead of installing an earthquake-proof apparatus in the building itself.
  • An earthquake is one of inevitable typical natural disasters, and is a great threat to property, and above all, for inhabitants who live in or near earthquake zones.
  • To minimize damage caused by earthquakes much study has been done on earthquake-proof designs for buildings including early earthquake warning systems. As a result, inhabitants who live in or near earthquake zones are considerably effectively protected from earthquakes.
  • the present invention is directed to a method of reducing damage from an earthquake, which is based on a new design completely different from an existing traditional earthquake-proof design.
  • Existing methods are point protection of independently protecting each building after seismic waves reach the building, whereas the method of the present invention is an area protection method of previously interrupting seismic waves and protecting an area before the seismic waves reach a building or buildings.
  • resonant cylinders corresponding to seismic wave frequencies are buried on seismic wave paths. The structure absorbs seismic waves when the seismic waves pass through the resonant cylinders, and prevent strong seismic waves from reaching the building.
  • This effect of the present invention is to use a principle of acoustic metamaterials that has recently been actively studied in academic circles.
  • Seismic waves are basically a sort of acoustic wave. After all acoustic waves pass through resonant cylinders waves near a resonant frequency are absorbed, and fail to pass through the structures. This principle comes from the acoustic metamaterials. However, there is so far no example of applying the principle of the acoustic metamaterial to a technique for preventing damage to an earthquake.
  • Existing earthquake-proof design protects the building itself.
  • the design is associated with a basic structure of the building, and thus many expenses are incurred in applying an earthquake-proof design to a previously built building to increase its earthquake resistance.
  • existing buildings such as an atomic power station or a steelworks are completed and operated, it is difficult to change the earthquake-proof design to increase its earthquake resistance.
  • the present invention has been made keeping in mind the above problems occurring in the related art, and is intended to install an vibration-proof barrier in such a manner that resonant cylinders are buried around a building, and collectively protect all the buildings around which the earthquake-proof barrier capable of weakening seismic waves are buried before the seismic waves reach the buildings.
  • the present invention provides an earthquake-proof barrier 150 formed by burying and stacking a plurality of resonant cylinders 100 underground, in which each resonant cylinder is enclosed to form an internal cavity by planar barrier parts 1 and a curved barrier part 2 , and at least one of the planar barrier part and the curved barrier part has at least one through parts 10 communicating with the cavity from an outside thereof.
  • a shape of the earthquake-proof barrier may be a circular shape, a semi-circular shape, a rod shape, or the like, and is fitted to an area to be protected.
  • the resonant cylinder embodies an inductor-capacitor (LC) oscillator of electric engineering into that of mechanical engineering.
  • Energy of the seismic waves travels through the resonant cylinders, and is converted into sound and heat energy.
  • amplitude of the seismic waves is abruptly exponentially reduced while the seismic waves pass through the plurality of resonant cylinders.
  • the width of the seismic barrier should be similar to a wavelength of the seismic waves as in Equation 10.
  • the wavelength of the seismic waves is not constant, but can be usually approximated to 100 m.
  • the number of resonant cylinders is determined according to a length of the seismic barrier. As shown in FIG. 8 , a diffraction phenomenon in which the seismic waves are bent at an end of the seismic barrier occurs. As such, when the length of the seismic barrier should be still longer than the wavelength of the seismic waves, the area to be protected is widened.
  • the resonant cylinders 100 may have a cylindrical shape, a hexahedral shape, an octahedral shape, or a spherical shape.
  • a resonant frequency of the resonant cylinder is fitted to that of the seismic waves, and is determined by three factors, i.e. an internal volume of the resonant cylinder, an area of the through part of an inlet of the resonant cylinder, and a length of the through parts, regardless of the shape of the resonant cylinder. As the area of the inlet becomes larger, the internal volume becomes smaller, and the length of the through part becomes shorter, a high frequency is isolated.
  • the resonant cylinder follows a combination of series and parallel connections of an electric circuit.
