US20120258313A1 - Coating agents and coated articles - Google Patents

Coating agents and coated articles Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120258313A1
US20120258313A1 US13/518,337 US201013518337A US2012258313A1 US 20120258313 A1 US20120258313 A1 US 20120258313A1 US 201013518337 A US201013518337 A US 201013518337A US 2012258313 A1 US2012258313 A1 US 2012258313A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
coating
groups
polymer
substrate
coating agent
Prior art date
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Abandoned
Application number
US13/518,337
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English (en)
Inventor
Jie Wen
Kristin Taton
Laurie Lawin
William Knopke
Eric Guire
Patrick Guire
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
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Priority to US13/518,337 priority Critical patent/US20120258313A1/en
Publication of US20120258313A1 publication Critical patent/US20120258313A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/42—Introducing metal atoms or metal-containing groups
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L29/00—Materials for catheters, medical tubing, cannulae, or endoscopes or for coating catheters
    • A61L29/04—Macromolecular materials
    • A61L29/06—Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L29/00—Materials for catheters, medical tubing, cannulae, or endoscopes or for coating catheters
    • A61L29/08—Materials for coatings
    • A61L29/085—Macromolecular materials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L29/00—Materials for catheters, medical tubing, cannulae, or endoscopes or for coating catheters
    • A61L29/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. lubricating compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L29/00—Materials for catheters, medical tubing, cannulae, or endoscopes or for coating catheters
    • A61L29/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. lubricating compositions
    • A61L29/16—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/02—Inorganic materials
    • A61L31/022—Metals or alloys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/04—Macromolecular materials
    • A61L31/06—Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
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    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
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    • A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
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    • A61L33/00—Antithrombogenic treatment of surgical articles, e.g. sutures, catheters, prostheses, or of articles for the manipulation or conditioning of blood; Materials for such treatment
    • A61L33/0005—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/06—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F267/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated polycarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F22/00
    • C08F267/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated polycarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F22/00 on to polymers of anhydrides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/28—Condensation with aldehydes or ketones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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    • C08F8/30—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D131/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid, or of a haloformic acid; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D135/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical, and containing at least another carboxyl radical in the molecule, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
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    • Y10T428/31928—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer

Definitions

  • Coating agents useful for application to substrates fabricated of materials such as silicone, stainless steel, polyethylene, and the like are described.
  • the coating agents are useful as surface primer agents, wherein they can provide a base coating to which additional coating layers can be applied.
  • the coating agents can themselves provide desired features to a substrate surface. Articles are also described that include the coating agents on a surface.
  • Medical articles can be fabricated from a number of materials.
  • some common materials utilized to fabricate medical articles include metals and alloys, ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics, polymeric materials, composites, cements, nonwovens and fabrics.
  • the environment of the human body is surprisingly hostile and aggressive; therefore, selection of materials to be used in the human body involves consideration of such factors as material properties, application of the medical article, duration of residence within the body, and the like.
  • Common polymeric materials used in the human body include silicones and other plastics, while metals include stainless steels, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, shape memory alloys and tantalum.
  • desirable properties such as lubricity, biocompatibility, antimicrobial action and the like
  • bioactive agents such as drugs
  • Poly(dimethyl siloxane) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones. Some applications of silicones include contact lenses, medical devices, elastomers, caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles. Silicones have been widely used in biomedical applications because of such material properties as excellent flexibility, durability, and bioinertness. However, surface modification of silicones is often needed to achieve desirable surface properties for various applications. Modification of silicone surfaces has proven challenging due to the material's extremely low surface reactivity and surface energy. To complicate the matter further, silicones usually contain high amounts of low-molecular weight components having high mobility in the polymer bulk and high tendency to migrate to the surface. This in turn can lead to a transient modification effect for only a few hours (hydrophobic recovery).
  • coating agents are described for providing a priming or base coating layer on a material surface. Also described are methods of preparing such coating agents and methods of using such agents to coat a surface, such as the surface of an implantable medical article. In further aspects, the disclosure describes material surfaces coated with such coating agents, as well as methods of making and using such material surfaces and resultant articles. Such “primer” compositions can facilitate the use of additional coating “layers” of either the same and/or different compositions.
  • coating agents comprise at least three main components, namely polymer, one or more latent reactive groups, and one or more noncovalent linking groups, wherein the noncovalent linking groups are selected to interact with a substrate to which the coating agent is applied.
  • Latent reactive groups can be pendent from the polymer backbone.
  • Noncovalent linking groups can be pendent from the polymer backbone and/or included within the polymer backbone. In some aspects, the latent reactive groups and noncovalent linking groups are different from one another.
  • a coating agent can comprise: (a) a polymer including a polymaleic acid derivative, (b) one or more latent reactive groups, and (c) one or more noncovalent linking groups, the noncovalent linking groups selected to interact with a substrate to which the coating agent is applied.
  • the polymer is a copolymer.
  • Latent reactive groups can be pendent from the polymer backbone.
  • Noncovalent linking groups can be pendent from the polymer backbone and/or included within the polymer backbone.
  • the coating agents can be used alone to provide a coated surface, or in combination with additional coating layers.
  • the coating agent comprises a surface primer agent.
  • One or more additional coating compositions can be applied to the surface primer agent, thereby providing a final coated product.
  • coating agents can themselves provide desirable properties to a material surface.
  • subsequent coating layers of the same and/or different compositions are not required to provide a final desired feature or property to the surface. Instead, the desirable features or properties are provided by components of the coating agents themselves.
  • articles can comprise a substrate including silicon, and a coating disposed on a surface of the substrate, the coating comprising: (a) a polymer, (b) one or more latent reactive groups that are pendent from the polymer, and (c) one or more noncovalent linking groups, wherein the noncovalent linking groups are selected to interact with the substrate.
  • the substrate can be fabricated of other materials (for example, polymeric materials such as polyethyelene; metals such as stainless steel or aluminum; or the other materials), and the noncovalent linking groups can be selected to interact with the substrate material.
  • the polymer can include a polymaleic acid derivative, such as a derivatized poly(alkene-co-maleic anhydride).
  • the polymer is a copolymer.
  • the noncovalent linking groups can be selected from siloxanes, C 4 -C 20 alkyl groups, polyamides, phenolics, catechols, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, acrylates, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyethylenes, polypropylenes or polyethers, or a combination of any of these.
  • FIG. 1 shows confocal Raman microscopy of a coating layer on silicone catheter.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates results of friction testing on silicone catheters coated with coating agent followed by a lubricious overcoat.
  • FIG. 3A shows a superhydrophobic overcoat applied on unprimed catheter
  • FIG. 3B shows a superhydrophobic overcoat applied on a catheter including a surface primer agent.
  • FIG. 4 shows results of cytotoxicity studies for silicone samples with and without treatment of a coating agent.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates photopatterning of a hydrophilic overcoat, applied to a silicone surface containing a surface primer agent.
  • the term “layer” or “coated layer” refers to a layer of one or more coated materials of sufficient dimensions (for example, thickness and area) for its intended use over the entire, or less than the entire, portion of an article surface.
  • a “coating” as described herein can include one or more “coated layers,” each coated layer including one or more coating components.
  • inventive coatings can consist of a single coated layer of polymeric material, for example, a coating agent.
  • inventive coating agents can create a durable and robust coating on substrates which can otherwise be difficult to coat due to low surface energy and/or lack of reactive groups on the surface of the substrate.
  • the durable and robust coating can last for weeks or months.
  • embodiments of the present invention also include surface treatments which are durable after application of the coating agents to the substrate.
  • durability refers to the wear resistance of a coating, or the ability of a coating to be maintained on a substrate surface when subjected to forces typically encountered during use (for example, normal force, shear force, and the like). A more durable coating is less easily removed from a substrate by abrasion. Durability of a coating can be assessed by subjecting a substrate (such as a medical device) to conditions that simulate use conditions.
  • a substrate such as a medical device
  • coatings can be formed on a device surface in such a manner as to withstand the effect of normal forces or shear forces that may be encountered in some aspects of the invention during use of the coated article. In these cases, such forces could otherwise result in delamination of the coating from the substrate surface.
  • silicones such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)
  • conventional pretreatments such as plasma treatment, corona discharge and/or UV-irradiation can be fleeting and transient.
  • PDMS poly(dimethylsiloxane)
  • conventional pretreatments are typically associated with a phenomenon called hydrophobic recovery, which can be caused by the reorientation of polar groups from the surface to the bulk phase, by the reorientation of nonpolar groups from the bulk to the surface, or by the diffusion of low molecular weight silicone fluid from the bulk to the surface.
  • hydrophobic recovery can be caused by the reorientation of polar groups from the surface to the bulk phase, by the reorientation of nonpolar groups from the bulk to the surface, or by the diffusion of low molecular weight silicone fluid from the bulk to the surface.
  • the high mobility of the silicone chains can cause a hydrophobic recovery over a short time scale (for example, minutes to days).
  • a substrate coated with inventive coating agents described herein can retain physical, chemical or biological characteristics longer than comparative substrates coated with conventional surface primers or coating agents.
  • a polymeric composition including a latent reactive group and a non-covalent linking group can be applied to a substrate.
  • the non-covalent linking group can associate with the surface of the substrate.
  • the latent reactive group of the polymeric composition can be activated with an external energy source, such as actinic or thermal energy, to form a covalent bond between the coating agent and the substrate, and among polymer chains of the coating agent.
  • an external energy source such as actinic or thermal energy
  • a silicon-containing substrate can be coated with a coating agent in accordance with inventive concepts without the need for pretreatment of the silicon substrate.
  • a polymeric composition including a latent reactive group and a non-covalent linking group including a siloxane group can associate with a surface of the silicon material.
  • the non-covalent linking group can associate with the surface of the silicon substrate.
  • the latent reactive groups on the coating reagent can be activated with actinic energy or thermal energy, thus forming covalent bonds between the coating agent and the substrate, and among polymer chains of the coating agent. This can result in a robust and durable coated layer on the silicon substrate.
  • the coated layer can then be further reacted with another coating layer, or an overcoat layer to impart desirable characteristics, for example such as lubricity or wettability, to the substrate.
  • inventive coating agents When applied, inventive coating agents can form a coated layer on a surface of a support material.
  • This layer in turn, can be stably retained upon the surface and can serve as an attachment site for binding additional compositions (such as polymeric formulations, active agents, and the like) to the surface.
  • additional compositions such as polymeric formulations, active agents, and the like
  • layer will refer to a coating of sufficient dimensions (such as thickness and coverage area) for its intended use (such as over all, or a portion) of a support material surface.
  • the coating agents can function as a surface priming agent.
  • subsequent coating compositions can be applied to achieve a desired surface characteristic, such as, for example, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and the like.
  • a desired surface characteristic such as, for example, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and the like.
  • Such final coatings can in turn provide desired characteristics to the substrate.
