US20110236428A1 - Combination therapy with peptide epoxyketones - Google Patents

Combination therapy with peptide epoxyketones Download PDF

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US20110236428A1
US20110236428A1 US13/125,292 US200913125292A US2011236428A1 US 20110236428 A1 US20110236428 A1 US 20110236428A1 US 200913125292 A US200913125292 A US 200913125292A US 2011236428 A1 US2011236428 A1 US 2011236428A1
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alkyl
hydrogen
absent
zaz
independently selected
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Christopher J. Kirk
Susan D. Demo
Mark K. Bennett
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Onyx Therapeutics Inc
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Onyx Therapeutics Inc
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Priority to US13/125,292 priority Critical patent/US20110236428A1/en
Assigned to ONYX THERAPEUTICS, INC. reassignment ONYX THERAPEUTICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BENNETT, MARK K., DEMO, SUSAN D., KIRK, CHRISTOPHER J.
Publication of US20110236428A1 publication Critical patent/US20110236428A1/en
Priority to US15/639,727 priority patent/USRE47954E1/en
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Definitions

  • proteasome-mediated degradation In eukaryotes, protein degradation is predominately mediated through the ubiquitin pathway in which proteins targeted for destruction are ligated to the 76 amino acid polypeptide ubiquitin. Once targeted, ubiquitinated proteins then serve as substrates for the 26S proteasome, a multicatalytic protease, which cleaves proteins into short peptides through the action of its three major proteolytic activities. While having a general function in intracellular protein turnover, proteasome-mediated degradation also plays a key role in many processes such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation, apoptosis, cell division, and NF- ⁇ B activation.
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • the 20S proteasome is a 700 kDa cylindrical-shaped multicatalytic protease complex comprised of 28 subunits organized into four rings that plays important roles in cell growth regulation, major histocompatibility complex class I presentation, apoptosis, antigen processing, NF- ⁇ B activation, and transduction of pro-inflammatory signals.
  • 7 different ⁇ subunits form the outer rings and 7 different ⁇ subunits comprise the inner rings.
  • the ⁇ subunits serve as binding sites for the 19S (PA700) and 11S (PA28) regulatory complexes, as well as a physical barrier for the inner proteolytic chamber formed by the two ⁇ subunit rings.
  • the proteasome is believed to exist as a 26S particle (“the 26S proteasome”).
  • the 26S proteasome In vivo experiments have shown that inhibition of the 20S form of the proteasome can be readily correlated to inhibition of 26S proteasome. Cleavage of amino-terminal prosequences of ⁇ subunits during particle formation expose amino-terminal threonine residues, which serve as the catalytic nucleophiles.
  • the subunits responsible for catalytic activity in proteasome thus possess an amino terminal nucleophilic residue, and these subunits belong to the family of N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolases (where the nucleophilic N-terminal residue is, for example, Cys, Ser, Thr, and other nucleophilic moieties).
  • This family includes, for example, penicillin G acylase (PGA), penicillin V acylase (PVA), glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (GAT), and bacterial glycosylasparaginase.
  • One aspect of the invention relates to combination therapy, wherein a peptide epoxyketone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered with one or more other therapeutic agents and the combination shows efficacy that is greater than the efficacy of either agent being administered alone (e.g., synergistic or additive antitumor effect).
  • Such combination treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential, or separate dosing of the individual components of the treatment.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to methods for the treatment of cancer, comprising administering a peptide epoxyketone with one or more other therapeutic agents and the combination shows efficacy that is greater than the efficacy of either agent being administered alone (e.g., synergistic or additive antitumor effect).
  • Such combination treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential, or separate dosing of the individual components of the treatment.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to methods for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, comprising administering a peptide epoxyketone with one or more other therapeutic agents and the combination shows efficacy that is greater than the efficacy of either agent being administered alone (e.g., synergistic or additive antitumor effect).
  • Such combination treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential, or separate dosing of the individual components of the treatment.
  • the one or more other therapeutic agenet is selected from an HDAC inhibitor, an antibiotic, a taxane, an antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents, a platinum coordination complex, a steroid, an immunomodulator, a topoisomerase inhibitor, an m-TOR inhibitor, and protein kinase inhibitors.
  • FIG. 1 shows a graph of tumor volume over time for mice treated with vehicle, Compound 1, SAHA, or Compound 1 in combination with SAHA after RL cell tumors had reached about 50 mm 3 in size.
  • FIG. 2A shows the dosing schedule for combination therapy with Doxil and Compound 1.
  • FIG. 2B shows the toxicity study for combination therapy with Doxil and Compound 1, where Doxil is administered at 10 or 20 mg/kg and Compound 1 is adminstered at 5 mg/kg.
  • FIG. 3 shows colorectal HT29 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Doxil (3 mg/kg), Compound 1 (5 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and Doxil.
  • FIG. 4 shows non-small cell lung A549 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Doxil (3 mg/kg), Compound 1 (5 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and Doxil.
  • FIG. 5A shows the dosing schedule for combination therapy with docetaxel and Compound 1.
  • FIG. 5B shows the toxicity study for combination therapy with docetaxel and Compound 1, where docetaxel is administered at 10 mg/kg and Compound 1 is adminstered at 5 mg/kg.
  • FIG. 6 shows non-small cell lung A549 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Compound 1 (5 mg/kg), docetaxel (5 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and docetaxel.
  • FIG. 7 shows non-small cell lung A549 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Compound 1 (3 mg/kg), docetaxel (3 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and docetaxel.
  • FIG. 8A shows the dosing schedule for combination therapy with SAHA and Compound 1.
  • FIG. 8B shows the toxicity study for combination therapy with vorinostat and Compound 1, where SAHA is administered at 50 mg/kg and Compound 1 is adminstered at 3 or 5 mg/kg.
  • FIG. 9 shows lymphoma RL tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Compound 1 (3 mg/kg), SAHA (50 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and SAHA.
  • FIG. 10 shows ovarian ES2 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Compound 1 (5 mg/kg), SAHA (50 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and SAHA.
  • FIG. 11 shows the effect of a combination of Compound 1 and melphalan on MM1.S cells.
  • FIG. 12A shows preliminary results of a phase Ib dose escalation study of carfilzomib plus lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed multiple myeloma patients.
  • MTD maximum tolerated dose
  • FIG. 12B shows preliminary results of a phase Ib dose escalation study of carfilzomib plus lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed multiple myeloma patients. Responses were durable.
  • the peptide epoxyketone is selected from a compound of any one of groups 1 to 7.
  • the values for various moieties e.g., for R 1 , etc.
  • values for one group e.g., Group 1 do not apply to another group.
