US20140014302A1 - Heat energy system for heating or maintaining thermal balance in the interiors of buildings or building parts - Google Patents

Heat energy system for heating or maintaining thermal balance in the interiors of buildings or building parts Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140014302A1
US20140014302A1 US14/006,769 US201214006769A US2014014302A1 US 20140014302 A1 US20140014302 A1 US 20140014302A1 US 201214006769 A US201214006769 A US 201214006769A US 2014014302 A1 US2014014302 A1 US 2014014302A1
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Prior art keywords
heat
container
containers
energy system
fluid
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Abandoned
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US14/006,769
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English (en)
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Matyas Gutai
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Individual
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
    • F24S20/66—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of facade constructions, e.g. wall constructions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
    • E04C1/39—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings characterised by special adaptations, e.g. serving for locating conduits, for forming soffits, cornices, or shelves, for fixing wall-plates or door-frames, for claustra
    • E04C1/392—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings characterised by special adaptations, e.g. serving for locating conduits, for forming soffits, cornices, or shelves, for fixing wall-plates or door-frames, for claustra for ventilating, heating or cooling
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
    • E04C2/52—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose with special adaptations for auxiliary purposes, e.g. serving for locating conduits
    • E04C2/521—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose with special adaptations for auxiliary purposes, e.g. serving for locating conduits serving for locating conduits; for ventilating, heating or cooling
    • E04C2/525—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose with special adaptations for auxiliary purposes, e.g. serving for locating conduits serving for locating conduits; for ventilating, heating or cooling for heating or cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
    • F24D3/12—Tube and panel arrangements for ceiling, wall, or underfloor heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/0034—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D2020/0065—Details, e.g. particular heat storage tanks, auxiliary members within tanks
    • F28D2020/0078—Heat exchanger arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0035—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for domestic or space heating, e.g. heating radiators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heat energy system which can be used to heat or maintain thermal balance in the interiors of buildings or buildings parts.
  • the heat-exchange pipeline is made of concrete panels, which can be used as a roof, a wall, a fence or even as a road pavement. Neighboring panels are connected with each other and with the complete energy system, which runs a fluid in the panels.
  • US 2009/0044465 introduces a panel technology which can be used also as a wall or a roof.
  • the panel has a “heat-breaking” layer with heat-exchange pipes and an in-sulation layer on both sides.
  • An antifreeze fluid runs in the pipes, which can be joined from one panel to the other to make a complete system in the whole building.
  • DE 44 23 137 can be used for any scale of buildings, in which case there are pipes in the perimeter walls placed outside in the insulation layer.
  • the pipes are connected to distribution pipes in the wall, which join the heating system.
  • This technology can be used to heat slabs and floors.
  • the aim of the invention is to create an energy system which on the one hand is able to utilize all heat energy which appears in the building, and also can balance the undesired heat differences indoors.
  • heat gaining and “heat losing” surfaces in any building there are “heat gaining” and “heat losing” surfaces in any building.
  • the first ones are usually perimeter structures (wall, roof), occasionally surfaces surrounding internal heat sources. These areas take the local heat gains. Heat losing surfaces are the ones which have no actual heat gain, therefore they are colder. This can be a ceiling, an internal wall or a floor, or even a perimeter wall, if it is currently not directly exposed to sunlight for instance (like a cold wall looking north).
  • the ratio between heat gaining and losing surfaces always depends on the actual heat gain and the geometry of the building. In case of known examples, thermally speaking there is no direct connection between these two kinds of surfaces. Balance however is easier maintained if we create a direct connection between them, which can transfer considerable amount of heat energy rapidly.
  • the collected heat however can be also more, then it is necessary to maintain ideal temperature.
  • the part of heat energy, which cannot be used right away, namely the heat surplus can be stored in various ways.
  • thermal storage In the simplest case the heat itself is stored in the thermal mass of the closed circuits fluid volume. Because floors and also ceilings are connected to the walls, a large water volume takes part in the heat storage. The capacity of thermal storage is still limited of course, but it is still considerably higher, then in case of conventional structures.
  • the invention is ideally realized when the closed flow fluid volume defined by the containers is connected to the conventional energy system of the building via a heat-exchange unit, and/or to an additional container defined closed flow circle and/or to a heat storage system.
  • Another ideal form to realize the heat energy system according to the invention is, when a series-loop piping is attached to the side of the container and is used as a heat exchange unit.
  • the fourth ideal way to realize the heat energy system according to the invention is, when the heat exchange series loop piping is built in the container itself.
  • the sixth ideal way to realize the heat energy system according to the invention is, when the container is divided into two parts by a plate parallel to its the sides, and one half of it is connected to the closed circuit of the containers, while the other is the volume for the heat exchanger.
  • the eighth ideal way to realize the heat energy system according to the invention is, when these air pipes are united with an air flow producer device, like a ventilator or fan.
