US20110224262A1 - Pyrazolyl substituted carbonic acid derivatives as modulators of the prostacyclin (pgi2) receptor useful for the treatment of disorders related thereto - Google Patents

Pyrazolyl substituted carbonic acid derivatives as modulators of the prostacyclin (pgi2) receptor useful for the treatment of disorders related thereto Download PDF

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US20110224262A1
US20110224262A1 US13/131,203 US200913131203A US2011224262A1 US 20110224262 A1 US20110224262 A1 US 20110224262A1 US 200913131203 A US200913131203 A US 200913131203A US 2011224262 A1 US2011224262 A1 US 2011224262A1
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methyl
pyrazol
methoxy
cyclohexyl
phenyl
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Thuy-Anh Tran
Jason B. Ibarra
Young-Jun Shin
Brett Ullman
Ning Zou
Xi ZENG
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Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Assigned to ARENA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment ARENA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ULLMAN, BRETT, IBARRA, JASON B., SHIN, YOUNG-JUN, ZOU, NING, TRAN, THUY-ANH, Zeng, Xi
Publication of US20110224262A1 publication Critical patent/US20110224262A1/en
Priority to US15/486,600 priority patent/US10214518B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D231/56—Benzopyrazoles; Hydrogenated benzopyrazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to certain compounds of Formula Ia and pharmaceutical compositions thereof that modulate the activity of the PGI2 receptor.
  • Compounds of the present invention and pharmaceutical compositions thereof are directed to methods useful in the treatment of: pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); idiopathic PAH; familial PAH; PAH associated with: a collagen vascular disease, a congenital heart disease, portal hypertension, HIV infection, ingestion of a drug or toxin, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, splenectomy, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH); PAH with significant venous or capillary involvement; platelet aggregation; coronary artery disease; myocardial infarction; transient ischemic attack; angina; stroke; ischemia-reperfusion injury; restenosis; atrial fibrillation; blood clot formation in an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery individual or in an individual
  • Prostacyclin is a lipid molecule derived from arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase pathway. It is a potent vasodilator, antiproliferative, anti-thrombotic and antiplatelet agent that mediates its effects as an agonist of a G protein-coupled receptor (PGI2 receptor; e.g., human PGI2 receptor, GenBank® Accession No. NP — 000951 and alleles thereof). It is known that the binding of PGI2 (or other such agonist) to the PGI2 receptor leads to coupling with the Gs protein and increases intracellular cAMP levels. (See, e.g., Zhang et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2006, 454:80-88.)
  • Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a life-threatening disease characterized by a progressive pulmonary vasculopathy leading to right ventricular hypertrophy. Right heart failure occurs if left untreated.
  • Prostacyclin which has vasodilatory and antiproliferative effects on the pulmonary vasculature has been found to be low in patients with PAH compared with normal controls.
  • Exogenous administration of prostacyclin or an analog of prostacyclin i.e., an agonist of the PGI2 receptor
  • has become an important strategy in the treatment of PAH. See, e.g., Tuder et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med., 1999, 159:1925-1932; Humbert et al., J. Am.
  • Trepostinil and iloprost are FDA-approved analogs of prostacyclin which, like prostacyclin, are not orally-active.
  • Beraprost is an orally-active analog of prostacyclin approved for the treatment of PAH in Japan, but it has failed registration for the treatment of PAH in Europe and in the US.
  • prostacyclin is the best studied in PAH patients. The approximate annual cost of treating PAH with these drugs is $25,000 to $200,000 depending on the dose.
  • intravenous prostacyclin to be the most reliable agent for managing the sickest PAH patients. Due to the short half-life of prostacyclin, intravenous treatment is complicated by the need for a continuous infusion.