  • a superhydrophobic coating can provide passivating coatings, passivating against proteins such as BSA and serum, and cellular adhesion including HeLa cells and whole blood, or microbial adsorption (such as Staphylococcus aureus ).
  • passivation is the process of making a surface “passive,” that is, a surface film or coating is created that results in a reduction of biological responses when exposed to biological materials (for example, reduction of protein adsorption or reduction of cellular responses mediating inflammation).
  • a passivating coating forms a surface having improved biological passivation as compared to the uncoated material, when exposed to conditions of use (for example, in a human body).
  • the coating agents can further comprise one or more active agents.
  • active agents can be included to provide desired properties to a final coated article, such as a passivating surface, antimicrobial properties, or the like.
  • a coated layer in accordance with the invention can provide passivating features to a substrate without application of additional coating layers.
  • the coating agent can include a polymer, one or more one or more latent reactive groups, one or more noncovalent linking groups, and one or more passivating groups. The noncovalent linking groups can be selected to interact with a substrate to which the coating agent is applied.
  • the active agent can comprise an initiator.
  • a coating agent can include a polymer, one or more latent reactive groups, one or more noncovalent linking groups, and an initiator group.
  • the initiator group can be selected to initiate polymerization from a coated surface.
  • the initiator groups provide a site for reaction with monomers to produce covalently attached polymeric units by “grafting from” techniques or, alternately, for reaction with prefabricated polymers.
  • Inventive coating agents can be provided to a wide variety of substrates.
  • the coating agents can be utilized in connection with substrates that are otherwise difficult to coat.
  • the substrates can be provided in a number of different formats.
  • Illustrative substrates include, for example, solid tangible surfaces, particles, solution polymers, emulsions, or suspensions.
  • Illustrative solid tangible surfaces include surfaces of medical devices, including implantable medical devices, medical devices for temporary insertion into a patient's body, medical tubing, and the like.
  • inventive coating agents can also be applied to substrates outside the implantable medical device field, as will be apparent from the variety of materials that can be coated with the inventive coating agents.
  • Suitable materials for fabrication of solid tangible surfaces include materials commonly used to fabricate implantable medical articles.
  • the solid tangible surface is optionally intended to function in contact with tissue and/or fluids of the body.
  • suitable support materials include those materials commonly used to fabricate implantable medical articles such as metals, minerals or ceramics, carbon-based materials, and polymers.
  • Suitable metals include, for example, aluminum, chromium, cobalt, iron, tantalum, titanium, and alloys thereof, as well as nitinol and other nickel-titanium alloys, and stainless steels.
  • suitable minerals or ceramics include alumina, hydroxyapatite, quartz, sapphire, silica and glasses.
  • Illustrative carbon-based materials include pyrolytic carbon, as well as carbon materials obtained by thermal degradation (thermolysis, pyrolysis) or organic compounds, as well as materials obtained by physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques.
  • inventive coating agents can be particularly useful in connection with solid tangible surfaces fabricated of silicone (poly(dimethylsiloxane)).
  • inventive concepts can also be applicable with a number of other polymeric materials.
  • the coating agents can be useful in connection with substrates fabricated of a synthetic or natural polymer.
  • the substrate can be fabricated from synthetic polymer such as ParyleneTM (tradename for a variety of chemical vapor deposited poly(p-xylylene)polymers), polyamides (such as polyether block amides such as PEBAXTM), polyesters, polyethylenes, polyethylene terephthalates (PET), poly(meth)acrylates, polyacetates, polyvinylacetates, sulfonic acid-substituted polymers, polyacrylamide polyethylene glycols, polyethyleneimines, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polylactide-co-glycolides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, quaternary amine-substituted polymers, conductive polymers (for example, polyvinylpyridine, polyacetylenes, polypyrroles), poly-(p-pheyleneterephthalamides), polyphosphazenes, polypropylenes, polyetetrafluoroethylenes,
  • a suitable substrate can be fabricated of a plastic material.
  • plastics include silicones, polyolefins, vinyl polymers, polystyrenes, polyacrylates (including polymethacrylate), poly(methyl)methacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, poly(vinylacetates), poly (vinyl alcohols), chlorine-containing polymers such as poly(vinyl) chloride, polyoxymethylenes, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, polyurethanes, phenolics, amino-epoxy resins, polyesters, cellulose-based plastics, and rubber-like plastics, providing surfaces that can be modified as described herein. See generally, “Plastics”, pp.
  • Illustrative polyolefins include polyethylene, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE), polytetrafluoroethylene, and the like, as well as polypropylene and the like.
  • HDPE high density polyethylene
  • polytetrafluoroethylene polytetrafluoroethylene
  • the coating agents and methods can also be used to provide coatings on inorganic substrates such as glass, ceramics and metals, for example, aluminum, stainless steel and noble metals.
  • the surfaces themselves can be derivatized, directly or via intermediate coatings, so as to provide suitable latent reactive groups or suitable targets for coupling with latent reactive groups.
  • the coating agent can be provided to a substrate that has been pretreated.
  • Pretreatment of the substrate can include treatment of one or more surfaces of the substrate to make groups on the surface of the treated substrate which would not otherwise exist on the non-pretreated substrate.
  • the groups are created on the surface of the treated substrate to meet a particular need of the surface of the substrate, such as but not limited to, creating groups on the substrate which can be reactive toward groups on the coating agent layer.
  • other particular needs include attachment of biologically active molecules.
  • such pretreatments can include, but are not limited to, chemical pretreatments, biological pretreatments, physical pretreatments (such as etching) or combinations thereof.
  • chemical pretreatment of substrates can include, by example, washing with strong acid.
  • chemical pretreatment can include washing the surface of the substrate with a strong base.
  • physical pretreatments can be used. Physical pretreatments include, but are not limited to flame pretreatment, plasma pretreatment, corona pretreatment, or combinations thereof.
  • pretreated surfaces can include ParyleneTM coated surfaces, and silylated surfaces of glass, ceramic, or metal.
  • the substrate surface can require no pretreatment before coating with the coating agent.
  • the lack of pretreatment can be advantageous.
  • the substrate surface before pretreatment, can be hydrophobic and can be primed without pretreatment. In other aspects, before pretreatment, the substrate surface can be hydrophilic and can be coated with inventive coating agents without pretreatment.
  • the non-pretreated surface of the substrate can be coated with a coating agent containing a latent reactive group, a non-covalent linking group and a polymer.
  • the non-covalent linking group can act to associate with the substrate, and actinic energy can be applied to the coated substrate to activate the latent reactive group.
  • the latent reactive group can form a covalent bond between the coating agent and the substrate.
  • Other embodiments can include a substrate which includes one or more latent reactive groups covalently bonded thereto.
  • a coating agent containing non-covalent linking group and a polymer can be coated on the substrate which has one or more latent reactive groups.
  • the non-covalent linking group can act to associate with the substrate which contains a latent reactive group.
  • External energy can be applied to the coated substrate to activate the latent reactive group and, in some cases, form a covalent bond between the coating agent and the substrate.
  • both the coating agent and the substrate can include independently chosen latent reactive groups. These latent reactive groups can be activated with actinic energy, thus forming a covalent bond between the substrate and the coating agent.
  • the coating agents can include one or more non-covalent linking groups.
  • the non-covalent linking group can be selected to provide an advantageous interaction, association, attraction, or an affinity with the substrate.
  • the term “non-covalent linking group” is a phrase that characterizes the occurrence of an interaction, attraction, or affinity with the substrate and moieties on or in embodiments of the coating agent.
  • the terms or phrases non-covalent linking group, interaction group, attraction group, or affinity group can be used interchangeably.
  • the non-covalent linking group can interact with the substrate during contact of the substrate with the non-covalent linking group, or when the non-covalent linking group is brought within sufficient proximity to a substrate.
  • the substrate interacting with the non-covalent linking group can be a pretreated substrate. However, as will be apparent from review of this disclosure, such substrate pretreatment is not required.
  • the non-covalent linking group can also include a functional group that can reversibly interact with the substrate, for example, through reversible non-covalent interactions.
  • the non-covalent linking group can be functionalized with moieties that can engage in non-covalent interactions with the substrate.
  • the non-covalent linking group can include functional groups such as an ionic group, a group that can hydrogen bond, or a group that can engage in van der Waals or other hydrophobic interactions.
  • Such functional groups can include silane groups siloxane groups, cationic groups, anionic groups, lipophilic groups, amphiphilic groups, and the like.
  • Suitable charged moieties include positively charged moieties and negatively charged moieties.
  • Suitable positively charged moieties include amines, quaternary ammonium moieties, sulfonium, phosphonium, ferrocene, and the like.
  • Suitable negatively charged moieties include carboxylates, phenols substituted with strongly electron withdrawing groups (for example, tetrachlorophenols), phosphates, phosphonates, phosphinates, sulphates, sulphonates, thiocarboxylates, and hydroxamic acids.
  • the present methods and compositions can employ a non-covalent linking group including a group that can hydrogen bond, either as donor or acceptor (for example, a second hydrogen bonding group).
  • the non-covalent linking group can include one or more carboxyl groups, amine groups, hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, or the like. Ionic groups can also participate in hydrogen bonding.
  • a non-covalent linking group can comprise a catechol-based group that is capable of interacting with a surface.
  • a non-covalent linking group can comprise catecholamine (that is, dopamine, or 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzen-1,2-diol).
  • the present methods and compositions can employ a non-covalent linking group including a lipophilic moiety (for example, a second lipophilic moiety).
  • Suitable lipophilic moieties include one or more branched or straight chain C 6-36 alkyl, C 8-24 alkyl, C 12-24 alkyl, C 12-18 alkyl, or the like; C 6-36 alkenyl, C 8-24 alkenyl, C 12-24 alkenyl, C 12-18 alkenyl, or the like, with, for example, 1 to 4 double bonds; C 6-36 alkynyl, C 8-24 alkynyl, C 12-24 alkynyl, C 12-18 alkynyl, or the like, with, for example, 1 to 4 triple bonds; chains with 1-4 double or triple bonds; chains including aryl or substituted aryl moieties (for example, phenyl or naphthyl moieties at the end or middle of a chain); polyaromatic hydrocarbon moieties; cycloalkane or
  • the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group can include branching; within chain functionality like an ether group; terminal functionality like alcohol, amide, carboxylate or the like; or the like.
  • the non-covalent linking group includes or is a lipid, such as a phospholipid.
  • the non-covalent linking group can form as a result of interaction with an alcohol, phenol, thiol, amine, carbonyl, or like group present on the substrate.
  • the interaction of the non-covalent linking group and the substrate can be formed by the reversible interactions.
  • the non-covalent linking group can include an alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl alkyl, ethoxy or propoxy oligomer, a glycoside, or like moiety.
  • suitable non-covalent linking groups can include: the functional group or groups participating in or formed by the reversible interaction with the substrate, and a non-covalent linking group moiety.