  • each resonant cylinder When the resonant cylinders are buried and stacked four by four as in FIGS. 5 and 6 , the internal empty space serves as a capacitor, and thus should be emptied regardless of the shape of the resonant cylinder.
  • the through parts of each resonant cylinder are bored toward the empty space, and thus the resonant cylinders are interconnected by the through parts.
  • the seismic waves are waves mixed with various frequencies
  • the plurality of resonant cylinders having different resonant frequencies are mixed and stacked such that the through parts thereof are interconnected as if elements of an electric circuit are connected in vertical and horizontal directions.
  • a volume of one resonant cylinder 100 may range from 1.0 to 100 m 3 according to the wavelength of the seismic waves.
  • the resonant cylinders 100 may be buried within a range from 1 to 100 m, which is a depth of foundation work or the frequency of the seismic waves, below the ground from a height of one resonant cylinder.
  • the buildings are not independently protected, but the earthquake-proof barrier is installed on a predicted path of the seismic waves to isolate the seismic waves. As such, one district is protected en bloc. Strength of an earthquake transmitted to a building can be reduced to a desired level by adjusting the refractive index and width of the earthquake-proof barrier.
  • the earthquake-proof barrier is installed around the building. Thereby, before the seismic waves reach the building, the seismic waves are weakened. As such, the earthquake-proof barrier can be effectively applied to a previously built building. Thus, a measure for changing an earthquake-proof design of the building itself is not required.
  • FIG. 1 shows a structure of a resonant cylinder used for a test realizing a negative effective modulus, wherein a modulus is a shear modulus in the two dimensions and a bulk modulus in the three dimensions, and the shear and bulk moduli are identical to each other in that they become negative when resonance occurs.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing on which region a real number part (solid line) of elastic modulus G eff (w) is changed into a negative according to a frequency (w) when sound waves travel through the resonant cylinder, wherein an imaginary number part (dotted line) becomes negative on this region, and energy is absorbed.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a shape of a cylindrical resonant cylinder having through parts in upper and lower sides in accordance with the present invention, wherein a resonant frequency can be adjusted when the number of through parts is adjusted.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic top view showing that a plurality of cylindrical resonant cylinders used to construct the earthquake-proof barrier according to the present invention are in contact with one another in a horizontal direction, wherein an internal space of each resonant cylinder serves as a capacitor, and one of four lateral through parts of each resonant cylinder is open to the internal space.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic top view showing that hexahedral resonant cylinders used to construct the earthquake-proof barrier using the buried resonant cylinders in accordance with the present invention are connected in a horizontal direction, wherein an interior of each resonant cylinder is emptied to serve as a capacitor, and an inlet of a lateral through part of each resonant cylinder is open to the internal space.
  • FIG. 6 shows an arrangement when the earthquake-proof barrier installed using the buried resonant cylinders in accordance with the present invention is viewed in an underground cross section, wherein Z c is a depth of the earthquake-proof barrier and at least corresponds to a depth of foundation work, and X c is a width of the earthquake-proof barrier, and thus the wider the width of the earthquake-proof barrier, the lower the magnitude of the seismic waves.
  • FIG. 7 shows that the earthquake-proof barrier using the buried resonant cylinders in accordance with the present invention is installed underground so as to enclose a circumference of a building.
  • FIG. 8 shows a protected area when a rod-shaped earthquake-proof barrier using the buried resonant cylinders in accordance with the present invention is viewed from the top, wherein an edge of the protected area is a region which a part of the seismic waves penetrates due to an eddy phenomenon, and the protected area is only protected in part.
  • Seismic waves are a sort of acoustic wave, and are made up of a primary (P) wave and a secondary (S) wave that are body waves and a Rayleigh (R) wave and a Love (L) wave that are surface waves. Further, various wavelengths of waves are non-uniformly mixed. Among these waves, the R wave and the L wave do damage to buildings.
