US20120076865A1 - Controlled release dosage forms for high dose, water soluble and hygroscopic drug substances - Google Patents

Controlled release dosage forms for high dose, water soluble and hygroscopic drug substances Download PDF

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US20120076865A1
US20120076865A1 US13/071,369 US201113071369A US2012076865A1 US 20120076865 A1 US20120076865 A1 US 20120076865A1 US 201113071369 A US201113071369 A US 201113071369A US 2012076865 A1 US2012076865 A1 US 2012076865A1
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controlled release
dosage form
drug
release dosage
administration
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Clark Allphin
James Pfeiffer
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Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Priority to US13/071,369 priority Critical patent/US20120076865A1/en
Application filed by Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc
Publication of US20120076865A1 publication Critical patent/US20120076865A1/en
Assigned to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. reassignment Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ALLPHIN, CLARK PATRICK, PFEIFFER, JAMES FREDERICK
Assigned to BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INTERNATIONAL III LIMITED, JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS IRELAND LIMITED, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority to US16/025,487 priority patent/US10758488B2/en
Priority to US16/712,260 priority patent/US10987310B2/en
Priority to US16/916,677 priority patent/US10813885B1/en
Priority to US17/012,831 priority patent/US10966931B2/en
Priority to US17/012,823 priority patent/US10959956B2/en
Priority to US17/224,781 priority patent/US11090269B1/en
Assigned to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INTERNATIONAL III LIMITED, CELATOR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., CAVION, INC., JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS IRELAND LIMITED reassignment Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.
Priority to US17/380,509 priority patent/US11207270B2/en
Priority to US17/549,151 priority patent/US20220096384A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2072—Pills, tablets, discs, rods characterised by shape, structure or size; Tablets with holes, special break lines or identification marks; Partially coated tablets; Disintegrating flat shaped forms
    • A61K9/2086—Layered tablets, e.g. bilayer tablets; Tablets of the type inert core-active coat
    • A61K9/209—Layered tablets, e.g. bilayer tablets; Tablets of the type inert core-active coat containing drug in at least two layers or in the core and in at least one outer layer
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/284—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/284—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    • A61K9/2846—Poly(meth)acrylates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/2853—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poloxamers, poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/286—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/286—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2866—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2893—Tablet coating processes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to controlled release drug compositions.
  • drugs it is difficult to formulate a controlled release dosage form that maintains an effective concentration of the drug over a sustained period of time.
  • drugs that are administered at a high dose drugs having a low molecular weight, and drugs with high water solubility make formulation of a controlled release dosage form challenging.
  • drugs that must be administered at a high dose constrain the amount of rate controlling excipients that can be used in formulating a drug composition that is both capable of sustained delivery of therapeutic doses of the drug and exhibits a size and shape suited to oral administration.
  • Low molecular weight and high-solubility drugs may also readily permeate films and matrices that might otherwise be used to control release, and high solubility drugs are not suited to some drug delivery approaches, particularly where zero-order release kinetics are desired.
  • GHB gamma-hydroxy butyrate
  • fibromyalgia also referred to as fibromyalgia syndrome, FMS or fibrositis syndrome
  • FMS fibromyalgia syndrome
  • fibromyalgia syndrome also referred to as fibromyalgia syndrome, FMS or fibrositis syndrome
  • These patients show specific regions of localized tenderness in the absence of demonstrable anatomic or biochemical pathology, and patients suffering from fibromyalgia typically describe light and/or restless sleep, often reporting that they awaken feeling unrefreshed with pain, stiffness, physical exhaustion, and lethargy.
  • H. D. Moldofsky et al. J. Muscoloskel. Pain, 1, 49 (1993).
  • Moldofsky's group has shown that aspects of the patients' sleep pathology are related to their pain and mood symptoms. That is, patients with fibrositis syndrome show an alpha (7.5 to 11 Hz) electroencephalographic (EEG), non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep anomaly correlated with musculoskeletal pain and altered mood. Moldofsky has interpreted this alpha EEG NREM sleep anomaly to be an indicator of an arousal disorder within sleep associated with the subjective experience of non-restorative sleep. See H. D. Moldofsky et al., Psychosom. Med., 37, 341 (1975).
  • EEG electroencephalographic
  • NREM non-rapid-eye-movement
  • CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
  • WO 2006/053186 to Frucht describes an open label study of 5 patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders including ethanol responsive myoclonus and essential tremor.
  • Sodium oxybate a sodium salt of GHB, was reported to produce dose-dependent improvements in blinded ratings of ethanol responsive myoclonus and tremor and was said to be tolerated at doses that provided clinical benefit.
  • Liang et al. disclose administration of GHB using an immediate release component and a delayed release component.
  • the delayed release component of the formulations taught in Liang et al. function in a pH dependent manner.
  • FIG. 1 shows the delivery profile of sodium oxybate controlled release formulations as described herein.
  • FIG. 2 shows the delivery profile of integrated dosage forms as described herein having an immediate release component and a controlled release component.
  • FIG. 3 provides a graph illustrating that the controlled release profile of dosage forms prepared according to the present description can be altered by altering the coating weight of a functional coating.
  • FIG. 4 provides a graph further illustrating that the controlled release profile of dosage forms prepared according to the present description can be altered by altering the coating weight of a functional coating.
  • FIG. 5 provides a graph illustrating that the controlled release profile of dosage forms prepared according to the present description can be altered by altering the amount of pore former included within a functional coating.
  • FIG. 6 provides a graph further illustrating that the controlled release profile of dosage forms prepared according to the present description can be altered by altering the amount of pore former included within a functional coating.
  • FIG. 7 provides a graph illustrating that the controlled release profile of dosage forms prepared according to the present description can be altered by varying the molecular weight of a pore former included within a functional coating.
  • FIG. 8 provides a graph illustrating that suitable controlled release profiles from dosage forms prepared according to the present description can be achieved even with functional coatings formed using different grades of the same base polymer material.
  • FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B provide graphs illustrating the effects of alcohol on the delivery profile of sustained-release formulations prepared as described herein.
  • FIG. 10 provides a graph illustrating the controlled release performance achieved by dosage forms as described herein having functional coatings prepared from aqueous dispersions of ethylcellulose as the base polymer.
  • FIG. 11 provides a graph illustrating the controlled release performance achieved by dosage forms as described herein incorporating calcium oxybate as the drug.
  • FIG. 12 provides a graph illustrating the plasma concentration of sodium oxybate over time provided by a sodium oxybate oral solution (Treatment A) and a sodium oxybate controlled release dosage form as described herein (Treatment B).
  • FIG. 13 provides a graph illustrating the plasma concentration of sodium oxybate over time provided by a sodium oxybate oral solution (Treatment A) and a sodium oxybate controlled release dosage form as described herein (Treatment C).
  • FIG. 14 provides a graph illustrating the plasma concentration of sodium oxybate over time provided by a sodium oxybate oral solution (Treatment A) and a sodium oxybate controlled release dosage form as described herein dosed at 4 g (Treatment D) and 8 g (Treatment E).
  • Formulations and dosage forms for the controlled release of a drug are described herein.
