US20130180363A1 - Method for efficiently recovering platinum group elements from copper-iron scrap - Google Patents

Method for efficiently recovering platinum group elements from copper-iron scrap Download PDF

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US20130180363A1
US20130180363A1 US13/553,143 US201213553143A US2013180363A1 US 20130180363 A1 US20130180363 A1 US 20130180363A1 US 201213553143 A US201213553143 A US 201213553143A US 2013180363 A1 US2013180363 A1 US 2013180363A1
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copper
iron
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molten
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Masashi Nakamoto
Takaiku Yamamoto
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corp
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Assigned to NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION reassignment NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SUMITOMO METAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
    • C22B7/001—Dry processes
    • C22B7/003—Dry processes only remelting, e.g. of chips, borings, turnings; apparatus used therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
    • C22B11/04—Obtaining noble metals by wet processes
    • C22B11/042—Recovery of noble metals from waste materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
    • C22B11/02—Obtaining noble metals by dry processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
    • C22B11/02—Obtaining noble metals by dry processes
    • C22B11/021—Recovery of noble metals from waste materials
    • C22B11/025—Recovery of noble metals from waste materials from manufactured products, e.g. from printed circuit boards, from photographic films, paper, or baths
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B59/00—Obtaining rare earth metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
    • C22B9/02—Refining by liquating, filtering, centrifuging, distilling, or supersonic wave action including acoustic waves
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method in which scrap containing copper and iron (referred to in this description as copper-iron scrap) and further containing a platinum group element typified by platinum (Pt) is separated into a molten copper phase containing neodymium (Nd), dysprosium (Dy), and/or praseodymium (Pr) (these metals will be collectively referred to below as rare metals) and a molten iron phase containing carbon in a predetermined concentration and the platinum is separated and recovered by concentrating the platinum contained in the copper-iron scrap in the molten copper phase with a high distribution ratio.
  • copper-iron scrap scrap containing copper and iron
  • Pt platinum group element typified by platinum
  • Patent Document 1 discloses a method of recovering metals from copper-iron scrap in which carbon is dissolved in a melt obtained by melting copper-iron scrap in a furnace to form the melt into two liquid phases, a molten copper phase and a molten iron phase, and separating the two phases to recover copper and iron separately, wherein the furnace used for melting the copper-iron scrap is a melting furnace having a packed bed of a carbonaceous material, and a carbonaceous material with an average particle diameter of 20-70 mm is used to form the packed bed of the melting furnace. It also discloses that valuable metals are separated in an individual phase and recovered. However, there is a desire for a method capable of efficiently recovering specific types of metals.
  • platinum group elements Typical examples of metals for which an efficient recovery method is desired are platinum group elements.
  • platinum (Pt) which is the most industrially useful is employed as a catalyst for automotive exhaust gas processing, for example.
  • platinum is a typical precious metal which it is desired to recover from existing used products.
  • Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a method in which carbon is dissolved in an iron phase and a molten copper phase and a molten iron phase are separated in an iron (Fe)-copper (Cu)-carbon (C) system. Due to the difference in specific gravity, the molten copper phase and the molten iron phase are separated as a lower phase and an upper phase, respectively, and recovered separately. The distribution of platinum in these two phases is determined by the interaction between platinum and iron and between platinum and copper.
  • Patent Document 2 discloses that in a method of separating two liquid phases of a copper and iron phases in an iron (Fe)-copper (Cu)-carbon (C)-phosphorus (P) system, platinum is concentrated in the iron phase.
  • Nd neodymium
  • the production of Nd magnets which is the principal use of neodymium, is said to be around 10,000 tons per year.
  • One kilogram of Nd magnets contains a total of around 300-400 grams of rare metals such as neodymium (Nd), dysprosium (Dy), and praseodymium (Pr).
  • Nd magnets are not reused as magnets, there is a desire for an effective processing method after recovery of products.
  • Non-Patent Document 1 which is a copper and iron two liquid phase separation method in an iron (Fe)-copper (Cu)-carbon (C) system
  • the distribution of platinum is determined by the interaction between platinum and iron and by the interaction between platinum and copper. Therefore, the distribution ratio [mass % Pt] in Cu /[mass % Pt] in Fe-C is around 1, and plutinum is distributed nearly equally in the two phases.