  • the reason the R wave and the L wave are called surface waves is that these waves exist only to a depth corresponding to about a wavelength from the surface, and abruptly diminish exponentially when exceeding the depth corresponding to about the wavelength.
  • the surface waves have a much slower velocity than the body waves, are more non-uniform than the body waves, and have a speed of about to 3 km/sec, a frequency of 30 Hz or less, and a wavelength of 100 m or less. Thus, the surface waves are almost neglected at a depth of 150 m or more 1.5 times the wavelength.
  • All the acoustic waves have a speed determined by a ratio of density and elastic modulus.
  • the elastic modulus is classified into three types according to an applied dimension, i.e. Young's modulus applied to one dimension, shear modulus applied to two dimensions and bulk modulus applied to three dimensions.
  • the shear modulus can be treated as a special case in which one plane is fixed at the bulk modulus.
  • the surface waves are two-dimensional waves from the macroscopic viewpoint, and three-dimensional waves from the microscopic viewpoint.
  • the speed of all the acoustic waves is determined as density ⁇ and elastic modulus G of a medium by Equation 1.
  • the object when a pressure is applied to an object, the object is compressed.
  • the capability of resisting the compression is the elastic modulus. Since a volume is reduced when the pressure is applied, the elastic modulus is typically positive. If the volume is rather expanded against an external pressure, the elastic modulus becomes negative.
  • the wave applies the pressure to air inside the resonant cylinder, the waves inside the resonant cylinder overlap each other, and constructive interference occurs to produce an effect in which a volume of the air inside the resonant cylinder is rather expanded.
  • a frequency region within which the elastic modulus becomes negative is a region from a resonant frequency as in Equation 4 to a frequency slightly higher than the resonant frequency.
  • a speed of the wave becomes an imaginary number according to Equation 1.
  • a refractive index n and a wave vector also become imaginary numbers as in Equations 5 and 6, and thus amplitude of the wave is exponentially reduced. This is equal to the principle in which, when an air pressure is applied to a wind instrument through a mouthpiece, resonance occurs inside the wind instrument, and pressure energy is converted into sound energy.
  • the amplitude of the wave is exponentially reduced, the wave results in disappearance without propagation.
  • the speed of the seismic waves is determined as a square root ratio of the density ⁇ and the elastic modulus G of the medium by Equation 1.
  • n c v Equation ⁇ ⁇ 2
  • Equation 2 n indicates the refractive index, and c indicates the background speed of the acoustic wave.
  • the elastic modulus G becomes negative, the refractive index n and the wave vector becomes the imaginary number, and the wave is extinguished.
  • a physical quantity of this imaginary number is a concept of the metamaterial.
  • the metamaterial refers to a material having response of an electromagnetic or acoustic material that is not observed previously or that is difficult to be realized by traditional materials.
  • FIG. 1 shows a structure of the resonant cylinder succeeding in the test realizing the negative elastic modulus and an LC circuit corresponding to the structure.
  • the structure of the resonant cylinder 100 having the negative elastic modulus has a body whose planes are sealed, and a through part 10 formed in one plane of the body. If there is a plurality of through parts, the through parts follow a combination of series and parallel connections.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph for Equation 3 in which, when a plurality of resonant cylinders are coupled in series, a frequency w is set as an independent variable, and a real number part (solid line) and an imaginary number part (dotted line) of elastic modulus are set as dependent variables.
  • the graph shows how elastic modulus G eff of a material is changed according to a frequency w.
  • Equation 3 F is the geometrical factor that is experimentally determined according to how to combine the resonant cylinders, i.e. an interval between the resonant cylinders or arrangement of the resonant cylinders, and F is the loss factor.
  • F is the geometrical factor that is experimentally determined according to how to combine the resonant cylinders, i.e. an interval between the resonant cylinders or arrangement of the resonant cylinders
  • F is the loss factor.
  • W 0 is the resonant frequency of the resonant cylinder 100 .
  • a resonant frequency range of the resonant cylinder according to the present invention is preferably set to a range from 1 to 30 Hz.