  • Formulations described herein are suited to the controlled release of high dose drugs that are highly water soluble.
  • the formulations described herein provide controlled release of drugs that are highly hygroscopic, even where such drugs must be administered at relatively high doses.
  • the controlled release formulations are provided as a unit dosage form, and in one such embodiment, the controlled release formulation is provided as a coated tablet.
  • the formulations and dosage forms of the present invention can also include an immediate release component.
  • the immediate release component can form part of a controlled release (CR) unit dosage form or may be a separate immediate release composition. Therefore, an immediate release (IR) component may be provided, for example, as a dry powder formulation, an immediate release tablet, an encapsulated formulation, or a liquid solution or suspension. However, the IR component may also be formulated as part of a single dosage form that integrates both the IR and CR components. In such an embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation may be provided in the form of the coated tablet or capsule.
  • controlled release and immediate release formulations can be dosed together to a subject to provide quick onset of action, followed by maintenance of therapeutic levels of the drug substance over a sustained period of time.
  • dosed together refers to substantially simultaneous dosing of the controlled release and immediate release components, but not necessarily administration in the same dosage form. Dosing the controlled release and immediate release components together offers increased convenience, allowing patients to quickly achieve and maintain therapeutic levels of a drug over a sustained period of time, while reducing the frequency with which the drug must be dosed. Furthermore, dosing the controlled release and immediate release components together may avoid the disadvantages of dosing regimens and formulations that result in highly pulsatile plasma concentrations.
  • GHB controlled release dosage forms
  • formulations and unit dosage forms provided herein can be utilized to achieve controlled release of GHB, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, tautomers, solvates and complexes of GHB.
  • Suitable salts of GHB include the calcium, lithium, potassium, sodium and magnesium salts.
  • the structure of the sodium salt of GHB, sodium oxybate, is given as formula (I):
  • GHB salts are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,236, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Formulating GHB into a unit dosage form presents various challenges, and such challenges are magnified in the context of formulating a unit dosage form providing controlled release of GHB.
  • GHB is very soluble, generally requires a relatively high dose, has a low molecular weight, and exhibits a short circulating half-life once administered. Therefore, a controlled release unit dosage form of GHB should be configured to deliver large doses of drug over a prolonged period of time, while being acceptably sized for oral administration.
  • controlled release formulations typically require the addition of significant amounts of excipients or rate controlling materials to control the delivery of drug, and the presence and need for such materials often limits the drug loading available for a given controlled release technology.
  • low molecular weight drugs, such as GHB typically exhibit high permeability through films and matrices. Even further, high water solubility increases drug mobility and may preclude the use of some approaches utilized to achieved a controlled release dosage form.
  • GHB gallate hydroxybenzoic acid
  • sodium oxybate sodium oxybate
  • hygroscopic is used to describe a substance that readily absorbs and attracts water from the surrounding environment.
  • the hygroscopic nature of sodium oxybate presents significant challenges to the formulation, production, and storage of dosage forms capable of delivering sodium oxybate over a sustained period of time.
  • formulations and unit dosage forms providing controlled release of GHB are described herein.
  • controlled release describes a formulation, such as, for example, a unit dosage form, that releases drug over a prolonged period of time.
  • the controlled release compositions described herein may be provided as a unit dosage form suitable for oral administration.
  • the drug incorporated in such compositions may be selected from GHB and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, tautomers, solvates and complexes of GHB.
  • the controlled release compositions described herein are formulated as unit dosage forms that deliver therapeutically effective amounts of drug over a period of at least 4 hours.
  • controlled release unit dosage forms as described herein may be formulated to deliver therapeutically effective amounts of drug over a period selected from about 4 to about 12 hours.
  • the controlled release dosage forms described herein deliver therapeutically effective amounts of drug over a period selected from about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10 hours, and about 12 hours.
  • the controlled release dosage forms deliver therapeutically effective amounts of drug over a period selected from a range of about 4 to about 10 hours, about 5 to about 10 hours, about 5 to about 12 hours, about 6 to about 10 hours, about 6 to about 12 hours, about 7 to about 10 hours, about 7 to about 12 hours, about 8 to about 10 hours, and from about 8 to about 12 hours.
  • the controlled release dosage forms deliver therapeutically effective amounts of drug over a period selected from a range of about 5 to about 9 hours, about 5 to about 8 hours, about 5 to about 7 hours, and about 6 to about 10 hours, about 6 to about 9 hours, and about 6 to about 8 hours.
  • compositions described herein facilitate production of controlled release dosage forms that provide a substantially constant drug release rate.
  • the controlled release dosage forms may be formulated to deliver not more than approximately 30% of the drug initially contained within the controlled release dosage form in the first hour post-administration.
  • amount of drug initially contained in the controlled release dosage form or “initial drug content” of the controlled release dosage form refers to the total amount of drug included in the controlled release composition prior to administration to a patient.
  • the controlled release dosage forms include a controlled release component (also referred to as a controlled release “formulation”) and, optionally, an immediate release component (also referred to as an immediate release “formulation” or an immediate release “coating”).
  • a controlled release component also referred to as a controlled release “formulation”
  • an immediate release component also referred to as an immediate release “formulation” or an immediate release “coating”.
  • the controlled release dosage forms described herein may be formulated to deliver drug to the gastro-intestinal tract at desired rates of release or release profiles.
  • controlled release dosage forms as described herein are formulated to release to the gastro-intestinal tract not more than about 10% to about 60% of the drug initially contained within the controlled release component of the controlled release dosage form during the first two hours post-administration, and not more than about 40% to about 90% of the drug initially contained within the controlled release component of the controlled release dosage form during the first four hours post-administration.
  • controlled release dosage forms as described herein are formulated to release to the gastro-intestinal tract not more not more than about 40% of the drug initially contained within the controlled release component in the first hour post-administration, not more than about 60% of the drug initially contained within the controlled release component during the first two hours post-administration, and not more than about 90% of the drug initially contained within the controlled release component during the first four hours post-administration.
  • a controlled release dosage form as described herein may be formulated to release to the gastro-intestinal tract not more than about 30% of the initial drug content in the controlled release component in the first hour post-administration, not more than about 60% of the initial drug content in the controlled release component during the first two hours post-administration, and not more than about 90% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component during the first four hours post-administration.
  • a controlled release dosage form as described herein may be formulated to release to the gastro-intestinal tract not more than about 50% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component during the first hour post-administration, between about 50 and about 75% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after two hours, and not less than 80% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after four hours post administration.
  • a controlled release dosage form as described herein may be formulated release to the gastro-intestinal tract not more than about 20% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component during the first hour post-administration, between about 5 and about 30% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after two hours, between about 30% and about 50% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after 4 hours, between about 50% and about 70% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after 6 hours, and not less than about 80% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after 10 hours post administration.
  • a controlled release dosage form as described herein may be formulated to release to the gastro-intestinal tract not more than about 20% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after the first hour post-administration, between about 20% and about 50% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after 2 hours, between about 50% and about 80% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after 4 hours, and not less than 85% of the initial drug content of the controlled release component after 8 hours post-administration.
  • the rate and extent of the absorption of GHB varies along the length of the GI tract with lower amounts absorbed in the more distal portions (i.e., the ileum and the colon).
