US20130289060A1 - 6-AMIDO DERIVATIVES OF 4, 5-a EPOXYMORPHINANS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN - Google Patents

6-AMIDO DERIVATIVES OF 4, 5-a EPOXYMORPHINANS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN Download PDF

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US20130289060A1
US20130289060A1 US13/879,908 US201113879908A US2013289060A1 US 20130289060 A1 US20130289060 A1 US 20130289060A1 US 201113879908 A US201113879908 A US 201113879908A US 2013289060 A1 US2013289060 A1 US 2013289060A1
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chosen
alkyl
cyano
nitro
haloalkyl
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Gavril Pasternak
Susruta Majumdar
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D489/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula:
    • C07D489/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula: with oxygen atoms attached in positions 3 and 6, e.g. morphine, morphinone
    • C07D489/04—Salts; Organic complexes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D489/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula:
    • C07D489/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula: with a hetero atom directly attached in position 14
    • C07D489/08—Oxygen atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/485—Morphinan derivatives, e.g. morphine, codeine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/041—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K51/044—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins
    • A61K51/0455—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/94—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving narcotics or drugs or pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters or associated receptors
    • G01N33/9486—Analgesics, e.g. opiates, aspirine

Definitions

  • the invention relates to opioid receptor binding 6-amido derivatives of 4,5a-epoxymorphinans.
  • the compounds are useful as analgesics.
  • Opiates have been the subject of intense research since the isolation of morphine in 1805, and thousands of compounds having opiate or opiate-like activity have been identified.
  • Many opioid receptor-interactive compounds including those used for producing analgesia (e.g., morphine) and those used for treating drug addiction (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone) in humans work by triggering ⁇ opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and by crossing the blood-brain barrier.
  • ⁇ opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and by crossing the blood-brain barrier.
  • these opiates usually cause unwanted peripheral side effects. Often, the peripheral side effects manifest themselves in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the respiratory system.
  • GI gastrointestinal
  • the compounds of the invention are useful as analgesics having lessened liability for constipation and respiratory depression.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I:
  • the invention relates to a compound of formula II:
  • R 4a is chosen from
  • R 5a is chosen from bromo, chloro, iodo, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 2 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 ;
  • R 5a is chosen from hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 2 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 ;
  • R 5 is chosen from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 ; and R 6b is chosen from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 , or, taken together, R 5 and R 6b are alkylenedioxy, with the proviso that both R 5 and R 6b are not chloro or fluoro;
  • R 5b is chosen from bromo, chloro, iodo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 ;
  • R 6 is chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 ;
  • R 7 is chosen from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 ; and
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of the formula above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a method for reducing pain comprising administering to a subject suffering from pain an amount of a compound described above effective to reduce pain.
  • Analgesic compounds of the invention fall into two primary classes: compounds of general formula II, in which R 1 is cyclopropylmethyl, and compounds of general formula I, in which R 1 is not cyclopropylmethyl.
  • the compounds of general formula I include a series in which R 1 is allyl and one in which R 1 is cyclobutylmethyl.
  • R 1 is —CH 2 -Het
  • Het may be tetrahydrofuranyl.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I:
  • R 1 is cyclobutylmethyl or allyl
  • R 2 is chosen from hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )acyl, (C 1 -C 6 )oxaalkyl, and (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxaalky
  • R 3 is hydrogen or methyl
  • R 4 is chosen from (a) phenyl substituted at other than 2 or 6 with from one to three substituents chosen from bromo, chloro, iodo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 ; (b) optionally substituted naphthylene; (c) optionally substituted anthracene; (d) aromatic heterocycle chosen from pyridine, thiophene, furan and pyrrole optionally substitute
  • R 4a is (g), an aromatic heterocycle other than unsubstituted pyridine, quinoline or isoquinoline, optionally substituted with from one to three substituents chosen from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 .
  • R 4a may also be other than pyridine monosubstituted with bromine, chlorine, methyl, methoxy or cyano.
  • R 4a may also be other than unsubstituted pyrimidine, cinnoline quinazoline or pyridazine.