  • the tenth ideal way to realize the heat energy system according to the invention is, when the vertical air pipes in the container are united with an air flow producer device, like a ventilator or fan.
  • the twelfth ideal way to realize the heat energy system according to the invention is, when the heat exchangers—which allow heat transfer between two closed fluid circuits made by connected neighboring panels—are built at the vertical containers of the closed circuits next to the sides of the separating wall between the interconnected closed fluid circuits, and the heat exchangers at both side of the separating wall are connected by pipes penetrating the wall.
  • FIG. 1 shows a building with a simple version of the heat energy system according to the invention on a schematic vertical section;
  • FIG. 2 shows the horizontal section I-I of the building as shown in FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 shows enlarged the part of FIG. 1 which is affected by the invention
  • FIG. 5 shows the detailed section III-III of the building according to FIG. 3 ;
  • FIGS. 6 a - 6 b show special version for the joint elbow elements on a perspective drawing
  • FIGS. 7 a - 7 b show one container applicable for the system according to the invention on a perspective drawing and on cross section IV-IV according to FIG. 7 a;
  • FIGS. 8 a - 8 c show another container applicable for the system according to the invention on a perspective drawing and also on cross section V-V and longitudinal section VI-VI according to FIG. 8 a;
  • FIGS. 9 a - 9 b show a third container applicable for the system according to the invention on a perspective drawing and on cross section VII-VII according to FIG. 9 a;
  • FIGS. 10 a - 10 e show some buildings with different versions of the heat energy system according to the invention on one schematic vertical section for each;
  • FIGS. 11 a - 11 c show different solutions for the problem of openings
  • FIGS. 12 a - 12 b show a special version for façade to realize the system according to the invention on vertical section and on horizontal section VIII-VIII according to FIG. 12 a;
  • FIGS. 13 a - 13 d show another special version for façade on a vertical section and on horizontal section IX-IX according to FIG. 13 a with a sketch of the operation;
  • FIG. 14 shows the way to realize the system according to the invention replacing the building frame on a schematic perspective drawing
  • FIG. 15 shows the installation of the system which aids radiant cooling on a vertical section of the building
  • FIG. 16 shows schematic wiring diagram for the heat storage version of the system according to the invention.
  • FIG. 17 shows the connection between the conventional heat energy system of the building and system according to the invention on a schematic drawing
  • FIGS. 18 a - 18 d show variations for heat exchangers for the system on perspective drawings and the sections X-X, XI-XI and XII-XII according to FIG. 18 a;
  • FIG. 19 shows additional versions for heat exchangers for the system on perspective drawing
  • FIG. 20 shows a version for heat exchanger for the system on vertical longitudinal section
  • FIG. 21 shows arrangement to assure heat transfer connection between rooms equipped with the system according to the invention on a vertical section
  • FIG. 22 shows connection between the system according to the invention and known energy systems of a building.
  • the surrounding surfaces 9 - 14 of the room 2 are given from one side by the perimeter wall 3 of the building 1 , from the other sides by additional interior walls 4 - 6 ), also by the floor 7 from the bottom and by the slab 8 from the top.
  • Each of them is made of conventional materials of building practice (to understand the invention, the structure of the building, the different structural elements and openings such as windows and doors, appliances or the utilized materials have no importance, they are not indicated on the Diagrams either, and their detailed introduction is not necessary, either).
  • the containers 15 are made of plastic, but steel, aluminum or other materials can also be used.
  • Diagrams 3 - 5 show a simple realization case, when containers are made of plastic plates 16 parallel to 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 surfaces and side plates 20 welded together.
  • the containers 15 at vertical surrounding surfaces 9 and 10 , and the bottom surface 16 of the upper container 15 below the surrounding surface 14 can have an additional layer for finish 18 .
  • This can be wallpaper or any other suitable material, ideally heat conducting.
  • joint elements 20 along the whole side 17 where neighboring panels 15 meet each other.
  • these elements are plastic tubes melded in the side 17 of the panels.
  • the neighboring panels 15 joining elements 20 are at the same location for each panel, and they are connected by tube connecting elbow fitting 21 but they could be connected by any other technology (like welding, gluing, by heat expanding elements, etc.).
  • the diameter of the joining elements 20 and elbow fitting 21 are as large as possible to assure an effective flow.
  • the containers 15 are prefabricated and made together with the joint elements 20 in a factory. After they are put to their places in the room 2 of the building 1 , the joint elements 20 placed in pairs for neighboring containers 15 can be connected. With this a system is made, in which the containers 15 create a closed circle and an interconnected volume, in which the fluid medium can flow freely.
  • the containers' internal volume can be filled with fluid.
  • the heat transfer medium is normally water
  • the fluid infill of the containers 15 is water also, and in later introduction the fluid in general may be referred as water, with the amendment, that it could be naturally other fluid applicable for this purpose.
