US20130323657A1 - Method and apparatus for controlling combustion in a combustion boiler - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for controlling combustion in a combustion boiler Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130323657A1
US20130323657A1 US13/988,151 US201113988151A US2013323657A1 US 20130323657 A1 US20130323657 A1 US 20130323657A1 US 201113988151 A US201113988151 A US 201113988151A US 2013323657 A1 US2013323657 A1 US 2013323657A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
combustion
combustion air
boiler
material discharge
conveyor
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US13/988,151
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English (en)
Inventor
Ralph Ludwig
Christian Mueller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Clyde Bergemann DRYCON GmbH
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Individual
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Assigned to CLYDE BERGEMANN DRYCON GMBH reassignment CLYDE BERGEMANN DRYCON GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LUDWIG, RALPH, MUELLER, CHRISTIAN
Publication of US20130323657A1 publication Critical patent/US20130323657A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
    • F23N3/002—Regulating air supply or draught using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/002—Regulating fuel supply using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
    • F23N5/006—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties the detector being sensitive to oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/103—Arrangement of sensing devices for oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/113—Arrangement of sensing devices for oxidant supply flowrate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/30—Oxidant supply

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and a device for controlling a combustion of fuel in a combustion boiler.
  • the invention can be used in particular in combustion boilers of fossil-fired power plants.
  • combustion boilers having at least one combustion chamber in which fuel is burned with a feed of combustion air.
  • hot combustion gases are generated, the heat energy of which is extracted in exhaust-gas-conducting regions of the combustion boiler, in particular by means of heat exchangers, and is subsequently converted into electrical energy.
  • Increasingly stringent pollutant limits must be adhered to for the combustion of fuels in combustion-type power plants.
  • the prevention of the generation of pollutants during the combustion of the fuels is of particular importance.
  • At least one conveyor is also known for at least one conveyor to be provided below a material discharge opening for the removal of combustion residues from the combustion chamber, by means of which conveyor the hot ashes and/or other combustion residues are removed from the combustion boiler.
  • a cooling-air flow and/or oxidation-gas flow into contact with the ashes counter to the conveying direction in order to burn unburned (and incompletely burned) constituents on the conveyor itself and if appropriate to achieve a complete solidification of the ashes before they are discharged from the conveyor.
  • said cooling-air flow or oxidation-gas flow is severely limited because it passes through the material discharge opening owing to a negative pressure (which often exists) in the combustion chamber.
  • Such a conveyor is described for example in WO-A-2010043504.
  • the method according to the invention for controlling a combustion of fuel in a combustion boiler has at least the following steps:
  • combustion air is to be understood to mean a gas or gas mixture which comprises at least oxygen.
  • the oxygen content of the combustion air is in particular at least 10 vol. % (per cent by volume), preferably at least 20 vol. % or particularly preferably at least 30 vol. %.
  • the combustion air may in particular also be, if appropriate pre-heated, ambient air.
  • the desired combustion air quantity is in particular that combustion air quantity which, for the respective type and/or quantity of fuel to be burned in the combustion chamber, provides an oxygen quantity required for a particularly advantageous, in particular low-emission, combustion of the fuel.
  • the desired combustion air quantity may in particular also be that combustion air quantity which, depending on the oxygen content of the combustion air, is required for a stoichiometric combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber.
  • combustion air quantity which, depending on the oxygen content of the combustion air, is required for a stoichiometric combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber.
  • use may be made in particular of brown coal, mineral coal, mineral oil, natural gas, household waste, industrial waste and/or biomass.
  • the respectively desired combustion air quantity, which is dependent on the type, mass and/or quality of the fuel is basically known to a person skilled in the art and emerges in particular from relevant operating manuals for the combustion boiler.
  • combustion air quantity For the determination of the desired (or required) combustion air quantity, use may be made of measurement values and/or mathematical models, such that the combustion air quantity required for the predefined (stoichiometric) combustion at a (present or predetermined future) point in time can be determined.
  • the combustion air quantity actually available in the combustion boiler is furthermore determined, for example by means of an oxygen sensor which measures an oxygen concentration within a combustion chamber of the combustion boiler. It is self-evidently also possible for this purpose for use to be made of other sensors and/or mathematical models etc.
  • a determination of the combustion air quantity actually available in the combustion boiler may be performed by means of measurement values and/or calculation. Said step b) may in particular be performed after and/or during and/or before step a).