  • a non-covalent linking group can include about 4 to about 48 carbon or heteroatoms, about 8 to about 14 carbon or heteroatoms, about 12 to about 24 carbon or heteroatoms, about 16 to about 18 carbon or heteroatoms, about 4 to about 12 carbon or heteroatoms, about 4 to about 8 carbon or heteroatoms, or the like.
  • the non-covalent linking group can be an alkyl chain of 16 carbons or a hexadecyl chain or group of carbons.
  • the non-covalent linking group can include an alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl alkyl, ethoxy or propoxy oligomer, a glycoside, mixtures thereof, or like moiety.
  • the non-covalent linking group can include a lipophilic moiety and, optionally, one or more moieties for forming a hydrogen bond or an ionic interaction.
  • the lipophilic moiety can have about 4 to about 48 carbons, about 8 to about 14 carbons, about 12 to about 24 carbons, about 16 to about 18 carbons, or the like.
  • the non-covalent linking group can include about 1 to about 8 reversible bond/interaction moieties or about 2 to about 4 reversible bond/interaction moieties.
  • Non-covalent linking groups of the coating agent can be selected to associate or interact with the substrate or substrates to which the coating agent is applied. Selection of non-covalent linking groups for a particular coating agent can thus take into account such factors as the substrate to be coated, other components of the coating agent to be utilized (such as the polymer and latent reactive group(s) to be included in the coating agent), solvent systems, reaction conditions, and the like. When considering the substrate to be coated, typical factors taken into account include the design of the substrate (such as whether the substrate is provided with a planar surface, or is provided as a multi-faceted construction that is typical in medical device applications), the material used to fabricate the substrate (such as polymer, metal, and the like as described herein), and the like. Consideration of the latent reactive group(s) to be included in the coating agent can involve taking into account the type of external stimuli to be used to transform the latent reactive group to an activated state (such as light or thermal energy).
  • non-covalent linking groups include siloxane groups, polyamides, C 4 -C 20 alkyl groups, polyethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycols, acrylates, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyethylenes, polypropylenes and polyethers.
  • the non-covalent linking group can be the reaction product of 3-aminopropylmethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)silane with the anhydride group of poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) to form a pendent amide siloxane group represented by the following formula I,
  • the non-covalent linking group of the coating agent is pendent to the backbone of the polymer and interacts, associates, or has an affinity with the substrate, but the non-covalent linking group does not covalently bond with the substrate.
  • Pendent groups can be, for example, a group that is branched from the polymer. Examples of pendent groups include, siloxane groups, carboxyl groups, quaternary amine groups and the like.
  • Covalent bonding of the coating agent to the substrate can occur through the activation of the latent reactive groups of the coating agent.
  • the non-covalent linking group and the latent reactive groups of the coating agent can be chosen such that they are compatible with the substrate to be primed or coated.
  • Compatibility includes, but is not limited to, the latent reactive group reacting with the substrate upon being subjected to activation energy.
  • Compatibility further includes aspects such as wettability and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity considerations of the coating agent.
  • the non-covalent linking group and covalent bonding can be compatible with one substrate system.
  • non-covalent linking group can be part of or incorporated into the polymer component of the coating agent.
  • a non-covalent linking group can be, for example, part of the backbone of the polymer wherein the non covalent linking group would not be pendent from the polymer component of the coating agent.
  • non-pendent noncovalent linking groups can comprise an alkyl chain of a polymer.
  • the interaction of the non-covalent linking group and the substrate can be independently attributed to many different factors.
  • some of the factors independently contributing to the interaction of the non-covalent linking group with the substrate include, but are not limited to, (i) charge-charge interactions, (ii) hydrogen bonding interactions, (iii) dipole interactions, (iv) fluctuating dipole interactions, (v) counter ion effects, and (vi) hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions.
  • Charge-charge interactions can be between cationic groups and anionic groups and can be very strong. Charge-charge interactions are known to fall off slowly as distance between the charge centers increases. An example of a charge-charge interaction is that between an amine group and a sulfonate group.
  • Dipole interactions can arise from molecules that have unlike atoms within their structure wherein the unlike atoms have differing electronegativities.
  • An example of a dipole interaction is interactions between carbonyl groups.
  • Fluctuating dipole interactions can arise from molecules which are located near to each other allowing for oscillator coupling. The resulting attractive interaction is known as dispersive interactions and can occur even between non-polar molecules. The strength of the interaction can be largely dependent upon the polarizability of the two molecules.
  • An example of fluctuating dipole interactions can be the interaction between aromatic groups. In other embodiments, an example of a fluctuating dipole interaction can be between hydrocarbon groups.
  • Hydrogen bonding interaction can arise when a hydrogen atom simultaneously bonds to two other atoms.
  • a hydrogen bond is not an acid-base reaction.
  • the hydrogen is not transferred to one of the two other bonding atoms, as the hydrogen is in an acid-base reaction, but rather the hydrogen bonds with the two atoms.
  • An example of a hydrogen bonding interaction can be represented as in Formula II.
  • coating agents include a polymer, one or more latent reactive groups, and one or more non-covalent linking groups.
  • the latent reactive group can be a photoreactive group that can become chemically reactive when exposed to an appropriate actinic energy source.
  • the phrases “latent photoreactive group” and “photoreactive group” are used interchangeably and refer to a chemical moiety that can be sufficiently stable to remain in an inactive state (ground state) under ambient storage conditions but that can undergo a transformation from the inactive state to an activated state when subjected to an appropriate reaction conditions.
  • the phrases “latent thermally reactive” and “thermoreactive group” can be used interchangeably and in the same sense.
  • reaction conditions may include exposure to an external energy source.
  • Suitable external energy sources include light sources, (such as UV or ultraviolet light) or heat sources.
  • Other illustrative reaction conditions may include chemical reaction conditions, for example, the presence of a oxidizers and reducing agents (redox pairs).
  • photoreactive groups respond to specific applied external stimuli to undergo active specie generation with resultant covalent bonding to an adjacent chemical structure, for example, as provided by the same or a different molecule.
  • Suitable photoreactive groups are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,582 (Guire et al.).
  • Photoreactive groups can be chosen to be responsive to various types of actinic energy. Typically, groups are chosen that can be photoactivated using either ultraviolet or visible radiation. Suitable photoreactive groups include, for example, azides, diazos, diazirines, ketones, and quinones. The photoreactive groups generate active species such as free radicals including, for example, nitrenes, carbenes, and excited states of ketones upon absorption of electromagnetic energy.
  • each photoreactive group can extract a hydrogen atom from an alkyl group on either of the non-covalent linking group, the substrate, or a combination thereof.
  • a covalent bond can form between the photoreactive group and the non-covalent linking group and between the photoreactive group, the substrate and between the photoreactive group agent and other intramolecular and intermolecular polymer groups.
  • the photoreactive group can promote adhesion and/or increase coupling strength of the coating agent.
  • the photoreactive group can be an aryl ketone, such as acetophenone, benzophenone, anthrone, and anthrone-like heterocycles (heterocyclic analogs of anthrone such as those having N, O, or S in the 10-position), or their substituted (for example, ring substituted) derivatives.
  • aryl ketones include heterocyclic derivatives of anthrone, including acridone, xanthone, and thioxanthone, and their ring substituted derivatives.
  • Other suitable photoreactive groups include quinones such as, for example anthraquinone.
  • benzophenone can be capable of photochemical excitation with the initial formation of an excited singlet state that undergoes intersystem crossing to the triplet state.
  • the excited triplet state can insert into carbon-hydrogen bonds, for example but not limited to that of a substrate, by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (from a polymeric coating layer, for example), thus creating a radical pair. Subsequent collapse of the radical pair leads to formation of a new carbon-carbon bond.
  • the ultraviolet light-induced excitation of the benzophenone group can be reversible and the molecule returns to ground state energy level upon removal of the energy source.
  • Photoreactive aryl ketones such as benzophenone and acetophenone can undergo multiple reactivations in water and thus provide increased coating efficiency.
  • the azides constitute another class of photoreactive groups and include arylazides such as phenyl azide and 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide; acyl azides (—CO—N 3 ) such as benzoyl azide and p-methylbenzoyl azide; azido formates (—O—CO—N 3 ) such as ethyl azidoformate and phenyl azidoformate; sulfonyl azides (—SO 2 —N 3 ) such as benzenesulfonyl azide; and phosphoryl azides (RO) 2 PON 3 such as diphenyl phosphoryl azide and diethyl phosphoryl azide.
  • arylazides such as phenyl azide and 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide
  • acyl azides such as benzoyl azide and p-methylbenzoyl azide
  • azido formates —O—CO—N 3
  • Diazo compounds constitute another class of photoreactive groups and include diazoalkanes (—CHN 2 ) such as diazomethane and diphenyldiazomethane; diazoketones (—CO—CHN 2 ) such as diazoacetophenone and 1-trifluoromethyl-1-diazo-2-pentanone; diazoacetates (—O—CO—CHN 2 ) such as t-butyl diazoacetate and phenyl diazoacetate; and beta-keto-alpha-diazoacetates (—CO—CN 2 —CO—O—) such as t-butyl alpha diazoacetoacetate. Diazo compounds are also thermally reactive groups.
  • diazoalkanes —CHN 2
  • diazoketones such as diazoacetophenone and 1-trifluoromethyl-1-diazo-2-pentanone
  • diazoacetates —O—CO—CHN 2
  • photoreactive groups include the diazirines (—CHN 2 ) such as 3-trifluoromethyl-3-phenyldiazirine; and ketenes CH ⁇ C ⁇ O) such as ketene and diphenylketene.
  • the photoreactive group can be non-ionic.
  • the non-ionic photoreactive group includes the tetrakis (4-benzoylbenzyl ether) or the tetrakis (4-benzoylbenzyl ester) of pentaerythritol.
  • one or more of the photoreactive groups can react with the substrate. The photoreactive group therefore attaches the coating agent to the substrate.
  • the photoreactive group can be ionic.
  • at least one ionic photoreactive group can be included in the coating agent. Any suitable ionic photoreactive group can be used.
  • the ionic photoreactive group can be a compound of Formula III:
  • Y is a radical containing at least one acidic group, basic group, or salt thereof and X 1 and X 2 are each independently a radical containing a latent photoreactive group.
  • the photoreactive groups can be the same as those described above for a non-ionic photoreactive group. Spacers, such as those described for the non-ionic photoreactive group, can be part of X 1 or X 2 along with the latent photoreactive group.
  • the latent photoreactive group includes an aryl ketone or a quinone.
  • Y can be a radical containing at least one acidic group or salt thereof.
  • a photoreactive group can be anionic depending on the pH of the coating composition.
  • Suitable acidic groups include, for example, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids, and the like.
  • Suitable salts of such groups include, for example, sulfonate, carboxylate, and phosphate salts.
  • the ionic group includes a sulfonic acid or sulfonate group.
  • Suitable counter ions include alkali, alkaline earths, ammonium, protonated amines, and the like.
  • a compound of Formula III can have a radical Y that contains a sulfonic acid or sulfonate group; X 1 and X 2 contain photoreactive groups such as aryl ketones.