  • prostacyclin analogs i.e., agonists of the PGI2 receptor
  • prostacyclin analogs i.e., agonists of the PGI2 receptor
  • Developing stable, orally-active analogs of prostacyclin is a rate-limiting step in achieving this goal (see, e.g., Arehart et al., Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14:2161-2169; Arehart et al., Circ. Res., 2008, 102(8), 986-93, as well as in the improved management of PAH.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain cyclohexane derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ia and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of a PGI2 receptor mediated disorder in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of idiopathic PAH in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of familial PAH in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with a congenital heart disease in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with a congenital heart disease selected from: atrial septic defect (ASD), ventricular septic defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • ASD atrial septic defect
  • VSD ventricular septic defect
  • ductus arteriosus in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with portal hypertension in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with HIV infection in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with ingestion of a drug or toxin in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with splenectomy in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • PVOD pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of PAH associated with pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • PCH pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of platelet aggregation in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of: coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis or atrial fibrillation in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of blood clot formation in an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of blood clot formation in an individual suffering from atrial fibrillation comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of atherosclerosis in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of atherothrombosis in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of asthma in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of a symptom of asthma in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of a diabetic-related disorder in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of glaucoma or other disease of the eye with abnormal intraocular pressure in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of hypertension in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of hypertension intended to confer protection against cerebral ischemia in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of inflammation in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of an inflammatory disease in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of an inflammatory disease selected from: psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis, acne, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and asthma in an individual, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • an inflammatory disease selected from: psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis,
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods of modulating the activity of a PGI2 receptor by contacting the receptor with a compound of the present invention.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods of agonizing a PGI2 receptor by contacting the receptor with a compound of the present invention.
  • PAH selected from: idiopathic PAH; familial PAH; PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis; PAH associated with a congenital heart disease selected from: atrial septic defect (ASD), ventricular septic defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus in an individual; PAH associated with portal hypertension; PAH associated with HIV infection; PAH associated with ingestion of a drug or toxin; PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; PAH associated with splenectomy; PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement; PAH associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD); and
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the treatment of a disorder selected from: platelet aggregation, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atrial fibrillation, blood clot formation, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, asthma, a symptom of asthma, a diabetic-related disorder, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma or other disease of the eye with abnormal intraocular pressure, hypertension, inflammation, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis, acne, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, sepsis and chronic obstructive pulmonary
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a PGI2 receptor mediated disorder.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of idiopathic PAH.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of familial PAH.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with collagen vascular disease.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis.
  • a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with a congenital heart disease.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with a congenital heart disease selected from: atrial septic defect (ASD), ventricular septic defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus.
  • ASD atrial septic defect
  • VSD ventricular septic defect
  • arteriosus a congenital heart disease selected from: atrial septic defect (ASD), ventricular septic defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with portal hypertension.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with HIV infection.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with ingestion of a drug or toxin.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with splenectomy.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD).
  • PVOD pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of PAH associated with pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH).
  • PCH pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of platelet aggregation.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a PGI2 receptor mediated disorder selected from: coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis and atrial fibrillation.
  • a PGI2 receptor mediated disorder selected from: coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis and atrial fibrillation.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of blood clot formation in an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery individual.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of blood clot formation in an individual suffering from atrial fibrillation.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of atherothrombosis.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of asthma.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a symptom of asthma.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a diabetic-related disorder.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of glaucoma or other disease of the eye with abnormal intraocular pressure.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hypertension.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hypertension intended to confer protection against cerebral ischemia.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammation.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disease.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disease selected from: psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis, acne, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and asthma.
  • an inflammatory disease selected from: psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis, acne, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, sepsis, chronic ob
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for modulating the activity of a PGI2 receptor.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for agonizing a PGI2 receptor.
  • PAH selected from: idiopathic PAH; familial PAH; PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis; PAH associated with a congenital heart disease selected from: atrial septic defect (ASD), ventricular septic defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus in an individual; PAH associated with portal hypertension; PAH associated with HIV infection; PAH associated with ingestion of a drug or toxin; PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; PAH associated with splenectomy; PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement; PAH associated with PAH associated with
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder selected from: platelet aggregation, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atrial fibrillation, blood clot formation, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, asthma, a symptom of asthma, a diabetic-related disorder, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma or other disease of the eye with abnormal intraocular pressure, hypertension, inflammation, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis, acne, type 1 diabetes, type
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of a PGI2 receptor mediated disorder.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of idiopathic PAH.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of familial PAH
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis.
