US20130216169A1 - Multi-layer plain bearing having an anti-fretting layer - Google Patents

Multi-layer plain bearing having an anti-fretting layer Download PDF

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US20130216169A1
US20130216169A1 US13/640,891 US201113640891A US2013216169A1 US 20130216169 A1 US20130216169 A1 US 20130216169A1 US 201113640891 A US201113640891 A US 201113640891A US 2013216169 A1 US2013216169 A1 US 2013216169A1
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copper
plain bearing
layer
based alloy
layered plain
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Jakob Zidar
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Miba Gleitlager Austria GmbH
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Miba Gleitlager Austria GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/122—Multilayer structures of sleeves, washers or liners
    • F16C33/125—Details of bearing layers, i.e. the lining
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • C22C9/01—Alloys based on copper with aluminium as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • C22C9/02—Alloys based on copper with tin as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • C22C9/04—Alloys based on copper with zinc as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • C22C9/08—Alloys based on copper with lead as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • C22C9/10—Alloys based on copper with silicon as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
    • C23C30/005—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process on hard metal substrates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
    • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
    • C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
    • C25D3/58—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys containing more than 50% by weight of copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
    • C25D7/10—Bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/121—Use of special materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/122—Multilayer structures of sleeves, washers or liners
    • F16C33/124—Details of overlays
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
    • F16C2204/10—Alloys based on copper
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
    • F16C2204/10—Alloys based on copper
    • F16C2204/12—Alloys based on copper with tin as the next major constituent

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a multi-layered plain bearing with a front side facing the element to be supported and a rear side opposite the latter, comprising a support layer, an anti-frictional layer arranged on the front side and an anti-fretting layer arranged on the rear side, wherein the anti-fretting layer consists of a copper-based alloy with copper mixed crystal grains.
  • the problem addressed by the invention is to provide an improved multi-layered plain bearing, in particular an improved anti-fretting layer based on copper.
  • the copper-based alloy of the anti-fretting layer contains an alloy element from the group comprising or consisting of aluminum, zinc, indium, silicon, germanium, antimony or an alloy element from the group comprising or consisting of aluminum, zinc, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, antimony and at least one further element from this group and/or a second group comprising or consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, bismuth, lead, silver, phosphorus and contains unavoidable impurities originating from production, wherein the total amount of these alloy elements is at least 1 wt. % and a maximum of 30 wt. %.
  • the Applicant has examined, in addition to the already mentioned silver alloy layers, copper-based alloys among others and has established surprisingly that the copper-based alloys mentioned above have much better wearing properties and/or a much greater fatigue strength, and in each case improved protection from damage caused by fretting than others, whereby the bearings provided therewith can be used in particular for highly stressed bearings.
  • the reason for this is the addition of an alloy element from the group comprising or consisting of aluminum, zinc, indium, silicon, germanium, selenium, antimony to form a binary alloy or an alloy element from the group comprising or consisting of aluminum, zinc, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, antimony and at least one further element from said group and/or a second group comprising or consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, bismuth, lead, silver, phosphorus for the formation of an at least ternary alloy system.
  • the strength of the anti-fretting layer is improved by silicon.
  • the corrosion resistance of the anti-fretting layer is improved by means of zinc, nickel and cobalt.
  • the cold-forming ability of the anti-fretting layer is also improved by zinc.
  • an anti-frictional soft phase in the matrix which in particular is formed by lead, bismuth or at least one solid lubricant such as MoS 2 , graphite, WS 2 etc.
  • Germanium, indium, tin, bismuth, lead and antimony improve the adaptability and/or the corrosion resistance of the anti-fretting layer on the housing mounting the plain bearing.
  • the tendency of the copper material to weld with the steel is also reduced.
  • the properties of the coating can be adjusted specifically or tailored to the respective application.
  • a Cu—Al alloy is significantly more resistance to wear by the addition of 0.2 wt. % to 15 wt. % antimony, as a proportion of the alloy elements is deposited as a finely dispersed AlSb hard phase.
  • Me represents a metal from the above group manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt.
  • Said hard phases distributed finely in the matrix improve the anti-fretting properties significantly.
  • the respective metals are bound in said phases, their negative influence on the tendency to weld with the housing material is reduced and is mostly overcome by the positive influence of the hard phases, whereby the strength is mostly maintained by the finely dispersed deposits.
  • Lead, bismuth and solid lubricants are particularly soft materials which potentially could weaken the loading ability of the coating, therefore their content needs to have an upper limit.