  • an alignment of the available combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber with the desired combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber then takes place.
  • the available combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber should be set as precisely as possible to the desired combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber. This is achieved through control (in particular regulation) of at least one combustion air inflow through at least one material discharge opening and/or at least one apparatus opening of the combustion boiler.
  • An “apparatus opening” is to be understood to mean in particular an inlet (for example through the side wall and/or the top wall) to the combustion boiler, via which inlet additional air is (at least intermittently) supplied (in an undefined manner).
  • seal elements may also be provided there, which seal elements use a scavenging gas.
  • the at least one combustion air inflow through the at least one material discharge opening and/or at least one apparatus opening and/or the provided combustion air supply of the combustion boiler are/is (actively) reduced and/or increased and/or (under fluctuating ambient conditions) kept constant in order to align the available combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber as precisely as possible with the desired combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber.
  • the combustion air inflow is at least partially a combustion air quantity which flows into the combustion chamber through the material discharge opening of the combustion chamber.
  • the combustion air quantity is for example measured in m 3 /min (cubic meters per minute).
  • the alignment of the available combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber with the desired combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber may additionally also be realized by means of further combustion air supplies of the combustion chamber (for example separate burners, nozzles etc. in the wall of the combustion boiler).
  • the control of the at least one combustion air inflow through the at least one material discharge opening and/or apparatus opening thus constitutes an, if appropriate additional, regulating variable for aligning the available combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber with the desired combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber in a particularly precise manner.
  • the at least one material discharge opening of the combustion chamber is an opening in the combustion chamber from which combustion residues of the fuel are at least partially and/or substantially completely removed from the combustion chamber.
  • the material discharge opening is preferably formed in a base region of the combustion chamber and connects the combustion chamber in particular to a conveyor, arranged below the combustion boiler, for combustion residues.
  • the alignment preferably takes place regularly during the operation of the combustion boiler, in particular when at least one parameter relevant for the combustion and/or for the conveying of the ashes changes.
  • the alignment very particularly preferably takes place practically in real time, such that the operation is adapted or newly set very quickly.
  • the invention is accordingly based in particular on the concept that all of the air flows and/or gas flows (insofar as they have an effect on the combustion process) entering the boiler are detected and taken into consideration for the adjustment of the combustion air made available. It is then possible for the air flow via the classic combustion air supply, the material discharge opening and/or the apparatus opening to be adapted in a demand-oriented and/or application-oriented manner.
  • This on-line regulation of the combustion air via all of the openings permits a particularly precise and possibly also directional supply of combustion air, which can advantageously influence the position of the flame and/or the effectiveness of the combustion process and/or the formation of residues/pollutants/etc.
  • step c) it is accordingly particularly preferable for step c) to comprise an active adaptation of the overall combustion air quantity.
  • This refers in particular to direct, so-called “on-line” regulation.
  • measurement values and/or characteristic values, for example, of the combustion boiler are determined (including by means of sensors) and are directly processed (in real time, for example using corresponding regulating software) such that a prompt and immediate adaptation of the combustion air quantity made available is performed, which corresponds practically exactly to the desired combustion air quantity.
  • the method is preferably carried out such that at least one of the following combustion air inflows is regulated in a manner dependent on step c):
  • a different combustion air inflow in each case may be increased, lowered and/or kept constant at different points in time; if appropriate, it is also possible for a plurality of combustion air inflows to be adapted simultaneously. It is possible in particular for the magnitude and manner of the change of the combustion air inflow to be selected; it is for example possible for similar apparatus openings to be opened or closed alternately, or for the scavenging gas thereof to be operated in an adapted manner. However, if for example the discharge from the combustion boiler changes significantly, an adaptation of the (primary/secondary) combustion air supply and/or of the material discharge opening may be performed.
  • step c the combustion air inflow is controlled at least by way of one of the following means:
  • the at least one dosing device for combustion air at the at least one material discharge opening in particular comprises at least partially and/or fully closable flaps and/or at least partially and/or fully closable valves in the region of the at least one material discharge opening of the combustion chamber of the combustion boiler, by means of which flaps and/or valves the admission of a combustion air inflow into the combustion boiler from the outside can be controlled.
  • a reduction of the combustion air inflow is realized by means of at least partial or complete closure of the material discharge opening by the dosing device and/or an increase of the combustion air inflow is realized by means of at least partial or complete opening of the material discharge opening by the dosing device.
  • the combustion air inflow may also be controlled by means of at least one conveyor for combustion residues, for example by virtue of a conveying speed of the conveyor being adapted, such that in particular the material discharge opening of the combustion chamber is at least partially or completely closed off by combustion residues.
  • the loading height of the conveyor with combustion residues may be influenced by virtue of the flow resistance to be overcome by the combustion air inflow, in particular in the region of the material discharge opening, being influenced. It is thus possible, for example, for the combustion air inflow to be reduced by means of a reduction of the conveying speed of the at least one conveyor or to be reduced by means of an increase of the conveying speed of the at least one conveyor.
  • the at least one conveyor for combustion residues is preferably arranged below the at least one material discharge opening and substantially surrounded by at least one housing which is connected in a substantially gas-tight fashion to the combustion boiler.
  • Said at least one housing has an at least partially and/or fully closable opening, wherein said opening may in particular be an opening of the housing at the end of a conveying path of the conveyor, in particular via which combustion residues conveyed on the conveyor are removed from and/or out of the conveyor and/or out of the at least one housing of the at least one conveyor.
  • ambient air can flow into the housing, form a flow path within the at least one housing along the at least one conveyor, and flow through the at least one material discharge opening into the combustion chamber of the combustion boiler, as a combustion air inflow.
  • Said process may for example be assisted by means of one or more pumps, fans, valves etc. in the region of the at least one at least partially closable opening and/or along the flow path of the combustion air inflow.
  • the at least one opening of the housing is partially and/or completely closable, such that the combustion air inflow entering the combustion chamber through the housing and the material discharge opening can be controlled.
  • openings of the housing may also be designed to be closable in order to correspondingly control the combustion air inflow through the at least one material discharge opening of the combustion boiler.
  • At least one physical characteristic of the combustion air inflow is measured by means of at least one second sensor or the determination of the available combustion air quantity is performed by means of at least one first sensor. Said measures may self-evidently be combined with one another.
  • the at least one physical characteristic of the combustion air inflow may be for example the mass flow rate, the volume flow rate, a temperature, the humidity, a chemical composition, an oxygen concentration and/or some other physical characteristic of the combustion air inflow flowing through the at least one material discharge opening which has an influence on the combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber of the combustion boiler.
  • the at least one second sensor is in particular a sensor by means of which at least one of the abovementioned physical characteristics of the combustion air inflow can be determined.
  • the at least one first sensor is consequently for example an oxygen sensor which can measure an oxygen concentration within the at least one combustion chamber of the combustion boiler.
  • the measurement of the at least one physical characteristic of the combustion air inflow and/or the determination of the available combustion air quantity by means of the first sensor and/or second sensor preferably takes place continuously, such that, if a deviation of the available combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber from the desired combustion air quantity in the combustion chamber is detected, the at least one combustion air inflow can be controlled, that is to say reduced or increased, as promptly as possible.
  • a combustion boiler having at least one combustion chamber for fuel, at least one material discharge opening for the discharge of combustion residues, at least one first sensor for determining a combustion air quantity available in the at least one combustion chamber for the combustion of the fuel, at least one second sensor for at least one physical characteristic of of a combustion air inflow through the at least one material discharge opening, wherein the at least one material discharge opening has at least one dosing device for the combustion air inflow and/or at least one housing which at least partially surrounds at least one conveyor for combustion residues and which has at least one at least partially closable opening.
  • the combustion boiler proposed here is provided in particular for carrying out the method according to the invention for controlling a combustion of fuel in a combustion boiler. Reference is therefore made at this juncture to the description of the method according to the invention.
  • the housing prefferably has a plurality of openings which are all closable.
  • the dosing device it may also be provided that, the latter, a part of the combustion air flow provided via the conveyor is extracted again (for example by means of a corresponding suction device).