  • Such compounds include 4,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid or salt; 2,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1,4-disulfonic acid or salt; 2,5-bis(4-benzoylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1-sulfonic acid or salt; N,N-bis[2-(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)ethyl]-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid or salt, and the like. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,018 (Swan).
  • the counter ion of the salt can be, for example, ammonium or an alkali metal such as sodium, potassium, or lithium.
  • Y can be a radical that contains a basic group or a salt thereof.
  • Y radicals can include, for example, an ammonium, a phosphonium, or a sulfonium group. The group can be neutral or cationic depending on the pH of the coating composition.
  • the radical Y includes an ammonium group.
  • Suitable counter ions include, for example, carboxylates, halides, sulfate, and phosphate.
  • compounds of Formula III can have a Y radical that contain an ammonium group; X 1 and X 2 contain photoreactive groups that include aryl ketones.
  • photoreactive groups include ethylenebis(4-benzoylbenzyldimethylammonium) salt, hexamethylenebis(4-benzoylbenzyldimethylammonium) salt, 1,4-bis(4-benzoylbenzyl)-1,4-dimethylpiperazinediium) salt, bis(4-benzoylbenzyl)hexamethylenetetraminediium salt, bis[2-(4-benzoylbenzyldimethylammonio)ethyl]-4-benzoylbenzylmethylammonium salt, 4,4-bis(4-benzoylbenzyl)morpholinium salt, ethylenebis[(2-(4-benzoylbenzyldimethylammonio)ethyl)-4-benzoylbenzylmethylammonium]salt
  • the latent reactive group can comprise a thermally reactive group.
  • Thermal activation may be advantageous when exposure to UV light is not practical (for example the inner lumen of a tubular device) or is undesirable (for example when coating materials containing of UV light-sensitive components).
  • Thermally reactive groups may also be advantageous in coatings exhibiting low transmission of UV light.
  • Thermally reactive groups can include pairs of atoms having a heat sensitive (labile) bond between the atoms. Examples of such pairs of atoms include oxygen-oxygen (per-esters), nitrogen-oxygen, and nitrogen-nitrogen.
  • thermally reactive groups useful in present embodiments include 4,4′ azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) and analogs of benzoyl peroxide.
  • External energy sources to produce thermal energy can be used to activate a thermally reactive group.
  • the latent reactive group can include one or more nitrenogenic groups.
  • a latent reactive group can comprise a perhalophenylazide (PHPA), such as perfluorophenylazide (PFPA).
  • PHPA perhalophenylazide
  • PFPA perfluorophenylazide
  • a “nitrenogenic group” is a chemical moiety that becomes a nitrene group when exposed to a reaction-energy source.
  • An azido group is an example of a nitrenogenic group.
  • a “nitrene group” (also generally termed “nitrene” or “nitrene intermediate”) is a particular form of nitrogen group regarded as the nitrogen analog of carbenes.
  • nitrenes are generally regarded as intermediates that are highly reactive and may not be isolatable under ordinary conditions. Important nitrene reactions include (but are not limited to) addition or insertion into C—H, N—H, O—H, and C—C bonds (single and double).
  • Perfluorophenylazide can behave as a photochemically reactive or thermally reactive group, which generates perfluorophenyl nitrenes that undergo C—H/N—H insertion and alkene addition reactions.
  • the phenyl group fluorine atoms increase the lifetime of the nitrene and favor desirable crosslinking insertion with moderate to high efficiency instead of undesirable ring expansion. Insertion reactions are reported to take place at temperatures typically 130° C. or greater.
  • Perfluorophenylazides typically can be derived from 4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid.
  • reaction-energy source is an energy source that promotes adherence of a molecule to a substrate, for example, by converting nitrenogenic groups on coating agent molecules to nitrenes, which may then react with the surface of a substrate.
  • Suitable reaction-energy sources include (but are not limited to): photons, such as UV photons, and thermal energy (such as infrared radiation and conductive heating). Reaction-energy sources can be used alone or in combination.
  • Reaction-energy sources are conventionally used for such tasks as lithography, scanning microscopy and, in the case of UV and visible photons, effecting photochemical reactions and excitation of fluorescent molecules.
  • a reaction-energy source comprising UV light can be supplied, for example, using a mercury or xenon lamp.
  • a medium pressure mercury lamp is a source of photons between about 220 nm and about 1,000 nm, with a maximal intensity at about 360 nm.
  • a photomask may be used to prevent photons from reaching certain portions of a sample while allowing photons to reach other portions.
  • a thermal energy reaction-energy source can be supplied, for example, by heating a sample in an oven, typically ramped at a desired rate to a preselected working temperature or preheated to a designated temperature.
  • the designated temperature can be a temperature sufficient to increase the polymer chain mobility of the coating composition.
  • the designated temperature can vary depending on the given polymer type. For example, the temperatures can be greater than the glass transition temperatures of the polymers being immobilized on the substrate, such as temperatures from about 120° C. to about 190° C., but less than ignition temperatures of the polymers.
  • the heating time can be a time sufficient to impart the necessary energy to bond the molecules to the substrate, such as between about 5 minutes and about 40 minutes.
  • the latent reactive groups can comprise chemical reactive groups. Suitable chemical reactive groups can be referred to as redox initiators, redox catalysis agents, or redox activation agents.
  • redox initiators e.g., redox initiators, redox catalysis agents, or redox activation agents.
  • combinations of organic and inorganic oxidizers, and organic and inorganic reducing agents are used to generate radicals for polymerization.
  • a description of redox initiation can be found in Principles of Polymerization, 2nd Edition, Odian G., John Wiley and Sons, pgs 201-204, (1981), that part which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • Redox initiators that are not damaging to biological systems can be used in some embodiments.
  • Photoinitiator groups and thermally activated initiator groups that utilize energy that is not damaging to biological systems can also be used.
  • photoinitiator groups having long wavelength UV and visible light-activated frequencies are coupled to the backbone of the polymer.
  • visible light-activated photoinitiators can be pendent to the polymer.
  • the latent reactive groups of the compositions can include a photoreactive group, a chemically activated group, a thermal reactive group or combinations thereof.
  • the coating agent can be subjected to activation from a suitable source.
  • This in turn forms a covalently bound coating on the substrate surface, the coating including the polymer having pendent “reacted” groups (such as photo-“reacted” or thermally “reacted” groups), meaning that photoreactive and/or thermally reactive groups have undergone activation to form a covalent bond, thereby immobilizing the polymer to the substrate surface.
  • pendent “reacted” groups such as photo-“reacted” or thermally “reacted” groups
  • photoreactive and/or thermally reactive groups have undergone activation to form a covalent bond, thereby immobilizing the polymer to the substrate surface. It is not required that all latent reactive groups be activated in order to covalently couple the coating to a substrate surface; some latent reactive groups may return to an inactive state upon removal of the activation energy.
  • the coating agents include a polymer, one or more latent reactive groups, and one or more non-covalent linking groups.
  • a “polymer” is a compound formed by covalently linking smaller molecules termed “monomers.”
  • the monomers present in a polymer molecule can be the same or different. If the monomers are different, the polymer also may be called a copolymer.
  • the polymer component of the coating composition can serve as a backbone for attachment of non-covalent linking groups, latent reactive groups, or both non-covalent linking groups and latent reactive groups.
  • the non-covalent linking groups, the latent reactive groups, or both the non-covalent linking groups and the latent reactive groups can be described as being “pendent” from the polymer.
  • the polymer can serve as a backbone for attachment of active agents, as will be described in more detail elsewhere herein.
  • a non-covalent linking group that is “pendent” from the polymer is arranged on the polymer in a manner so that it can interact or associate with a substrate surface.
  • the non-covalent linking groups can be pendent along the length of the polymer and spaced along the length of the polymer in a random or ordered manner.
  • a polymer can be formed using any type of synthetic process that will result in the formation of a polymer with one or more pendent non-covalent linking groups.
  • a polymer can be synthesized by attaching non-covalent linking groups to a “preformed” polymer.
  • the preformed polymer can be obtained from a commercial source or be synthesized from the polymerization of a desired monomer or combination of different monomers.
  • a compound that includes a non-covalent linking group and a first reactive group is reacted with a portion of a polymer that is reactive with the first reactive group, resulting in the formation of a polymer having a pendent non-covalent linking group.
  • the reaction preferably does not cause any modification to the non-covalent linking group that would interfere with its ability to interact with the substrate to be coated.
  • Such attachments of the non-covalent linking group can be achieved by, for example, substitution or addition reactions.
  • a polymer can be formed having pendent non-covalent linking groups by first preparing monomers that include the non-covalent linking groups, and then polymerizing the monomers to form a final polymeric coating agent.
  • monomers that include the non-covalent linking groups
  • polymerizing the monomers to form a final polymeric coating agent.
  • a latent reactive group that is “pendent” from the polymer is arranged on the polymer in a manner so that it can be activated using the selected activation energy (such as light, thermal or other reaction condition) and bond to a substrate material to be coated.
  • the latent reactive groups can be pendent along the length of the polymer and spaced along the length of the polymer in a random or ordered manner.
  • a polymer in accordance with these embodiments can be formed using any type of synthetic process that will result in the formation of a polymer having one or more pendent latent reactive groups.
  • a polymer can be synthesized by attaching latent reactive groups to a “preformed” polymer.
  • the preformed polymer can be obtained from a commercial source or be synthesized from the polymerization of a desired monomer or combination of different monomers.
  • a compound that includes a photoreactive group and a first reactive group is reacted with a portion of a polymer that is reactive with the first reactive group, resulting in the formation of a polymer having a pendent photoreactive group.
  • the reaction preferably does not result in the activation of the latent reactive group; therefore the latent reactive group remains “latent” and capable of activation by suitable activation energy during the coating process.
  • Such attachments of the latent reactive group can be achieved by, for example, substitution or addition reactions.
  • a polymer can be formed having pendent latent reactive groups by first preparing monomers that include the latent reactive groups, and then polymerizing the monomers to form a final polymeric coating agent.
  • monomers that include the latent reactive groups
  • polymerizing the monomers to form a final polymeric coating agent.
  • One of skill will readily appreciate the particular synthesis scheme can be selected depending upon the components of the coating agent and the final desired product.
  • one or more of the non-covalent linking groups can be included within the polymer composition and backbone, as discussed in more detail elsewhere herein.
  • Suitable polymers may include polymeric entities such as oligomeric moieties, inorganic synthetic elastomers, block copolymers, linear polymers, linear copolymers, branched polymers, branched copolymers, homopolymers, natural polymers, positional isomeric polymers, stereo isomeric polymers and geometrical isomeric polymers.
  • the polymer can be a synthetic polymer such as vinyl polymers, polyolefins, sulfonic acid-substituted polymers, polyacrylamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethyleneimines, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polylactide-co-glycolides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, quaternary amine-substituted polymers, silicones, silicone rubbers, conductive polymers (such as polyvinylpyridine, polyacetylene, polypyrrole), as well as derivatives, copolymers, or combinations of any of these.