  • Silver is heavily attacked by many, in particular sulfur-containing, oil additives. This unwanted effect is particularly marked at contents of over 20 wt. %.
  • the tin content is between 5 wt. % and 25 wt. %, preferably between 8 wt. % and 19 wt. %, in particular between 10 wt. % and 16 wt. %.
  • the hardness of the anti-fretting layer is increased, whereby on the one hand the tendency to “seizing” is reduced and on the other hand the wearing resistance is also increased further.
  • intermetallic phases are formed which are very brittle, whereby the wearing resistance falls even further.
  • 5 wt. % however, small improvements can be observed which in themselves do not provide the desired improvements.
  • the anti-fretting layer has a content of one or more of the elements silicon, germanium, indium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, lead and antimony, wherein their total proportion is between 0.2 wt. % and 20 wt. %.
  • the anti-fretting layer has a content of one or more of the elements silicon, germanium, indium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, lead and antimony, wherein their total proportion is between 0.2 wt. % and 20 wt. %.
  • the anti-fretting layer has a layer thickness of between 2 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, preferably between 3 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m, in particular between 4 ⁇ m and 15 ⁇ m.
  • the anti-fretting layer forms a cohesive layer even after the wear of the rough peaks.
  • a worsening in the adhesion of the anti-fretting layer to the base caused by tensions at the interface was observed.
  • the anti-fretting layer preferably has a Vickers micro-hardness for a test load of 3 Pond of between HV 200 and HV 500, preferably between HV 230 and HV 400, in particular between HV 250 and HV 350, whereby the abrasion caused by micromovements of the plain bearing can be reduced in the housing and thus the frictional corrosion of the anti-fretting layer can be reduced further.
  • HV 200 and HV 500 preferably between HV 230 and HV 400, in particular between HV 250 and HV 350
  • the plastic deformability is mostly so low that localized forces lead to the formation of tears and breaks in the layer.
  • Below 200 HV the wearing resistance is not achieved to the desired extent.
  • the copper mixed crystal grains in the anti-fretting layer have a grain size of more than 5 nm, preferably more than 10 nm, in particular more than 50 nm. In this way the crystalline nature of the copper-based alloy is more marked and as a result also the properties dependent on the orientation described above are more prevalent.
  • the anti-fretting layer is preferably essentially free of intermetallic phases and appears in the XRD measurement as mixed crystals with copper crystal lattice, whereby according to a preferred embodiment variant the latter consists of copper mixed crystals with a lattice constant of between 0.3630 nm and 0.3750 nm. In this way the formation of the preferred alignment of the copper mixed crystal grains in the layer of copper-based alloy is supported and at least not impaired, so that the anti-fretting layer has a more homogenous property profile.
  • the anti-fretting layer has a layer thickness of at least 50%, in particular at least 150%, and a maximum of 1,000%, preferably a maximum of 300%, of the roughness Rz of the support layer or an intermediate layer possibly arranged between the support layer and the anti-fretting layer.
  • a “leveling effect” of the layer beneath the anti-fretting layer is achieved, whereby at the same time by means of the existing roughness an improved adhesion can be achieved between said layer and the anti-fretting layer.
  • abrasion is avoided more effectively which may be caused by profile peaks of the roughness profile of the layer underneath the anti-fretting layer.
  • the anti-fretting layer to have a coating which is softer than the anti-fretting layer.
  • said coating is made from a material which is selected from a group comprising tin, lead, bismuth, polymer-based anti-frictional paints.
  • FIG. 1 shows a multi-layered plain bearing in the form of a plain bearing half shell in side view
  • FIG. 1 shows a multi-layered plain bearing 1 in the form of a plain bearing half shell.
  • a three-layered variant of the multi-layered plain bearing 1 is shown, consisting of a support layer 2 , an anti-frictional layer 3 , which is arranged on a front side 4 of the multi-layered plain bearing 2 , which faces the component to be mounted, and an anti-fretting layer 5 , which is arranged on a rear side 6 of the multi-layered plain bearing 1 and on the support layer 2 .
  • a bearing metal layer 7 can be arranged between the anti-frictional layer 4 and the support layer 2 , as indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 1 .
  • multi-layered plain bearing 1 can also be configured differently, for example as a bearing bush, as indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 1 . Also embodiments such as run-on rings, axially running sliding shoes or the like are possible.
  • the bearing metal layer 3 is omitted, so that the anti-frictional layer 4 can be applied onto the support layer 2 either directly or with the intermediate arrangement of an adhesive and/or a diffusion barrier layer.