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl or branched or unbranched C 1-6 hydroxy alkyl or branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkoxy alkyl, aryl, and aryl-substituted branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl, wherein such groups can further include: amide linkages; amines; carboxylic acids and salts thereof; carboxyl esters, including C 1-5 alkyl esters and aryl esters; thiols and thioethers; and R 5 is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, acetyl, or a protecting group, such as N-terminal protecting groups known in the art of peptide synthesis, including t-butoxy carbonyl (BOC), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl(t)
  • N-protecting groups e.g., the benzyloxy carbonyl group or the t-butyloxycarbonyl group (BOC)
  • various coupling reagents e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxyazabenzotriazole (HATU), carbonyldiimidazole, or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HBT), and various cleavage reagents: for example, trifluoroacetic acid; HCL in dioxane; hydrogenation on Pd—C in organic solvents, such as methanol or ethyl acetate; boron tris(trifluoroacetate); and cyanogen bromide, and reaction in solution with isolation and purification of intermediates is well-known classical peptide methodology.
  • R 1 is branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R 1 is isobutyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R 2 is branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl or aryl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R 2 is phenyl, phenylmethyl, or 1-naphthyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R 3 is branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl or aryl.
  • R 3 is isobutyl, phenyl or 1-naphthyl.
  • R 4 is branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl, aryl, and aryl-substituted branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 4 is isobutyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, phenylmethyl, or 2-phenylethyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkanoyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, where substituents include halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, and C 1-5 alkyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R 5 is hydrogen, acetyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
  • R 1 is isobutyl
  • R 2 is phenylmethyl
  • R 3 is isobutyl
  • R 4 is 2-phenylethyl
  • R 5 is acetyl.
  • the peptide having such values is referred to herein as peptide (b).
  • R 1 is hydrogen, branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R 1 is isobutyl. In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R 2 is hydrogen, branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl or aryl. In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R 2 is phenyl, phenylmethyl, or 1-naphthyl. In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R 3 is hydrogen, branched or unbranched C 1-6 cyclic alkylene bonded to the R 3 backbone unit.
  • R 3 is ethylene bonded to the amine of the R 3 amino acid backbone, such as would be the case for the amino acid proline.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl, aryl, and aryl-substituted branched or unbranched C 1-6 alkyl. In some other optional embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R 4 is hydrogen, or isopropyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkanoyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, where substituents include halogen, carbonyl, monosubstituted-, disubstituted- or unsubstituted-amino, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, and C 1-5 alkyl.
  • R 5 is acetyl, N-acetyl-piperidinecarbonyl, N-dimethylaminobenzyl, isooctanoic, or benzoylbenzoic.
  • R 1 is isobutyl
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • R 3 is ethylene bonded to the R 3 amine of the amino acid backbone
  • R 4 is hydrogen
  • R 5 is acetyl
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (2) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • each A is independently selected from C ⁇ O, C ⁇ S, and SO 2 , preferably C ⁇ O;
  • R 15 and R 16 independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl, or R 15 and R 16 together form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
  • R 17 and R 18 are independently selected from hydrogen, a metal cation, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, or R 17 and R 18 together represent C 1-6 alkyl, thereby forming a ring;
  • R 7 when R 6 is H, L is C ⁇ O, and Q is absent, R 7 is not hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, when R 6 is H and Q is absent, R 7 is not a protecting group such as those described in Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley & Sons, 1999 or Kocie ⁇ ski, P. J., “Protecting Groups”, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1994.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are selected from C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 2 and R 4 are C 1-6 alkyl and R 1 and R 3 are C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 2 and R 4 are isobutyl, R 1 is 2-phenylethyl, and R 3 is phenylmethyl.
  • L and Q are absent and R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaralkyl.
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl and R 7 is selected from butyl, allyl, propargyl, phenylmethyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.
  • L is SO 2
  • Q is absent
  • R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl and aryl. In certain such embodiments, R 7 is selected from methyl and phenyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O and R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, aryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 heteroaralkyl, R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-, R 11 Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 10 ) 2 N—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 10 ) 3 N + —C 1-8 alkyl-, (
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is absent
  • L is C ⁇ O.
  • R 7 is ethyl, isopropyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 7 is C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 7 is selected from 2-phenylethyl, phenylmethyl, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl, and (4-fluorophenyl)methyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 7 is aryl.
  • R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent or O
  • n is 0 or 1
  • R 7 is —(CH 2 ) n carbocyclyl.
  • R 7 is cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.
  • L and A are C ⁇ O, Q is absent, Z is O, n is an integer from 1 to 8 (preferably 1), and R 7 is selected from R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-, R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, and heterocyclylMZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, wherein each occurrence of A is independently other than a covalent bond.
  • R 7 is heterocyclylMZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl- where heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted oxodioxolenyl or N(R 12 )(R 13 ), wherein R 12 and R 13 together are C 1-6 alkyl-Y—C 1-6 alkyl, preferably C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl, thereby forming a ring.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • n is an integer from 1 to 8
  • R 7 is selected from (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 10 ) 2 NC 1-8 alkyl, (R 10 ) 3 N + (CH 2 ) n —, and heterocyclyl-M-.
  • R 7 is —C 1-8 alkylN(R 10 ) 2 or —C 1-8 alkylN + (R 10 ) 3 , where R 10 is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 7 is heterocyclylM-, where heterocyclyl is selected from morpholino, piperidino, piperazino, and pyrrolidino.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl-M, C 1-6 aralkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaralkyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl, where C 1-6 alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is C 1-6 aralkyl, where aralkyl is phenylmethyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is C 1-6 heteroaralkyl, where heteroaralkyl is (4-pyridyl)methyl.
  • L is absent or is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-6 alkyl-ZA-C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl-A, wherein each occurrence of Z and A is independently other than a covalent bond, thereby forming a ring.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q and Y are absent, and R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L and Q are absent, and R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • Y is selected from NH and N—C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Y is absent
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L and A are C ⁇ O
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-2 alkyl-ZA-C 1-2 alkyl.
  • L and A are C ⁇ O and R 6 and R 7 together are C 2-3 alkyl-A.
  • a compound of Formula (2) has the following stereochemistry:
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (4) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • each A is independently selected from C ⁇ O, C ⁇ S, and SO 2 , preferably C ⁇ O;
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 6 is H
  • R 2 and R 4 are selected from C 1-6 alkyl and C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 2 and R 4 are C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 2 and R 4 are isobutyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 6 is H
  • R 2 and R 4 are isobutyl
  • R 7 is heterocyclylM-, where the heterocycle is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, such as piperazino (including N-(lower alkyl)piperazino), morpholino, and piperidino.
  • M is CH 2 .
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (5) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • X is O
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (6), with the proviso that at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is a group of Formula (6);
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether;
  • R 9 is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, C 1-6 acyl, a protecting group, aryl, or heteroaryl, where substituents may include halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, and C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl, or R 10 and R 11 together form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from hydrogen, a metal cation, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, or R 12 and R 13 together represent C 1-6 alkyl, thereby forming a ring;
  • L is absent or is selected from —CO 2 or —C( ⁇ S)O.
  • Suitable N-terminal protecting groups known in the art of peptide syntheses include t-butoxy carbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (trityl) and trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) and the like.
  • N-protecting groups e.g., the benzyloxy carbonyl group or the t-butyloxycarbonyl group (Boc)
  • various coupling reagents e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxyazabenzotriazole (HATU), carbonyldiimidazole, or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HOBT), and various cleavage conditions: for example, trifluoracetic acid (TFA), HCl in dioxane, hydrogenation on Pd—C in organic solvents (such as methanol or ethyl acetate), boron tris(trifluoroacetate), and cyanogen bromide, and reaction in solution with isolation and purification of intermediates are well-known in the
  • any two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogen and any two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 have a structure of Formula (6).