  • the amide substituent at the oxymorphone 6 position is in the ⁇ configuration and R 8 is hydrogen:
  • R 2 is hydrogen; in others R 2 is chosen from CH 3 , acetyl, acetoxymethyl, —CH 2 OC( ⁇ O)C(CH 3 ) 3 and —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OCH 3 .
  • R 3 is hydrogen; in others R 3 is methyl.
  • R 4 or R 4a is
  • R 5a is chosen from bromo, chloro, iodo, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 2 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 .
  • R 5a is chosen from bromo, chloro, iodo, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy and R 10
  • R 10 is chosen from phenyl, furanyl and thiophenyl optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently chosen from halogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylenedioxy and acetyl.
  • R 5a is iodo, either in its normal isotopic ratio or in a ratio enriched in 125 I.
  • R 4 or R 4a is
  • R 5 is chosen from halogen, nitro, cyano, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, methoxy, phenyl, thiophenyl, furanyl; and R 6b is chosen from halogen, nitro, cyano, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, methoxy, phenyl, thiophenyl and furanyl.
  • R 4 or R 4a is 3,4-diiodophenyl, which also may be enriched in 125 I.
  • the amide substituent at the oxymorphone 6 position is in the ⁇ configuration and R 4 is phenyl substituted at other than 2 or 6 with from one to three substituents chosen from bromo, chloro, iodo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 .
  • R 1 is cyclobutylmethyl or allyl;
  • R 3 is hydrogen or methyl;
  • R 8 is hydrogen;
  • the amide substituent at the oxymorphone 6 position is in the ⁇ configuration and
  • R 4 is phenyl substituted at other than 2 or 6 with from one to three substituents chosen from bromo, chloro, iodo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )haloalkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and R 10 .
  • R 4 is phenyl substituted at the 3- and 4-positions with two substituents chosen independently from bromo, chloro, iodo, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy and trifluoromethoxy.
  • R 1 is allyl
  • R 2 is H
  • R 3 and R 8 are hydrogen and R 4 is 3,4-diiodophenyl.
  • R 4 is phenyl substituted at the 3- or 4-position with a substituent chosen from bromo, chloro, iodo, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy and R 10 .
  • R 10 may be chosen from phenyl, furanyl and thiophenyl optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently chosen from halogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylenedioxy and acetyl. In general, it appears that compounds in which R 4 is substituted phenyl do not exhibit useful analgesic activity when the substituents are at 2 and/or 6.
  • the amide substituent at the oxymorphone 6 position is in the ⁇ configuration and R 4 is optionally substituted quinoline.
  • R 1 is allyl; R 2 is H; R 3 and R 8 are hydrogen and R 4 is optionally substituted quinoline.
  • R 8 is chosen from hydrogen and (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl. Preferred compounds are those in which R 8 is hydrogen or methyl.
  • compositions in accord with the invention comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound as described above.
  • the compounds described above may be employed in a method for reducing pain.
  • the method comprises administering to a subject suffering from pain an amount of a compound above effective to reduce pain.
  • the pain may be reduced without substantial reduction of intestinal motility and/or without substantial respiratory depression.
  • substantially is intended to mean that the intestinal motility or respiration rate is reduced by at least 50% at a dose that is the analgesic ED 50 for a na ⁇ ve subject.
  • the compounds may also be employed in a method for reducing pain in a ⁇ -opioid-dependent patient.
  • the compounds may also be employed in assays for the kappa3 receptor; radioiodinated compounds are particularly useful for this assay.
  • Alkyl is intended to include linear or branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon structures and combinations thereof. A combination would be, for example, cyclopropylmethyl.
  • Lower alkyl refers to alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, s-and t-butyl, cyclobutyl and the like. Preferred alkyl groups are those of C 20 or below.
  • Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include c-propyl, c-butyl, c-pentyl, norbornyl and the like.
  • Alkoxy or alkoxyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, or cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like. Lower-alkoxy refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
  • Aryl and heteroaryl mean a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; a bicyclic 9- or 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S.
  • the aromatic 6- to 14-membered carbocyclic rings include, e.g., benzene, naphthalene, indane, tetralin, and fluorene and the 5- to 10-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings include, e.g., imidazole, pyridine, indole, thiophene, benzopyranone, thiazole, furan, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.
  • aryl and heteroaryl refer to residues in which one or more rings are aromatic, but not all need be.