  • the support metal layer 2 is preferably made of steel but can also be made from a material which gives the multi-layered plain bearing 1 the necessary structural strength. Such materials are known from the prior art.
  • the anti-fretting layer 5 consists of a copper-based alloy, which in addition to Cu contains an alloy element from the group comprising or consisting of aluminum, zinc, indium, silicon, germanium, antimony or an alloy element from the group comprising or consisting of aluminum, zinc, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, antimony and at least one further element from said group and/or a second group comprising or consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, bismuth, lead, silver, phosphorus as well as unavoidable impurities originating from production, wherein the total proportion of these alloy elements is at least 1 wt. % and a maximum of 30 wt. %, and wherein in the cooper alloy there are copper mixed crystal grains formed from copper and the elements.
  • the amount of aluminum in the copper-based alloy can be between 2 wt. % and 12 wt. %, preferably between 4 wt. % and 8 wt. %.
  • the tin content can be between 5 wt. % and 25 wt. %, preferably between 8 wt. % and 19 wt. %, in particular between 10 wt. % and 16 wt. %.
  • the zinc content can be between 0.5 wt. % and 25 wt. %, preferably between 1 wt. % and 5 wt. %.
  • the amount of manganese can be between 0.2 wt. % and 5 wt. %, preferably between 0.2 wt. % and 2 wt. %, in particular between 0.3 and 1 wt. %.
  • the amount of iron can be between 0.2 wt. % and 5 wt. %, preferably between 0.2 wt. % and 2 wt. %, in particular between 0.3 wt. % and 1 wt. %.
  • the content of silicon can be between 2 wt. % and 10 wt. %, preferably between 3 wt. % and 5 wt. %.
  • the content of germanium can be between 3 wt. % and 15 wt. %, preferably between 4 wt. % and 10 wt. %.
  • the content of indium can be between 0.2 wt. % and 20 wt. %, preferably between 1 wt. % and 5 wt. %, in particular between 2 wt. % and 4 wt. %.
  • the content of nickel can be between 0.2 wt. % and 8 wt. %, preferably between 0.5 wt. % and wt. %, in particular between 1 wt. % and 3 wt. %.
  • the content of cobalt can be between 0.2 wt. % and 8 wt. %, preferably between 0.5 wt. % and 5 wt. %, in particular between 1 wt. % and 3 wt. %.
  • the content of bismuth can be between 1 wt. % and 25 wt. %, preferably between 2 wt. % and 15 wt. %, in particular between 5 wt. % and 10 wt. %.
  • the content of lead can be between 1 wt. % and 25 wt. %, preferably between 2 wt. % and 15 wt. %, in particular between 5 wt. % and 10 wt. %.
  • the amount of silver can be between 1 wt. % and 20 wt. %, preferably between 2 wt. % and 10 wt. %.
  • the content of antimony can be between 0.2 wt. % and 15 wt. %, preferably between 0.2 wt. % and 10 wt. %, in particular between 1 wt. % and 5 wt. %.
  • the amount of phosphorus can be between 0.01 wt. % and 3 wt. %, preferably between 0.05 wt. % and 0.3 wt. % or with a total alloy amount of Fe, Ni and Co of over 0.2 wt. % preferably between 10% and 200%, even more preferably between 50% and 150%, of this value.
  • the amount of rare earth metals, chromium, zirconium, titanium and beryllium can be in total between 0.001 wt. % and 0.5 wt. %, preferably between 0.01 wt. % and 0.2 wt. %.
  • the amount of selenium can be a maximum of 0.1 wt. %, in particular between 0.0001 wt. % and 0.01 wt. %.
  • the total content of one or more the elements silicon, germanium, indium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, lead and antimony can be between 0.2 wt. % and 20 wt. %.
  • Said copper-based alloys are preferably deposited galvanically on the rear side 6 of the respective substrate, for example the support layer 2 .
  • the electrolyte for this can contain cyanide or are preferably cyanide-free. Preferred parameters for the deposition and preferred bath compositions are given in the following examples.
  • the latter also contains organic compounds in addition to the salts for the metals to be deposited.
  • organic compounds in addition to the salts for the metals to be deposited.
  • the latter are polycarboxylic acid salts such as citrate or tartrate
  • the latter in the case of the non-cyanide acid electrolytes the latter are naphthol or naphthol derivatives or thio compounds. In this way the focus of the invention can be maintained over a wider range of bath parameters.