  • the region in which the real number part of the elastic modulus becomes negative is a region in which the resonance occurs, and the wave vector of the sound becomes the imaginary number.
  • the imaginary number part of this region becomes negative.
  • the energy is absorbed.
  • the absorbed energy is converted into heat and sound energy in the resonant cylinder 100 . Assuming that the absorbed energy is completely converted into the sound energy, intensity of a sound can be found as in Equation 15.
  • the refractive index of the medium is given as a reciprocal of the speed V of the wave in the medium.
  • the refractive index becomes the imaginary number, and the refractive index can be expressed as in Equation 5.
  • the surface waves such as an L wave and an R wave take a plane wave form obtained by the product of amplitude and a sine function.
  • a traveling direction of the surface waves is an x direction, and the refractive index is the imaginary number, the wave equation can be expressed as in Equation 6.
  • Equation 6 As the surface wave travels, i.e. as X increases, the amplitude of the wave is exponentially extinguished.
  • Equation 7 a magnitude M according to the Richter scale can be expressed as in Equation 7.
  • Equation 7 A is the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave measured at a point of 100 km from the epicenter, and A 0 is the maximum amplitude of the background wave when no earthquake occurs and is set to 1 ⁇ m (10 ⁇ 6 m).
  • Equation 8 When the seismic wave passes through an earthquake-proof barrier that is a seismic barrier, the amplitude of the acoustic wave is reduced as in Equation 8.
  • Equation 8 is given as in Equation 9.
  • the width X c of the earthquake-proof barrier is proportional to the wavelength ⁇ of the seismic wave, and is inversely proportional to the refractive index n of the earthquake-proof barrier.
  • the refractive index of the earthquake-proof barrier is determined by refractive indexes of the resonant cylinder and its surrounding spatial materials, and is approximately similar to the refractive index of the resonant cylinder.
  • ⁇ M is the magnitude difference intended to weaken the seismic waves entering into the earthquake-proof barrier.
  • the wavelength ⁇ of the seismic wave mostly ranges from 50 to 200 m.
  • the refractive index of the cement concrete mostly ranges from 1 to 2.
  • the width X c of the earthquake-proof barrier requires a range from 8 to 67 m to diminish magnitude 1.
  • the width of the earthquake-proof barrier is fitted to the long side, and is preferably set to a range from 20 to 100 m in order to reduce magnitude 1.
  • the seismic wave is intended to lower magnitude 6 to magnitude 3
  • ⁇ M is 3.
  • the wavelength X of the seismic wave is about 100 m.
  • the width X c of the earthquake-proof barrier is 110 m when the refractive index is about 1, and about 55 m when the refractive index is about 2, as in Equation 11.
  • the resonant frequency of the resonant cylinder is obtained from the structure of the resonant cylinder as follows.
  • a neck 15 of the through part corresponds to an inductor in the LC circuit
  • a cavity 30 inside the resonant cylinder 100 corresponds to a capacitor in the LC circuit.
  • the resonant cylinder can be given as a series coupling circuit of the inductor and the capacitor when electrically expressed. Capacitance of the capacitor follows Equation 12, and inductance of the inductor follows Equation 13.
  • V is the volume of the resonant cylinder 100
  • ⁇ is the density of the medium (air) inside the resonant cylinder
  • v is the background speed.
  • L′ is the effective length of the neck 15 of the through part 10
  • S is the cross-sectional area of the inlet of the through part 10 .
  • the effective length is a value that adds a radius of the inlet of the through part to a thickness of the through part. When the inlet of the through part is not circular, its radius is a radius when its area corresponds to a circle.
  • Equation 14 the resonant frequency ⁇ 0 of the resonant cylinder 100 of FIG. 3 follows Equation 14.
  • the resonant frequency of Equation 14 is a resonant frequency obtained from Equations 1 and 13.
  • Equation 14 v is the background speed.