  • a GHB controlled release dosage form as described herein provides a Cmax to Cmin ratio of GHB over a prolonged period of time after administration selected from less than 3 and less than 2.
  • the controlled release dosage forms described herein provided controlled delivery of GHB that results in a Cmax to Cmin ratio of GHB selected from less than 3 and less than 2 over a period of time selected from up to about 5 hours, up to about 6 hours, up to about 7 hours, up to about 8 hours, up to about 9 hours, and up to about 10 hours.
  • the controlled release dosage forms described herein provided controlled delivery of GHB that results in a Cmax to Cmin ratio of GHB selected from less than 3 over a period of time selected from up to about 5 hours, up to about 6 hours, up to about 7 hours, up to about 8 hours, up to about 9 hours, and up to about 10 hours, while also providing GHB plasma concentrations of at least 10 ⁇ g/mL over a period of time selected from up to about 5 hours, up to about 6 hours, up to about 7 hours, up to about 8 hours, up to about 9 hours, and up to about 10 hours.
  • the controlled release dosage forms described herein provided controlled delivery of GHB that results in a Cmax to Cmin ratio of GHB selected from less than 2 over a period of time selected from up to about 5 hours, up to about 6 hours, up to about 7 hours, up to about 8 hours, up to about 9 hours, and up to about 10 hours, while also providing GHB plasma concentrations of at least 10 ⁇ g/mL over a period of time selected from up to about 5 hours, up to about 6 hours, up to about 7 hours, up to about 8 hours, up to about 9 hours, and up to about 10 hours.
  • Drug delivery performance provided by the dosage forms described herein can be evaluated using a standard USP type 2 or USP type 7 dissolution apparatus set to 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. under the conditions described, for example, in the experimental examples provided herein.
  • the dissolution media may be selected from dissolution media known by those of skill in the art such as at least one of purified water, 0.1N HCl, simulated intestinal fluid, and others.
  • controlled release formulations described herein work to reduce inter patient variability in delivery of GHB.
  • controlled release formulations described herein provide time dependent release of GHB over a sustained period of time.
  • Previous references have described targeted release dosage forms of GHB that function in a pH dependent manner.
  • delivery of GHB from such dosage forms can be inconsistent.
  • unit dosage forms of GHB are also relatively large and may be retained for a period of time in the stomach, which can lead to intra- and inter-patient variability in dose delivery of GHB from pH dependent delivery systems due to variability in gastric retention time.
  • Irritable bowel syndrome is also associated with delayed gastric emptying and variable gastric emptying (see, e.g., Dyspepsia and its overlap with irritable bowel syndrome, Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006 August; 8(4):266-72.) Therefore many patients with fibromyalgia and suffering from irritable bowel syndrome may experience more variability in gastric transit or prolonged gastric transit.
  • controlled release formulations described herein offer consistent GHB delivery characteristics and reduce the likelihood of undesirable intra- and inter-patient inconsistencies in dose delivery that may result from variances in gastric retention time that can occur between different patients and different patient populations.
  • Controlled release formulations described herein may be formulated to completely release a drug within a desired time interval.
  • the bioavailability of GHB decreases in the lower GI, with bioavailability decreasing the lower the drug is delivered in the GI (See, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. US2006/0210630). Therefore, in certain embodiments, the controlled release dosage forms are provided that deliver substantially all the GHB contained therein over a sustained period of time that is long enough to increase patient convenience, yet short enough to reduce dosing of GHB in the lower GI. In specific embodiments, controlled release GHB dosage forms are provided that deliver approximately 90% or more of the GHB contained within the controlled release formulation within about 4 to about 10 hours of administration.
  • dosage forms for the controlled release of GHB as described herein may be formulated to deliver approximately 90% or more of the drug included within the controlled release formulation within about 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 12 hours of administration.
  • a dosage form for the sustained delivery of GHB according to the present description is formulated to deliver more than 90% of the GHB included within the controlled release formulation within 12 hours post-administration.
  • Such embodiments serve to not only provide controlled release of GHB, but they also work to deliver GHB where bioavailability is highest, which can also provide increased dose consistency.
  • the controlled release dosage forms described herein may comprise a relatively high concentration of drug that can, in some instances, harm a patient if the formulation releases the drug at a rate that is faster than the intended sustained rate. This rapid release of the drug is sometimes referred to as “dose dumping.” To avoid this potential danger, certain embodiments of the controlled release dosage forms described herein may comprise formulations that are resistant to dose dumping. Some users may intentionally attempt to increase the drug release rate of the controlled release dosage form using alcohol (e.g., potential abusers may take the controlled release dosage form prior to, simultaneously with, or after consuming an alcoholic beverage or, alternatively, may seek to extract the drug from the controlled release dosage form by placing the dosage form in solution containing alcohol).
  • alcohol e.g., potential abusers may take the controlled release dosage form prior to, simultaneously with, or after consuming an alcoholic beverage or, alternatively, may seek to extract the drug from the controlled release dosage form by placing the dosage form in solution containing alcohol).
  • a controlled release dosage form as disclosed herein may include a coating composition that is resistant to alcohol or that does not dissolve substantially faster in alcohol.
  • the controlled release dosage form may comprise the drug sodium oxybate and include a coating composition including ethylcellulose that is resistant to dose dumping in alcohol.
  • the controlled release dosage form may include a coating composition that is resistant to dose dumping after administration.
  • the controlled release dosage form may include a coating composition that is resistant to dose dumping in the GI tract after being exposed to gastric fluid and intestinal fluid.
  • the controlled release formulations described herein are provided as a coated tablet composition having a controlled release core coated by a functional overcoat.
  • the composition of the controlled release core provided in such embodiments facilitates high drug loading, thereby, rendering the coated tablet suitable for formulation and sustained delivery of drugs administered at high doses.
  • the functional overcoat works to control delivery of drug from the controlled release core and maintain the structural integrity of the dosage form over time.
  • the coated tablet composition as described herein may further include a moisture barrier or cosmetic coating disposed over the functional overcoat.
  • the CR core includes at least one drug substance to be delivered from the controlled release dosage form.
  • the drug included in the CR core may be selected from GHB and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, tautomers, solvates and complexes of GHB.
  • suitable salts of GHB include the calcium, lithium, potassium, sodium and magnesium salts.
  • the CR core is formulated and configured to be suitable for oral administration.
  • coated tablets as described herein may be administered to provide a dose of GHB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, tautomer, solvate or complex of GHB in a range of about 500 mg to about 12 g of drug in one or more tablets.
  • a CR core included in a controlled release dosage form may include an amount of drug selected from about 100 mg to about 2,000 mg.
  • the amount of drug included in the CR core may be selected from up to about 250 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 750 mg, 800 mg, 900 mg, 1,000 mg, 1,100 mg, 1,200 mg, 1,400 mg, 1,500 mg, 1,600 mg, 1,700 mg, 1,800 mg, 1,900 mg, and 2,000 mg.