  • a dosing device and a conveyor it is also possible for a dosing device and a conveyor to be realized jointly with the combustion boiler.
  • the at least one first sensor, the at least one second sensor, the at least one dosing device, at least one drive of the at least one conveyor, a combustion air supply of the combustion chamber and/or at least one of the at least partially closable openings of the housing are/is connected in data-transmitting fashion to a control unit, wherein the control unit is set up to regulate a combustion air inflow through the at least one material discharge opening.
  • the at least one drive of the at least one conveyor is for example an electric motor by means of which a conveying speed of the conveyor can be varied.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a combustion boiler 2 with a combustion chamber 11 .
  • a combustion of fuel 1 takes place, with a feed of combustion air via a (primary/secondary) combustion air supply 15 , within the combustion chamber 11 .
  • the combustion boiler 2 also has a plurality of apparatus openings 19 through which an additional air flow can (intermittently and/or permanently) enter, for example if sensors and/or cleaning units are led through and/or operated there.
  • the combustion chamber 11 of the combustion boiler 2 also has a material discharge opening 3 via which combustion residues 6 can be removed from the combustion chamber 11 onto a conveyor 5 arranged below the material discharge opening 3 .
  • the conveyor 5 is in this case formed as a belt-type conveyor.
  • a dosing device 4 which, in this case, is in the form of two rotatably mounted flaps.
  • the combustion air inflow is reduced by closing the dosing device 4 and increased by opening the dosing device 4 .
  • the combustion boiler 2 also has, in the combustion chamber 11 , a first sensor 9 for determining an available combustion air quantity in the combustion boiler 2 , and a second sensor 10 for determining a physical characteristic of the combustion air inflow 16 in the region of the material discharge opening 3 .
  • combustion air inflow 16 can also be controlled by means of a drive 12 of the conveyor 5 , in particular by means of an adaptation of a conveying speed of the conveyor 5 and thus a loading height 17 of the conveyor 5 .
  • the conveyor 5 is furthermore arranged in a housing 8 which, in this exemplary embodiment, has two at least partially and/or fully closable openings 7 .
  • the lower of the two at least partially and/or fully closable openings 7 can be at least partially and/or fully closed by means of an adjustable flap 14 .
  • Ambient air flows into the housing 8 through the two partially and/or fully closable openings 7 and forms a flow path 18 along the conveyor 5 in the direction of the combustion chamber 11 .
  • the ambient air in the housing 8 can at least partially cool the combustion residues 6 on the conveyor 5 and at least partially assist a post-combustion of the combustion residues 6 on the conveyor 5 , wherein at least a part of the oxygen is extracted from the ambient air by the post-combustion of the combustion residues 6 on the conveyor 5 .
  • the first sensor 9 , the second sensor 10 , the dosing device 4 , the drive 12 , the combustion air supply 15 and/or the flap 14 are (as indicated here by dashed lines) connected in data-transmitting fashion to a control unit 13 which is set up to control the combustion air inflow 16 in order to at least partially or fully align the available combustion air quantity, that is to say in particular the available oxygen quantity, in the combustion boiler 2 with the desired combustion air quantity, that is to say in particular the desired oxygen quantity.
  • the invention is characterized by particularly precise regulation of the available combustion air quantity in the combustion boiler and makes it possible for the pollutants generated during the combustion of fuels to be particularly advantageously reduced, wherein very good (complete) treatment of the discharged combustion residues can simultaneously be ensured.
US13/988,151 2010-11-24 2011-11-23 Method and apparatus for controlling combustion in a combustion boiler Abandoned US20130323657A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010052404A DE102010052404A1 (de) 2010-11-24 2010-11-24 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Steuerung einer Verbrennung in einem Verbrennungskessel
DE102010052404.2 2010-11-24
PCT/EP2011/070735 WO2012069502A2 (de) 2010-11-24 2011-11-23 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur steuerung einer verbrennung in einem verbrennungskessel

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US20130323657A1 true US20130323657A1 (en) 2013-12-05

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US13/988,151 Abandoned US20130323657A1 (en) 2010-11-24 2011-11-23 Method and apparatus for controlling combustion in a combustion boiler

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US (1) US20130323657A1 (de)
EP (1) EP2643637B1 (de)
CN (1) CN103403454B (de)
DE (1) DE102010052404A1 (de)
WO (1) WO2012069502A2 (de)

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CN106895436A (zh) * 2017-03-22 2017-06-27 山东理工大学 生物质成型燃料燃烧装置的炭粉快速低温燃烧的阴燃装置
WO2020223391A1 (en) * 2019-04-29 2020-11-05 Nextwatts, Inc. Building emission processing and/or sequestration systems and methods

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CN106123024A (zh) * 2016-06-29 2016-11-16 无锡锡能锅炉有限公司 一种生物质锅炉的燃烧控制方法

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WO2020223391A1 (en) * 2019-04-29 2020-11-05 Nextwatts, Inc. Building emission processing and/or sequestration systems and methods

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CN103403454A (zh) 2013-11-20
DE102010052404A1 (de) 2012-05-24
WO2012069502A3 (de) 2013-07-18

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