  • the resonant frequency of the resonant cylinder 100 depends on the structure of the resonant cylinder 100 . In other words, as the effective length L′ of the through part 10 bored in the resonant cylinder 10 becomes longer, as the cross-sectional area S of the inlet of the through part becomes narrower, and as the volume inside the resonant cylinder becomes larger, the resonant cylinder resonates at a low frequency.
  • Equation 15 M is the magnitude of the seismic wave on the basis the Richter scale, and b is the experimentally obtained constant and is about 1.5.
  • D is to express a distance from the epicenter in units of km (see References 1 and 2 below).
  • the resonant cylinder 100 serving as a basic unit of the earthquake-proof barrier is manufactured.
  • the width of the earthquake-proof barrier is inversely proportional to the refractive index of the earthquake-proof barrier.
  • the resonant cylinder is made of a material having a higher refractive index, the width of the earthquake-proof barrier may be further reduced.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a shape of a cylindrical resonant cylinder having through parts in upper and lower sides in accordance with the present invention.
  • each through part of the resonant cylinder serves as an inductor, and an interior of the resonant cylinder serves as a capacitor.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic top view showing that the cylindrical resonant cylinders are coupled.
  • the resonant cylinders are connected by fitting inlets of the through parts to each other.
  • the through part serving as the inductor is connected to the internal spatial part serving as the capacitor.
  • the upper and lower through parts of the resonant cylinders are also fitted and connected to each other in a vertical direction.
  • the seismic wave regions having various frequencies can be absorbed.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic top view showing that hexahedral resonant cylinders are coupled.
  • the through part serving as the inductor is connected to the internal spatial part serving as the capacitor.
  • the upper and lower through parts of the resonant cylinders are also fitted and connected to each other in a vertical direction.
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an earthquake-proof barrier installed using the resonant cylinders for reducing ground vibration in accordance with the present invention.
  • Z c indicates an underground depth at a place at which the resonant cylinders 100 are buried.
  • the depth at which the resonant cylinders 100 are buried is preferably equal to or deeper than a depth of foundation work of a building. However, it is not necessary to be deeper than a wavelength length of 100 m.
  • a volume V of one resonant cylinder buried for an earthquake-proof barrier is dependent on the frequency of the seismic wave, and is set to a range from 1 to 100 m 3 .
  • the width X c of the earthquake-proof barrier can be fitted and adjusted to a desired earthquake-proof level.
  • FIG. 7 shows that an earthquake-proof barrier using buried resonant cylinder is installed under the ground so as to enclose an entire circumference of a building.
  • An earthquake-proof effect according to the present invention can be effectively applied to the seismic wave in an arbitrary direction.
  • FIG. 8 is a top view showing a range of the planes on which an earthquake-proof barrier using the resonant cylinders according to the present invention protects a building from an earthquake.
  • An area which the seismic wave partly penetrates due to an eddy phenomenon of the seismic wave occurs between a protected plane and an unprotected plane. As such, protection against a part of the area which the seismic wave penetrates may be insufficient.
  • the earthquake-proof barrier formed by the resonant cylinders 100 is buried underground, and is not shown outside.
  • An earthquake-proof barrier installed in such a manner that a ditch is dug and filled with water has little effect when considering that a seabed earthquake reaches land without obstruction.

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US14/359,338 2011-11-29 2012-11-29 Earthquaske-proof barrier using buried resonant cylinders Abandoned US20140305049A1 (en)

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US10247707B1 (en) * 2014-11-14 2019-04-02 Oceanit Laboratories, Inc. Cement compositions comprising locally resonant acoustic metamaterials
US10573291B2 (en) 2016-12-09 2020-02-25 The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York Acoustic metamaterial
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CN110080312A (zh) * 2019-03-19 2019-08-02 中国地质大学（武汉） 一种地震超材料
CN113802713B (zh) * 2021-09-16 2023-06-27 西安交通大学 一种栅栏式隔震结构及其设计方法
CN114606989B (zh) * 2022-04-20 2023-04-18 华东交通大学 一种负泊松比-局部共振隔震结构及共振器

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