  • Arylalkyl means an aryl ring attached to an alkyl residue in which the point of attachment to the parent structure is through the alkyl. Examples are benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Heteroarylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to a heteroaryl ring. Examples include, e.g., pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl and the like.
  • C 2 to C 10 hydrocarbon means a linear, branched, or cyclic residue comprised of hydrogen and carbon as the only elemental constituents and includes alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and combinations thereof. Examples include benzyl, phenethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, allyl, camphoryl and naphthylethyl.
  • carbocycle is intended to include ring systems in which the ring atoms are all carbon but of any oxidation state.
  • C 3 -C 10 carbocycle refers to both non-aromatic and aromatic systems, including such systems as cyclopropane, benzene and cyclohexene;
  • C 8 -C 12 carbopolycycle refers to such systems as norbornane, decalin, indane and naphthalene.
  • Carbocycle if not otherwise limited, refers to monocycles, bicycles and polycycles.
  • Heterocycle means a cycloalkyl or aryl residue in which one to two of the carbons is replaced by a heteroatom such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. Heteroaryls form a subset of heterocycles.
  • heterocycles include pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrrole, imidazole, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, benzofuran, benzodioxan, benzodioxole (commonly referred to as methylenedioxyphenyl, when occurring as a substituent), tetrazole, morpholine, thiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, thiophene, furan, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the like.
  • substituted refers to the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in a specified group with a specified radical.
  • alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein one or more H atoms in each residue are replaced with halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, acyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyloweralkyl, carbonyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, benzenesulfonyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, haloalkoxy, oxaalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl [—C( ⁇ O)O-alkyl], alkoxycarbonylamino [HNC( ⁇ O)O-alkyl], carboxamido [—C( ⁇ O)NH 2 ], alkylaminocarbonyl [—C( ⁇ O)NH-alkyl], cyano, acetoxy, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, (alkyl)(aryl)aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl (including cycloalkyl
  • Oxo is also included among the substituents referred to in “optionally substituted”; it will be appreciated by persons of skill in the art that, because oxo is a divalent radical, there are circumstances in which it will not be appropriate as a substituent (e.g. on phenyl).
  • 1, 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms are replaced with a specified radical.
  • more than three hydrogen atoms can be replaced by fluorine; indeed, all available hydrogen atoms could be replaced by fluorine.
  • the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-.
  • the present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. It will be apparent that certain chiral centers are specified in compounds set forth in the claims. In these cases, the chiral centers that are not specified encompass both configurations; those that are specified encompass only the specified configuration.
  • Optically active (R)- and (S)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.
  • the compounds of the invention may exist as salts, i.e. cationic species.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to salts whose counter ion (anion) derives from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic acids and organic acids.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acids for salts of the compounds of the present invention include, for example, acetic, adipic, alginic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzenesulfonic (besylate), benzoic, boric, butyric, camphoric, camphorsulfonic, carbonic, citric, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, ethylenediaminetetraacetic, formic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodic, hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, laurylsulfonic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, naphthylenesulfonic, nitric, oleic, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, pivalic, polygalacturonic, salicylic, stea
  • the compounds of this invention can exist in radiolabeled form, i.e., the compounds may contain one or more atoms containing an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Alternatively, a plurality of molecules of a single structure may include at least one atom that occurs in an isotopic ratio that is different from the isotopic ratio found in nature.
  • Radioisotopes of hydrogen, carbon, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine and iodine include 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, 125 I, 124 I and 131 I respectively.
  • Radiolabeled compounds of formulae I and II of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Conveniently, such radiolabeled compounds can be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Examples and Schemes by substituting a readily available radiolabeled reagent for a non-radiolabeled reagent.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • the compositions may be formulated for oral, topical or parenteral administration. For example, they may be given intravenously, intraarterially, subcutaneously, and directly into the CNS—either intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly.
  • Formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous and intraarticular), rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular) administration.
  • the compounds are preferably administered orally or by injection (intravenous or subcutaneous).
  • the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician. However, the dose employed will depend on a number of factors, including the age and sex of the patient, the precise disorder being treated, and its severity. Also, the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
  • Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, lubricating, surface active or dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide sustained, delayed or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration also include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of a sterile liquid carrier, for example saline, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or the like, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with the usual carriers such as cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol.