  • the same fluid medium in the containers absorbs and stores the heat, also working as a heater/cooler unit (one part of the fluid surface may be small but joined with the rest, it can provide a significant heat storage capacity).
  • the heat gain of the surrounding surfaces 9 - 14 in the room 2 can be different because of their location, which causes temperature differences in the building 1 .
  • the flow of the fluid medium in the containers 15 is generated by the temperature differences between heat gaining and losing surfaces. Thermal balance is assured only by the fluid itself, which flows from heat gaining surfaces to the colder heat losing ones.
  • the building's 1 perimeter façade is the heat gaining surface in the room 2 and heat loser is any surface 10 - 14 which is connected to the heat gainer one, but it is colder because of lack of actual heat gain.
  • Solar heat gain warms the fluid in the container 15 reaching it through the wall structure 3 .
  • the temperature balance between heat gaining and losing surfaces causes the warmed-up fluid to flow from the container next to the perimeter wall 15 to the other containers 18 , 16 and finally 17 where it can pass the heat surplus to colder areas reaching thermal balance.
  • the system works during nighttime in the opposite way.
  • the thermal mass of the fluid utilizes the solar gain to protect the interior against cooling. This is similar to the effect of the thermal mass in conventional buildings, but in this case the actual gain is spread in the whole system, so the amount of utilized heat energy increases significantly. This is practical not only in winter but also during summer, because this way the heating up of the interior can be avoided.
  • the containers 15 are attached to the perimeter 3 and also interior wall 4 and to the slab 8 by railings and bolts. This can ideally be made by screw joints with holes prepared on the side 17 or simply through sheaths, which allow the screws to reach the wall directly through the container.
  • Figures show no insulation between the surrounding surfaces 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 and the containers 15 .
  • the need for insulation always depends on the current conditions. Generally some insulation may be necessary if the goal is to keep all heat gains in the room 2 and heat should not be passed beyond the containers 15 to the other parts of the house. This can be especially practical when other building parts are allowed to be colder for any reason. Yet there are some cases, when lack of insulation is ideal, for example in case of the perimeter wall 3 when the goal is to allow solar gain to reach the fluid volume.
  • check valve 23 on both sides of the joint elbow fitting 21 A, perpendicular to the plane defined by joint elements 20 and joint valves 22 there is one check valve 23 for each side.
  • the principle of the check valve 23 is similar to the automatic self-closing valves used for hose joints, namely the check valves in the joint fittings open automatically when the joined elements—like a hose used for fluid infillare put in.
  • the upper joint fitting 21 F is generally made the same way, but opposite to one joint valve 22 its volume is increased and on both side of the resulted air lock 24 are the check valves 23 placed.
  • Fluid filling occurs through one of the check valves 23 of joint elbow fitting 21 A and when the containers 15 are filled up completely the rest of the unnecessary water leaves through the check valve 23 of the upper joint elbow 21 F. Then the check valves 23 can be closed—by removing the hoses—, so the air presence in the system is minimal.
  • the air lock 24 leaves space for expansion of the water in case of warming up.
  • the side 16 of the upper container 15 can also be made to aid the flow of leaving air. In the whole closed water circuit the highest point is the air lock and the upper side 16 of this container 15 can be tilted slightly to this direction—namely the two sides 16 of the container 15 are not parallel this case—.
  • the simplest containers 15 consist of sides 16 and edges 17 made by sheets only.
  • the containers 15 are welded (in case of plastic or steel) or assembled by gluing with a frame (in case of glass). These can be used if there is a supporting surface next to them, to which they can be attached to.
  • containers 15 with larger surface spacers 26 can be placed between the sides 16 inside the container 15 in a way that they do not disturb the flow of water—practically placed parallel to the flows current with perforations 27 .
  • These containers 15 can be used as independent wall elements (panels).
  • the containers 15 are normally made by steel-wood or plastic sheets, i.e. they are opaque. In addition to that the containers 15 can also be made in a way that at least one of its sides is made by transparent or translucent material.
  • the transparent or translucent material is generally plastic but also glass can be used. The latter is primarily applicable for containers 15 used for roofs.
  • one container 15 is laid on the floor 7 . This one has to have load-bearing capacity. Because of different reasons, the container 15 may have to have structural strength in other cases as well. Basically there are two options to make a load-bearing container.
  • FIGS. 8 a - 8 c Another option is if the container 15 is surrounded by load-bearing frame 28 (as shown in FIGS. 8 a - 8 c ) and between the sides 16 a there is a bracing 29 inbuilt (similar to the version mentioned earlier, like a frame of longitudinal 30 and cross 31 spacers made by steel).
  • Both load-bearing frame 28 and bracing frame 29 are made similar to the self-supporting version introduced above, but they are made by stronger materials or design. So the load-bearing frame 28 can also be made by U beams, these can also give the edges 17 of the container 15 .