  • a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with a congenital heart disease.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with a congenital heart disease selected from: atrial septic defect (ASD), ventricular septic defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus.
  • ASD atrial septic defect
  • VSD ventricular septic defect
  • arteriosus arteriosus
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with portal hypertension.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with HIV infection.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with ingestion of a drug or toxin.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with splenectomy.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD).
  • PVOD pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of PAH associated with pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH).
  • PCH pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of platelet aggregation.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of: coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis or atrial fibrillation.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of blood clot formation in an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery individual.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of blood clot formation in an individual suffering from atrial fibrillation.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of atherosclerosis.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of atherothrombosis.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of asthma.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of a symptom of asthma.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of a diabetic-related disorder.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of glaucoma or other disease of the eye with abnormal intraocular pressure.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of hypertension.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of hypertension intended to confer protection against cerebral ischemia.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of inflammation.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of an inflammatory disease.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of an inflammatory disease selected from: psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis, acne, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and asthma.
  • an inflammatory disease selected from: psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis, acne, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COP
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of modulating the activity of a PGI2 receptor.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of agonizing a PGI2 receptor.
  • PAH selected from: idiopathic PAH; familial PAH; PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis; PAH associated with a congenital heart disease selected from: atrial septic defect (ASD), ventricular septic defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus in an individual; PAH associated with portal hypertension; PAH associated with HIV infection; PAH associated with ingestion of a drug or toxin; PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; PAH associated with splenectomy; PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement; PAH associated with pulmonary veno-occ
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of a disorder selected from: platelet aggregation, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atrial fibrillation, blood clot formation, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, asthma, a symptom of asthma, a diabetic-related disorder, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma or other disease of the eye with abnormal intraocular pressure, hypertension, inflammation, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis, acne, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, sepsis
  • FIG. 1 shows the results of an experiment which measured the ability of Compound 14 to inhibit the right ventricle hypertrophic response to MCT-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rat.
  • FIG. 2 shows the results of an experiment which measured the ability of Compound 31 to inhibit the right ventricle hypertrophic response to MCT-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rat.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a general method for the preparation of compounds of the present invention.
  • cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid is esterified and then reduced to give the corresponding diol.
  • the diol is mono-alkylated with tert-butyl bromoacetate and the free hydroxyl is activated as a sulfonate ester.
  • Coupling of the sulfonate ester with a pyrazole followed by acid hydrolysis affords compounds of Formula Ia.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an alternative general method for the preparation of compounds of the present invention.
  • the sulfonate ester shown in FIG. 3 is reacted in the presence of a base with a pyrazole bearing a halogen at a position equivalent to R 3 .
  • the product then undergoes a Suzuki coupling with a boronic acid derivative and then acid hydrolysis affords compounds of Formula Ia.
  • FIG. 5 depicts a method of preparing an intermediate useful in the synthesis of certain dihydroxy compounds of the present invention.
  • a 3-oxobutanoyl derivative is reacted with allyl bromide in the presence of base to give a 3-oxohept-6-enoyl derivative.
  • Reaction with hydrazine hydrate gives a 5-(but-3-enyl)-1H-pyrazole which is converted to the diol with AD-mix- ⁇ and then protected with 2,2-dimethoxypropane.
  • FIG. 6 depicts a number of methods for synthesizing intermediates useful in the preparation of compounds of the present invention.
  • a ketone derivative is reacted with carbon disulfide in the presence of base, followed by an alkyl halide, followed by hydrazine hydrate to give a 2-(alkylthio)-substituted pyrazole intermediate.
  • a methyl ketone is reacted with carbon disulfide in the presence of base, followed by an alkyl halide, followed by hydrazine hydrate to give a 2-(alkylthio)-substituted pyrazole intermediate in which R 3 is hydrogen.
  • FIG. 7 depicts three methods for the synthesis of certain intermediates useful in the preparation of compounds of the present invention.
