US20130324950A1 - Transdermal delivery system containing galantamine or salts thereof - Google Patents

Transdermal delivery system containing galantamine or salts thereof Download PDF

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US20130324950A1
US20130324950A1 US13/985,994 US201213985994A US2013324950A1 US 20130324950 A1 US20130324950 A1 US 20130324950A1 US 201213985994 A US201213985994 A US 201213985994A US 2013324950 A1 US2013324950 A1 US 2013324950A1
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drug
delivery system
transdermal delivery
galantamine
permeation
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Hoo-Kyun Choi
Myung-Kwan Chun
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Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation of Chosun National University
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Publication of US20130324950A1 publication Critical patent/US20130324950A1/en
Assigned to TAHO PHARMACEUTICALS LTD., INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION, CHOSUN UNIVERSITY reassignment TAHO PHARMACEUTICALS LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION, CHOSUN UNIVERSITY
Priority to US15/215,302 priority Critical patent/US10758546B2/en
Assigned to TAHO PHARMACEUTICALS LTD., INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION, CHOSUN UNIVERSITY reassignment TAHO PHARMACEUTICALS LTD. CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE SECOND ASSIGNEE ADDRESS PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL: 032065 FRAME: 0358. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT. Assignors: INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION, CHOSUN UNIVERSITY
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/14—Esters of carboxylic acids, e.g. fatty acid monoglycerides, medium-chain triglycerides, parabens or PEG fatty acid esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
    • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
    • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
    • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
    • A61K9/7038—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer
    • A61K9/7046—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/7053—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl, polyisobutylene, polystyrene