  • the spacers 30 and 31 are placed in a way so they do not disturb the water flow—like made with perforations 27 for example—. This solution results less material use and structural weight but its disadvantage is that the flow can be influenced by the spacers 30 and 31 .
  • load-bearing containers 15 for floors is very similar to the general load-bearing containers 15 and its materials are generally opaque. Because the nature of structural load is obviously different for this case, and because the support has to be done for the whole surface this one can only be done by frame of inner spacers 30 and 31 ), with a freely chosen overlay 19 which consist of a load-bearing layer and a walkable finish. The spacers 30 and 31 transmit the structural load from the overlay 19 to the slab below the container 15 . This case a load-bearing layer has to be made below the container 15 as an additional structural layer.
  • the load-bearing containers 15 used as floor can also be made with increased structural capacity, so theoretically it can also replace slabs, if it fulfills the structural demands.
  • the load-bearing containers' 15 material is generally steel sheets, but also transparent/translucent design is possible, which normally can be made by glass. Containers used for floors and ceilings are exception, which generally made opaque. The design depends on the architectural concept in the end.
  • the containers 15 can be used in different ways depending on their design.
  • the simplest way is the method introduced earlier, when the simple containers 15 are built to the walls of the room from inside.
  • the water circuit becomes an inner core and each side of it is an interior structure. This case the water circuits function is only cooling/heating and energy distribution. Because it has a large active surface, it can already drop the necessary energy consumption already in this case.
  • FIGS. 10 a - 10 e some schematic versions for container arrangement can be seen, which can be made by using the containers introduced earlier, with some special solutions for each respectively (to show the differences more clearly for the most of these Figures the same building is shown as in the first example).
  • the system according to the invention is made on both floors and also in the roof.
  • the containers 15 are internal and placed everywhere along the planes of façade walls 3 and the roof 33 .
  • the containers 15 make one independent fluid circuit on both sides of the separating wall 34 .
  • On the second level there are three spaces included in one water circuit in a way that—looking parallel to the main axis of the horizontal containers 15 —two vertical containers are placed next to the most external walls of these rooms, this case the two facing perimeter walls 3 and the lower and upper horizontal containers 15 run through all rooms included in the system and the separating walls 34 between the spaces are between the horizontal containers 15 .
  • the container 15 can be built instead of a conventional façade wall 3 or roof 33 as it can be seen in FIG. 10 c.
  • the joint elements 20 of the containers 15 to be connected have a joint elbow fitting 21 A or 21 F, which has check valves 23 on both sides. Through these using a short pipe the two neighboring check valves 21 A or 21 F and by that the two water circuits can be connected.
  • Another possibility is when the neighboring edges 17 of the containers have themselves joint check valves inbuilt which also can be joined by a hose.
  • the opening 37 is not as high as the ceiling height (like parapet wall and window for example) then below or above the openings 37 containers 15 with reasonable size can be built and in the zone of the opening the water circuit can be made along the sides of the opening the same way like in the earlier cases, but as an extreme solution the water circuit can also let in the neighboring circuit also.
  • FIG. 10 b shows and also can be seen in FIGS. 12 a - 12 b the containers 15 can also be placed as a front wall to profit from solar energy.
  • This joint method of course can be used everywhere when vertical and horizontal containers 15 placed on two sides of a wall have to be connected.
  • the containers 15 can also be placed outside the roof 33 when also the method mentioned above is applicable.
  • the container 15 increases thermal insulation and lowers the heat load (the front wall practically acts as a solar panel).
  • the container 15 can be built instead of a conventional wall as a perimeter self-supporting structure. This can be seen in FIG. 10 c and more detailed in FIGS. 13 a - 13 b.
  • This case the load-bearing structure is a column grid 45 inside and/or along the perimeter of the building.
  • the container 15 is built in the conventional load-bearing structure 45 as a structural infill or as a curtain wall on the façade.
  • the self-supporting containers 15 serve this purpose.
  • the container 15 can be transparent (glass or plastic) or opaque (typically plastic or steel but it can be made by other materials also). Depending on the architectural concept internal side of the container 15 has a transparent or translucent protecting finish 18 but also other materials can be used.
  • Load-bearing containers 15 as shown in FIGS. 9 a and 9 b can give the structure of the building also. This case the façade wall 3 and the container 15 are built as one structure. This is also possible in case of an internal separating wall and the container 15 next to it.
  • the geometry of the containers 15 load-bearing frame 32 results vertical columns 50 and beams 51 between the containers 15 as shown in FIG. 14 .
  • the structural load is taken by the columns 50 and beams 51 between the containers 15 which are connected to make a water circuit as structural infill elements between the columns 50 and beams 51 ).