  • any three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogen and any one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 has a structure of Formula (6).
  • R 1 has a structure of Formula (6) and R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogen.
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 aralkyl. In preferred embodiments, R 6 and R 8 are C 1-6 alkyl and R 5 and R 7 are C 1-6 aralkyl. In the most preferred embodiment, R 6 and R 8 are isobutyl, R 5 is 2-phenylethyl, and R 7 is phenylmethyl.
  • R 9 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 acyl, or a protecting group. In preferred embodiments, R 9 is hydrogen or acetyl. In the most preferred embodiment, R 9 is acetyl.
  • R 10 and R 11 are selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R 10 is hydrogen and R 11 is C 1-6 alkyl. In a further preferred embodiment, R 10 is hydrogen and R 11 is methyl. In another preferred embodiment, both R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 12 and R 13 are C 1-6 alkyl, metal cation, or C 1-6 aralkyl. In certain preferred embodiments, R 12 and R 13 are selected from benzyl, tert-butyl, and sodium cation. In more preferred embodiments, both R 12 and R 13 are benzyl or tert-butyl. In the most preferred embodiment, at least one of R 12 and R 13 is a sodium cation.
  • a compound of Formula (5) has the following stereochemistry:
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (7) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • X is O
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (6), with the proviso that at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is a group of Formula (6);
  • R 6 and R 8 are independently selected from optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxy alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether;
  • R 9 is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, acyl, a protecting group, aryl, or heteroaryl, where substituents may include halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, and C 1-6 alkyl.
  • Suitable N-terminal protecting groups known in the art of peptide syntheses include t-butoxy carbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (trityl) and trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) and the like; and
  • any two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogen and any two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 have a structure of Formula (6).
  • any three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogen and any one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 has a structure of Formula (6).
  • R 1 has a structure of Formula (6) and R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogen.
  • R 6 and R 8 are C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 aralkyl. In preferred embodiments, R 6 and R 8 are C 1-6 alkyl. In the most preferred embodiment, R 6 and R 8 are isobutyl.
  • R 9 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 acyl, or a protecting group. In preferred embodiments, R 9 is hydrogen or acetyl. In the most preferred embodiment, R 9 is acetyl.
  • R 10 and R 11 are selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R 10 is hydrogen and R 11 is C 1-6 alkyl. In a further preferred embodiment, R 10 is hydrogen and R 11 is methyl. In another preferred embodiment, both R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 12 and R 13 are C 1-6 alkyl, metal cation, or C 1-6 aralkyl. In certain preferred embodiments, R 12 and R 13 are selected from benzyl, tert-butyl, and sodium cation. In more preferred embodiments, both R 12 and R 13 are benzyl or tert-butyl. In the most preferred embodiment, at least one of R 12 and R 13 is a sodium cation.
  • R 6 and R 8 are C 1-6 alkyl. In preferred embodiments, R 6 and R 8 are isobutyl. In preferred embodiments, R 9 is hydrogen or acetyl. In the most preferred embodiments, R 9 is acetyl. In a preferred embodiment, R 10 is hydrogen and R 11 is methyl. In another preferred embodiment, both R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 12 and R 13 are C 1-6 alkyl, metal cation, or C 1-6 aralkyl. In certain preferred embodiments, R 12 and R 13 are selected from benzyl, tert-butyl, and sodium cation. In more preferred embodiments, both R 12 and R 13 are benzyl or tert-butyl. In the most preferred embodiment, at least one of R 12 and R 13 is a sodium cation.
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (8) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • Suitable N-terminal protecting groups known in the art of peptide syntheses include t-butoxy carbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (trityl) and trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) and the like.
  • N-protecting groups e.g., the benzyloxy carbonyl group or the t-butyloxycarbonyl group (Boc)
  • various coupling reagents e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxyazabenzotriazole (HATU), carbonyldiimidazole, or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HOBT), and various cleavage conditions: for example, trifluoracetic acid (TFA), HCl in dioxane, hydrogenation on Pd—C in organic solvents (such as methanol or ethyl acetate), boron tris(trifluoroacetate), and cyanogen bromide, and reaction in solution with isolation and purification of intermediates are well-known in the
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and R 14 DVKOC 1-3 alkyl- wherein at least one of R 1 and R 3 is R 14 DVKOC 1-3 alkyl-.
  • one of R 1 and R 3 is C 1-6 aralkyl and the other is R 14 DVKOC 1-3 alkyl-
  • R 2 and R 4 are independently C 1-6 alkyl.
  • one of R 1 and R 3 is 2-phenylethyl or phenylmethyl and the other is R 14 DVKOCH 2 — or R 14 DVKO(CH 3 )CH—, and both R 2 and R 4 are isobutyl.
  • each R 11 is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaralkyl.
  • each R 17 is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaralkyl.
  • L and Q are absent and R 7 is selected from hydrogen, a further chain of amino acids, C 1-6 acyl, a protecting group, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaralkyl.
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl and R 7 is selected from butyl, allyl, propargyl, phenylmethyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.
  • L is SO 2
  • Q is absent
  • R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl and aryl. In certain such embodiments, R 7 is selected from methyl and phenyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O and R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, aryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 heteroaralkyl, R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-, R 11 Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 10 ) 2 N—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 10 ) 3 N + —C 1-8 alkyl-, (
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is absent
  • L is C ⁇ O.
  • R 7 is ethyl, isopropyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 7 is C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 7 is selected from 2-phenylethyl, phenylmethyl, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl, and (4-fluorophenyl)methyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 7 is aryl.
  • R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent or O
  • R 7 is —(CH 2 ) n carbocyclyl.
  • R 7 is cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.
  • L and A are C ⁇ O, Q is absent, Z is O, and R 7 is selected from R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-, R 11 Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, and heterocyclylMZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-.
  • R 7 is heterocyclylMZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl- where heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted oxodioxolenyl or N(R 12 )(R 13 ), wherein R 12 and R 13 together are C 1-6 alkyl-Y—C 1-6 alkyl, preferably C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl, thereby forming a ring.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 7 is selected from (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 10 ) 2 NC 1-8 alkyl, (R 10 ) 3 N + (CH 2 ) n —, and heterocyclyl-M-.
  • R 7 is —C 1-8 alkylN(R 10 ) 2 or —C 1-8 alkylN + (R 10 ) 3 , where R 10 is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 7 is heterocyclylM-, where heterocyclyl is selected from morpholino, piperidino, piperazino, and pyrrolidino.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl-M, C 1-6 araalkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaraalkyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl, where C 1-6 alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is C 1-6 aralkyl, where aralkyl is phenylmethyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is C 1-6 heteroaralkyl, where heteroaralkyl is (4-pyridyl)methyl.
  • L is absent or is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-6 alkyl-Y—C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl-ZA-C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q and Y are absent
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L and Q are absent, and R 6 and
  • R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • Y is selected from NH and N—C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Y is absent
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L and A are C ⁇ O
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-2 alkyl-ZA-C 1-2 alkyl.