  • the amount of drug included in a CR core as described herein may range from about 500 mg to about 2,000 mg, such as, for example, about 500 mg to 1,000 mg, about 600 mg to 1,000 mg, about 600 mg to 900 mg, about 600 mg to 800 mg, about 700 mg to 1,000 mg, about 700 mg to 900 mg and about 700 mg to 850 mg.
  • the amount of drug included in a CR core as described herein may range from about 700 mg to about 2,000 mg, such as, for example, about 700 mg to 1,500 mg, about 700 mg to 1,400 mg, about 700 mg to 1,300 mg, about 700 mg to 1,200 mg, about 700 mg to 1,100 mg, about 700 mg to 1,000 mg, about 700 mg to 900 mg, and about 700 mg to 850 mg.
  • the controlled release dosage form comprises a CR core wherein the relative amount drug in the CR core is at least 90% or greater by weight.
  • the relative amount of drug in the CR core ranges from between about 90% and 98%, about 91% and 98%, about 92% and 98%, about 93% and 98%, about 94% and 98%, about 95% and 98%, about 96% and 98%, and between about 97% and 98% by weight of the CR core.
  • the relative amount of drug in a CR core may be present at an amount selected from about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, and 98% by weight of the CR core.
  • the amount of drug in the CR core may range from about 94 to 98%, 94 to 97%, 94 to 96%, 95 to 98%, 95 to 97%, and 95 to 96.5% by weight of the CR core.
  • the controlled release dosage form comprises a CR core that includes drug substance in combination with one or more excipients, such as binders, fillers, diluents, disintegrants, colorants, buffering agents, coatings, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricants, glidants, or other suitable excipients.
  • a CR core as disclosed herein can include one or more binders that are known for use in tablet formulations.
  • a CR core may include at least one binder selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose, povidone, copovidone, pregelatinized starch, dextrin, gelatin, maltodextrin, starch, zein, acacia, alginic acid, carbomers (cross-linked polyacrylates), polymethacrylates, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, guar gum, hydrogenated vegetable oil (type 1), methylcellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, and sodium alginate.
  • HPC hydroxypropyl cellulose
  • HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • povidone copovidone
  • pregelatinized starch dextrin
  • gelatin gelatin
  • maltodextrin starch
  • zein acacia
  • alginic acid carbomers (cross-linked polyacrylates), polyme
  • the CR core included in a controlled release dosage form as disclosed herein may comprise binder levels ranging from approximately 1% to 10% by weight.
  • the CR core may include a binder in an amount selected from about 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 10% by weight.
  • the amount of binder included in the CR core may range from about 1 to 2%, 1 to 3%, 1 to 4%, 1 to 5%, 1 to 6%, 1 to 7%, 1 to 8%, 1 to 9% and 1 to 10% by weight.
  • the CR core may include one or more lubricants to improve desired processing characteristics.
  • the CR core may include one or more lubricants selected from at least one of magnesium stearate, stearic acid, calcium stearate, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, light mineral oil, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and zinc stearate.
  • one or more lubricants may be added to the CR core in a range of about 0.5% to 5% by weight.
  • a CR core as disclosed herein may comprise a lubricant in a range of about 0.5% to 2% by weight, about 1% to 2% by weight, about 1% to 3% by weight, about 2% to 3% by weight, and about 2% to 4% by weight.
  • one or more lubricants may be present in the CR core in an amount selected from about 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, and 5% by weight.
  • Still lower lubricant levels may be achieved with use of a “puffer” system during tabletting, which applies lubricant directly to the punch and die surfaces rather than throughout the formulation.
  • the CR core may also include one or more surfactants.
  • the CR core may include a tableted composition that may comprise one or more surfactants selected from, for example, ionic and non-ionic surfactants.
  • CR core may include at least one anionic surfactant, including docusate sodium (dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt) and sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • the CR core may include at least one non-ionic surfactant selected from including polyoxyethyelene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene stearates, poloxamers, polysorbate, sorbitan esters, and glyceryl monooleate.
  • one or more surfactants included in a CR core as disclosed herein may be present, for example, in an amount of up to about 3.0% by weight of the CR core.
  • the CR core may include one or more surfactants present in a range selected from about 0.01% to 3%, about 0.01% to 2%, about 0.01% to 1%, about 0.5% to 3%, about 0.5% to 2%, and about 0.5% to 1% by weight of the CR core.
  • the CR core included in controlled release dosage form as disclosed herein may also include fillers or compression aids selected from at least one of lactose, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, compressible sugars, dextrates, dextrin, dextrose, kaolin, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, maltodextrin, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, and sucrose.
  • a CR core may be prepared by blending a drug and other excipients together, and the forming the blend into a tablet, caplet, pill, or other dosage form according to methods known by those of skill in the art.
  • a controlled release formulation as described herein may comprise a solid oral dosage form of any desired shape and size including round, oval, oblong cylindrical, or triangular.
  • the surfaces of the CR core may be flat, round, concave, or convex.
  • the CR core composition included in a controlled release formulation provided as a coated tablet dosage form as described herein may be manufactured using standard techniques, such as wet granulation, roller compaction, fluid bed granulation, and direct compression followed by compression on a conventional rotary tablet press as described in Remington, 20 th edition, Chapter 45 (Oral Solid Dosage Forms).
  • the CR core is coated with a functional coating.
  • the coating composition works to preserve the integrity of the unit dosage form post administration and serves to facilitate controlled release of drug from the CR core.
  • the coating composition is formulated to facilitate controlled release of a drug selected from GHB and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, tautomers, solvates and complexes of GHB.
  • the coating composition is sufficiently robust to preserve the integrity of the coated tablet pre- and post-administration, yet is subject to disintegration or crushing as it passes through a patient's gastrointestinal tract and after all or substantially all the drug substance contained within the controlled release formulation has been delivered. Such a feature reduces the risk that bezoars formed from intact dosage form shells will form or be maintained within the GI tract of a patient, which may be of particular concern where the drug to be delivered must be administered at high doses using multiple unit dosage forms.
  • a functional coating composition as disclosed herein may control, at least in part, the rate of release of the drug to be delivered from the CR core into the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the functional coating composition provides a functional coat that partly or fully covers the CR core included in the controlled release dosage form.
  • the functional coating composition as disclosed herein may include a polymer or blends of compatible polymers that are water soluble or that are water insoluble and selected to exhibit desired permeability characteristics.
  • the functional coating composition has a permeability that may be adjusted according the solubility of the drug used in the CR core.
  • the functional coating composition may comprise one or more water insoluble polymers that may swell but do not substantially dissolve in the GI tract.
  • a functional coating composition as disclosed herein may comprise a rate-limiting film that includes at least one of ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, such as CA-398.
  • the functional coating may include combinations of ethylcellulose with ammonio methacrylate copolymers, such as EUDRAGIT RS, EUDRAGIT RL, and combinations thereof.
  • Suitable ethylcellulose materials are readily commercially available, and include, for example, ETHOCEL ethylcellulose polymers.
  • the physical characteristics of the coating composition and residual shell may be modified by adjusting the molecular weight of the ethylcellulose. For example, different grades of ethylcellulose, including, but not limited to, 4 cP, 7 cP, 10 cP, and 20 cP grades, may be used to achieve a coating composition having desired physical characteristics.