  • the materials used for container 15 can be transparent/translucent (glass or plastic) or opaque (typically plastic, steel or other material). For the containers design it is important, that external heat gain should be able to reach the water volume. Because of that the external side of the container 15 is typically made by a heat and light conducting material. If that is not possible because of any reason, the container 15 can also be made by opaque material. This case the container 15 is made with an absorber surface finish similarly to solar panels.
  • thermal insulation is normally not required unless a special task or demand does not make it reasonable to use. Because the load-bearing containers 15 used for floor 7 is laid on the slab as an interior structure thermal insulation is also not made this case.
  • the container is built as a perimeter wall then depending on outside temperature conditions thermal insulation of the container 15 might be necessary which is placed on the external side.
  • the containers 15 operation is ideal if the heating effect of solar gain reaches the containers 15 . Therefore if thermal insulation is used then ideally it is made as transparent/translucent so sunlight can get to the water. If the container 15 is made by opaque materials the thermal insulation ideally is still a transparent system.
  • Thermal insulation can be typically two- or more glass or plastic sheets with voids in between. This can be done by prefabricated closed gas cells for example like thermal insulation 41 in FIGS. 12 a and 12 b , or it can be made by layers of glass or plastic insulation sheets 48 with air cavities 49 between them and air-tight proof sealing along their perimeter as it can be seen in FIGS. 13 a and 13 b.
  • the thermal insulation can also be placed during construction when the containers 15 are positioned, but the container 15 generally is applicable for panel building technology, therefore the thermal insulation 41 can be placed on the container 15 already during fabrication. Similarly to the thermal insulation 41 other layers can be placed on the container 15 like the walkable finish 19 on load-bearing containers 15 used for floors. On the internal surface of the container a light-transmitting transparent/translucent plastic finish 18 can be made or also another material can be used depending on the architectural concept.
  • thermal insulation on containers 15 for the roof 33 this can be made similarly to the containers 15 built as a wall typically with transparent design.
  • the water circuit can utilize also the solar heat gain in case the containers 15 were built outside or instead the perimeter wall 3 .
  • the efficiency of the system compared to conventional solar panels is lower because some part of the solar energy is absorbed by the insulation 41 but the heat loss also decreases and the utilized surface area is larger considerably.
  • the building example introduced earlier shows the simplest case, when the containers 15 are transparent and are fixed to opaque structures. Another case when the containers 15 are on the external side of the perimeter wall 3 therefore the system has external effects: it heats up because solar gain or cools down during the night.
  • This case the systems design is identical to the earlier example, the difference is how it works: during daytime at the perimeter wall 3 the floor 7 and partially the walls 5 and 6 warms up and the heat is transmitted by the water to the colder areas. In the night when outside temperature is lower the direction of heat flow turns to opposite. The temperature of the external container's 15 surface drops and the stored heat from daytime flows here. The external container's 15 surface radiates the stored heat back to the environment.
  • FIGS. 12 a and 12 b the container 15 placed before perimeter wall 3 has thermal insulation 41 . Between the container's 15 side 16 and thermal insulation 41 there is air cavity 44 . In the thermal insulation 41 there are rows of ventilation holes 42 near to the container's 15 top and bottom. When outside air cools down, it flows from the lower ventilation holes 42 through the air cavity 44 and leaves through the upper ventilation holes 42 ). During the flow the air warms up and the water in the container 15 cools down. The process can be intensified by increasing the speed of flowing air in the cavity 44 by an airflow producing appliance 43 (like a ventilator) shown on the Figure schematically.
  • an airflow producing appliance 43 like a ventilator
  • the container 15 has ventilation pipes 46 inbuilt, in the middle of the container 15 and next to each other.
  • the ventilation pipes 46 are made in pairs and in a way that they are in direct contact with each other on the largest surface area possible.
  • the ventilation pipes 46 are connected to the outside and to the interior by a conduct 47 on each side at the top and at the bottom. At the external side the conduct 47 also penetrates the thermal insulation 41 naturally.
  • each conduct 47 is connected to an airflow producing appliance 43 in a way that in case of both lower and upper conducts 47 the airflow producing applications are placed in pairs and work in the opposite direction.
  • Ventilation takes place as following.
  • the airflow producing appliance 47 takes fresh air in from outdoors through the lower conducts 47 which enters the interiors through the upper conducts 47 , meanwhile the other airflow producing appliance 43 removes used air through the upper conducts 47 which leaves to outside through the lower conducts 47 .
  • the air ventilation pipes 46 placed in pairs heat exchange takes place between the fresh and used air with oppositional air flow—through the shared surface of ventilation pipes 46 in contact—and also between the fresh air and the water in the container 15 , so the fresh air intake warms up before it reaches the interior.
  • the radiant night cooling of the system can also be intensified to a lesser extent by a simpler solution also.
  • a building 52 can be seen with flat roof and with containers 15 inbuilt.
  • the other option is when the heat surplus of the system is stored by another appliance.