  • Copper can be used in the form of copper(II)tetrafluoroborate, copper(II)methane sulfonate, copper(II)sulfate, copper(II)pyrophosphate, copper(I)cyanide, copper salts of hydroxy and/or aminophosphonic acids.
  • concentration of copper in the electrolyte can be between 0.05 mol/l and 1 mol/l.
  • Tin can be used in the form of tin(II)tetrafluoroborate, tin(II)methane sulfonate, tin(II)sulfate, tin(II)pyrophosphate, sodium stannate, potassium stannate, tin(II)salts of hydroxy and/or amino phosphonic acids.
  • concentration of tin in the electrolyte can be up to 0.5 mol/l.
  • Zinc can be used in the form of zinc(II)tetrafluoroborate, zinc(II)methane sulfonate, zinc(II)sulfate, zinc(II)pyrophosphate, zinc oxide, zinc cyanide, zinc(II)salts of hydroxy- and/or amino phosphonic acids.
  • concentration of zinc in the electrolyte can be up to 0.5 mol/l.
  • Silicon can be added as a powder or for example in the form of silicon carbide to the electrolyte in order to form dispersion layers.
  • Germanium can be used in the form of germanium oxide or sodium or potassium germanate.
  • concentration of germanium in the electrolyte can be up to 0.5 mol/l.
  • Indium can be used in the form of indium oxide, indium cyanide, indium sulfate, indium fluoroborate, indium methane sulfonate.
  • concentration of indium in the electrolyte can be up to 0.5 mol/l.
  • Nickel can be used in the form of nickel(II)tetrafluoroborate, nickel(II)methane sulfonate, nickel(II)sulfate, ammonium nickel sulfate, nickel(II)chloride, nickel(II)pyrophosphate, nickel(II)oxide.
  • concentration of nickel in the electrolyte can be up to 1 mol/l.
  • Manganese, cobalt and iron can be used in the same form and concentration as nickel.
  • Bismuth can be used in the form of bismuth trifluoride, bismuth(III)methane sulfonate, bismuth(III)sulfate, bismuth(III)pyrophosphate, bismuth oxide, sodium or potassium bismutate.
  • concentration of bismuth in the electrolyte can be up to 0.5 mol/l.
  • Antimony can be used in the form of antimony(III)tetrafluoroborate, antimony trifluoride, antimony(III)oxide, potassium antimony tartrate.
  • concentration of antimony in the electrolyte can be up to 0.2 mol/l.
  • Phosphorus can be used in the form of phosphoric acid, alkali phosphite, alkali hypophosphite. In general the concentration can be up to 2 mol/L.
  • Possible stabilizers or supporting electrolytes, conducting salts or complexing agents are: alkali cyanide, alkali hydroxide, tetrafluoroboric acid, hydrofluoric acid, methane sulfonic acid, tartaric acid and the alkali and ammonium salts thereof, citric acid and the alkali and ammonium salts thereof, ammonium and alkali pyrophosphates, phosphonic acid the alkali and ammonium salts thereof, 2.2-ethylene dithiodiethanol, hydantoin and derivatives thereof, succinimide and derivatives thereof, phenol and cresol sulfonic acids, in a total concentration of between 0.1 mol/l and 2 mol/l.
  • Possible oxidation inhibitors in cyanide-free electrolytes are: resorcin, hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, pyrogallol, formaldehyde, methanol, in a total concentration of between 0.03 mol/l and 0.3 mol/l.
  • Possible additives are: phenolphthalein, thio compounds and derivatives thereof, thiourea and the derivatives thereof, alpha or beta naphtol and their ethoxylates, alpha and beta naphthol sulfonic acid and their ethoxylates, o-toluidin, hydroxyl chinolin, lignosulfonate, butindiol, in a total concentration of between 0.0005 mol/l and 0.05 mol/l, preferably 0.002 mol/l and 0.02 mol/l and gelatin, glue, non-ionic and cationic surfactants, amino compounds, for example C8-C20-amidopropylamine and derivatives thereof, polyethylene glycol and its functional derivatives, peptone, glycine, in a total concentration of between 0 g/l-50 g/l.
  • mixtures of the aforementioned components of the electrolytes can be used, i.e. e.g. at least two salts of a or the respective metal and/or at least two stabilizers and/or at least two oxidation inhibitors and/or at least two additives.
  • cyanide-containing electrolytes can only be produced from alkali salts or premixtures.
  • the alloy elements can be added in the form of the aforementioned, soluble compounds or complexes to a corresponding electrolyte and are deposited therewith from the latter. Similarly it is possible to form an alloy by diffusing the elements into the layer or co-depositing particles suspended in the electrolyte.