  • a synthetic polymer such as vinyl polymers, polyolefins, sulfonic acid-substituted polymers, polyacrylamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethyleneimines, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polylactide-co-glycolides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones,
  • the polymer can be alginic acid, cellulose, chitosan, glycogen, hyaluronic acid, pectin, mono-saccharides, di-saccharides, starch, chitin, dextran sulfate, proteins, antithrombotic agents (such as antithrombin III and antithrombogenic surfaces), albumin, attachment proteins/peptides (such as collagen), enzymes, extracellular matrix proteins/peptides, growth factors, hirudin, thrombolytic proteins (such as streptokinase, plasmin, urokinase), as well as copolymers, combinations and derivatives of any of these.
  • polymers include polymers prepared by radical polymerization, anionic polymerization, cationic polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, condensation polymerization or combinations thereof.
  • the polymer can include reactive groups.
  • Such reactive groups can provide a reactive site on the polymer backbone for attachment of non-covalent linking groups, latent reactive groups and/or active groups.
  • suitable reactive groups include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acid groups, glycidyl groups, anhydride groups, amine groups, acid chloride groups, acrylate groups, halogens, alkene groups, alkyne groups, hydroxyl groups, aldehyde groups, thiol groups, azide groups and mixtures thereof.
  • the polymer can be poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene).
  • Other suitable reactive groups include benzophenone and azo groups.
  • such reactive groups can provide a reactive site for attachment of components to the polymer backbone (such as non-covalent linking groups, latent reactive groups, active groups, and the like).
  • the resulting polymer would include such components as pendent groups from the polymer backbone, as described herein.
  • polymers can include a variety of polymeric moieties as described above, some embodiments include polymers with number average molecular weights (M n ) in the range from about 500 to about 2,000,000. Other embodiments include polymers with number average molecular weights (M n ) in the range from about 1,000 to about 20,000, from about 10,000 to about 20,000, from about 20,000 to about 30,000, from about 30,000 to about 80,000, from about 80,000 to about 100,000, from about 100,000 to about 200,000, from about 200,000 to about 500,000, from about 500,000 to about 1,000,000 and even polymers with number average molecular weights (M n ) in the range from about 500,000 to about 2,000,000.
  • polymers in the solubility range from about 0.01 mg/ml to about 2,000 mg/ml can be useful. In other applications, polymers in the solubility range of from about 0.10 mg/ml to about 2,000 mg/ml, from about 1.0 mg/ml to about 1,000 mg/ml, from about 10 mg/ml to about 2,000 mg/ml, from about 100 mg/ml to about 2,000 mg/ml or even in the range from about 1,000 mg/ml to about 2,000 mg/ml can be useful.
  • coating agents described herein can be modified to include additional components, if desired.
  • coating agents can optionally include one or more active agents.
  • active agents can be selected to provide additional features or properties to the coating agent and/or a surface to which the coating agent is applied.
  • the one or more active agents can be pendent from the polymer. When pendent from the polymer, active agents can be attached to the polymer backbone via reactive groups, as mentioned elsewhere herein.
  • Illustrative active agents include, but are not limited to, initiator groups, passivating groups, and chemical moieties that provide one or more desirable features to the coating agent, such as anti-microbial, anti-fouling, anti-angiogenic, angiogenic, antifibrotic, fibrotic, anti-thrombotis and/or protein resistant features.
  • the active agent can comprise initiator groups.
  • initiator groups can be used to initiate polymerization from a surface of a substrate.
  • polymerization can be performed from the surface of a substrate coated with the coating composition.
  • the initiator groups can be used to form a polymer brush coating on the substrate surface.
  • a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate comprising applying a coating agent to a substrate surface, the coating agent comprising: (a) polymer, (b) one or more latent reactive groups, (c) one or more noncovalent linking groups, and (d) one or more active agents.
  • the active agents can comprise initiator groups.
  • a “polymer brush coating” refers to a polymeric chain that is formed from a polymerizable substrate having a radical-generating group (the initiator group of the coating composition), wherein the polymerizable substrate is the coated composition on the substrate.
  • the polymer brush coating thereby substantially takes the form of the coated composition on the substrate surface.
  • Polymer brushes are formed by radical polymerization as described herein.
  • a brush has an elongated shape of a particular size in one direction related to the degree of polymerization in a first direction, its “length,” and a cross sectional diameter or thickness is related to the degree of polymerization in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, its “width.”
  • the brushes can assume a coiled or compacted morphology or an extended morphology.
  • the width of a brush can vary along its length.
  • the polymerization reaction can be controlled to create branchlike polymer brush structures, as well as increasing or decreasing brush density, that is, number of brushes per surface area or per weight of base material.
  • the length, width, branching and overall morphology of the polymer brushes in accordance with inventive principles can be varied according to the desired end use or purpose as described herein and by methods known in the art.
  • Selection of an initiator group can take into account the type of polymerization to be performed.
  • benzophenone or azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) can be included in a coating agent, for use as a polymerization initiator.
  • AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
  • polymerization is initiated upon application of a suitable activation energy (light energy in the case of benzophenone, and thermal energy—heat—in the case of AIBN), when the initiator decomposes into free radicals.
  • Controlled polymerization techniques based on free radical, anionic, cationic, ring opening and ring-opening metathesis polymerizations have been used to initiate polymerization for producing brush type polymers.
  • free radical generators such as benzophenones or azides, initiate polymerization of monomers to produce brush polymers with actinic activation (in the case of benzophenones) or with thermal activation (in the case of azides). All of the strategies include specialized initiator groups and these groups can be incorporated into the coating agent.
  • the initiator groups provide a site for reaction with monomers to produce covalently attached polymeric units by “grafting from” technique or, alternatively, for reaction with prefabricated polymers by a “grafting to” technique.
  • the attachment of polymers to the coating agent through controlled polymerization techniques allows for additional functionalization of the coating agent to achieve various surface properties.
  • surfaces can be anti-microbial, anti-fouling, anti-angiogenic, angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, fibrotic, anti-thrombotic and protein resistant by functionalization with the chemical moiety known to serve this purpose.
  • the functionalization of the coating agent activated by the initiator group can be completed either before or after application of the coating agent to the substrate.
  • Radical based strategies include atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) and photoiniferter-mediated polymerization.
  • ATRP atom transfer radical polymerization
  • RAFT reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer
  • NMP nitroxide-mediated polymerization
  • photoiniferter-mediated polymerization See Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5437-5527 for review of surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization.
  • ATRP relies on the reversible redox activation of a dormant alkyl halide initiator group, such as bromoisobutyrate, and the propagation of the polymer chain is based on reversible termination.
  • RAFT is base on reversible chain transfer and relies on activation of either conventional free-radical initiators in the presence of a chain transfer agent, such as 2-phenylprop-2yl dithiobenzoate, or RAFT agents such as dithiobenzoate or trithiocarbonate.
  • a chain transfer agent such as 2-phenylprop-2yl dithiobenzoate
  • RAFT agents such as dithiobenzoate or trithiocarbonate.
  • NMP relies on reversible activation/deactivation of growing polymer chains by a nitroxide radical which can be activated by 2,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinyloxy (TEMPO).
  • TEMPO 2,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinyloxy
  • Polymerizable monomer refers to a polymerizable allylic, vinylic, methacrylic or acrylic compound. In some aspects, the monomer is zwitterionic. “Zwitterionic monomer” means a polymerizable molecule containing cationic and anionic (charged) functionality in equal proportions, so that the molecule is net neutral overall.
  • Representative zwitterionic monomers include N,N-dimethyl-N-acryloyloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N-dimethyl-N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N-dimethyl-N-acrylamidopropyl-N-(2-carboxymethyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N-dimethyl-N-methacrylamidopropyl-N-(2-carboxymethyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N-dimethyl-N-acrylamidopropyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N-dimethyl-N-methacrylamidopropyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine (SBMAM), N,N-dimethyl-N-acryl
  • ATRP can be used.
  • ATRP is a controlled or “living” polymerization based upon the use of radical polymerization to convert monomer to polymer. Carbon-carbon bonds are formed through a transition metal.
  • suitable initiator groups include organic halides that are similar in the organic framework as the propagating radical.
  • Illustrative initiator groups are alkyl halides.
  • the initiator group comprises an alkyl bromide.
  • Illustrative initiator groups include bromoisobutryate.
  • Other ATRP initiators are commercially available, for example, from ATRP Solutions (Pittsburgh, Pa.).
  • the polymerization catalyst can be a suitable metal catalyst.
  • the catalyst can provide a beneficial combination of the following: two accessible oxidation states that are separated by one electron, suitable affinity of he metal center for halogens, expandability of the coordination sphere of the metal when it is oxidized to allow the metal to accommodate the halogen, and a strong ligand complexation.
  • Illustrative catalysts are copper-based.
  • Monomers typically used in ATRP are molecules with substituents that can stabilize the propagating radicals, for example, styrenes, (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamides, and acrylonitrile.
  • Illustrative solvents for atom transfer radical polymerization include toluene, 1,4-dioxane, xylene, anisole and water.
  • a substrate can be provided with a coating agent, and atom transfer radical polymerization can be initiated from the coated substrate, to thereby form a brush polymer coating on the substrate surface.
  • a substrate is immersed in a coating composition containing the coating agent (polymer, latent reactive group, noncovalent linking group and initiator) for a suitable time and then dried to remove remaining solvent. Subsequently, the coated substrate is immersed in a coating composition containing a zwitterionic monomer (such as SBMAm) and degassed under argon.
  • the coating agent polymer, latent reactive group, noncovalent linking group and initiator
  • selection of initiator to include in a coating agent may also take into account the noncovalent linking group(s) of the coating agent.
  • the initiator can be the same as, or different from, the noncovalent linking group selected.
  • benzophenone can be included as part of the coating agent, and serve as both an initiator and as a latent reactive group.
  • the coating agent can be applied to a surface, activating energy can be applied to couple the coating agent to the surface, under conditions such the less than all of the benzophenone groups are activated. Unreacted benzophenone groups can then return to the latent state, and subsequently be used as initiators for polymerization.
  • the noncovalent linking group and initiator can be different.
  • other free radical generating moieties may be used to provide free radicals to initiate polymerization.
  • an initiator that is not benzophenone such as a diazo compound. This can be advantageous, for example, in conditions where light is available to achieve crosslinking of the coating with benzophenone by actinic activation but allows diazo compounds to thermally initiate polymerization in the dark.
  • illustrative active agents can be selected from carboxylate (COO ⁇ ), sulfate (SO 3 ⁇ ), hydroxy (OH), amine (NH 2 ), methyl (CH 3 ), polyethylene glycol (PEG), siloxyl (SiO), or perfluoro [(CF 3 ) n —CF 3 )] groups.
  • the PEG active agent can comprise methoxypolyethylene glycol amine (Aldrich Chemical Company, Wis.).