  • Formulations for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavoured basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a basis such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as herein below recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
  • formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • treatment or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refers to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
  • therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated.
  • a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological systems associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder.
  • the compositions may be administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological systems of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • DOR delta opioid receptor
  • EtOAc ethyl acetate
  • EtOH ethanol
  • GC gas chromatography
  • HOAc acetic acid
  • KOR kappa opioid receptor
  • Me methyl
  • MOR mu opioid receptor
  • MTBE methyl t-butyl ether
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • TBDMS t-butyldimethylsilyl
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • Receptor-Binding Assays Competition-binding assays in MOR-CHO (mu), DOR-CHO (delta) and KOR-CHO (kappa) were performed at 25° C. in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 5 mM magnesium sulfate (only in the case of CHO-MOR). Specific binding was defined as the difference between total binding and nonspecific binding, determined in the presence of 8 ⁇ M levallorphan.
  • 125I-SMGP1 IBNtxA was used as the universal radioligand to determine the relative affinity of drugs in MOR1-CHO, KOR1-CHO and DOR1-CHO.
  • Protein concentrations were generally 20-40 ⁇ g/mL, incubation times were 150 minutes for all assays. (Majumdar et al., Bioorg Med Chem. Lett. 2011, 21(13), 4001-4004).
  • Kappa3 opioid receptor competition binding assays were carried out in whole brain membrane homogenates, performed at 25° C. in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 5 mM magnesium sulfate for 90 minutes in presence of 100 nM CTAP, 100 nM U50488h and 100 nM DPDPE.
  • 125 I-SMGP1 was used as the radioligand in the assays, typically 500 micrograms of protein and 0.15 nM of the radioligand was used in a 0.5 mL assay. Specific binding was defined as the difference between total binding and nonspecific binding, determined in the presence of 1 ⁇ M levallorphan. Protein concentration was determined as described by Lowry et al. [J Biol Chem 1951, 193, 265-275; (1951)] using bovine serum albumin as the standard. Kd, Bmax, and Ki values were calculated by nonlinear regression analysis (GraphPadPrism).
  • the “kappa3 opioid receptor” as referred to herein is the receptor first characterized by Clark et al. [ J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251, 461-468 (1989)]. This receptor appears to be the same receptor which has been alternately referred to as the kappa2b receptor by Rothman et al. [ Peptides 11, 311-331 (1990)].
  • Tail Flick Analgesia Assays Male CD-i mice (25-35 g; Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were maintained on a 12-hr light/dark cycle with Purina rodent chow and water available ad libitum. Mice were housed in groups of five until testing. Analgesia was determined using the radiant heat tail-flick technique [D'Amour and Smith, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 72: 74-79 (1941)]. For the tail-flick assay, the latency to withdraw the tail from a focused light stimulus was measured electronically using a photocell. Baseline latencies (2.0-3.0 sec) were determined before experimental treatments for all animals as the mean of two trials.
  • Tail-flick latencies were determined as indicated for each experiment, and a maximal latency of 10 sec for tail-flick was used to minimize tissue damage. All experiments were replicated at least twice with each group in each experiment containing at least 10 mice and the combined results of all replications presented. Compounds with an ED 50 less than 10 mg/kg are preferred because the potency allows for smaller dosages, but higher ED 50 's are possible.
  • Gastrointestinal motility assay Gastrointestinal transit was determined as described by Paul and Pasternak [ Eur. J. Pharmacol. 149 (1988), pp. 403-404.)]. In brief, after withholding food for 8 hours, animals received the indicated drug and then were given a charcoal meal (0.2 mL; 10% of purified charcoal and 2.5% of gum tragacanth, w/v) by gavage and were sacrificed 30 min later. The distance traveled by the charcoal meal was then measured and reported in centimeters.
  • a charcoal meal 0.2 mL; 10% of purified charcoal and 2.5% of gum tragacanth, w/v
  • the testing apparatus consisted of two compartments of equal size separated by a wall with a guillotine-style door (MedAssociates ENV-512 insert). One compartment was surrounded by white walls and had a rod floor, while the other had black walls and a grid floor. Infrared photobeams lining the floor of the compartments were used to track the location of the mouse at all times; this data was used to calculate the total distance traveled by the animal using MedAssociates Activity Monitor software. This data is expressed as the distance each animal traveled following each drug injection divided by the average distance traveled by that animal following saline injection.