  • the copper-based alloy can be cast and a strip thereof can be rolled onto the substrate.
  • direct casting on the substrate is possible, whereby the additional step of forming a strip can be omitted. Said methods are known in principle from the prior art so that reference is made thereto in this regard.
  • PVD methods such as sputtering, vapor depositing, CVD methods, ion implantation processes, flame spray and plasma spray methods, casting methods, sintering methods or plating methods can also be used for producing the anti-fretting layer 5 or for its modification, e.g. by means of an ion implantation process, etc.
  • the depositing of the respective anti-fretting layer 5 can be performed on an already preformed multi-layered plain bearing 1 , i.e. e.g. on a plain bearing shell.
  • the anti-fretting layer 5 is deposited on a plane substrate strip, for example a steel strip, and the mechanical shaping into a finished multi-layered plain bearing 1 , for example by pressing etc., is only performed in a subsequent production step.
  • anti-fretting layers 5 of the following compositions given in Table 1 were produced.
  • the data on the composition are given in wt. %.
  • the remainder to 100 wt. % is formed by copper in each case.
  • the tests were performed on different stamp materials (e.g. steel cast iron, aluminum, titanium) and surfaces (ground, shot-peened, etc.) and also with plates without coatings and with different surfaces, the above results were confirmed.
  • the parameters of the test such as pressure, amplitude, temperature and lubricating oil were varied.
  • the results were correlated with the results from engine trials and the test results on parts from the field.
  • Binary alloys for the anti-fretting layer 5 in the above amount ranges have an evaluation of between 4 and 6.
  • the anti-fretting layer 5 has a layer thickness of between 2 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, preferably between 3 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m, in particular between 4 ⁇ m and 15 ⁇ m, as already explained above.
  • the anti-fretting layer 5 has a layer thickness of at least 50%, in particular at least 150%, and a maximum of 1,000%, preferably a maximum of 300%, of the roughness Rz of the support layer or an intermediate layer possibly arranged between the support layer and the anti-fretting layer.
  • the anti-fretting layer 5 has a Vickers microhardness at a test load of 3 Pond of between HV 200 and HV 500, preferably between HV 230 and HV 400, in particular between HV 250 and HV 350.
  • XRD measurements of the anti-fretting layer 5 have also shown that copper-based alloys have better properties when the latter are essentially free of intermetallic phases and appear as a mixed crystal with a copper crystal lattice, whereby it is particularly preferable if said copper-based alloys are made of copper mixed crystals with a lattice constant of between 0.3630 nm and 0.3750 nm.
  • the anti-fretting layer 5 can also have a coating which is softer than the anti-fretting layer 5 , wherein the coating is preferably made from a material which is selected from a group comprising tin, lead, silver, bismuth, polymer-based antifrictional paints.
  • a material which is selected from a group comprising tin, lead, silver, bismuth, polymer-based antifrictional paints can be used that are known in the field of plain bearings.
  • an antifrictional paint is used which in a dry state consists of 40 wt. % to 45 wt. % MoS2, 20 wt. % to 25 wt. % graphite and 30 wt. % to 40 wt.
  • % polyamide imide whereby if necessary hard particles such as e.g. oxides, nitrides or carbides, can be included in the antifrictional paint in a proportion of a total of a maximum 20 wt. %, which replace a proportion of the solid lubricants.