  • L and A are C ⁇ O and R 6 and R 7 together are C 2-3 alkyl-A.
  • R 14 is (R 15 O)(R 16 O)P( ⁇ O)W—.
  • D, V, K, and W are absent.
  • V and K are absent, D is C 1-8 alkyl, and W is O.
  • D is C 1-8 alkyl, K is C ⁇ O, and V and W are O.
  • R 14 is R 15 GB—.
  • B is C ⁇ O
  • G is O
  • D is C 1-8 alkyl
  • V is O
  • K is C ⁇ O.
  • R 14 is heterocyclyl-.
  • D is C 1-8 alkyl.
  • V is O
  • K is C ⁇ O
  • heterocyclyl is oxodioxolenyl.
  • V is absent
  • K is absent or is C ⁇ O
  • heterocyclyl is N(R 18 )(R 19 ), where R 18 and R 19 together are J-T-J, J-WB-J, or B-J-T-J
  • T is absent or is selected from O, NR 17 , S, SO, SO 2 , CHOR 17 , CHCO 2 R 15 , C ⁇ O, CF 2 , and CHF
  • J is absent or is C 1-3 alkyl.
  • R 14 is (R 17 ) 2 N— or (R 17 ) 3 N + —, and preferably V is absent.
  • D is C 1-8 alkyl and K is absent or C ⁇ O.
  • V is absent and R 14 is (R 17 ) 2 N—
  • D is absent K is absent or is C ⁇ O, preferably K is C ⁇ O.
  • R 14 is R 17 SO 2 GBG-.
  • B is C ⁇ O, D, V, and K are absent, and G is NH or NC 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 14 is R 15 GBC 1-8 alkyl-.
  • B is C ⁇ O
  • G is O
  • the C 1-8 alkyl moiety is optionally substituted with OH, C 1-8 alkyl (optionally substituted with halogen, preferably fluorine), C 1-8 alkylW, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • the C 1-8 alkyl moiety is an unsubstituted, mono-, or disubstituted C 1 alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (8) has the following stereochemistry:
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (9) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • D, G, V, K, and W are selected such that there are no O—O, N—O, S—N, or S—O bonds.
  • R 1 and R 3 are each independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and R 14 DVKOC 1-3 alkyl- wherein at least one of R 1 and R 3 is R 14 DVKOC 1-3 alkyl-. In preferred embodiments, one of R 1 and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 aralkyl and the other is R 14 DVKOC 1-3 alkyl-.
  • one of R 1 and R 3 is 2-phenylethyl or phenylmethyl and the other is R 14 DVKOCH 2 — or R 14 DVKO(CH 3 )CH—.
  • each R 11 is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaralkyl.
  • each R 17 is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaralkyl.
  • L and Q are absent and R 7 is selected from hydrogen, a further chain of amino acids, C 1-6 acyl, a protecting group, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaralkyl.
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl and R 7 is selected from butyl, allyl, propargyl, phenylmethyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.
  • L is SO 2
  • Q is absent
  • R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl and aryl. In certain such embodiments, R 7 is selected from methyl and phenyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O and R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, aryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 heteroaralkyl, R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-, R 11 Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 10 ) 2 N—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 10 ) 3 N + —C 1-8 alkyl-, (
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is absent
  • L is C ⁇ O.
  • R 7 is ethyl, isopropyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 7 is C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 7 is selected from 2-phenylethyl, phenylmethyl, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl, and (4-fluorophenyl)methyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 7 is aryl.
  • R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent or O
  • R 7 is —(CH 2 ) n carbocyclyl.
  • R 7 is cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.
  • L and A are C ⁇ O, Q is absent, Z is O, and R 7 is selected from R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-, R 11 Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, R 8 ZA-C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-ZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-Z—C 1-8 alkyl-, and heterocyclylMZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl-.
  • R 7 is heterocyclylMZAZ—C 1-8 alkyl- where heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted oxodioxolenyl or N(R 12 )(R 13 ), wherein R 12 and R 13 together are C 1-6 alkyl-Y—C 1-6 alkyl, preferably C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl, thereby forming a ring.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • R 7 is selected from (R 8 O)(R 9 O)P( ⁇ O)O—C 1-8 alkyl-, (R 10 ) 2 NC 1-8 alkyl, (R 10 ) 3 N + (CH 2 ) n —, and heterocyclyl-M-.
  • R 7 is —C 1-8 alkylN + (R 10 ) 2 or —C 1-8 alkylN + (R 10 ) 3 , where R 10 is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 7 is heterocyclylM-, where heterocyclyl is selected from morpholino, piperidino, piperazino, and pyrrolidino.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl-M, C 1-6 araalkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaraalkyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl, where C 1-6 alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is C 1-6 aralkyl, where aralkyl is phenylmethyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 7 is C 1-6 heteroaralkyl, where heteroaralkyl is (4-pyridyl)methyl.
  • L is absent or is C ⁇ O
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-6 alkyl-Y—C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl-ZA-C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q and Y are absent, and R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L and Q are absent, and R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Q is absent
  • Y is selected from NH and N—C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L is C ⁇ O
  • Y is absent
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-3 alkyl-Y—C 1-3 alkyl.
  • L and A are C ⁇ O
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C 1-2 alkyl-ZA-C 1-2 alkyl.
  • L and A are C ⁇ O and R 6 and R 7 together are C 2-3 alkyl-A.
  • R 14 is (R 15 O)(R 16 O)P( ⁇ O)W—.
  • D, V, K, and W are absent.
  • V and K are absent, D is C 1-8 alkyl, and W is O.
  • D is C 1-8 alkyl, K is C ⁇ O, and V and W are O.
  • R 14 is R 15 GB—.
  • B is C ⁇ O
  • G is O
  • D is C 1-8 alkyl
  • V is O
  • K is C ⁇ O.
  • R 14 is heterocyclyl-.
  • D is C 1-8 alkyl.
  • V is O
  • K is C ⁇ O
  • heterocyclyl is oxodioxolenyl.
  • V is absent
  • K is absent or is C ⁇ O
  • heterocyclyl is N(R 18 )(R 19 ), where R 18 and R 19 together are J-T-J, J-WB-J, or B-J-T-J
  • T is absent or is selected from O, NR 17 , S, SO, SO 2 , CHOR 17 , CHCO 2 R 15 , C ⁇ O, CF 2 , and CHF
  • J is absent or is C 1-3 alkyl.
  • R 14 is (R 17 ) 2 N— or (R 17 ) 3 N + —, and preferably V is absent.
  • D is C 1-8 alkyl and K is absent or C ⁇ O.
  • V is absent and R 14 is (R 17 ) 2 N—
  • D is absent K is absent or is C ⁇ O, preferably K is C ⁇ O.
  • R 14 is R 17 SO 2 GBG-.
  • B is C ⁇ O, D, V, and K are absent, and G is NH or NC 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 14 is R 15 GBC 1-8 alkyl-.
  • B is C ⁇ O
  • G is O
  • the C 1-8 alkyl moiety is optionally substituted with OH, C 1-8 alkyl (optionally substituted with halogen, preferably fluorine), C 1-8 alkylW, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • the C 1-8 alkyl moiety is an unsubstituted, mono-, or disubstituted C 1 alkyl.