  • Non-Patent Document 1 suggests that with an iron (Fe)-copper (Cu)-carbon (C) system, it is difficult to select an efficient process in which platinum is concentrated in one of the phases and is recovered from the concentrated phase.
  • Patent Document 2 it is possible to concentrate platinum in a molten iron phase, i.e., to concentrate it in one of the phases).
  • recovering platinum from a molten iron phase is difficult in actual practice.
  • a method of dissolving an iron phase in an acid solution and then collecting platinum by aqueous solution electrolysis is conceivable.
  • a recovery method for platinum in a copper refining process has already been established.
  • the details of a copper refining process are as follows. First, a copper concentrate is separated into slag, matte, and off-gas in a flash smelting furnace. Iron is removed in the slag phase, and sulphur is removed as off-gas. The matte is then oxidized in a converter and separated into slag, crude copper, and off-gas. The crude copper is passed through a refining furnace to an electrolytic tank in which it is separated into electrolytic copper, an anode slime, and an electrolyte.
  • the copper phase can be processed by placing it into a converter in the current copper refining process, and subsequently according to the conventional copper refining process, platinum contained in the copper phase can be recovered.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a means for efficiently recovering platinum group elements from copper-iron scrap containing platinum group elements typified by platinum by efficiently concentrating platinum group elements in a molten copper phase which is obtained from the copper-iron scrap.
  • rare metals are concentrated in a copper phase and that platinum, which has a thermodynamic affinity for rare metals, is attracted by the rare metals into the copper phase and concentrated in the copper phase with a high distribution ratio.
  • the present invention which was completed based on this finding, is as follows.
  • a method for recovering platinum in copper-iron scrap characterized by melting copper-iron scrap containing a platinum group element, allowing the resulting melt to contain a carbon source so as to form the melt into two liquid phases, one being a molten copper phase containing one or more rare metals selected from the group consisting of Nd, Pr, and Dy and the other being a molten iron phase having a carbon concentration of at least 1 mass %, separating the two liquid phases to recover the molten copper phase, and separating and recovering platinum dissolved in the molten copper phase from the molten copper phase.
  • melt contains at least one distribution promoting metal selected from the group consisting of Sc, Li, Ca, Mg, Y, La, K, Sr, Th, Ga, Ba, Na, and Rb, and/or at least one distribution inhibiting metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, U, and Ta, and the molten copper phase and the molten iron phase which were obtained by separating the melt into two liquid phases satisfy the following Equation (i).
  • the melt contains at least one distribution promoting metal selected from the group consisting of Sc, Li, Ca, Mg, Y, La, K, Sr, Th, Ga, Ba, Na, and Rb, and/or at least one distribution inhibiting metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, U, and Ta, and the molten copper phase and the molten iron phase which were obtained by separating the melt into two liquid phases satisfy the following Equation (i).
  • Equation (i) the symbol for each element indicates the mass concentration (unit: mass %) of the corresponding element in the molten copper phase with respect to the mass of the molten copper phase in the case of the distribution promoting metals and the rare metals, and it indicates the mass concentration (unit: mass %) of the corresponding element in the molten iron phase with respect to the mass of the molten iron phase in the case of the distribution inhibiting metals.
  • platinum which is considered to be difficult to efficiently recover because of its distribution ratio between a copper and an iron liquid phase which is normally around 1, can be concentrated in a copper phase and easily recovered with high efficiency based on conventional technology.
  • the present invention can also concentrate platinum group elements other than platinum in the copper phase. Therefore, the present invention provides a means for efficiently recovering platinum group elements.
  • rare metals are concentrated in the copper phase during the course of concentrating platinum group elements, so Nd and other rare metals can also be efficiently recovered.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of element i in a copper phase on the distribution ratio of platinum (Pt).
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of neodymium (Nd) in a copper phase on the distribution ratio of platinum (Pt).
  • copper-iron scrap such as household electrical appliances which contains platinum group elements and particularly platinum and which includes neodymium magnets containing rare metals such as neodymium (Nd), dysprosium (Dy), and praseodymium (Pr) is melted in a carbonaceous material-packed bed or the like so as to dissolve carbon in the resulting melt and the melt is separated into two liquid phases, i.e., a copper phase and an iron phase, the rare metals are concentrated in the copper phase. As the rare metals are concentrated in the copper phase, the distribution ratio of platinum between the copper phase and the iron phase varies due to the influence of the rare metals.