  • the animal cages were brought to the testing room for 3 hours for habituation to the environment.
  • animals are placed in one chamber and allowed to explore both sides freely for 20 minutes. Their baseline preferences for each compartment are calculated; in the place preference experiment, the side in which they spend more time in initially is assigned to saline, while the opposite side is designated as the drug-paired side. For place aversion, the initially preferred side is paired with drug, while the other side is assigned to saline.
  • animals are allowed to habituate to the experimental room for 1 hour prior to each session.
  • Animals are injected on alternating days for 8 days with either drug or saline and restricted to one compartment for 20 minutes so that they learn to associate a treatment condition with a specific compartment.
  • animals are placed in the side paired with saline and allowed to freely explore both compartments for 20 minutes.
  • the time spent in each compartment post-conditioning is calculated and subtracted from the amount of time spent in each compartment pre-conditioning to determine the change in each animals' preference due to conditioning.
  • morphine 6 mg/kg s.c.
  • test compound 1 mg/kg s.c.
  • mice received test compound alone as a control for its analgesia in the morphine-tolerant mice.
  • Compound SMGP1 which had both high affinity and high selectivity for kappa3 receptors, was examined more extensively.
  • Compound SMGP1 is a very potent analgesic in mice, having a potency greater than morphine.
  • the pharmacology of the drug differed from morphine in a number of important criteria.
  • Naloxone is an effective antagonist, capable of reversing morphine and virtually all the clinically used opiates.
  • naloxone was far less potent in reversing the analgesia elicited by SMGP1, and a series of antagonists selective against traditional mu, delta, kappa1 and ORL1 drugs were inactive.
  • Levallorphan is an opioid antagonist structurally analogous to the opioid agonist levorphanol. Like levorphanol, levallorphan has high affinity for the kappa3 site. Thus, it was not surprising that levallorphan effectively reversed the analgesic actions of compound 1. This confirms the opioid nature of the response. Chronic administration of morphine rapidly leads to a diminished response, or tolerance.
  • SMGP1 also showed some tolerance with chronic administration, although it appeared more slowly than that seen with morphine. However, SMGP1 showed no cross tolerance to morphine. When given to highly morphine tolerant mice, SMGP1 showed a normal analgesic response. Following chronic administration, all animals administered morphine show prompt and dramatic signs of withdrawal, a measure of physical dependence, when challenged with an antagonist. In contrast, chronic administration of SMGP1 led to no physical dependence. Naloxone did not precipitate withdrawal, which was expected since it also did not reverse the analgesia at this dose and had poor affinity for the binding site. However, levallorphan also did not precipitate withdrawal despite its ability to reverse analgesia, clearly distinguishing SMGP1 from clinically available opioids.
  • SMGP1 could be used in conjunction with traditional opiates regardless of how long a patient had been taking them, i.e. they could be used to reduce pain in a ⁇ -opioid-dependent patient.
  • the effect of SMGP1 on the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit was minimal. This is in marked contrast to morphine. Based upon these observations, a person of skill would conclude that SMGP1 would have minimal constipation liability.
  • the ketone at the 6-position of the three opiates was transformed to an amine (Opiate-NH 2 ) by reductive amination using NaBH 3 CN and NH 4 OAc to yield a mixture of beta and alpha isomers.
  • the beta and alpha isomers were purified by column chromatography.
  • substituted carboxylic acids were converted to N-succinimidyl ester by reacting it with N-hydroxysuccinimide in presence of DCC and THF.
  • the corresponding activated ester was then reacted with the beta or alpha isomer of the Opiate-NH 2 in presence of DIEA and DCM.
  • the aroyl amido derivatives of opiates were then purified by column chromatography.
  • the substituted carboxylic acids were directly coupled to the Opiate-NH 2 using BOP and DIEA in DCM to give 3,6-diaroylated derivatives.
  • the 3,6-diaroyl opiate derivatives were then subjected to basic hydrolysis with K 2 CO 3 to yield 6-aroyl derivatives of naltrexamine, naloxamine and oxymorphanamine.