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a transdermal delivery system comprising galantamine or its salt as an active ingredient, more specifically to a transdermal delivery system comprising a drug-containing matrix layer, the matrix of which is formed with a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer or a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer as an adhesive.
  • Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. It is a neurological is disease characterized by loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with normal activities of daily living. Alzheimer's disease usually occurs in old age, and is marked by a decline in cognitive functions such as remembering, reasoning, and planning. The median survival time for affected patients is approximately 8 years from the onset of symptoms (Coyle, J., Kershaw, P., 2001. Galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor that allosterically modulates nicotinic receptors: effects on the course of Alzheimers disease. Biol. Psychiatry. 49, 289-299).
  • Galantamine is a tertiary alkaloid and a reversible, competitive acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor (Zarotsky, V., Sramek, J. J., Cutler, N. R., 2001. Galantamine hydrobromide: an agent for Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Health - Syst. Pharm. 60, 446-452). Galantamine is effective and well tolerated for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease; and improves cognition, global function and daily life activities of the patients (Scott, L. J., Goa, K. L., 2000. Galantamine: a review of its use in Alzheimer's disease. Drugs. 60, 1095-1122; Corey-Bloom, J., 2003. Galantamine: a review of its use in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 57, 219-223).
  • galantamine is available in the market as tablet or oral solution. Oral administration of galantamine is followed by side effects like abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. Therefore, an alternative way of galantamine administration could be helpful for the success of therapy.
  • Transdermal drug delivery system is advantageous to minimize the gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and vomiting, which are the most common adverse events leading even to discontinuation of treatment.
  • TDDS offers benefits such as producing sustained and controlled plasma drug concentration, enhancing bioavailability and bypassing first-pass metabolism.
  • its use is often limited due to the outermost layer of the skin, stratum corneum. Although this layer is only 20-25 ⁇ m thick, it provides a potential barrier to the penetration of many compounds and poses a major problem for therapeutic TDDS (Thomas, B. J., Finnin, F. C., 2004. The transdermal revolution. Drug Discov. Today. 9, 697-703. Walters, K. A., Walker, M., Olejnik, O., 1987. Non-ionic surfactant effects on hairless mouse skin permeability characteristics. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 40, 525-529).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,480 has disclosed a transdermal delivery system, which comprises a reservoir layer containing galantamine, a plasticizer, and a polyacrylate (for example, acrylate copolymer/methacylate copolymer) as an adhesive.
  • the transdermal delivery system according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,480 shows very low penetration, i.e., about 2.7 ⁇ g/cm 2 /hr.
  • 200710104771A1 has disclosed a transdermal delivery system, which comprises a drug reservoir containing an acrylate polymer having polar funtional monomer component, more than 10% by weight of galantamine, and a permeation enhancer for delivering the galantamine at a flux of greater than 4.5 ⁇ g/cm 2 /hr.
  • the transdermal delivery system according to US Patent Publication No. 2007/0104771A1 has the disadvantage that the flux thereof is still low, i.e., 11.35 ⁇ g/cm 2 /hr in maximum (Table 2).
  • the present invention provides a transdermal drug delivery system comprising galantamine or its salt as an active ingredient, which can inhibit crystallization of galantamine or its salt, thereby not only stably maintains a therapeutically effective blood concentration for at least 24 hours; but also provides high skin penetration rate.
  • the present invention provides a transdermal delivery system containing galantamine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, which shows high skin penetration rate continuously for more than 24 hours.
  • a transdermal delivery system which comprises a drug-containing matrix layer comprising: galantamine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt as an active ingredient; and a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer or a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer as an adhesive.
  • the transdermal delivery system may consist of a backing layer, the drug-containing matrix layer, and a release layer.
  • the galantamine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be present in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 20% by weight, preferably 10 to 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the drug-containing matrix layer.
  • the adhesive may be present in an amount ranging from 70 to 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the drug-containing matrix layer.
  • the transdermal delivery system according to the present invention may further comprise one or more permeation enhancers selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol laurate, lauryl alcohol, triacetin, isopropyl myristate, cineole, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, oleoyl macrogol glyceride, and caprylocaproyl macrogol glyceride.
  • the permeation enhancer may be polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.
  • the permeation enhancer may be present in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably in an amount of about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the drug-containing matrix layer.
  • the drug-containing matrix layer may have a thickness ranging from 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, preferably, 50 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
  • the transdermal delivery system according to the present invention comprises a matrix obtained by using a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer or a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer as an adhesive, which inhibits crystallization of galantamine or its salt in the matrix, thereby being able to stably maintain a therapeutically effective blood concentration for at least 24 hours.
  • the transdermal delivery system according to the present invention can provide high skin penetration rate, e.g., 38 ⁇ g/cm 2 /hr in maximum.