  • the present invention is based on this principle, and makes it possible to obtain a copper phase in which a platinum group element and particularly platinum is concentrated. As a result, the platinum group element can be efficiently separated and recovered from copper-iron scrap. In addition, rare metals are also concentrated in the copper phase, so it is possible to also recover rare metals at the same time.
  • the melt by causing a melt obtained by melting copper-iron scrap to contain a carbon source, the melt is allowed to separate into two liquid phases in the form of a molten copper phase and a molten iron phase (more precisely, a molten liquid phase having a principal component of iron-carbon).
  • a molten copper phase a molten copper phase having a principal component of iron-carbon.
  • the carbon concentration in a molten iron phase is made at least 1 mass percent and preferably at least 4 mass percent, the amount of copper contained in the molten iron phase can be reduced. Accordingly, a decrease in the amount of copper recovered as a molten copper phase is suppressed, which contributes to an increase in the recovery rate of platinum group elements.
  • Resins which are incorporated in carbon-iron scrap can be used as a carbon source, or a known carbonaceous material such as coal can be added to the copper-iron scrap or melt as a carbon source.
  • a graphite crucible can be used as a vessel for melting the copper-iron scrap, and carbon can be supplied from the crucible.
  • Equation (1) The equilibrium reaction between platinum (Pt) in a copper phase and platinum in an iron phase is expressed by Equation (1).
  • Equation (2) Since the chemical potentials are equal in an equilibrium state, Equation (2) is established. As shown by Equation (3) which is based on the relationship in Equation (2), the distribution ratio of platinum between the copper phase and the iron phase X Pt in Cu /X Pt in Fe-C is given by the activity coefficients of platinum ⁇ Pt in Cu and ⁇ Pt in Fe-C in the respective phases.
  • a Pt in Cu and a Pt in Fe-C indicate the activity of platinum (Pt) in the copper phase and in the iron phase, respectively
  • X Pt in Cu and X Pt in Fe-C are the molar fractions of platinum (Pt) in the copper phase and in the iron phase, respectively
  • R is the gas constant
  • T is the temperature (K).
  • the activity coefficient of Pt in each phase can be calculated as shown by Equations (4) and (5).
  • ⁇ ° Pt in Fe and ⁇ ° Pt in Cu are the activity coefficients of platinum (Pt) in pure iron and pure copper, respectively
  • ⁇ Pt in Fe i and ⁇ Pt in Cu i are respectively the interaction coefficients of platinum (Pt) and element i in an iron (Fe)-platinum (Pt)-element i alloy system and a copper (Cu)-platinum (Pt)-element i alloy system
  • X i in Fe-C and X i in Cu are respectively the molar fractions of element i in the iron phase and in the copper phase.
  • Equation (3) the concentration of the other element i in each phase (the distribution ratio of element i between the copper phase and the iron phase) is given by Equation (3) in which Pt is replaced by element i. If any interaction is ignored, the tendency of distribution of element i can be predicted by ⁇ ° i in Fe and ⁇ ° i in Cu as envisaged by Equations (4) and (5).
  • element i is concentrated in the copper phase when ⁇ ° i in Fe >> ⁇ ° i in Cu
  • element i is distributed to the same extent in each phase when ⁇ ° i in Fe ⁇ ° i in Cu
  • element i is concentrated in the iron phase when ⁇ ° i in Fe ⁇ ° i in Cu .
  • Table 1 shows the value of ⁇ ° i in Fe / ⁇ ° i in Cu for each element i, which was calculated based on the enthalpy of dissolution given by the Miedema model (A. K. Niessen et al, CALPHAD, Vol. 7 (1983), pp. 51-70).
  • Table 2 shows the interaction coefficients in copper of elements which concentrate in the copper phase in Table 1 with Pt.
  • Table 2 shows the values of ⁇ Pt in Cu i or ⁇ Pt in Fe i , the latter of which is the interaction coefficient in iron of elements which concentrate in the iron phase with Pt and was calculated based on the enthalpy of dissolution by the Miedema model.
  • neodymium (Nd), dysprosium (Dy), or praseodymium (Pr) which is concentrated in the copper phase examples include scandium (Sc), lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), potassium (K), strontium (Sr), thorium (Th), gallium (Ga), barium (Ba), sodium (Na), rubidium (Rb), plutonium (Pu), cesium (Cs), tin (Sn), indium (In), and zinc (Zn).