  • An illustrative perfluoro agent agent is 1H, 1H-pentadecafluoroctylamine (available from Oakwood Chemical, CA).
  • coated substrates can be heated to a suitable temperature for a suitable time (for example, 140° C. for 5 to 30 minutes) to crosslink the coating.
  • coating agents can include a combination of the following components associated with the polymer: noncovalent linking group, latent reactive group, and/or active agents.
  • Each of these components of the coating agent can be provided to the polymer either before or after the polymer is formed.
  • monomers can be modified to include the desired component. These modified monomers can then be polymerized to form a final polymer containing the selected components.
  • a polymer can first be formed (a “preformed” polymer), and desired components can be coupled to the polymer subsequently.
  • components can be coupled to the polymer using suitable reaction conditions.
  • active agents can be reacted with maleic anhydride monomers to form stable amide bonds.
  • the resulting modified monomers are negatively charged, as the reaction of each maleic anhydride unit with an active agent generates a free carboxylate group.
  • preformed polymers can include reactive groups (such as maleic anhydride), and components (noncovalent linking group(s), latent reactive group(s) and/or active agent(s)) can be reacted with the maleic anhydride groups on the polymer to form stable amide bonds.
  • reactive groups such as maleic anhydride
  • Embodiments of the invention include methods for depositing a coating agent and forming a coating on a substrate.
  • the coating includes a coating agent including a polymer, a latent reactive group, and a non-covalent linking group.
  • the latent reactive group and the non-covalent linking group can be different from each other.
  • the non-covalent linking group is selected to interact with a substrate to which the coating agent is applied.
  • the substrate surface can optionally be cleaned and prepared so that the coating agent can properly bind to the substrate.
  • contaminants that may interfere with binding of the coating agent can be removed by wiping, dipping or combinations thereof of the substrate with a solvent (such as, for example, isopropyl alcohol).
  • the substrate surface may also be treated with agents so that the substrate surface will have oxide or hydroxyl groups disposed thereon.
  • the substrate can be treated with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and the like.
  • the metal can be subjected to an oxidizing potential to generate oxide or hydroxide sites on the surface of the metal.
  • the coating agent can be formed with a polymer, a latent reactive group, and a non-covalent linking group
  • the individual components of the composition can be mixed together in a suitable solvent to form a coating composition.
  • polymer, latent reactive group and non-covalent linking group coating composition can be applied to the substrate at the same time as a part of the same composition.
  • a polymer, a latent reactive group and a non-covalent linking group can be separately prepared and applied to the substrate to be coated.
  • desired endpoints include, but are not limited to lubricity, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, adhesion, durability, biocompatibility, texture and combinations thereof.
  • the polymer can include oligomeric moieties, inorganic synthetic elastomers, block copolymers, linear polymers, linear copolymers, branched polymers, branched copolymers, homopolymers, natural polymers, positional isomeric polymers, stereo isomeric polymers, and geometrical isomeric polymers in combinations or blends.
  • the polymer can include a copolymer.
  • the copolymer includes octadecene and a maleic acid derivative.
  • the latent reactive group can include a photoreactive or thermally reactive moiety.
  • Suitable photoreactive moieties include azides, diazos, diazirines, ketones, and quinones.
  • Suitable thermally reactive moieties can include 4,4′ azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) and analogs of benzoyl peroxide.
  • the photoreactive group can include acetophenone, anthrone, including acridone, benzophenone, xanthone, thioxanthone, or their ring substituted derivatives, or a quinone such as, for example anthraquinone.
  • the photoreactive moiety can include benzophenone.
  • the non-covalent linking group can include siloxane groups, dopamine, C 4 -C 20 alkyl groups, polyethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol, acrylates, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyethylenes, polypropylenes and polyethers, or the like.
  • a coating layer can be formed from reacting components of the polymer, the latent reactive group and the non-covalent linking group to produce the coating agent for application to a silicon-containing substrate.
  • the non-covalent linking group includes a siloxane.
  • the non-covalent linking group is a reaction product including 3-aminopropylmethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)silane.
  • the polymer, and the latent reactive group are mixed together using appropriate reaction conditions and solvents for the components.
  • the non-covalent linking group component is added to the reaction mixture to produce the coating agent including pendent non-covalent linking group(s) and latent reactive group(s).
  • a suitable composition includes reacting 3-aminopropylmethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)silane, poly(octadecene-alt-maleic anhydride) and benzophenone to make a polymeric coating agent with a pendant siloxane group as represented in Formulae (I) and (IV).
  • the resultant coating agent may be applied to a PDMS surface wherein treatment with actinic energy, such as UV-light, occurs and the surface coating composition is covalently attached to PDMS surface.
  • actinic energy such as UV-light
  • additional coating layers may be applied, optionally, to the coating layer to provide additional surface modification.
  • a coating composition can be formed.
  • the coating composition can be applied to the substrate from a solvent.
  • suitable solvents include isopropyl alcohol, ketones, alkanes, chloroform, alcohols, tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetates, methyl acetates, water, dioxanes, ethers, toluene, petroleum ethers, and mixtures thereof.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • Different types of application techniques can be used to apply the coating composition to the surface of the substrate.
  • the coating composition can be sprayed onto the surface of the substrate, dip-coated onto the surface of the substrate, wiped onto the surface of the substrate, blade-coated onto the surface of the substrate, sponge coated onto the surface of the substrate, or combinations thereof.
  • the substrate with the coating composition can be exposed to actinic energy, for example UV-light, to induce reaction of the latent reactive group with the substrate. After exposure to actinic energy, the coated substrate can be washed to remove any unbound (for example, non-covalently bound) materials.
  • the non-covalent linking group, the polymer and the latent reactive groups can be applied as separate compositions to the substrate to be coated. Therefore, after a sufficient time to allow reaction of the composition, external energy can be applied to bond the layer to the substrate. A wash step can be performed to remove unbonded materials. In this embodiment, a latent reactive agent can then be applied separately to the substrate. However, in either embodiment the latent reactive agent will retain reactive groups that are available for further reaction, for example, to couple to a hydrophobic polymer layer or other moieties as is appropriate.
  • an active agent layer can be disposed over the surface primer coated layer.
  • an active agent layer composition can be prepared by mixing one or more polymers together with an active agent in an appropriate solvent. The active agent layer can then be applied to the surface primer coated layer through any suitable technique including spray coating, dip coating, blade coating, and the like.
  • a passivating coating can be applied as an overcoat.
  • a coating agent including polymer, latent reactive groups and noncovalent linking groups
  • the latent reactive groups of the primer coating agent can comprise thermally reactive groups.
  • a passivator overcoat composition can be applied.
  • the passivator overcoat composition can comprise polymer and latent reactive groups.
  • a noncovalent linking group is not included in the passivator overcoat composition.
  • surface modified articles include devices that can be inserted into the body of a mammal.
  • Such articles include, but are not limited to, vascular devices such as guidewires, stents, stent grafts, covered stents, catheters, valves, distal protection devices, aneurysm occlusion devices, septal defect closures and artificial hearts; heart assist devices such as defibrillators, pacemakers and pacing leads; orthopedic devices such as joint implants and fracture repair devices; dental devices such as dental implants and fracture repair devices; ophthalmic devices and glaucoma drain shunts; urological devices such as penile, sphincter, urethral, bladder and renal devices; and synthetic prostheses such as breast prostheses and artificial organs.
  • Coating layers on medical devices are durable and well suited to applications in which the medical device is subjected to twisting and bending during insertion into a patient, and/or during residence of the device within a patient.
  • inorganic substrate examples include non-implanted biomedical devices such as, but are not limited to, diagnostic slides such as gene chips, DNA chip arrays, microarrays, protein chips, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) slides; arrays including cDNA arrays, and oligonucleotide arrays; chromatographic support materials, cell culture devices, biosensors, and the like.
  • diagnostic slides such as gene chips, DNA chip arrays, microarrays, protein chips, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) slides
  • arrays including cDNA arrays, and oligonucleotide arrays include chromatographic support materials, cell culture devices, biosensors, and the like.
  • the surface modified articles described above can include a substrate; a coated layer including (a) a polymer, (b) at least one latent reactive group, (c) at least one non-covalent linking group, and (d) at least one overcoat layer.
  • the overcoat layer can be a hydrophilic polymer.
  • the hydrophilic polymer can include synthetic polymers, natural polymers, polyionic polymers or a combination thereof.
  • the hydrophilic polymer can be a copolymer or a homopolymer.
  • Suitable natural hydrophilic polymers include alginic acid, alginate, heparin, hyaluronic, acid, hyaluronate, polylysine, saccharide, chitosan, dextran, gelatin, collagen, cellulose, keratin, polypeptide, nucleotide, protein, and the like.
  • Suitable synthetic hydrophilic polymers can be prepared from acrylic monomers, vinyl monomers, ether monomers, or combinations thereof.
  • Acrylic monomers include, for example, methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, glycerol acrylate, glycerol methacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, and derivatives thereof.
  • Vinyl monomers include, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl alcohol, and derivatives thereof.
  • Ether monomers include, for example, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, and derivatives thereof.
  • Polyionic monomers include, for example, quaternary ammonium, ethyleneimine, or combinations thereof.
  • Suitable hydrophilic polymers can include copolymers such as, for example, polymethyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone/polymethacrylamide copolymers, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone/polyacrylamide copolymers.
  • the overcoat layer can be a hydrophobic polymer.
  • the overcoat layer can be a superhydrophobic polymer or an ultrahydrophobic polymer.
  • Illustrative superhydrophobic and ultrahydrophobic polymers are described in commonly owned United States Patent Publication Numbers 2010/0081750 A1 (published Apr. 1, 2010; Guire, et al., “Nanotextured Surfaces”) and 2008/0268233 (published Oct. 30, 2008; Lawin, et al., “Nanotextured Super or Ultra Hydrophobic Coatings”).
  • a lubricious coating layer can be combined with a drug-release layer to provide a surface modified article with a lubricious surface and a specific drug-release profile.
  • surface modified articles can provide durable antimicrobial activity.
  • the overcoated article (for example, the article including a substrate, primer layer and overcoat) can be subjected to actinic energy providing further beneficial surface modification to the article.
  • actinic energy providing further beneficial surface modification to the article.
  • subjecting the overcoated article to actinic radiation can, in some cases, increase the durability of the surface modified article in use.
  • articles comprising a substrate comprising a polyolefin, and a coating disposed on a surface of the substrate, the coating comprising: (a) a polymer backbone, (b) one or more latent reactive groups that are pendent from the polymer backbone, and (c) one or more noncovalent linking groups, the noncovalent linking groups selected to interact with the substrate.
  • the substrate can comprise polyethyelene.
  • the noncovalent linking group can be a catechol.
  • articles comprise a substrate fabricated of a metal, and a coating disposed on a surface of the substrate, the coating comprising: (a) a polymer backbone, (b) one or more latent reactive groups that are pendent from the polymer backbone, and (c) one or more noncovalent linking groups, the noncovalent linking groups selected to interact with the substrate.