  • the present invention provides a transdermal delivery system, which comprises a drug-containing matrix layer comprising: galantamine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt as an active ingredient; and a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer or a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer as an adhesive.
  • the present inventors carried out various researches on characteristics of adhesives, drug concentrations, thicknesses of matrix, permeation enhancers, etc. It is found by the present invention that the low penetration rate is due to the interaction between the tertiary amine group in galantamine and the carboxylic functional group in adhesives; and is due to the crystallization of galantamine in the matrix in which acrylic adhesive is used.
  • a drug-containing matrix layer is designed by using a specific adhesive (i.e., a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer or a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer)
  • a specific adhesive i.e., a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer or a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer
  • the adhesive i.e., a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer or a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer, not only performs adhesive function but also forms a drug foundation or base.
  • the adhesive may be present in an amount ranging from 70 to 95% by weight, preferably ranging from 80 to 90% by weight, but not limited thereto.
  • the galantamine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be used in an amount sufficient to obtain a therapeutically effective blood concentration, for example, in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 20% by weight, preferably from 10 to 20% by weight, more preferably from 10 to 15% by weight, especially preferably about 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the drug-containing matrix layer.
  • the amount of galantamine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt is less than 0.5% by weight, the size (i.e., area) of the transdermal delivery system for obtaining desired therapeutic is effects of the drug may become excessively large, thereby lowering patients' drug compliance.
  • the amount of galantamine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt is more than 20% by weight, drug crystals may be formed in the drug-containing matrix layer, which results in reducing adhesive force or lowering penetration rate of the drug.
  • the transdermal delivery system according to the present invention may comprise a permeation enhancer.
  • the permeation enhancer may be present in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the drug-containing matrix layer, although the amount thereof varies depending on the kinds of permeation enhancer. If the amount of a permeation enhancer is less than 0.5% by weight, it may be difficult to obtain sufficient penetration enhancing effect. In addition, if the amount of a permeation enhancer is more than 10% by weight, the penetration enhancing effect is not increased significantly. The use of a permeation enhancer in excessive amount may result in reducing an adhesive force to the skin; or bring about cold flow due to weaken cohesive force.
  • the permeation enhancer may be one or more selected from the group consisting of propyleneglycol laurate [for example, Lauroglycol® FCC], lauryl alcohol, triacetin, isopropyl myristate, cineole, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [for example, BrijTM 30, BrijTM 52, etc.), oleoyl macrogol glyceride (or polyethylene glycol-8 glyceryl linoleate) [for example, Labrafil® 2609, etc.], and caprylocaproyl macrogol glycerides (or polyethylene glycol-8 glyceryl caprylate/caprate) [for example, Labrasol®, etc.].
  • polyoxyethylene lauryl ether may be preferably used.
  • the drug-containing matrix layer may have a thickness ranging from 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, preferably, 50 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
  • a transdermal delivery system comprising a drug-containing matrix layer having a thickness of about 80 ⁇ m, the drug-containing matrix consisting of about 15% by weight of galantamine, about 5% by weight of polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, and the remaining amount of a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer.
  • the transdermal delivery system of the present invention may consist of a is backing layer, the drug-containing matrix layer, and a release layer.
  • the transdermal delivery system of the present invention consisting of a backing layer, the drug-containing matrix layer, and a release layer may be prepared by forming the drug-containing matrix layer on a release layer and then forming a backing layer thereon.
  • the release layer conventional release liners or their laminates used in the field of a transdermal delivery system may be used.
  • backing layer also referred to as “backing membrane”.
  • the backing layer also referred to as “backing membrane”.
  • the transdermal delivery system of the present invention may be prepared, for example by dissolving galantamine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an appropriate solvent (e.g., chloroform, etc.); mixing a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer or a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer (and if necessary, a permeation enhancer) therewith; casting the resulting mixture on a release liner coated with e.g., silicone, followed by drying the mixture; and then laminating a backing layer thereon.
  • an appropriate solvent e.g., chloroform, etc.
  • a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer or a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer (and if necessary, a permeation enhancer) therewith casting the resulting mixture on a release liner coated with e.g., silicone
  • Lauroglycol® FCC Lauroglycol® FCC, lauryl alcohol, triacetin, isopropyl myristate, cineole, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (e.g., BrijTM 30, BrijTM 52, etc.), oleoyl macrogol glyceride (e.g., Labrafil® 2609 CS, etc.], and caprylocaproyl macrogol glyceride (e.g., Labrasol®, etc.)
  • polyoxyethylene lauryl ether e.g., BrijTM 30, BrijTM 52, etc.
  • oleoyl macrogol glyceride e.g., Labrafil® 2609 CS, etc.
  • caprylocaproyl macrogol glyceride e.g., Labrasol®, etc.
  • Galantamine was purchased from Ivax Pharmaceuticals (Opava- Komarot, Czech Republic). Polyethylene glycol-8 glyceryl caprylate/caprate (Labrasol®) was obtained is from Gattefosse (Gennevillers, France). Polyethylene glycol-8 glyceryl linoleate (Labrafil® 2609) was purchased from Masung Co. (Seoul, Korea). Oleic acid, propylene glycol and sorbitan monooleate (Span® 80) were purchased from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Isopropyl myristate (IPM) and PEG-20 almond glyceride (Crovol® A40) were obtained from Croda (Parsippany, N.J., USA).