  • elements such as titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), uranium (U), and tantalum (Ta) which concentrate in an iron phase and have an extremely strong thermodynamic affinity for Pt have the property of concentrating platinum (Pt) in an iron phase. Accordingly, in a system according to the present invention which recovers platinum in copper-iron scrap from a molten copper phase, these elements act as inhibiting elements.
  • the distribution ratio of Pt, which by itself is preferentially distributed into a molten iron phase rather than into a molten copper phase, in the molten copper phase is increased by making the molten copper phase contain a rare metal.
  • a means for making a molten copper phase contain a rare metal when separating a melt into two liquid phases. It is possible to use scrap containing a rare metal as the copper-iron scrap, or it is possible to add a member containing a rare metal to the melt.
  • a typical example of scrap for use in the former means is copper-iron scrap including neodymium magnets.
  • An example of a source of such scrap is discarded hybrid automobiles and electric automobiles.
  • An example of a member containing a rare metal for use in the latter means is processing scrap formed when processing neodymium magnets. Due to their excellent magnetic properties, it is expected that neodymium magnets will be used in the future in many products such as industrial equipment, transport equipment such as automobiles, and household electrical appliances. It is expected that such processing scrap will be produced in large amounts in the future. From this standpoint, it is promising as a stable supply source of members containing rare metals.
  • Rare metals are concentrated in a copper phase by carrying out a method according to the present invention. As a result, it is possible to simultaneously carry out separation and recovery of these rare metals which currently are almost completely ignored for recovery.
  • Equation (8) is derived from Equations (3), (4), and (5) for a Fe—Cu—C—Pt-i system (i:a rare metal).
  • log(X Pt in Cu /X Pt in Fe-C ) log ⁇ ° Pt in Fe ⁇ log ⁇ ° Pt in Cu +( ⁇ Pt in Fe C )(X C in Fe-C )+( ⁇ Pt in Fe i )(X i in Fe-C ) ⁇ ( ⁇ Pt in Cu i )(X i in Cu ) (8)
  • the logarithm of the distribution ratio is related to the concentration of element i (i:a rare metal) in the copper phase.
  • the distribution ratio depends entirely on the concentration of element i in the copper phase. Therefore, a system according to the present invention is not limited by the quantitative relationship between platinum and element i (i:a rare metal).
  • the concentration of Pt in the system is preferably at least 1 ppm.
  • the concentration of platinum in the copper phase is low even if platinum is concentrated by the method according to the present invention, so even if platinum is recovered using a Cu refining process, the recovery cost per unit mass becomes too high and the method becomes inefficient.
  • Equation (8) can be applied to a case in which a small amount of an element is dissolved in a large amount of solvent.
  • concentration of platinum in the system is preferably at most 2 mass percent.
  • the concentration of element i (i:a rare metal) in the system is limited.
  • An upper limit on the concentration of element i (i:a rare metal) in the copper phase is set by Equation (8). Although this upper limit is not definite, from the fact that a prominent distribution promoting ability is ascertained even when Nd is 7.3% in the below-described examples, it is estimated that the upper limit is generally on the order of 10 mass percent.
  • the total concentration of element i (i:a rare metal) in the copper phase is particularly preferable for the total concentration of element i (i:a rare metal) in the copper phase to be at least 1 mass percent so as to achieve a distribution ratio of at least 1.7.
  • a metal referred to below as a distribution promoting metal
  • a distribution promoting ability having the ability to increase the distribution of platinum in a molten copper phase (referred to below as a distribution promoting ability) in the same manner as a rare metal while not being a rare metal is contained in melt to increase the distribution of Pt.
  • examples of such elements are Sc, Li, Ca, Mg, Y, La, K, Sr, Th, Ga, Ba, Na, Rb, Pu, Cs, Sn, In, and Zn.
  • the distribution promoting ability of these distribution promoting metals can be said to be independent of each other from the following Equation (9) which is derived from above Equation (3), (6), and (7).
  • Equation (10) The results of calculation of Equation (10) are as follows.
  • Nd 1, Pr: 1, and Dy: 0.87.