  • a functional coating composition as disclosed herein may include one or more base polymer and at least one pore-former.
  • the base polymer content may range from about 50% to about 80% by weight of the coating composition.
  • the base polymer may be present in an amount ranging from about 50% to 75%, about 55% to 75%, about 60% to 75%, and about 65% to 75% by weight of the coating composition.
  • the base polymer may be present in an amount selected from about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, and 80% by weight of the coating composition.
  • a filler material e.g., insoluble, non film-forming material such as magnesium stearate, talc, or fumed silica
  • these limits apply to the composition of the remaining non-filler components in the film.
  • the permeability of the base polymer included in a functional coating as described herein may be modified by including a pore former in the base polymer.
  • the functional coating composition including the pore former may be obtained by combining the pore former with the base polymer material in solution according to conventional techniques.
  • a pore former as disclosed herein may include at least one polymeric pore former, such as hydroxyalkyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyethylene glycols, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, copovidone, and poloxamers, such as 188 or 407.
  • a pore former as disclosed herein may include at least one small-molecule pore former, such as a water soluble sugar or organic acid, including, for example, citric acid or sorbitol.
  • a small-molecule pore former may be water soluble active agent, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of GHB.
  • the pore former may comprise a polymer that expands in the presence of the drug included in the CR core, wherein expansion of the pore former may cause an increase in permeability of the functional coating composition.
  • the functional coating composition may comprise a pore former that that expands or swells in the presence of sodium oxybate.
  • the pore former includes a suitable carbomer.
  • a pore former or a pore-forming agent can be selected to modify the permeability of the coating composition provided over the CR core.
  • the permeability of the functional coating composition may be increased by including one or more pore formers or pore-forming agents in the coating composition.
  • the pore formers disclosed herein may be soluble in water.
  • the water-soluble pore formers may dissolve and form pores or channels in the coating through which the drug is released. It is possible to use an enteric component as part or all of the pore former in the coating composition.
  • Examples of such materials that may be used as a pore former in the context of the present description include cellulose acetate phthalate, methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymers, and polyvinyl acetate phthalate.
  • enteric components in the film may result in delivery characteristics that exhibit some level of sensitivity to gastric and intestinal transit times.
  • the amount and nature of the pore former included in the functional coating composition can be adjusted to obtain desired release rate characteristics for a given drug substance.
  • the functional coating composition may include an amount of pore former that ranges from about 20% to about 50% by weight of the coating composition.
  • the pore former may be present in an amount ranging from about 20% to 45%, about 25% to 45%, about 30% to 45%, and about 35% to 45% by weight of the functional coating composition.
  • the pore former may be present in an amount selected from about 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% by weight of the functional coating composition.
  • the functional coating composition as disclosed herein may also comprise one or more plasticizers.
  • the functional coating composition may include a plasticizer such as triethyl citrate or dibutyl sebacate.
  • a plasticizer may be present in the functional coating composition in an amount ranging from about 5% to 15% by weight relative to the base polymer.
  • the functional coating composition may include a plasticizer in an amount selected from about 5%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 15% by weight relative to the base polymer.
  • the functional coating composition as disclosed herein may also include an anti-tack agent.
  • an anti-tack agent selected from one or more of talc, glyceryl monostearate, and magnesium stearate.
  • Many of the anti-tack agents are also suitable fillers. Addition of fillers, especially magnesium stearate, is one way to make the film more brittle and the dosage form more prone to crushing as it transits through the GI. Depending on forces encountered in the GI, varying the filler level in the film may allow one to adjust the duration, or extent of drug delivered, at which breach of the film and abrupt release of remaining contents occurs.
  • the functional coating composition as disclosed herein may be applied to a CR core at a weight that facilitates a suitable combination of sustained drug release and dosage form structural integrity.
  • the functional coating composition may be applied at a weight of about 10 to about 100 mg.
  • the functional coating may be applied at a weight selected from about 20 to 60 mg, about 20 to 50 mg, about 20 to 40 mg, about 20 to 30 mg, about 30 to 60 mg, about 30 to 50 mg, about 30 to 40 mg, about 40 to 60 mg, about 40 to 50 mg, and about 50 to 60 mg. These ranges are useful for oval tablets of about 500 mg to about 1000 mg in weight.
  • the functional coating composition as disclosed herein may be applied at between about 2.5% and 7.5% of the tablet weight.
  • a functional coating composition may be applied at a weight ranging from about 50 mg to about 150 mg.
  • the release rate of drug provided by the controlled release dosage form disclosed herein may be adjusted by modifying the thickness or weight of the functional coating composition. For example, a more rapid release rate will generally be achieved as the amount of a given pore former included in the functional coating composition is increased or the thickness or weight of the coating composition applied over the CR core is decreased. Conversely, a slower or more controlled release may be achieved, generally, as relatively less of a given pore former is included in the functional coating composition or the thickness or weight of the coating composition applied to the CR core is increased. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the release rate of drug from the CR core may be adjusted by modifying the water content of the functional coating composition. For example, increasing the water content of the functional coating composition may increase the release rate of drug the CR core.
  • the functional coating compositions as disclosed herein may be applied to a CR core according to conventional coating methods and techniques.
  • the functional coating composition as disclosed herein may be applied using a conventional perforated pan coater.
  • the functional coating composition may be applied using an aqueous pan-coating process.
  • the use of an aqueous pan-coating process may include the use of a latex dispersion.
  • a latex dispersion such as SURELEASE may be used for an ethylcellulose pan-coating process.
  • a latex dispersion such as EUDRAGIT RS 30 D may be used in a pan-coating process for ammonio-methacrylates.
  • the functional coating composition may be applied using a solvent-based pan-coating process.
  • a solvent-based pan-coating process may include the use of an alcohol solvent, such as ethanol.
  • an alcohol-solvent based pan-coating process may utilize a 95% ethanol and 5% water (w/w) solvent.
  • the functional coating compositions as described herein may be applied using a fluid bed coating process such as a Wurster fluid bed film coating process.
  • the functional coating composition may be applied using a compression coating process.
  • the functional coating composition may be applied using a phase inversion process.
  • the functional coating composition as disclosed herein may be applied over a suitable subcoating.
  • a controlled release formulation or dosage form when provided as a coated tablet, in some embodiments, it may be coated with a moisture barrier or a moisture-resistant coating composition.
  • a controlled release dosage form as disclosed herein comprising GHB as the drug substance may include a moisture barrier.
  • a moisture barrier may be particularly useful where sodium oxybate is used as the drug substance.
  • the moisture barrier may be a polyvinyl alcohol-based coating, such as OPADRY AMB (Colorcon Inc., Harleysville, Pa.).
  • the moisture barrier may be a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)/wax-based coating, such as AQUARIUS MG (Ashland Aqualon, Wilmington, Del.).
  • the moisture barrier may be a HPMC/stearic acid-based coating.
  • the moisture barrier as disclosed herein may be formed using a reverse enteric material, such as EUDRAGIT E, and may be coated from alcohol or alcohol/water solutions or from an aqueous latex dispersion.