  • This can be done the easiest way if a heat exchange unit 55 is connected to the water circuit of the containers 15 —as it can be seen in FIG. 16 .
  • the other circuit of heat exchanger 55 has a heat storage appliance 56 . Thereby the water circuit of the containers 15 can remain independent because between the two circuits there is only heat transfer and no fluid exchange.
  • the heat exchanger 55 collects warm water from the upper area of the containers' 15 placed next to the walls and warm water is replaced with cold one. Thereby not only one but two water circuits appear in the system: one vertical which makes water flow from container 15 at the floor 7 to container 15 at the wall 4 and slab 8 and a horizontal which flows warm water from the connected water circuits to the heat exchanger 55 from which the returned cold water cools the upper side of the containers 15 at the slab 8 . Both circuits are closed so continuously the same water runs in the circuits.
  • the solution of the invention cannot meet all the energy demand of the building in itself so the conventional energy system of the building is also necessary.
  • This conventional energy system can consist of any conventional appliances.
  • the conventional energy system shown in FIG. 17 has for example a furnace 59 a solar panel 60 a heat storage appliance 61 a geothermal heat pump 61 a cooling appliance 63 and heaters 64 or floor heating, and hot water supply unit 65 .
  • the conventional system and fluid circuits of containers have to be harmonized for ideal operation and control.
  • the conventional energy system 58 and the water circuit of containers 15 cannot be connected directly because—as it was mentioned before—it is essential to keep the water always in closed circuit so only heat will be transferred from one circuit to the other.
  • the conventional system always consists of an energy source and an active surface (heat transmitter) like a radiator.
  • the active surface compared to the room is relatively small. Because of that the heater has to have higher temperature then the desired temperature of the room, like for example a typical radiator operates with 60-90 degrees Celsius hot water. In case of the containers 15 this surface is significantly higher since all container surfaces are also cooler/heater surfaces. Because of that water with much lower temperature is sufficient for heating. This results significant energy savings and also allows that geothermal energy itself to be enough without uniting it with gas heating.
  • the water circuit of the containers 15 and the conventional energy system defines independent circuits and the connection between them is made by the heat exchanger 55 .
  • the efficiency of the heat exchanger 55 can be increased further by the solution shown in FIG. 18 c .
  • One side 16 of the container 15 is made with channels 67 in which the counter flow serpentine piping 66 can be placed. This maximizes the contact surface area between serpentine piping 66 and the side 16 .
  • the second container's 68 design is similar to the simplest version of the containers for water circuit 15 but naturally is made with two joint elements 20 only. Through these the container 68 can be connected to the conventional energy system 58 .
  • the joint elements 20 can be built in a conventional way according the actual demands.
  • the second container 68 can also be made inside of the first container 15 itself in a way that it is divided by an internal dividing plate 59 which is parallel to the sides 16 and one part gives the water circuit of the containers 15 and the other the heat exchangers 55 .
  • the plate 59 built between containers 15 and 68 is only one sheet and ideally is made by heat conducting material so the heat transfer can take place rapidly.
  • the joint elements 20 are made as introduced earlier, but also this case for the container 68 there are only two joint elements 20 positioned to connect to the conventional energy system 58 .
  • the double container 15 / 68 can also be made as self-supporting or load-bearing this depends on naturally where it will be placed.
  • FIGS. 10 a - 10 c if there are many rooms in the building their relation to each other and to the buildings perimeter can be different in many ways. If they are equipped with independent water circuit, then it can happen that connecting these different water circuits becomes reasonable, so the heat gains of the rooms can be balanced between each other.
  • the process can also work for water circuits above each other, like when the heat surplus of south facing water circuits' above each other is transmitted upwards where on higher floor in a machinery area a heat exchanger can take it. This way there is no need for heat exchanger on every floor.
  • the heat exchanging connection between neighboring rooms can be made with second containers as introduced earlier.
  • FIG. 41 A practical solution for this can be seen in FIG. 41 .
  • the second containers 68 placed between the containers 15 and the wall 34 .
  • the second containers On both side of the separating wall 34 the second containers have joint elbow fittings 21 placed in joint elements 20 and these are connected to each other by tubes 70 which penetrate the wall 34 through holes. Because this case the second containers 68 are connected to each other, they have to be made with more joint elements 20 just like in case of the containers 15 .
  • the two containers 68 and the connecting tubes 70 make a water circuit just like the containers 15 .
  • Heat surplus in one room is transmitted from container 15 placed at the separating wall 34 to the secondary container 68 next to it.
  • the warmed up water runs through the tubes 70 in the wall 34 to the other container 68 which also transmits the heat to the container 15 next to it.
  • the water circuit made by containers 68 carries the heat surplus to the room with heat demand.
  • the separating walls 34 are only made by panels and there is need for heat exchange between two rooms, then it is practical to use the container 15 divided into two parts as shown in FIG. 20 . This case the heat exchange connection can be made without a heat exchanger in one simple element.