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (10) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • L is absent or is selected from —CO 2 or —C( ⁇ S)O;
  • X is O
  • Y is NH, N-alkyl, O, or C(R 9 ) 2 , preferably N-alkyl, O, or C(R 9 ) 2 ;
  • Z is O or C(R 9 ) 2 , preferably C(R 9 ) 2 ;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (11), preferably, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all the same, more preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen;
  • each R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 is independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, alkyl, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl and each R 9 is hydrogen, more preferably, R 6 and R 8 are independently C 1-6 alkyl, R 5 and R 7 are independently C 1-6 aralkyl and each R 9 is H;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl, or R 10 and R 11 together form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from hydrogen, a metal cation, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, or R 12 and R 13 together represent C 1-6 alkyl, thereby forming a ring;
  • n is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • n is an integer from 0 to 2, preferably 0 or 1.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all the same, preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen.
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, more preferably, R 6 and R 8 are independently C 1-6 alkyl and R 5 and R 7 are independently C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen, R 6 and R 8 are both isobutyl, R 5 is phenylethyl, and R 7 is phenylmethyl.
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, alkyl, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether.
  • at least one of R 5 and R 7 is C 1-6 aralkyl substituted with alkyl, more preferably substituted with perhaloalkyl.
  • R 7 is C 1-6 aralkyl substituted with trifluoromethyl.
  • Y is selected from N-alkyl, O, and CH 2 .
  • Z is CH 2 , and m and n are both 0.
  • Z is CH 2 , m is O, and n is 2 or 3.
  • Z is O, m is 1, and n is 2.
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (12) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (11), preferably, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all the same, more preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen; and
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, more preferably, R 6 and R 8 are independently C 1-6 alkyl and R 5 and R 7 are independently C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all the same, preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen.
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, more preferably, R 6 and R 8 are independently C 1-6 alkyl and R 5 and R 7 are independently C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen, R 6 and R 8 are both isobutyl, R 5 is phenylethyl, and R 7 is phenylmethyl.
  • a compound of Formula (12) has the following stereochemistry:
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (13) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • X is O
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (11), preferably, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all the same, more preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen; and
  • R 6 and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R 6 and R 8 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, more preferably, R 6 and R 8 are independently C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all the same, preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen.
  • R 6 and R 8 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, more preferably, R 6 and R 8 are independently C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen, and R 6 and R 8 are both isobutyl.
  • a compound of Formula (13) has the following structure:
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (14) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • X is O
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of formula II, preferably, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all the same, more preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and
  • R 4 are all hydrogen
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, more preferably, R 6 and R 8 are independently C 1-6 alkyl and R 5 and R 7 are independently C 1-6 aralkyl; and
  • q is an integer from 0 to 3.
  • the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (15) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • X is O
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (15), preferably, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all the same, more preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen;
  • R 6 and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R 6 and R 8 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, more preferably, R 6 and R 8 are independently C 1-6 alkyl; and
  • q is an integer from 0 to 3.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all the same, preferably R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen.
  • R 6 and R 8 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, more preferably, R 6 and R 8 are independently C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are all hydrogen, and R 6 and R 8 are both isobutyl.
  • C x-y alkyl refers to substituted or unsubstituted saturated hydrocarbon groups, including straight-chain alkyl and branched-chain alkyl groups that contain from x to y carbons in the chain, including haloalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, etc.
  • C 0 alkyl indicates a hydrogen where the group is in a terminal position, a bond if internal.
  • C 2-y alkenyl and “C 2-y alkynyl” refer to substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl group having an oxygen attached thereto. Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.
  • An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxy.
  • C 1-6 alkoxyalkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group, thereby forming an ether.
  • C 1-6 aralkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.
  • amine and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to both unsubstituted and substituted amines and salts thereof, e.g., a moiety that can be represented by the general formulae:
  • R 9 , R 10 and R 10′ each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH 2 ) m —R 8 , or R 9 and R 10 taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure;
  • R 8 represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl or a polycyclyl; and m is zero or an integer from 1 to 8.
  • only one of R 9 or R 10 can be a carbonyl, e.g., R 9 , R 10 , and the nitrogen together do not form an imide.
  • R 9 and R 10 each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, or —(CH 2 ) m —R 8 .
  • the amino group is basic, meaning the protonated form has a pK a ⁇ 7.00.
  • amide and “amido” are art-recognized as an amino-substituted carbonyl and includes a moiety that can be represented by the general formula:
  • R 9 , R 10 are as defined above.
  • Preferred embodiments of the amide will not include imides which may be unstable.
  • aryl as used herein includes 5-, 6-, and 7-membered substituted or unsubstituted single-ring aromatic groups in which each atom of the ring is carbon.
  • aryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • Aryl groups include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, phenol, aniline, and the like.
  • carrier refers to a non-aromatic substituted or unsubstituted ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon.
  • carrier and “carbocyclyl” also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is carbocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • carbonyl is art-recognized and includes such moieties as can be represented by the general formula:
  • X is a bond or represents an oxygen or a sulfur
  • R 11 represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH 2 ) m —R 8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
  • R 11′ represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl or —(CH 2 ) m —R 8 , where m and R 8 are as defined above.
  • X is an oxygen and R 11 or R 11′ is not hydrogen, the formula represents an “ester”.
  • X is an oxygen
  • R 11 is a hydrogen
  • the formula represents a “carboxylic acid”.
  • enzyme can be any partially or wholly proteinaceous molecule which carries out a chemical reaction in a catalytic manner.
  • Such enzymes can be native enzymes, fusion enzymes, proenzymes, apoenzymes, denatured enzymes, farnesylated enzymes, ubiquitinated enzymes, fatty acylated enzymes, gerangeranylated enzymes, GPI-linked enzymes, lipid-linked enzymes, prenylated enzymes, naturally-occurring or artificially-generated mutant enzymes, enzymes with side chain or backbone modifications, enzymes having leader sequences, and enzymes complexed with non-proteinaceous material, such as proteoglycans, proteoliposomes.
  • Enzymes can be made by any means, including natural expression, promoted expression, cloning, various solution-based and solid-based peptide syntheses, and similar methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • C 1-6 heteroaralkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
  • heteroaryl includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic 5- to 7-membered ring structures, more preferably 5- to 6-membered rings, whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms.
  • heteroaryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • Heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, isoxazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.
  • heteroatom as used herein means an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic group” refer to substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic 3- to 10-membered ring structures, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings, whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic group” also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heterocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, tetrahydrofuran, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, lactones, lactams, and the like.
  • C 1-6 heterocycloalkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group substituted with a heterocyclyl group.
  • C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy group.
  • inhibitor is meant to describe a compound that blocks or reduces an activity of an enzyme (for example, inhibition of proteolytic cleavage of standard fluorogenic peptide substrates).
  • An inhibitor can act with competitive, uncompetitive, or noncompetitive inhibition.
  • An inhibitor can bind reversibly or irreversibly, and therefore the term includes compounds that are suicide substrates of an enzyme.