  • EUDRAGIT E a reverse enteric material
  • the moisture barrier coating may be applied at a weight selected from about 10 mg to about 60 mg/tablet and about 25 mg to about 50 mg/tablet. In general, a minimum weight is needed to ensure complete coverage of the tablet in light of imperfections in the tablet surface, and a maximum weight is determined by practical considerations, such as coating time, or by the need for better moisture protection.
  • the controlled release dosage form can be further provided with a cosmetic top coat.
  • a top-coat may be applied to an existing coating composition such as a moisture barrier.
  • a cosmetic top-coat may include at least one of HPMC and copovidone.
  • HPMC such as for example an HPMC material selected from one or more of HPMC E3, E5, or E15, may be applied over a moisture barrier to improve the effectiveness of the moisture barrier by reducing any seepage of sodium oxybate and water from the surface of the coated tablet.
  • the controlled release formulations described herein can be dosed together with an immediate release (IR) formulation.
  • the IR formulation may be provided as a separate formulation or dosage form that may be dosed together with a dosage form provided by a controlled release dosage form as described herein.
  • the IR formulation may be provided in any suitable form, such as a dry powder formulation, a tablet or capsule unit dosage form, or a liquid formulation such as a solution or suspension formulation.
  • immediate release refers to a drug formulation that releases more than about 95% of the drug contained therein within a period of less than one hour after administration.
  • the IR component of the compositions described herein release more than about 95% of the drug contained therein within a period selected from less than 45 minutes, less than 30 minutes, and less than 15 minutes post-administration. In other embodiments, the IR component of the compositions described herein release more than about 80% of the drug contained therein within a period selected from less than 45 minutes, less than 30 minutes, and less than 15 minutes post-administration.
  • the IR formulation is provided as an immediate release component of a controlled release dosage form as described herein.
  • the IR component is provided as a coating over a controlled release component or formulation as described herein.
  • a unit dosage form that integrates both controlled release and immediate release components can increase the convenience and accuracy with which a drug such as GHB is dosed to patients by providing a unit dosage form that not only provides quick onset of action, but also sustained delivery of GHB to the patient over a prolonged period of time.
  • dosing controlled release and immediate release formulations together may avoid the disadvantages of the current GHB dosing regimens, which can result in highly pulsatile plasma concentrations.
  • the amount of drug included in the IR component may range from about 10% to 50% by weight of the total drug included in the integrated dosage form.
  • integrated dosage form refers to a single unit dosage form that includes both immediate release and controlled release components as described herein.
  • the drug to be delivered from the immediate release and controlled release formulations incorporated into an integrated dosage form is selected from GHB and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, tautomers, solvates and complexes of GHB in some embodiments
  • the drug included in the IR component may comprise about 10% to about 50% by weight of the total drug included in the unit dosage form.
  • the drug included in the IR component of an integrated dosage form may comprise about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% by weight of the total drug included in the unit dosage form.
  • an integrated dosage form as described herein may contain 1000 mg sodium oxybate, wherein 100 mg to 500 mg sodium oxybate (10% to 50% by weight) is contained within and delivered from the IR component and 500 mg to 900 mg sodium oxybate (50% to 90% by weight) is contained within and delivered from the CR component.
  • the drug included in the IR component may account for between about 75% and 98% by weight of the IR formulation.
  • the controlled release dosage forms referred to include the controlled release formulations described herein, including, in specific embodiments, CR cores coated with a functional coating as described herein.
  • the drug included in such an embodiment may be selected from GHB and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, tautomers, solvates and complexes of GHB.
  • the IR component may comprise sodium oxybate in an amount of selected from a range of between about 75% and 98%, between about 80% and 98%, between about 85% and 98%, between about 90% and 98%, and between about 95% and 98% by weight.
  • An IR component formed as a coating over a controlled release dosage form as disclosed herein may be applied as a tableted overcoat according to conventional tablet coating and binding methods.
  • an IR component formed as a coating over a controlled release dosage form as disclosed herein may be applied as a film coating, such as, for example, from a solution containing a suitable amount of drug and film former.
  • the coating forming the IR component may be coated over a controlled release dosage form from a coating solution that utilizes an alcohol and water solvent.
  • a suitable immediate release coating may be formed using a 20% solution of sodium oxybate in a 60%/40% (w/w) alcohol/water solution that contains a suitable film-former.
  • suitable film formers may be selected from, for example, copovidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, HPMC, and hydroxymethyl cellulose materials.
  • An IR component containing sodium oxybate as the drug can be applied as a suspension or as a solution by adjusting the water content of the coating mixture. For a suspension, little or no water is added to the alcohol, and the example film formers should be suitable. To prepare a solution, however, the water content of the solvent is increased, for example to 40%, and a smaller set of film formers would be suitable due to the precipitation of most common film formers in the presence of sodium oxybate solution.
  • Hypromellose is one of several potential film formers that is suitable.
  • the IR component useful for use in a controlled release dosage form as described herein includes 91% sodium oxybate and 9% hypromellose (HPMC E-15) that is applied from a solution containing 20% sodium oxybate and 2% HPMC E-15 in a 60/40 w/w ethanol/water solvent.
  • the coating forming the IR component may further include one or more of an anti-tack agent and a plasticizer to facilitate processing and to improve film properties.
  • an anti-tack agent such as sodium lauryl sulfate
  • hydrophobic components such as anti-tack agents or water-insoluble film formers.
  • the IR component may be positioned directly over the functional coating of the controlled release formulation.
  • the outer surface of the IR component may then be coated with a moisture barrier layer.
  • a moisture barrier layer over the immediate release coating forming the IR component may be provided.
  • the formulation and structure of integrated dosage forms as described herein can be adjusted to provide a combination of immediate release and controlled release performance that suits a particular dosing need.
  • the formulation and structure of integrated dosage forms as described herein can be adjusted to provide any combination of the immediate release and controlled release performance characteristics described herein.
  • the drug delivered from an integrated dosage form as described herein is selected from GHB and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, tautomers, solvates and complexes of GHB, and the integrated dosage form sustains delivery of GHB over a period of from about 4 to about 10 hours.
  • the IR component of the integrated dosage form provides rapid onset of action, releasing more than about 90% of the drug contained therein within a period of time selected from less than one hour, less than 45 minutes, less than 30 minutes and less than 15 minutes after administration, while the controlled release composition included in the integrated dosage begins to deliver drug as the IR component is released and continues to deliver drug for a sustained period of between about 4 and about 10 hours.
  • the IR component of the integrated dosage form provides rapid onset of action, releasing more than about 90% of the drug contained therein within a period of time selected from less than one hour, less than 45 minutes, less than 30 minutes and less than 15 minutes after administration, while the controlled release composition included in the integrated dosage begins to deliver drug after the IR component is released and continues to deliver drug for a sustained period of between about 4 and about 10 hours.
  • the ratio of drug release from the IR component and CR component can be adjusted as needed to facilitate a desired dosing regimen or achieve targeted dosing.
  • a dosage form as described herein that integrates both IR and CR components may be formulated to deliver as much as 2,000 mg of a desired drug, such as GHB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, tautomer, solvates or complex of GHB.