  • the complete energy system consists of several types of elements: for one part the containers' water circuits are built 101 which work as a heat gaining and also heat losing (radiating) surfaces and also as heat balancing units.
  • the water circuits radiate heat surplus directly back to environment (like with night flush cooling for example) or forward it to the heat exchanger 102 units which takes it with another water circuit.
  • the heat exchanger let this energy to be stored in a way, like by a heat storage unit or underground container 103 .
  • the system can store as much heat during the year then necessary for heating period. In case when this is not possible, then some other heat source is also required: ideally geothermal or CHP (Combined Heat and Power) is used 104 which can provide heating water with lower temperature effectively, but also it can be gas or electric technology 105 .
  • CHP Combined Heat and Power
  • the stored or produced heat energy warms the containers' water circled through the heat exchanger.
  • radiator or underfloor heating 107 is also needed.
  • Photovoltaic panels or wind turbines and naturally any other technology can be used to cover the energy demand, but also the energy produced by CHP 109 can be utilized.
  • the system is operated by a central control unit 110 , which monitors the temperature of air and surfaces and controls the system accordingly.
  • This central control unit is not part of the invention and it is well known by professionals, therefore is not necessary to introduce it here in detail.
  • the combined systems control works in the following way.
  • the control unit of the circulation network is a thermostat which works the same way as control units utilized for floor heating or hot water supply technology.
  • the thermostat monitors the temperature of the containers, and when the actual value is out of the predefined margin (generally set by the user), the heating/cooling system turns on.
  • the control is primarily based on temperature, the heat relations of fluid volume is assured by the heat balance property of the fluid itself.
  • the system has 0+3 performance levels.
  • phase 0 the heating/cooling is not in operation, solar and other heat gains can balance the losses. This state is much longer compared to conventional buildings, because heat gains do not appear locally (in conventional buildings the north side is always cold for instance).
  • phase 3 besides the floor and the perimeter wall, the interior walls also join in the heating process. This is rarely necessary, though, only in case of peak demands.
  • phase 0 In case of cooling, phase 0 relies on the whole thermal mass of the fluid circuit (obviously it works the opposite way, heat is taken by the cooler areas of the fluid volume).
  • phase 1 the perimeter wall is turned on.
  • the cooling takes place by the heat exchange unit, which takes heat from the structure along the upper line of the wall and from the ceiling in the same area.
  • This hot water is placed in a heat storage unit, which can be hot water supplies (like baths/showers) or other heat storage applications (like underground heat storage).
  • the heat exchange units connect two circuits: one is the fluid circuit of containers, the other is between the heat storage and the heat exchange unit.
  • phase 2 the ceiling works together with the perimeter wall.
  • phase 3 in addition to the ceiling and the perimeter wall, the interior wall joins the cooling process.
  • Phase 3 is only needed in case of peak loads, when climatic conditions or function requires it. In Hungary for example, generally phases 0+1+2 for heating and phase 0+1 for cooling are sufficient, but naturally the system is applicable for other climates also.
  • the system allows the heating and cooling of the rooftop as well, similar to the other spaces introduced above.
  • the difference is that “night flush cooling” or radiant cooling (when stored heat is radiated back to the environment during the night) can have more importance.
  • the structure only stores the heat until the night, in this case the amount of fluid inbuilt is sufficient to store the heat gain of one day, which is given/ventilated/radiated back to the environment during the night.
  • the heat is utilized in any way (like for hot water supply or stored for later use for heating).
  • the limit can be the weight of the fluid and its hydrostatic pressure. Above 3-4 m considerable weight can appear, which can naturally be solved but is unlikely to be economic.
  • the main essence of the invention is that wall elements (panels) can be made where—unlike in case of conventional and known panel systems—the main weight of the structure is given by some kind of fluid, while the solid constituents in conventional terms play the role of a container only, and mainly any other task (insulation, heat storage, noise resistance, etc.) is given by union of fluid and air/gas.
  • the system according to the invention consists of many elements, among them there is a container for perimeter and internal use, also others applicable for the ceiling, and the roof or the floor, therefore in ideal case using the system a complete building can be constructed.
  • the system can be used for various scales of construction from a detached house or secondary buildings to apartment housings, from high-rise buildings and industrial buildings to halls. Naturally the system can be combined, so it can be united with other technologies when only a part of the building is built by the system, therefore it is applicable for building renovation as well.
  • the system can be created in solid and also in transparent/translucent versions, therefore it shows similarity with known glass curtain wall and panel technology at the same time:
  • the material use is also crucial, the main weight, heating/cooling and also air-conditioning can be given by the fluid, which is also mainly responsible for the heat resistance capacity.
  • This is not conventional for the known systems today, because the solid materials have importance even if heating appears in the panels, because solid materials refer for acoustics, thermal insulation or fire protection demands.