  • An inhibitor can modify one or more sites on or near the active site of the enzyme, or it can cause a conformational change elsewhere on the enzyme.
  • peptide includes not only standard amide linkage with standard ⁇ -substituents, but commonly utilized peptidomimetics, other modified linkages, non-naturally occurring side chains, and side chain modifications, as detailed below.
  • polycyclyl or “polycyclic” refer to two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”.
  • rings e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls
  • Each of the rings of the polycycle can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • preventing is art-recognized, and when used in relation to a condition, such as a local recurrence (e.g., pain), a disease such as cancer, a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any other medical condition, is well understood in the art, and includes administration of a composition which reduces the frequency of, or delays the onset of, symptoms of a medical condition in a subject relative to a subject which does not receive the composition.
  • a condition such as a local recurrence (e.g., pain)
  • a disease such as cancer
  • a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any other medical condition
  • prevention of cancer includes, for example, reducing the number of detectable cancerous growths in a population of patients receiving a prophylactic treatment relative to an untreated control population, and/or delaying the appearance of detectable cancerous growths in a treated population versus an untreated control population, e.g., by a statistically and/or clinically significant amount.
  • Prevention of an infection includes, for example, reducing the number of diagnoses of the infection in a treated population versus an untreated control population, and/or delaying the onset of symptoms of the infection in a treated population versus an untreated control population.
  • Prevention of pain includes, for example, reducing the magnitude of, or alternatively delaying, pain sensations experienced by subjects in a treated population versus an untreated control population.
  • prodrug encompasses compounds that, under physiological conditions, are converted into therapeutically active agents.
  • a common method for making a prodrug is to include selected moieties that are hydrolyzed under physiological conditions to reveal the desired molecule.
  • the prodrug is converted by an enzymatic activity of the host animal.
  • prophylactic or therapeutic treatment is art-recognized and includes administration to the host of one or more of the subject compositions. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation of the unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal) then the treatment is prophylactic, (i.e., it protects the host against developing the unwanted condition), whereas if it is administered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, the treatment is therapeutic, (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate, or stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects thereof).
  • the unwanted condition e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal
  • proteasome as used herein is meant to include immuno- and constitutive proteasomes.
  • substituted refers to moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the backbone. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.
  • the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic substituents of organic compounds.
  • the permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds.
  • the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms.
  • Substituents can include, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxyl, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. It will be understood by
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound with respect to the subject method of treatment refers to an amount of the compound(s) in a preparation which, when administered as part of a desired dosage regimen (to a mammal, preferably a human) alleviates a symptom, ameliorates a condition, or slows the onset of disease conditions according to clinically acceptable standards for the disorder or condition to be treated or the cosmetic purpose, e.g., at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.
  • thioether refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, having a sulfur moiety attached thereto.
  • the “thioether” is represented by —S-alkyl.
  • Representative thioether groups include methylthio, ethylthio, and the like.
  • treating includes reversing, reducing, or arresting the symptoms, clinical signs, and underlying pathology of a condition in manner to improve or stabilize a subject's condition.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an HDAC inhibitor (e.g., Trichostatin A, depsipeptide, apicidin, A-161906, scriptaid, PXD-101, CHAP, butyric acid, depudecin, oxamflatin, phenylbutyrate, valproic acid, SAHA (Vorinostat), MS275 (N-(2-Aminophenyl)-4-[N-(pyridine-3-ylmethoxy-carbonyl)aminomethyl]benzamide), LAQ824/LBH589, CI994, and MGCD0103).
  • the other agent is SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid).
  • the other therapeutic agent is an antibiotic (e.g., dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorubicin, doxorubicin and idarubicin).
  • the other therapeutic agent comprises doxorubicin.
  • the other therapeutic agent is Doxil.
  • the other therapeutic agent is a taxane (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel).
  • the other therapeutic agent is an antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents such as a nitrogen mustard (e.g., mechlorethamine, ifosphamide, cyclophosphamide and analogs, melphalan, and chlorambucil).
  • a nitrogen mustard e.g., mechlorethamine, ifosphamide, cyclophosphamide and analogs, melphalan, and chlorambucil.
  • the other therapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide or melphalan.
  • the other therapeutic agent is a platinum coordination complex (e.g., cisplatin and carboplatin). In certain such embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is carboplatin.
  • the other therapeutic agent is a steroid (e.g., hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone and prednisolone). In certain such embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is dexamethasone.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an immunomodulator (e.g., thalidomide, CC-4047 (Actimid), and lenalidomide (Revlimid). In certain such embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is lenalidomide.
  • an immunomodulator e.g., thalidomide, CC-4047 (Actimid), and lenalidomide (Revlimid).
  • the other therapeutic agent is lenalidomide.
  • the other therapeutic agent is a topoisomerase inhibitor (e.g., irinotecan, topotecan, camptothecin, lamellarin D, and etoposide).
  • a topoisomerase inhibitor e.g., irinotecan, topotecan, camptothecin, lamellarin D, and etoposide.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an m-TOR inhibitor (e.g., CCI-779, AP23573 and RAD-001).
  • an m-TOR inhibitor e.g., CCI-779, AP23573 and RAD-001.
  • the other therapeutic agent is a protein kinase inhibitor (e.g., sorafenib, imatinib, dasatinib, sunitinib, pazopanib, and nilotinib).
  • the protein kinase inhibitor is sorafenib.
  • Administration of the peptide epoxyketone may precede or follow the other therapeutic agent by intervals ranging from minutes to days.
  • the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent may be administered within about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 6 hours, 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, or even about 48 hours or more of one another.
  • administration of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent will be within about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 30 minutes, or even about 60 minutes of one another.
  • the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent may be administered according to different dosing schedules (e.g., the peptide epoxyketone, for example may be administered once a day while the other therapeutic agent may be administered only once every three weeks) such that in some instances administration of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent will be within about 60 minutes of one another, while in other instances, administration of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent will be within days or even weeks of one another.
  • the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent may be administered according to different dosing schedules (e.g., the peptide epoxyketone, for example may be administered once a day while the other therapeutic agent may be administered only once every three weeks) such that in some instances administration of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent will be within about 60 minutes of one another, while in other instances, administration of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent will be within days or even weeks of one another.
  • the term “regimen” is a predetermined schedule of one or more therapeutic agents for the treatment of a cancer. Accordingly, when a therapeutic agent is administered “alone,” the regimen does not include the use of another therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer.
  • combinations as described herein may be synergistic in nature, meaning that the therapeutic effect of the combination of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent(s) is greater than the sum of the individual effects.
  • combinations as described herein may be additive in nature, meaning that the therapeutic effect of the combination of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent(s) is greater than the effect of each agent individually (i.e., the therapeutic effect is the sum of the individual effects).
  • Compounds described herein can be administered in various forms, depending on the disorder to be treated and the age, condition, and body weight of the patient, as is well known in the art.
  • the compounds may be formulated as tablets, capsules, granules, powders, or syrups; or for parenteral administration, they may be formulated as injections (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous), or drop infusion preparations.