  • the total amount of drug contained within an integrated IR/CR dosage form according to the present description may be between about 500 mg and about 1,400 mg.
  • the total amount of drug may be selected from between about 500 mg and 1,400 mg, about 500 mg and 1,200 mg, about 500 mg and 1,100 mg, about 600 mg and 1,200 mg, about 600 mg and 1,100 mg, about 600 mg and 1,000 mg, about 600 mg and 950 mg, about 600 mg and 850 mg, about 600 mg and 750 mg, about 750 mg and 1,200 mg, about 750 mg and 1,100 mg, about 750 mg and 1,000 mg, about 750 mg and 950 mg, and about 750 mg and 850 mg.
  • the relative amounts of drug delivered from the IR component and CR components may be adjusted as desired as well.
  • the ratio of drug released from the IR component to drug released from the CR component is from about 1:2 to about 1:4. In certain embodiments, such ratio is selected from about 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3, 1:3.5 and 1:4.
  • the integrated dosage form may be formulated such that the controlled release formulation begins release of drug substantially simultaneously with delivery of the drug from the IR component.
  • the integrated dosage form may be formulated such that controlled release formulation exhibits a start-up time lag.
  • the integrated dosage form may be formulated and configured such that start-up of delivery of drug from the controlled release composition occurs after delivery of drug from the IR component is substantially complete.
  • an enteric coating may be applied over the controlled release component (e.g., over a functional coating), but such a coating would necessarily limit the start-up lag to gastric residence and its associated variability.
  • enteric pore-formers would also impart a start-up lag, and such an embodiment would be more sensitive to food effects and gastric motility.
  • the delay may be accomplished or adjusted by the use of one or more coatings and films, including the functional coating provided over a CR core and, where utilized, the moisture barrier or cosmetic overcoats.
  • start-up lag time as disclosed herein may be adjusted by modifying the formulation, thickness, and/or weight of the functional coating provided over the CR core, the moisture barrier layer or one or more non-functional or cosmetic overcoats.
  • a granulation used to form CR cores as described herein was manufactured in a 25 L high shear granulator according to the formula in Table 1A.
  • Klucel EXF was divided into two equal portions; half of the Klucel EXF was dissolved in the ethanol, and half was dry blended with sodium oxybate.
  • the material was initially granulated with 10% w/w ethanol and then titrated with another 3.5% w/w ethanol solution to achieve desired granule growth.
  • a suitable wet mass was obtained at a total ethanol concentration of 13.5% w/w.
  • the wet granules were divided into two sub lots and then each sub lot was dried in a 5-liter Niro fluid bed dryer. The dried granules were combined and milled through a COMIL equipped with a 14 mesh screen. Granulation parameters and particle size distribution are shown in Tables 1B and 1C, respectively.
  • the granulation was then combined with 2% magnesium stearate lubricant, and tablets were compressed on a 16-station press fitted with chrome-plated 0.325′′ ⁇ 0.705′′ modified oval tooling.
  • the average tablet hardness was 10.7 kiloponds.
  • Tablets from Example 1 were coated with a solution prepared according to the formulation in Table 2A.
  • the ethylcellulose was first added to a 95/5 w/w mixture of ethanol and water and stirred until dissolved.
  • the hydroxypropyl cellulose and dibutyl sebacate were added and stirred until completely dissolved.
  • 4.7 kg of tablets from Example 1 were then charged to an 8′′ pan Driam tablet coater and coated with the solution to 5.1 wt % gain (40 mg/tablet). The tablets were then dried for 5 minutes in the coater, and then finally cooled in the pan to an exhaust temperature below 30° C.
  • the dissolution profile was measured in de-ionized water using USP Apparatus 2 set to 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. with paddles at 50 rpm. Samples were analyzed by HPLC. As shown in FIG. 1 , the coated tablets exhibited controlled release with duration of approximately 6 hours. The dosage form released 12% of its contents after 1 hour, 34% after 2 hours, 71% after 4 hours, 93% after 6 hours, and 99% after 8 hours.
  • a solution of 20% sodium oxybate as active and 2.0% hypromellose E-15 (HPMC E-15) as film-former was prepared in 60/40 (w/w) ethanol/water.
  • the coating solution was manufactured by first dissolving the HPMC E15 in water, then adding the ethanol and sodium oxybate.
  • 3 kg of 750-mg strength sustained-release tablets from Example 2 were charged to a Driam tablet coater equipped with an 8′′ pan and preheated to 40° C.
  • the entire coating solution was applied according to the parameters listed in Table 3A.
  • the tablet weight gain was monitored every 5 minutes, and the coating was stopped when the entire solution was sprayed (the theoretical weight gain is 33.5%).
  • the tablets were dried for 15 minutes; the tablets did not lose any weight during the 15 minute drying time, and so it was assumed that the drying was complete.
  • the tablets were then cooled in the pan to an exhaust temperature of ⁇ 30° C.
  • One means of controlling dissolution is by adjustment of the coating thickness, or amount of film applied to each tablet. This was illustrated with a film consisting of 33% poloxamer 188 (P188) and 67% ethylcellulose 10 cPs (EC-10).
  • the coating solution was prepared by dissolving 3.59 grams of EC-10 and 1.77 grams of P188 in a mixture of 80 grams denatured alcohol (“alcohol”) and 4 grams de-ionized water. (Denatured alcohol, S-L-X manufactured by W. M. Barr, is approximately a 50/50 w/w blend of methanol and ethanol.)
  • Example 1 Twelve tablets from Example 1 were coated in a Caleva Mini-coater/Drier 2 under parameters listed in Table 4A. Periodically, the tablets were removed and weighed to determine film weight. Three tablets were removed at times corresponding to 21 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, and finally 60 mg weight gain.
  • the dissolution profiles were measured with USP Apparatus 7 (Vankel Bio-dis) set to 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. and using a dipping rate of 30/minute, tablets fixed in plastic holders and intervals corresponding to 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, and 14 h (each interval is 50 ml volume).
  • the tubes were analyzed by conductivity, and results are calculated as percent of total amount. The results demonstrate that controlled release is achieved with membrane weights ranging from at least 21-60 mg/tablet, and that duration of delivery increases as the membrane weight increases.
  • Example 4 Following procedures of Example 4, 12 tablets from Example 1 were coated with a film consisting of 36.5% HPC-EF, 5.0% dibutyl sebacate (DBS), and 58.5% EC-10 (all percentages by weight) coated from a solution consisting of 7% solids in 95/5 alcohol/water.
  • the results shown in FIG. 4 demonstrate that controlled release over a relevant time period is achieved with membrane weights ranging from at least 21-60 mg/tablet, and that duration of delivery increases as the membrane weight increases.
  • Example 6 In a fashion similar to Example 6, the effect of HPC level in the functional coating was evaluated over the range of 30%-50% by weight. Three separate coating solutions were prepared with 30%, 40%, and 50% HPC-EF; 5% DBS; and the balance EC-10. All solutions were prepared with 7% total components in 95/5 alcohol/water. In each coating, 4 tablets from Example 1 were coated to 40-41 mg/tablet weight gain. The dissolution profiles shown in FIG. 6 demonstrate controlled release of the drug was achieved with HPC levels of at least 30-50% by weight.