  • the reaction was quenched by addition of 10 mL 1N NaOH, the solvents were evaporated on a rotavapor at 40° C. The residue was then extracted with 30 mL DCM three times; the organic extracts were combined and washed with 25 mL water. The organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated to a white solid, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography. The reaction gave a mixture of alpha and beta isomers. The respective isomers were isolated by column chromatography using 87:10:3 of EtOAc:MeOH:NH 4 OH as the eluent.
  • the beta isomer had a higher R f than the alpha isomer on a TLC plate and eluted first when the mixture was subjected to column chromatography. Yields for beta isomer were about 2.5-3 g (25-30%). NMR peaks of the compounds matched the literature values.
  • N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters of substituted carboxylic acids were synthesized as follows: Substituted carboxylic acid (7.8 mmol), NHS (1 g, 8.6 mmol, 1.1 eqv), DCC (1.79 g, 8.6 mmol, 1.1 eqv) in 20 mL dry THF were stirred overnight. The white suspension was filtered and the clear filterate was evaporated on a rotavapor at 40° C. The white solid seen was purified by column chromatography using EtOAc/hexanes as eluents. A singlet at ⁇ 2.9 integrating to 4 protons in 1 H-NMR and corresponding to four protons of succinimide was seen in all NHS esters of substituted carboxylic acids. Yields were about 80-100%.
  • the contents usually a white suspension were stirred with K 2 CO 3 (622 mg, 4.22 mmol, 7 eqv) and MeOH for 3 h.
  • the white suspension seen was filtered and the filterate concentrated to a yellowish oil or a white solid.
  • the oily residue or white solid obtained was then purified by column chromatography using 1-5% MeOH: DCM as the eluent. Typical yields were around 65%.
  • SMGP1 Compound SMGP1 was synthesized according to the general procedure (I) described above using ⁇ -naltrexamine, NHS ester of 3-iodobenzoic acid and DIEA in DCM. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP2 Compound SMGP2 was synthesized according to the general procedure (I) described above using ⁇ -oxymorphanamine, NHS ester of 3-iodobenzoic acid and DIEA in DCM. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP16 was synthesized according to the general procedure (II) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, 2-iodobenzoic acid, BOP and DIEA in DCM followed by base hydrolysis. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP17 was synthesized according to the general procedure (II) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, 4-iodobenzoic acid, BOP and DIEA in DCM followed by base hydrolysis. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP 23 was synthesized according to the general procedure (II) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, 3-trifluorotoluic acid, BOP and DIEA in DCM followed by base hydrolysis. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP 26 was synthesized according to the general procedure (II) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, 3-dimethylamino benzoic acid, BOP and DIEA in DCM followed by base hydrolysis. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP 29 was synthesized according to the general procedure (II) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, 4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoic acid, BOP and DIEA in DCM followed by base hydrolysis. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP30 Compound SMGP30 was synthesized according to the general procedure (II) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, 4-butoxybenzoic acid, BOP and DIEA in DCM followed by base hydrolysis. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP34 was synthesized according to the general procedure (II) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, 3,4-diiodobenzoic acid, BOP and DIEA in DCM followed by base hydrolysis. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP35 Compound SMGP35 was synthesized according to the general procedure (I) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, NHS ester of 3,4,5-triiodobenzoic acid, and DIEA in DCM. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP36 Compound SMGP36 was synthesized according to the general procedure (I) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, NHS ester of 1,4-benzodioxane-6-carboxylic acid, and DIEA in DCM. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP41 was synthesized according to the general procedure (I) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, NHS ester of naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid, and DIEA in DCM.
  • SMGP42 Compound SMGP42 was synthesized according to the general procedure (I) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, NHS ester of 4-cyclohexylbenzoic acid, and DIEA in DCM. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP57 was synthesized according to the general procedure (II) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, cyclohexanoic acid, BOP and DIEA in DCM followed by base hydrolysis. A white solid was obtained.
  • SMGP58 was synthesized according to the general procedure (II) described above using ⁇ -naloxamine, 1-Adamantyl carboxylic acid, BOP and DIEA in DCM followed by base hydrolysis. A white solid was obtained.

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