  • the active ingredient may be mixed with any conventional additive or excipient, such as a binder, a disintegrating agent, a lubricant, a corrigent, a solubilizing agent, a suspension aid, an emulsifying agent, a coating agent, a cyclodextrin, and/or a buffer.
  • a binder such as a binder, a disintegrating agent, a lubricant, a corrigent, a solubilizing agent, a suspension aid, an emulsifying agent, a coating agent, a cyclodextrin, and/or a buffer.
  • the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition that includes a practically insoluble proteasome inhibitor, a cyclodextrin and optionally a buffer.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions typically include a pharmaceutically effective amount of the proteasome inhibitor, e.g., which ameliorates the effects of cancer, when administered to a patient.
  • the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent may be in the same form (e.g., both may be administered as tablets or both may be administered intravenously) while in certain alternative embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent may be in different forms (e.g. one may be administered as a tablet while the other is administered intravenously).
  • the precise time of administration and/or amount of the composition that will yield the most effective results in terms of efficacy of treatment in a given patient will depend upon the activity, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of a particular compound, physiological condition of the patient (including age, sex, disease type and stage, general physical condition, responsiveness to a given dosage, and type of medication), route of administration, etc.
  • physiological condition of the patient including age, sex, disease type and stage, general physical condition, responsiveness to a given dosage, and type of medication
  • route of administration etc.
  • the above guidelines can be used as the basis for fine-tuning the treatment, e.g., determining the optimum time and/or amount of administration, which will require no more than routine experimentation consisting of monitoring the subject and adjusting the dosage and/or timing.
  • phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those ligands, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
  • materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch, potato starch, and substituted or unsubstituted ⁇ -cyclodextrin; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate;
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of the inhibitor(s). These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the inhibitor(s), or by separately reacting a purified inhibitor(s) in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed.
  • Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, laurylsulphonate salts, and amino acid salts, and the like.
  • sulfate bisulfate
  • phosphate nitrate
  • acetate valerate
  • oleate palmitate
  • stearate laurate
  • benzoate lactate
  • phosphate tosylate
  • citrate maleate
  • fumarate succinate
  • tartrate naphthylate
  • mesylate glucoheptonate
  • lactobionate lactobionate
  • laurylsulphonate salts
  • the inhibitors useful in the methods of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic inorganic and organic base addition salts of an inhibitor(s). These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the inhibitor(s), or by separately reacting the purified inhibitor(s) in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts, and the like.
  • Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., supra).
  • wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
  • antioxidants examples include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, and the like
  • oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert matrix, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouthwashes, and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of an inhibitor(s) as an active ingredient.
  • a composition may also be administered as a bolus, electuary, or paste.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, cyclodextrins, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents,
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders
  • compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols, and the like.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered inhibitor(s) moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • Tablets, and other solid dosage forms may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes, and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
  • compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • opacifying agents include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • the active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents, and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols, and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents, and e
  • the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.
  • Suspensions in addition to the active inhibitor(s) may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more inhibitors(s) in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
  • aqueous and nonaqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
  • polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
  • vegetable oils such as olive oil
  • injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include tonicity-adjusting agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include tonicity-adjusting agents, such as sugars
  • delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
  • Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of inhibitor(s) in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.
  • parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection, and infusion.
  • systemic administration means the administration of a ligand, drug, or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.
  • compositions of the present invention administered to a patient will follow general protocols for the administration of chemotherapeutics, taking into account the toxicity, if any. It is expected that the treatment cycles would be repeated as necessary. It also is contemplated that various standard therapies or adjunct cancer therapies, as well as surgical intervention, may be applied in combination with the described arsenical agent.
  • the inhibitor(s), which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
  • proteasome Orderly protein degradation is crucial to the maintenance of normal cell functions, and the proteasome is integral to the protein degradation process.
  • the proteasome controls the levels of proteins that are important for cell-cycle progression and apoptosis in normal and malignant cells; for example, cyclins, caspases, BCL2 and nF-kB (Kumatori et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:7071-7075; Almond et al., Leukemia (2002) 16: 433-443).
  • inhibiting proteasome activity can translate into therapies to treat various disease states, such as malignant, non-malignant and autoimmune diseases, depending on the cells involved.
  • Chemotherapeutic agents are drugs that are used in the treatment of diseases where killing the aberrant cell is warranted, such as autoimmune diseases, like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Although the mechanism by which each category of chemotherapeutic agent may differ, they generally function by disrupting a cell's ability to proliferate.
  • a peptide epoxyketone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents can be used in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers and auto-immune diseases.
  • cancer includes, but is not limited to, blood born and solid tumors.
  • Cancer refers to disease of blood, bone, organs, skin tissue and the vascular system, including, but not limited to, cancers of the bladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, cervix, chest, colon, endrometrium, esophagus, eye, head, kidney, liver, lung, lymph nodes, mouth, neck, ovaries, pancreas, prostate, rectum, renal, skin, stomach, testis, throat, and uterus.
  • Specific cancers include, but are not limited to, leukemia (acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute lyelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), hairy cell leukemia), mature B cell neoplasms (small lymphocytic lymphoma, B cell prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (such as Waldenström's macroglobulinemia), splenic marginal zone lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, plasmacytoma, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases, heavy chain diseases, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (MALT lymphoma), nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL), follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse B cell lymphoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, intravascular
  • autoimmune disease is a disease or disorder arising from and directed against an individual's own tissues.
  • autoimmune diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, inflammatory responses such as inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis and dermatitis (e.g.
  • atopic dermatitis atopic dermatitis
  • systemic scleroderma and sclerosis responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis); respiratory distress syndrome (including adult respiratory distress syndrome; ARDS); dermatitis; meningitis; encephalitis; uveitis; colitis; glomerulonephritis; allergic conditions such as eczema and asthma and other conditions involving infiltration of T cells and chronic inflammatory responses; atherosclerosis; leukocyte adhesion deficiency; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); diabetes mellitus (e.g.
  • Type I diabetes mellitus or insulin dependent diabetes mellitis multiple sclerosis; Reynaud's syndrome; autoimmune thyroiditis; allergic encephalomyelitis; Sjorgen's syndrome; juvenile onset diabetes; and immune responses associated with acute and delayed hypersensitivity mediated by cytokines and T-lymphocytes typically found in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, polymyositis, granulomatosis and vasculitis; pernicious anemia (Addison's disease); diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis; central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorder; multiple organ injury syndrome; hemolytic anemia (including, but not limited to cryoglobinemia or Coombs positive anemia); myasthenia gravis; antigen-antibody complex mediated diseases; anti-glomerular basement membrane disease; antiphospholipid syndrome; allergic neuritis; Graves' disease; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; pemphigoid bullous; pemphigus; autoinimune
  • the cancer is a hematological cancer selected from mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), T-cell lymphomas or leukemias (e.g., cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), noncutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, lymphoma associated with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV), and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)), acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia (e.g., acute monocytic leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (e.g., chronic B cell leukemia), chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (e.g., Burkitt's lymphoma), myeloma, multiple myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndrome.