  • Containers can be made in different size, the sizes depend on the actual architectural plan as well, but if possible, ideally it is necessary to design in module sizes, otherwise fabrication with special sizes will be required.
  • Containers for the perimeter wall and the roof can be attached with insulation already in the factory, parallel sheets with closed air layers between (they can be air layers or vacuum cells, or occasionally gas cells, separated with transparent/translucent plastic or glass sheets to allow solar gain to reach the fluid volume), and with an external finish (ideally made of a glass or plastic layer).
  • the containers can also be made with final interior finish (ideally not a heat insulating material like wallpaper, ceramic or stone tiles).
  • final interior finish ideally not a heat insulating material like wallpaper, ceramic or stone tiles.
  • the smaller elements have a role in heating and cooling while the bigger ones take part in conditioning due to their heat storing capacity.
  • the interior containers have this thermal volume only.
  • Containers belonging to the floor have to be made with an inbuilt structural support and a final floor finish.
  • the invention is applicable for building glass curtain walls, in this case even its appearance is a novelty. Its advantages in energetics and fire resistance can be important.
  • the system can also appear as a transparent and solid wall, it can be independent or an attached layer joined to the existing structure. In both cases it can greatly improve the thermal insulation of the building and can decrease the energy consumption.
  • the waste production of the system is minimal, because both fluid and solid constituents are re-useable, therefore it is ideal for temporary buildings or pavilions.
  • the system needs a lower temperature for heating/cooling unlike in case of conventional systems, so combined with renewable energy sources (like geothermal or solar heat) considerable energy savings can be achieved, even compared to current systems.
  • renewable energy sources like geothermal or solar heat
  • the insulation ideally made of air/gas cells results in an economic transparent structure, which together with the fluid volume increases fire-resistance capacity compared to conventional glass structures.
  • the material use of the system is cost-effective, and in case the solid panels are also made from re-usable/recyclable materials (like plastic/aluminum/glass/copper for shell), the system becomes completely re-usable/recyclable. This causes energy savings, because the air layers and the fluid volume gives the main weight, which can be recycled/reused with a modest energy investment.
  • the system according to the invention has a special application possibility: it can work as a fire-boarder structure as well.
  • the separation between spaces made by the container is an internal wall structure built with double fluid circuits.
  • the material of the container is not necessarily fire resistant, but with fluid infill its fire resistance increases significantly.
  • the fire resistance can be helped with the fluid flow: the heat load caused by the fire starts the flow, which transports the heat to the colder areas, while the warmed up fluid will be replaced by a colder one. This way the fluid flow increases fire resistance. This increase can only be assured together with the fluid circuit, that is why the system is built ideally with two circuits (one fluid circuit for each side), this way the fire load can reach the structure from any side, it can flow to the other one.
  • the heat energy system according to claim 1 characterized in that the closed fluid circuit made by containers ( 15 ) is connected by heat exchangers ( 55 ) to conventional energy system ( 58 ) of a building and/or additional closed circuit fluid volume made by containers ( 15 ) and/or with a heat storage unit ( 56 ).
  • thermoelectric system characterized in that the heat exchanger ( 55 ) is made by a second container ( 68 ) built next to the container ( 15 ) and parallel to its side ( 16 ).
  • the heat energy system according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the container ( 15 ) is divided into two parts by a separating plate ( 69 ) which is parallel to the side ( 16 ) of the container ( 15 ) and one part is connected to the fluid circuit and other is the space for the heat exchanger ( 55 )
  • the separating wall between two neighboring closed fluid circuits made by containers ( 15 ) is a heat exchanger ( 55 ) which makes heat transfer connection between the two circuits as a container ( 15 ) which has another container ( 68 ) next to it and parallel to its sides ( 16 ) or it is divided into two by a separating plate ( 69 ) which is parallel to the side ( 16 ) and one container ( 15 ) is connected to the other containers ( 15 ) of the closed circuit, the other container ( 68 ) or other part of container is connected to the other closed circuit containers ( 15 ).

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US14/006,769 2011-03-23 2012-03-23 Heat energy system for heating or maintaining thermal balance in the interiors of buildings or building parts Abandoned US20140014302A1 (en)

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HU1100156A HU229826B1 (hu) 2011-03-23 2011-03-23 Hõenergetikai rendszer épületek vagy épületrészek belsõ terének fûtéséhez és/vagy hõegyensúlyának fenntartásához
HUP1100156 2011-03-23
PCT/IB2012/051394 WO2012127451A2 (en) 2011-03-23 2012-03-23 A heat energy system for heating or maintaining thermal balance in the interiors of buildings or building parts

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JP6250530B2 (ja) 2017-12-20
HUP1100156A2 (en) 2012-09-28
WO2012127451A2 (en) 2012-09-27
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JP2014510255A (ja) 2014-04-24
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