  • the metal can be one or more of stainless steel, aluminum, nitinol or cobalt-chromium.
  • the noncovalent linking group can comprise a siloxane.
  • LubricentTM Hydrophilic coatings consisting of a blend of a hydrogel-forming polymer combined with a photoreactive compound dissolved in isopropyl alcohol, commercially available under the product name LubricentTM 460, from Harland Medical, Eden Prairie, Minn.
  • the polymer product was characterized by 1 H NMR ( ⁇ 0.0 ppm, C H 3 —Si; ⁇ 0.8-1.5 ppm, alkyl protons; ⁇ 2.5-3.5 ppm, C H —C ⁇ O; ⁇ 7.4-7.6 ppm, aromatic protons) and FT-IR (C ⁇ O: 1710 cm ⁇ 1 ; benzophenone: 1593 cm ⁇ 1 ; Si—CH 3 : 1258 cm ⁇ 1 , 843 cm ⁇ , 755 cm ⁇ 1 ; Si—O—Si: 1052 cm ⁇ 1 ).
  • the polymer product was soluble in common solvents including isopropanol (IPA), acetone, hexane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and ethyl acetate, but insoluble in water.
  • IPA isopropanol
  • acetone acetone
  • hexane hexane
  • chloroform tetrahydrofuran
  • ethyl acetate tetrahydrofuran
  • Five pieces of 10 cm silicone tubing (DOVERTM silicone catheter, Covidien) were prepared for coating with the polymer by cleaning with a brief hand-rub of isopropanol.
  • the silicone tubing pieces were coated with the Photo-POMAS/IPA solution by immersing the pieces in the solution for 30 seconds, then extracting the pieces of tubing from the coating solution at 0.5 cm/sec.
  • the pieces were air dried at room temperature for 3 minutes, then irradiated with ultraviolet light (Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.) (300 to 400 nm) for 1 minute at a distance of 15 cm from the light source.
  • ultraviolet light Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.
  • the photo-POMAS coating on the silicone tubing was characterized by SEM and Confocal Raman Microscope ( FIG. 1 ). A uniform coating was confirmed.
  • confocal Raman microscopy revealed a uniform coating on silicone catheter (red, silicone; green, primer coating; blue, additive in silicone rubber).
  • the Photo-POMAS coated tubing pieces prepared in Example 2 were coated with LubricentTM 460 by immersing the Photo-POMAS coated pieces in a LubricentTM solution for 30 seconds, then extracting the Photo-POMAS and LubricentTM coated silicone tubing at 0.5 cm/sec.
  • the coated silicone pieces were air dried at room temperature for 3 minutes, then irradiated with ultraviolet light (300 to 400 nm) at 15 cm for 3 minutes. Silicone tubing coated with LubricentTM without the Photo-POMAS polymer primer coating layer was used as a control.
  • Congo red was used to detect the presence of the LubricentTM coating on the surface of the silicone tubing, prepared as described in Example 3.
  • LubricentTM coatings with a Photo-POMAS polymer primer coating layer and without a Photo-POMAS polymer primer coating layer were rinsed with deionized water extensively and then immersed into 50 mg/ml Congo red solution (Aldrich Chemicals, Milwaukee, Wis.). After 1 minute of soaking in the Congo red solution, the samples were removed and rinsed with deionized water 3 times.
  • coated silicone pieces prepared as described in Example 3 above were tested with a commercial friction tester (Harland Medical, FTS 5000, Eden Prairie, Minn.) for lubricity.
  • a commercial friction tester Harland Medical, FTS 5000, Eden Prairie, Minn.
  • the coated tubing pieces were hydrated for 2 minutes in deionized water and then the silicone pads of the friction tester were compressed against the tubing while the tubing was immersed in water.
  • the tubing piece was pulled upward at the rate of 1.0 cm/sec for a distance 6.0 cm. After testing, the clamps were released and the tubing piece moved freely downward 6.0 cm at 2.0 cm/sec. This friction testing cycle was repeated fifteen times.
  • the average friction force required to pull the Photo-POMAS and LubricentTM coated silicone tubing through the silicone pads with 300 g of force on the tubing piece was approximately 10 g.
  • the average friction force to pull tubing without the primer coating but with the LubricentTM coating through the silicone pads exceeded 250 g. No significant change from the 10 g of force required for the Photo-POMAS and LubricentTM coated silicone tubing was seen throughout the fifteen cycles of the friction test. The friction test was performed again on the coated samples after being stored at room temperature for 70 days ( FIG. 2 ).
  • Silicone tubing pieces were coated with Photo-POMAS as described in Example 2. After a period of 40 days, the silicone tubing pieces were coated with a superhydrophobic coating composition as follows.
  • a superhydrophobic coating composition consisting of 16 mg/ml fumed silica particles (commercially available under the product name CAB-O-SIL TS720, Cabot Corporation, Boston Mass.) and 13.3 mg/ml polyisobutylene (PIB) (BASF, Florham Park, N.J., MW 2000K) in hexane was prepared. Silicone tubing pieces were coated with the superhydrophobic coating composition by immersing the Photo-POMAS coated pieces in the superhydrophobic coating composition for 30 seconds, then extracting the tubing at 0.5 cm/sec. The coated silicone pieces were air dried at room temperature. Water wettability was investigated by immersing the coated pieces in water.
  • results are shown in FIG. 3 , which illustrates that the superhydrophobic coating only adhered to the silicone pieces that included a Photo-POMAS coating layer, whereas the unprimed pieces (those pieces that did not include a Photo-POMAS coating) were not superhydrophobic even though superhydrophobic formulation had been applied.
  • a superhydrophobic coating applied on unprimed catheter does not show a superhydrophobic effect in water.
  • a superhydrophobic coating applied on primed catheter does not wet and retains a layer of trapped air.
  • the substrates for this example comprised silicone discs (1.2 cm, prepared as described in Example 16). Prior to application of the coating, the silicone discs were cleaned by immersion in isopropyl alcohol (IPA), followed by sonication for 15 minutes. The discs were then placed on a rocker for 5 minutes.
  • IPA isopropyl alcohol
  • each silicone disc was coated with Photo-POMAS coating as described in Example 2 and air dried at room temperature for 3 minutes.
  • the silicone discs were then irradiated with ultraviolet light (Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.) (300 to 400 nm) through a mask for 1 minute at a distance of 15 cm from the light source, as illustrated in FIG. 5 .
  • the coated samples were sonicated in IPA for 2 minutes.
  • a hydrophilic coating was then applied to entire surface of each disc as described in Example 3.
  • the coated samples were extensively rinsed with water by gentle rubbing and stained with Congo red.
  • FIG. 5 shows that the hydrophilic coating only adhered to the regions with UV exposure (as shown by staining in red).
  • a 30 mg/mL solution of Photo-POMAS in isopropanol was prepared as previously described.
  • a stainless steel substrate was prepared for coating with the polymer by cleaning with isopropanol.
  • the cleaned substrate was then coated with the Photo-POMAS/IPA solution by immersing the substrate in the solution for 30 seconds, then extracting the substrate from the coating solution at 0.5 cm/second.
  • the sample was then air dried at room temperature, then irradiated with ultraviolet light (Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.) (300-400 nm) for 1 minute at a distance of 15 cm from the light source.
  • ultraviolet light Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.
  • the Photo-POMAS coated stainless steel piece was coated with LubricentTM by immersing the Photo-POMAS coated pieces in a LubricentTM solution for 30 seconds, then extracting the LubricentTM coated substrate at 1 cm/second.
  • the coated substrate was air dried at room temperature for 10 minutes, then irradiated with ultraviolet light (Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.) (300-400 nm), for 5 minutes at a distance of 15 cm from the light source.
  • the sample was rinsed with deionized water with gentle rubbing.
  • the coated sample was dipped in Congo red stain for the presence of the coating as previously described in Example 4.
  • the spotty presence of Congo red staining in the coating layer showed stainless steel primed with Photo-POMAS partially retained a coating of LubricentTM.
  • a 5.0173 g amount of poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (POMA) was added to a 250 round-bottomed one-neck flask equipped with a stir bar and reflux condenser.
  • a 4.0720 g amount of 4-aminobenzophenone (BP), 0.0896 g of 4-(dimethylaminopyridine) and 100 ml of chloroform (Fisher Chemicals, Pittsburgh, Pa.) were then added to the flask and stirred. The reaction was stirred and refluxed at 83° C. in an oil bath for 2 hours with argon, and the solvent was removed with a rotary evaporator.
  • a 10 cm piece of silicone tubing was cleaned with isopropanol and dried.
  • the silicone tubing piece was dipped into a coating solution including 60 mg/mL POMA-BP (prepared as described in Example 10) in isopropanol at a speed of 1 cm/sec with a dwelling time of 30 seconds.
  • the tubing was extracted from the coating solution, dried and illuminated under a UVM 400 ultraviolet lamp for 1 minute at a distance of 15 cm.
  • the POMA-BP coated silicone tubing piece was dipped into a coating solution of LubricentTM at a speed of 1 cm/sec with a dwelling time of 30 seconds, and then illuminated under a UVM 400 ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes at a distance of 15 cm.
  • the tubing was rinsed with deionized water with gentle rubbing.
  • the lubricity and wettability of the tubing piece was examined by rubbing the silicone tubing by hand. The tubing appeared lubricious. Next, the silicone tubing piece was dipped in Congo red stain for the presence of the coating as previously described in Example 4. The visible indication of Congo red in the coating layer showed silicone tubing coated with POMA-BP polymer primer coating layer retained a coating of LubricentTM.
  • POMA Poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene)
  • a piece of 10 cm silicone tubing was cleaned with isopropanol and dried.
  • the silicone tubing piece was dipped into a coating solution including 60 mg/mL POMA-S in isopropanol (prepared as described in Example 12 above) at a speed of 1 cm/sec with a dwelling time of 30 seconds.
  • the tubing was extracted from the coating solution, dried and illuminated under a UVM 400 ultraviolet lamp for 1 minute at a distance of 15 cm.
  • the POMA-S coated silicone tubing piece was dipped into a coating solution of LubricentTM at a speed of 1 cm/sec with a dwelling time of 30 seconds, and then illuminated under a UVM 400 ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.
  • the tubing was rinsed with deionized water with gentle rubbing.
  • the lubricity and wettability of the tubing piece was examined by rubbing the silicone tubing by hand. The tubing was not lubricious. Next, the piece was dipped in Congo red stain (Aldrich Chemicals, Milwaukee, Wis.) for the presence of the coating as previously described as described in Example 4. The absence of Congo red staining in the coating layer showed silicone tubing primed with POMA-S did not retain a coating of LubricentTM.
  • a piece of 10 cm silicone tubing was cleaned with isopropanol and dried.
  • the silicone tubing piece was dipped into a coating solution including 60 mg/mL PMVEMA-BP in isopropanol (prepared as described in Example 14 above) at a speed of 1 cm/sec with a dwelling time of 30 seconds.