  • Drug solution was prepared by dissolving galantamine in chloroform and mixed with enhancer and adhesive. The resulting mixture was casted onto the release liner. It was set at room temperature for 10 minutes, and subsequently dried at 80° C. for 20 minutes to remove the residual organic solvents. After removal of the solvents, dried film was laminated with a polyester backing film (ScotchPak® 9728, 3M, USA).
  • the in vitro transdermal permeation behavior of galantamine from transdermal delivery system across hairless mouse skin was investigated by using modified Franz diffusion cells. Flow-through diffusion cell system was used and the temperature was maintained at 37 ⁇ . The surface area of receiver cell opening was 2 cm 2 , and its volume 5.5 mL. The receiver cell was filled with phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0), and the is media was stirred by teflon-coated magnetic bar at 500 rpm. The excised skin was mounted onto each receiver cell. O-ring and cell cap were placed on the top of each skin. These components were then clamped. The samples were collected every 4 hours for 24 hours and assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • Galantamine was analyzed using previously reported method (Ang, C., Fen, H. E., Sub, H. E., 2006. Pharmacokinetics of galantamine Hbr in plasma and brain of mice. Chin. J. Pharm. 37, 55-61) with slight modification.
  • HPLC system Shiadzu Scientific Instruments, MD
  • the wavelength of the UV detector was 230 nm; the column temperature was maintained at 30 ⁇ ; the flow rate was 1 mL/min; and injection volume was 30 ⁇ L.
  • the mobile phase consisted of methanol/water with 0.2% triethylamine adjusted to pH 6.4 by phosphoric acid (35/65, v/v).
  • the patches containing acrylic, acrylic rubber hybrid, SBS, silicone and PIB matrices were screened at 15% w/w drug load.
  • the permeation rate of galantamine was highest from acrylic adhesive followed by SBS, acrylic rubber hybrid, silicone and PIB (see FIG. 1 ).
  • the effect of different functional groups in acrylic adhesive on the permeation of galantamine was also studied (see FIG. 2 ).
  • the highest permeation of galantamine was observed from the matrix containing acrylic adhesive with a hydroxyl functional group (Duro-Tak® 87-2510).
  • the lowest permeation of galantamine was observed from acrylic adhesive containing carboxyl functional group (Duro-Tak® 87-2979).
  • FIG. 4 shows the effect of drug loading in SBS matrix on the permeation of galantamine across the hairless mouse skin.
  • the thickness of the matrix layer is one of the important parameters in the development of matrix-based TDDS. Thicker matrix is able to deliver higher amount of drug to the skin over relatively longer application time (Furuishi, T., lo, T., Fukami, T., Suzuki, T., Tomono, K., 2008. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of pentazocine transdermal delivery system. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 31, 1439-1443). It is due to higher amount of drug available for permeation from the patch. However, thicker matrix also has higher tendency to cause cold flow (Wokovich, A. M., Prodduturi, S., Doub, W. H., Hussain, A. S., Buhse, L. F., 2006.
  • Transdermal delivery system (TDDS) adhesion as a critical safety, efficacy and quality attribute.
  • thinner matrix (40 ⁇ m) showed a declining permeation profile.
  • the adhesive properties of the prepared patches were manually evaluated by thumb tack test. As a result thereof, it was found that matrix thickness above 50 ⁇ m possessed sufficient adhesive force.
  • the matrix thickness is preferably 50 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m, most preferably 80 ⁇ m.
  • Permeation enhancer reversibly reduces the permeability barrier of the stratum corneum. Permeation enhancers can also act as a plasticizer, increasing the mobility of the drug in the matrix.
  • Crovol® A40 propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, Transcutol® and glycerin did not enhance the permeation of galantamine.
  • Lauroglycol® FCC lauryl alcohol, triacetin, Isopropyl myristate (IPM), cineole, Brij® 30, Labrafil® 2609 and Labrasol® significantly enhanced the permeation of galantamine.
  • Brij® 30 and Lauroglycol® FCC showed comparatively higher enhancement ratio for galantamine.
  • the enhancing effect of Brij® 30, which showed the highest enhancement ratio, on the skin permeation of galantamine was evaluated at different concentrations (2.5 to 10% v/w of polymer weight), with 15% w/w of drug load.
  • An increasing trend in the permeation of galantamine was observed with an increase in the permeation enhancer concentration (see FIG. 7 ).
  • Significant increase in permeation profile was observed when the level of Brij® 30 increased from 2.5 to 5% v/w.
  • the increase in permeation was not much pronounced beyond 5% v/w of Brij® 30 concentration.
  • significant decrease in adhesiveness was observed.
  • the optimum level of Brij® 30 in the patch is about 5% v/w.
  • the flux of 38 ⁇ g/cm 2 /h can be obtained from the optimized formulation.
  • the transdermal delivery system comprising a drug-containing matrix layer having a thickness of about 80 ⁇ m, the drug-containing matrix consisting of about 15% by weight of galantamine, about 5% by weight of polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, and the remaining amount of a styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer. Therefore, it is considered that even the patch size smaller than 9 cm 2 can deliver 8 mg of galantamine per day.

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WO2018013452A1 (en) * 2016-07-11 2018-01-18 Taho Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Transdermal delivery system containing galantamine or salts thereof

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KR101317158B1 (ko) 2011-02-18 2013-10-15 조선대학교산학협력단 갈란타민 또는 그의 염을 함유하는 경피흡수제제
JP6285820B2 (ja) * 2014-08-07 2018-02-28 久光製薬株式会社 ガランタミン含有経皮吸収製剤
CN106265678B (zh) * 2016-07-18 2019-06-04 陕西省中医医院 一种用于治疗面瘫的膏药及其制备方法
DE102017115701B4 (de) * 2017-07-12 2022-03-03 Lts Lohmann Therapie-Systeme Ag Fampridin-TTS

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US10758546B2 (en) 2020-09-01
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WO2012111996A2 (ko) 2012-08-23
KR20120106906A (ko) 2012-09-27
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US20160339038A1 (en) 2016-11-24
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EP2676663A4 (en) 2015-06-03
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EP2676663B1 (en) 2018-05-23
JP5883459B2 (ja) 2016-03-15
KR101317158B1 (ko) 2013-10-15
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HK1189156A1 (zh) 2014-05-30
AU2012218255A1 (en) 2013-09-12

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