  • Hydroxypropyl cellulose is supplied in several molecular weight grades, many of which may be suitable for use as pore-formers in ethylcellulose films. Two such grades (Klucel “EF” and “JF”, supplied by Ashland) corresponding to 80,000 daltons and 140,000 daltons were evaluated with other components fixed. Following procedures of Example 4, solutions were prepared with 40% HPC, 5% DBS, and 55% EC-10 (all percentages by weight) using 7% total components in 95/5 alcohol/water. In each coating, 4 tablets from Example 1 were coated to 40-41 mg/tablet weight gain. The results shown in FIG. 7 demonstrate a modest effect of molecular weight and that the two grades tested provide for acceptable release profiles.
  • ethylcellulose Another consideration is the molecular weight, or viscosity, of ethylcellulose.
  • Two grades were evaluated, corresponding to 4 cPs and 10 cPs viscosity for a 5% solution. Following procedures of Example 4, two solutions were prepared corresponding to 58.5 wt % ethylcellulose (EC-4 or EC-10), 36.5 wt % HPC-EF, and 5.0 wt % DBS having 7% w/w total components in 95/5 alcohol/water. Tablets from Example 1 were coated to 40 mg/tablet weight gain, and dissolution profiles are shown as FIG. 8 . The results indicate both grades of ethylcellulose provide for acceptable profiles, and suggest that other ethylcellulose grades (such as 20 cPs) may also be acceptable.
  • Co-administration of sustained-release dosage forms with alcoholic beverages is a relevant concern, as ethanol is known to dissolve certain rate-controlling components that would not otherwise be dissolved. In some dosage forms, this may lead to dose-dumping. As ethanol is rapidly absorbed in the stomach, a relevant test involves dissolution of the dosage form in vodka (40% ethanol nominal) for 2 hours (representing gastric retention time), followed by normal dissolution in de-ionized water.
  • Example 9 This test was performed on sustained-release tablets from Example 9 (36.5 wt % HPC EF, 5 wt % DBS, 58.5 wt % EC-4). The analysis of sodium oxybate by conductivity was corrected for the different response in vodka vs. de-ionized water. The results shown in FIG. 9A indicate that dissolution is slower in Vodka, and that no dose-dumping occurred.
  • a film consisting of 30 wt % HPC EF and 70 wt % Surelease (aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion) was deposited on tablets from Example 1 as follows. First, 1.37 grams of HPC EF was dissolved in 22.6 grams de-ionized water. This was then poured into 32.5 grams of Surelease E-7-19040-clear while stirring. Eight tablets were coated in the Caleva Mini-coater/Drier 2 with flow rate of 15 ml/hr and 58° C. inlet temperature. Samples removed at 24 mg and 40 mg were then tested for dissolution, with no post-coating heat treatment. The results are shown in FIG. 10 .
  • a controlled release dosage form for delivery of calcium oxybate was prepared by generally following procedures of Example 1 found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,296 (Klosa, Production of Nonhygroscopic Salts of 4-Hydroxybutyric Acid).
  • the isolated calcium oxybate was milled to pass through a 16-mesh screen.
  • a small sample comprising 9.3 grams of calcium oxybate was blended with 0.19 grams of sodium stearyl fumarate (Pruv, JRS Pharma, Rosenberg, Germany).
  • controlled release dosage forms were formulated to deliver sodium oxybate and were compared to a sodium oxybate oral solution (commercially available as Xyrem® (sodium oxybate) oral solution). The study was conducted in healthy male and female volunteers.
  • Treatment A was the sodium oxybate oral solution containing 375 mg/ml sodium oxybate.
  • Treatments B through E as designated herein, involved administration of three controlled release dosage forms (Treatments B through D), with one of the controlled release dosage forms being used to administer two different doses of sodium oxybate (Treatments D and E).
  • the controlled release dosage forms administered as Treatment B included 750 mg sodium oxybate per dosage form and were produced with a CR core and functional overcoat as described in Example 1 and Example 2
  • the controlled release dosage forms administered as Treatment C included 750 mg sodium oxybate per dosage form and were produced as described in Example 1 and Example 4
  • the controlled release dosage forms administered as Treatments D and E included 1,000 mg sodium oxybate per dosage form and were produced with a CR core (750 mg sodium oxybate), functional overcoat, and IR overcoat (250 mg sodium oxybate) as described in Examples 1 through 3.
  • Treatment A was administered to each patient as two 3 g doses given four hours apart (one dose at time zero and the second dose four hours later), for a total dose of 6 g sodium oxybate.
  • Treatments B and C were administered to each patient only at time zero, with each treatment being administered as 8 tablets, providing a total dose of 6 g sodium oxybate.
  • Blood samples from each patient were taken at various intervals and analyzed by LC/MS for total sodium oxybate content in the plasma.
  • a total of 29 patients received Treatment A, a total of 19 patients received Treatment B, and a total of 19 patients received Treatment C.
  • FIG. 12 The mean plasma concentration of sodium oxybate over time achieved by each of the treatments is shown in FIG. 12 (Treatment A and Treatment B) and FIG. 13 (Treatment A and Treatment C), and a summary of pharmacokinetic parameters provided by Treatments A through C are provided in Table 5.
  • the second group was administered Treatment A, Treatment D, and Treatment E during over the course of the clinical study, with a washout period between each treatment.
  • Treatment A was administered to each patient as two 3 g doses given four hours apart (one dose at time zero and the second dose four hours later), for a total dose of 6 g sodium oxybate.
  • Treatments D and E were administered to each patient only at time zero.
  • Patients receiving Treatment D were administered 4 tablets at time zero, providing a total dose of 4 g sodium oxybate
  • patients receiving Treatment E were administered 8 tablets at time zero, providing a total dose of 8 g sodium oxybate.
  • Blood samples from each patient were taken at various intervals and analyzed by LC/MS for total sodium oxybate content in the plasma.
  • Treatment A A total of 30 patients received Treatment A, and a total of 30 patients received Treatments D and E.
  • the mean plasma concentration of sodium oxybate over time achieved by each of the treatments is shown in FIG. 14 , and a summary of pharmacokinetic parameters provided by Treatments A through C are provided in Table 6.
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US16/712,260 US10987310B2 (en) 2010-03-24 2019-12-12 Controlled release dosage forms for high dose, water soluble and hygroscopic drug substances
US16/916,677 US10813885B1 (en) 2010-03-24 2020-06-30 Controlled release dosage forms for high dose, water soluble and hygroscopic drug substances
US17/012,823 US10959956B2 (en) 2010-03-24 2020-09-04 Controlled release dosage forms for high dose, water soluble and hygroscopic drug substances
US17/012,831 US10966931B2 (en) 2010-03-24 2020-09-04 Controlled release dosage forms for high dose, water soluble and hygroscopic drug substances
US17/224,781 US11090269B1 (en) 2010-03-24 2021-04-07 Controlled release dosage forms for high dose, water soluble and hygroscopic drug substances
US17/380,509 US11207270B2 (en) 2010-03-24 2021-07-20 Controlled release dosage forms for high dose, water soluble and hygroscopic drug substances
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