  • CCL
  • the cancer is a solid tumor, neuroblastoma, or melanoma selected from mesothelioma, brain neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, glioma, Wilms' tumor, bone cancer and soft-tissue sarcomas, head and neck cancers (e.g., oral, laryngeal and esophageal), genitourinary cancers (e.g., prostate, bladder, renal, uterine, ovarian, testicular, rectal and colon), lung cancer (e.g., small cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma, including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, basal cell carcinoma, metastatic skin carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (both ulcerating and papillary type), stomach cancer, brain cancer, liver cancer, adrenal cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, medullary carcinoma, osteosarcoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, Ewing'
  • This invention also provides a method for the treatment of drug resistant tumors.
  • the drug resistant tumor is multiple myeloma.
  • drug resistant is meant a condition which demonstrates intrinsic resistance or acquired resistance.
  • intrinsic resistance is meant the characteristic expression profile in cancer cells of key genes in relevant pathways, including but not limited to apoptosis, cell progression and DNA repair, which contributes to the more rapid growth ability of cancerous cells when compared to their normal counterparts.
  • acquired resistance is meant a multifactorial phenomenon occurring in tumor formation and progression that can influence the sensitivity of cancer cells to a drug. Acquired resistance may be due to several mechanisms such as but not limited to; alterations in drug-targets, decreased drug accumulation, alteration of intracellular drug distribution, reduced drug-target interaction, increased detoxification response, cell-cycle deregulation, increased damaged-DNA repair, and reduced apoptotic response.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of one or more chemotherapeutic agents and proteasome inhibitor compositions disclosed herein for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, including, but not limited to, stroke, ischemic damage to the nervous system, neural trauma (e.g., percussive brain damage, spinal cord injury, and traumatic damage to the nervous system), multiple sclerosis and other immune-mediated neuropathies (e.g., Guillain-Barre syndrome and its variants, acute motor axonal neuropathy, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and Fisher Syndrome), HIV/AIDS dementia complex, axonomy, diabetic neuropathy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral meningitis, encephalitis, vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontal lobe dementia such as Pick's disease, subcortical dementias (such as Huntington or progressive supranuclear
  • mice Immunocompromised mice (BNX, Charles River Laboratories) were challenged with subcutaneous administration of RL human lymphoma cells (1 ⁇ 10 7 /mouse) on the right flank in a total volume of 0.1 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS). When tumors were approximately 50 mm 3 in size (as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 1 ), mice were randomized to treatment groups (9 mice/group).
  • Compound 1 was administered intravenously (IV) in a solution of 10% (w/v) sulfobutylether-betacyclodextrin in aqueous 10 mM citrate buffer pH 3.5. Administration was given on Days 1 and 2 each week.
  • the human lymphoma (RL), non-small cell lung (A549) and colon (HT-29) tumor cell lines were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, Va.).
  • the HDAC inhibitor vorinostat was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, Mich.). Docetexel was purchased from Sigma Chemicals (Ann Arbor, Mich.). Doxil prescription was purchased from a local pharmacy.
  • Toxicity Studies 4-6 weeks old female BNX mice were treated with chemotherapeutic agents of multiple classes as monotherapy or in combination with carfilzomib. Two weeks toxicity studies were performed at doses and dose schedules as mentioned in the figure legend. Toxicity was measured as body weight loss three times a week.
  • RL 0.1 mL cell suspensions containing 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells.
  • 5 ⁇ 10 6 cell suspension 0.1 mL were injected in case of HT-29, ES2 and A549 cells.
  • Compound 1 in combination with Doxil was well tolerated with clinically relevant dose schedule at MTD 10 mg/kg Doxil ⁇ Q7D(iv) and MTD 5 mg/kg carfilzomib ⁇ QDx2(iv).
  • the dose schedule as shown in FIG. 2A was Doxil day 1 (iv), after one hour Compound 1 day 1, 2 (iv).
  • MTD maximum tolerated dose
  • Compound 1 at MTD (5 mg/kg) and sub-MTD of Doxil (3 mg/kg) (n 10/group) on established HT29 colorectal xenograft model shows increased anti-tumor activity, (Combination treatment ***p ⁇ 0.001 vs. control or carfilzomib alone; **p ⁇ 0.01 vs. Doxil alone) as shown in FIG. 3 (arrow indicates start of dosing period). Similar observations were noted on established A549 non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model. (Combination treatment ***p ⁇ 0.001 vs. control or Doxil alone; No significance vs. carfilzomib alone) as shown in FIG. 4 (arrow indicates start of dosing period).
  • Compound 1 in combination with docetaxel was well tolerated with clinically relevant dose schedule at MTD 10 mg/kg docetaxel ⁇ Q7D (iv) and MTD 5 mg/kg of Compound 1 ⁇ QDx2(iv).
  • the dose schedule as shown in FIG. 5A was docetaxel day 1 (iv), after one hour Compound 1 day 1, 2 (iv).
  • a combination of Compound 1 at MTD (5 mg/kg) and sub-MTD of docetaxel (5 mg/kg) (n 10/group) on established A549 non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model, (Combination treatment ***p ⁇ 0.001 vs. control; **p ⁇ 0.05 vs. carfilzomib alone, NS vs docetaxel) as shown in FIG. 6 (arrow indicates start of dosing period).
  • a combination of Compound 1 at sub-MTD (3 mg/kg) and sub-MTD of docetaxel (5 mg/kg) (n 10/group) on established A549 non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model, (Combination treatment ***p ⁇ 0.001 vs. control; **p ⁇ 0.01 vs. carfilzomib and docetaxel) is shown in FIG. 7 (arrow indicates start of dosing period).
  • a combination of Compound 1 and vorinistat was well tolerated with clinically relevant dose schedule at 50 mg/kg QDx5 vorinostat (ip) and MTD 5 mg/kg Compound 1 ⁇ QDx2(iv). The MTD of vorinostat was not determined. Vorinostat was administered day 1-5 (ip), after one hour Compound 1 day 1, 2 (iv) as shown in FIG. 8A . Compound 1 and vorinostat treatment in BNX mice toxicity, as measured by body weight loss (BWL), was similar amongst the treatment groups suggesting that the combination was well tolerated in experimental animals ( FIG. 8B ).
  • Compound 1 treatment was well tolerated in combination with a histone deacytelase inhibitor (vorinostat), a microtubule disrupting agent (docetaxel) and an anthracycline (Doxil) at clinically relevant dose schedules for each individual agent.
  • vorinostat histone deacytelase inhibitor
  • docetaxel microtubule disrupting agent
  • Doxil an anthracycline
  • the combination of Compound 1 and vorinostat resulted in a significant reduction in lymphoma (RL) tumor growth compared to vehicle controls or treatment with either single agent (p ⁇ 0.001 vs. control; p ⁇ 0.01 vs. Compound 1 or vorinostat alone).
  • the combination of Compound 1 and docetaxel resulted in a significant reduction in A549 tumor growth compared to vehicle controls or treatment with either single agent (p ⁇ 0.001 vs.
  • Compound 1 was tested at 6.58 nM in combination with melphalan at four different doses: 11.1, 7.4, 4.9 and 3.3 ⁇ M.

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