  • the tubing was extracted from the coating solution, dried and illuminated under a UVM 400 ultraviolet lamp for 1 minute at a distance of 15 cm.
  • the PMVEMA-BP coated silicone tubing piece was dipped into a coating solution of LubricentTM at a speed of 1 cm/sec with a dwelling time of 30 seconds, and then illuminated under a UVM 400 ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.
  • the tubing was rinsed with deionized water with gentle rubbing.
  • the lubricity and wettability of the tubing piece was examined by rubbing the silicone tubing by hand. The tubing was not lubricious. Next, the piece was dipped in Congo red stain for the presence of the coating as previously described in Example 4. The presence of Congo red staining in the coating layer showed silicone tubing primed with PMVEMA-BP retained a coating of LubricentTM although the coating was not lubricious.
  • substrates Prior to application of a coating, substrates were cleaned as follows. 12 mm glass coverslips (VWR micro coverglass, 12 mm circles, No. 2) were immersed in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and sonicated for 15 minutes. The coverslips were then placed on a rocker for 5 minutes.
  • IPA isopropyl alcohol
  • a silicone surface was provided to the cleaned coverslips as follows. Sylgard 184 elastomer (Dow Corning) was combined with PDMS to provide a 10:1 ratio (100 ⁇ L elastomer was used for every 1 g PDMS). The elastomer was mixed, and vacuum was applied for 10-15 minutes. Elastomer was placed on the coverslips by pipetting a 50 ⁇ L drop on the center of the coverslip. Vacuum was applied for 10 additional minutes.
  • Coated coverslips were placed on a hotplate, at 60° C. for one hour. After curing, the coated substrates were incubated at ambient conditions overnight.
  • Siliconized coverslips were coated with a primer composition as follows. Siliconized coverslips were immersed into a solution of Photo-POMAS in IPA (20 g/L, prepared as described above in Example 1), for 30 seconds, then extracted and spin-dried at a rate of approximately 650 rpm for 10 seconds to produce an even coating. After removal from the Photo-POMAS solution, substrates were allowed to air dry further for 5 minutes. Subsequently, substrates were illuminated with ultraviolet light (Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.) (300 to 400 nm) for 3 minutes at a distance of 12 cm from the light source. After illumination, the coated substrates were allowed to cool.
  • UV light Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.
  • the photo-POMAS coated coverslips were then treated with a photochemical crosslinker prepared as described in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,772,393. Treatment was accomplished by depositing 20 microliters of a 10 mg/mL solution of the crosslinker in acetone to each disc. The treated coverslips were allowed to air-dry in the dark for 30 minutes prior to being placed face-down in a modified 15 mL polypropylene test tube with the tip cut off and notches cut out of the bottom. The modified test tubes were used to securely hold and submerge the primed discs in a quartz chamber filled with zwitterionic monomer.
  • a zwitterionic polymer was grafted from the surface of the coated substrates as follows.
  • a monomer solution of [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]-dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, inner salt (Aldrich) was prepared at a concentration of 0.5 M in deionized water (13.642 g of SBMAAm monomer and 93.3 mL deionized water) and sparged with argon gas for 20 minutes. 10 mL of 0.5 M SBMAAm monomer solution was then added to test tubes containing the substrates. The quartz chamber was purged with argon gas for five minutes prior to being sealed with black vinyl tape (3M).
  • the sealed quartz chamber containing the primed samples was placed 10 cm above the ultraviolet light source (Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.) and illuminated for 30 minutes.
  • the post-graft polymerized samples were removed and washed with copious amounts of deionized water before being rinsed with isopropanol and allowed to air-dry. The success of the graft polymerization was confirmed by the observed low water contact angle.
  • Coatings are applied to the substrate by immersing the substrate in the coating solution, removing the substrate from the solution and after drying, the coated substrate is heated to 140° C. for 5 to 30 minutes to crosslink the coating.
  • R represents 16 carbon hydrocarbon chain.
  • Perfluorophenylazide is a latent reactive group that generates perfluorophenyl nitrenes that undergo C—H/N—H insertion and alkene addition reactions.
  • Perfluorophenyl azide can be activated either by UV illumination or by heating. Thermally initiated insertion reactions are reported to take place at temperatures typically ⁇ 130°.
  • the silicone substrate is immersed in the perfluorophenylazide-POMAS polymer in a suitable solvent, for a suitable time. The substrates are then extracted from the coating solution at a suitable rate (for example, 0.5 cm/second), then air dried.
  • the substrates are heated to a temperature suitable to activate the perfluorophenylazide latent reactive groups.
  • Patterning can be accomplished by first selectively activating a portion of the latent reactive groups on the coated substrate with UV light (for example, utilizing a mask) and subsequently reacting the remaining latent reactive groups with either UV light or heat under substantially different conditions.
  • the resulting solution is washed 3 times with 2N HCl, followed by 3 washes with deionized water.
  • the sample is dried over Na 2 SO 4 . After vacuum filtration, the filtrate is concentrated to dryness on a rotovap.
  • the sample is refluxed for 8 hours in a mixture of 0.33 g NaN 3 a water/acetone mixture to obtain the product shown below.
  • Coatings are applied to the substrate by immersing the substrate in the coating solution, removing the substrate from the solution and after drying, the coated substrate is heated to 140° C. for 5 to 30 minutes to crosslink the coating.
  • R represents 16 carbon hydrocarbon chain.
  • the reaction is then refluxed for 2 hours and to achieve deprotection of the amine.
  • the sample is then washed with 0.5N NaOH, followed by wash with deionized water and drying on rotary evaporator.
  • the sample is then dissolved in chloroform, cooled to 0° C. and 0.9 mL of ⁇ -bromoisobutyryl bromide (Aldrich Chemical Company, WI) and 1 mL triethylamine is added.
  • the reaction is run for 2 hours. Subsequently, a 2.5 mL aminopropylmethyl bis(trimethyl-siloxy) silane portion is added, and the reaction is refluxed for 2 hours.
  • the resulting solution is washed 3 times with 2N HCl, followed by 3 washes with deionized water.
  • the sample is then dried over Na 2 SO 4 . After vacuum filtration, the filtrate is concentrated to dryness on a rotovap The sample is refluxed for 8 hours in a mixture of 0.33 g NaN 3 a water/acetone mixture to obtain the product shown below.
  • Coatings are applied to the substrate by immersing the substrate in the coating solution, removing the substrate from the solution and after drying, the coated substrate is heated to 140° C. for 5 to 30 minutes to crosslink the coating.
  • the polymer of example 20 is prepared as a coating solution by dissolving the polymer in isopropanol or other suitable solvent. Silicone coupons are immersed in the coating solution and withdrawn to achieve a thin layer of the polymer on the surface of the silicone coupon.
  • the substrate is then rinsed three times with water and three times with IPA.
  • Thermal crosslinking of the coating is achieved by heating to 140° C. from 5 to 30 minutes, or photo crosslinking of the coating is achieved by exposure to UV light source (Harland Medical UVM400, Eden Prairie, Minn.). See also Ohno, K., et al., “A Versatile Method of Initiator Fixation for Surface-Initiated Living Radical Polymerization on Polymeric Substrates,” Macromolecules 43: 5569-5574 (2010).
  • Dopamine was synthesized and protected in preparation for adding dopamine as a noncovalent linking group to a polymer.
  • reaction mixture was added to 200 ml of chloroform, 200 ml of 1M NaCl aqueous solution, and 100 ml of deionized water.
  • the organic phase was separated and dried over sodium sulfate, then the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give 9.83 g of crude material.
  • the product was further purified by column purification with 90:10 dichloromethane:acetone to yield 9.16 g N-carboxybenzyldopamine.
  • the product was characterized by 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): 8.70 ppm (s, br, 2H), 7.32 ppm (m, 5H), 6.60 ppm (m, 2H), 6.42 ppm (m, 1H), 5.01 ppm (s, 2H), 3.12 ppm (m, 2H), 2.50 ppm (m, 2H).
  • the reaction scheme was as follows:
  • 6-maleimidohexanoic acid was synthesized according to the procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,456,178 example 4.
  • a 250 ml roundbottom flask was charged with 1.0297 g of 6-maleimidohexanoic acid and 25 ml of anhydrous chloroform under an argon atmosphere.
  • 1 ml of oxalic chloride Aldrich Chemicals, Milwaukee, Wis.
  • the reaction mixture stirred overnight at room temperature under argon. After 24 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting 6-maleimidohexanoyl chloride was washed twice with hexane, with hexane removal in vacuo.
  • Polymer product was characterized by 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.82 ppm (m), 6.67 ppm (s), 6.50 ppm (m), 3.70 (s, broad), 2.05 (s), 1.40 ppm (m, broad).
  • the coating was visualized by staining with 0.3% Crystal Violet gram stain for 10 seconds, followed by rinsing in a water stream. All of the pieces showed a coating line were the coating was applied as evidenced by a purple color. Uncoated silicone and HDPE did not develop any purple stain. Results demonstrated the affinity of the coating on HDPE and silicone substrates.
  • the polymer product was characterized by 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.5-7.8 ppm (m, broad),6.65-6.75 ppm (s, broad), 2.8-3.8 ppm (m, broad), 2.4-0.8 ppm (m, broad), 1.58 ppm (s, broad).
  • Polymer product was characterized by 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): 8.7 ppm (d, broad) 7.4-7.8 ppm (m, broad), 6.5-6.7 ppm (m, broad), 6.3-6.45 ppm (m, broad), 2.8-3.8 ppm (m, broad), 2.4-0.8 ppm (m, broad).
  • a coating agent composed of a polymer including a polymaleic acid derivative, pendent noncovalent linking groups, and pendent latent reactive groups is synthesized as follows. 0.25 g of 2,2-dimethyl(1,3)benzodioxole-ethyl, 6-maleimidohexanoamide, as synthesized in Example 24, is dissolved in 3 ml of tetrahydrofuran in a 20 ml amber jar.
  • the remaining THF is removed by air stream, then the crude copolymer is dissolved in 95:5 trichloroacetic acid:water to deprotect the catechol.
  • the copolymer is stirred at room temperature overnight in the TCA:water mixture, then is precipitated in diethyl ether at room temperature to yield a copolymer including a polymaleic acid derivative having pendent benzophenone and dopamine groups.

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WO2011084811A1 (en) 2011-07-14
CN102712825A (zh) 2012-10-03
EP2516567A4 (de) 2013-12-11
EP2516567B1 (de) 2016-08-03
CN102712825B (zh) 2016-03-16
US9539371B2 (en) 2017-01-10
AU2010339654A1 (en) 2012-06-07
US20150359944A1 (en) 2015-12-17
MX2012007209A (es) 2012-07-10
AU2010339654B2 (en) 2014-07-17
CA2781895A1 (en) 2011-07-14
JP2013514841A (ja) 2013-05-02
US10266620B2 (en) 2019-04-23
US20170081435A1 (en) 2017-03-23

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