  • hard particles such as e.g. oxides, nitrides or carbides

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
US13/640,891 2010-04-15 2011-04-14 Multi-layer plain bearing having an anti-fretting layer Abandoned US20130216169A1 (en)

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AT0060210A AT509867B1 (de) 2010-04-15 2010-04-15 Mehrschichtgleitlager mit einer antifrettingschicht
PCT/AT2011/000185 WO2011127513A1 (de) 2010-04-15 2011-04-14 Mehrschichtgleitlager mit einer antifrettingschicht

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US20150049966A1 (en) * 2012-03-27 2015-02-19 Senju Metaal Industry Co., Ltd. Sliding Member
US9097276B2 (en) 2012-06-01 2015-08-04 Oerlikon Metco Ag Bearing part and thermal spray method
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US20170204931A1 (en) * 2016-01-14 2017-07-20 Safran Landing Systems UK Limited Shock strut
US20180112321A1 (en) * 2015-11-26 2018-04-26 Fine Feature Electrodeposition Research Institute, Inc. Acidic copper plating solution, acidic copper plated product, and method for producing semiconductor device
US10030706B2 (en) 2015-02-19 2018-07-24 Miba Gleitlager Austria Gmbh Sliding bearing element
US10036088B2 (en) 2013-02-15 2018-07-31 Senju Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Sliding member and method of manufacturing the sliding member
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US20130051715A1 (en) * 2010-04-15 2013-02-28 Miba Gleitlager Gmbh Anti-fretting layer
US20130188898A1 (en) * 2012-01-20 2013-07-25 Miba Gleitlager Gmbh Solid bronze bearing with hardness gradient
US8845199B2 (en) * 2012-01-20 2014-09-30 Miba Gleitlager Gmbh Solid bronze bearing with hardness gradient
US20150049966A1 (en) * 2012-03-27 2015-02-19 Senju Metaal Industry Co., Ltd. Sliding Member
US10309457B2 (en) * 2012-03-27 2019-06-04 Senju Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Sliding member
US9885382B2 (en) 2012-06-01 2018-02-06 Oerlikon Metco Ag, Wohlen Zinc-free spray powder, copper-containing thermal spray layer, as well as method of manufacturing a copper-containing thermal spray layer
US9097276B2 (en) 2012-06-01 2015-08-04 Oerlikon Metco Ag Bearing part and thermal spray method
US9956613B2 (en) * 2012-10-25 2018-05-01 Senju Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Sliding member and production method for same
US20150273584A1 (en) * 2012-10-25 2015-10-01 Senju Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Sliding member and production method for same
US10036088B2 (en) 2013-02-15 2018-07-31 Senju Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Sliding member and method of manufacturing the sliding member
US9587673B2 (en) * 2013-04-29 2017-03-07 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Hydrostatic profiled rail guide
US20160069386A1 (en) * 2013-04-29 2016-03-10 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Hydrostatic profiled rail guide
US10443653B2 (en) * 2013-09-27 2019-10-15 Senju Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Sliding member and method for manufacturing sliding member
US20160215819A1 (en) * 2013-09-27 2016-07-28 Senju Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Sliding Member and Method for Manufacturing Sliding Member
US10145415B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2018-12-04 Senju Metal Industry Co., Inc. Sliding member
US9586381B1 (en) * 2013-10-25 2017-03-07 Steriplate, LLC Metal plated object with biocidal properties
CN104290396A (zh) * 2014-09-20 2015-01-21 福建船政交通职业学院 铟镁内凹微晶复合层
CN104228188A (zh) * 2014-09-20 2014-12-24 福建船政交通职业学院 铟铁网状球复合微晶复合层表面织构
CN104228206A (zh) * 2014-09-20 2014-12-24 福建船政交通职业学院 铟铁网状球复合微晶复合层
US10030706B2 (en) 2015-02-19 2018-07-24 Miba Gleitlager Austria Gmbh Sliding bearing element
US20180112321A1 (en) * 2015-11-26 2018-04-26 Fine Feature Electrodeposition Research Institute, Inc. Acidic copper plating solution, acidic copper plated product, and method for producing semiconductor device
US20170204931A1 (en) * 2016-01-14 2017-07-20 Safran Landing Systems UK Limited Shock strut
CN105695793A (zh) * 2016-04-20 2016-06-22 苏州市相城区明达复合材料厂 一种铸造加工用高性能青铜合金
US11473172B2 (en) 2017-03-24 2022-10-18 Ihi Corporation Wear-resistant copper-zinc alloy and mechanical device using same
US20190085829A1 (en) * 2017-09-20 2019-03-21 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S Fluid film bearing for a wind turbine
US10837493B2 (en) * 2017-09-20 2020-11-17 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S Fluid film bearing for a wind turbine
CN109266898A (zh) * 2018-11-21 2019-01-25 中航力源液压股份有限公司 一种航空液压泵摩擦副用铸造锡青铜及其熔炼方法
WO2022223673A1 (de) * 2021-04-22 2022-10-27 Ks Gleitlager Gmbh Kupfer-zinn-stranggusslegierung

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AT509867A4 (de) 2011-12-15
CN102918182B (zh) 2015-01-21
AT509867B1 (de) 2011-12-15
EP2558617B1 (de) 2017-10-18
KR20130092982A (ko) 2013-08-21
NO2558617T3 (enExample) 2018-03-17
CN102918182A (zh) 2013-02-06
JP2013534963A (ja) 2013-09-09
JP5861184B2 (ja) 2016-02-16
EP2558617A1 (de) 2013-02-20
WO2011127513A1 (de) 2011-10-20
KR101770762B1 (ko) 2017-08-23

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