  • distribution inhibiting metals having the ability to inhibit the above-described distribution promoting ability (referred to below as a distribution inhibiting ability) by increasing the distribution of platinum in the molten iron phase, which is the opposite of the action of rare metals, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the distribution of Pt in the molten copper phase.
  • examples of such distribution inhibiting metals are Ti, Zr, HF, Nb, V, U, and Ta.
  • the distribution inhibiting ability of the distribution inhibiting metals can be evaluated relative to Nd based on the following Equation (11).
  • the amount of elements i which are contained in the molten copper phase or the molten iron phase after separation into two liquid phases preferably satisfie the following Equation (12).
  • a suitable temperature for the present invention is 1445-2920 K at which it is possible to maintain two-phase separation in a Fe—Cu—C system.
  • melting at a temperature higher than 1973 K requires a large amount of energy for heating. Therefore, from the standpoint of energy costs, the melting temperature is preferably at most 1973 K.
  • the temperature increases, the movement of atoms becomes more active and the effect of the interaction between atoms decreases. Namely, the difference in the thermodynamic affinity between elements (the function of promoting distribution) becomes stronger as the temperature decreases. For this reason, it is preferable to carry out the method at a low temperature.
  • Equation (8) does not depend on the mass ratio of the molten iron phase and the molten copper phase, so theoretically, as far as the effect of the present invention is concerned, there is no limitation on the mass ratio of the molten iron phase and the molten copper phase.
  • R when attempting to increase the recovery rate, it is preferable to set the mass proportion R of the molten copper phase to a high value, such as by additionally charging copper into copper-iron scrap.
  • the copper which is additionally charged functions as a solvent, so it can of course be repeatedly used.
  • Equation (13) can be derived from the following relationship.
  • Equation (17) is derived by canceling W Pt in Fe-C and W Fe-C from the above three equations.
  • W Pt in Cu k ⁇ W Cu ⁇ W Pt / ⁇ W Total +( k ⁇ 1) ⁇ W Cu ⁇ (17)
  • the recovery rate is defined as W Pt in Cu /W Pt and is greater than or equal to a. Therefore, by substituting W Pt in Cu /W Pt ⁇ a into above Equation (17), above Equation (13) is obtained.
  • Table 3 shows the concentration of added element i in the copper phase [mass % i] in Cu and the concentration of added element i in the iron phase [mass % i] in Fe-C in the sample after cooling, the distribution ratio of i in the copper phase/iron phase [mass % i] in Cu /[mass % i] in Fe-C , and the distribution ratio of Pt [mass % Pt] in Cu /[mass % Pt] in Fe-C . The results of experiments in which no element was added are also shown.
  • FIG. 1 shows the relationship between the logarithm of the distribution ratio of Pt and the concentration of added element i in the copper phase.
  • a change in the distribution ratio of Pt due to concentrated Au, Ag, and In in the copper phase was not observed, but it can be seen that the distribution ratio of Pt was increased by containing Dy.
  • W distributed into the iron phase did not affect the distribution of Pt.
  • Table 4 shows the neodymium concentration in the copper phase [mass % Nd] in Cu and the neodymium concentration in the iron phase [mass % Nd] in Fe-C in the sample after cooling, and the distribution ratio of neodymium [mass % Nd] in Cu /[mass % Nd] in Fe-C .
  • FIG. 2 shows the results of plotting this data with the neodymium concentration in the copper phase on the abscissa and the common logarithm of the distribution ratio of neodymium on the ordinate.
  • neodymium is concentrated in the copper phase due to the presence of neodymium in the copper phase, and that the larger the amount of neodymium in the copper phase, the more concentration into the copper phase progresses.
  • the method of the present invention effectively utilizes rare metals in copper-iron scrap, and that the method results in efficiently recovery of Pt by concentrating Pt into a copper phase with a high distribution ratio.

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US20140150608A1 (en) * 2011-03-11 2014-06-05 Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd. Method of recovering platinum group elements
US10316375B2 (en) * 2011-06-03 2019-06-11 Ronald G. Presswood, Jr. Gasification or liquefaction of coal using a metal reactant alloy composition

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JP6337029B2 (ja) * 2014-02-12 2018-06-06 田中貴金属工業株式会社 Ｒｕを含むＣｕ合金の均質化方法

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WO2011090102A1 (ja) 2011-07-28
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JP5609121B2 (ja) 2014-10-22
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