  • a ketone derivative is reacted first with carbon disulfide and methylene bromide in the presence of base, then hydrazine hydrate and finally bromo acetonitrile to give a 2-(cyanomethylthio)-pyrazole intermediate.
  • a ketone derivative is converted to a 2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio-pyrazole.
  • the transformation may be accomplished by either reaction with carbon disulfide, methylene bromide and base, followed by hydrazine hydrate, followed by 2-(2-bromoethoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran, or reaction with carbon disulfide and base, then 2-(2-bromoethoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran and finally hydrazine hydrate.
  • the third method describes the preparation of substituted 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazole and 1,8-dihydroindeno[2,1-c]pyrazole intermediates from 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-2(1H)-one or 1H-inden-2(3H)-one respectively via reaction with an acid chloride in the presence of base followed by reaction with hydrazine hydrate.
  • FIG. 8 depicts a method of preparing certain di-substituted compounds of the present invention.
  • ⁇ -Keto aldehydes derived from chalcone epoxides by Lewis acid-catalyzed rearrangement are reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give di-substituted pyrazoles.
  • sulfonate esters described in FIG. 3 are reacted with the sulfonate esters described in FIG. 3 to give di-substituted compounds of Formula Ia as mixtures of regioisomers.
  • FIG. 9 depicts a general method of preparing compounds of the present invention.
  • the acid group is esterified and the alcohol is protected with a benzyl group.
  • the ester is reduced and reoxidized to the aldehyde.
  • the aldehyde undergoes reductive amination to give a Boc-protected hydrazine which is subsequently deprotected and then coupled with an aldehyde to give an imine. This is reacted with a nitroalkene is the presence of base to form the pyrazole ring.
  • the benzyl protecting group is removed reductively, the alcohol is reacted with tert-butyl 2-diazoacetate in the presence of rhodium acetate to give the 2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethoxy derivative which is finally converted to a compound of Formula Ia by treatment with acid.
  • agonists is intended to mean moieties that interact and activate the receptor, such as, the PGI2 receptor and initiate a physiological or pharmacological response characteristic of that receptor. For example, when moieties activate the intracellular response upon binding to the receptor, or enhance GTP binding to membranes.
  • contact or contacting is intended to mean bringing the indicated moieties together, whether in an in vitro system or an in vivo system.
  • contacting includes the administration of a compound of the present invention to an individual, preferably a human, having a PGI2 receptor, as well as, for example, introducing a compound of the invention into a sample containing a cellular or more purified preparation containing a PGI2 receptor.
  • hydrate as used herein means a compound of the invention or a salt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of water bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
  • in need of treatment and the term “in need thereof,” when referring to treatment are used interchangeably to mean a judgment made by a caregiver (e.g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, etc. in the case of humans; veterinarian in the case of animals, including non-human mammals) that an individual or animal requires or will benefit from treatment. This judgment is made based on a variety of factors that are in the realm of a caregiver's expertise, but that includes the knowledge that the individual or animal is ill, or will become ill, as the result of a disease, condition or disorder that is treatable by the compounds of the invention. Accordingly, the compounds of the invention can be used in a protective or preventive manner; or compounds of the invention can be used to alleviate, inhibit or ameliorate the disease, condition or disorder.
  • a caregiver e.g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, etc. in the case of humans; veterinarian in the case of animals, including non-human mammals
  • mice rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates and most preferably humans.
  • modulate or modulating is intended to mean an increase or decrease in the amount, quality, response or effect of a particular activity, function or molecule.
  • composition is intended to mean a composition comprising at least one active ingredient; including but not limited to, salts, solvates and hydrates of compounds of the present invention; whereby the composition is amenable to investigation for a specified, efficacious outcome in a mammal (for example, without limitation, a human).
  • a mammal for example, without limitation, a human.
  • solvate as used herein means a compound of the invention or a salt, thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of a solvent bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
  • Preferred solvents are volatile, non-toxic, and/or acceptable for administration to humans in trace amounts.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount is intended to mean the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician or caregiver; or in an individual, which includes one or more of the following:
  • Preventing the disease for example, preventing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease;
  • Inhibiting the disease for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology); and
  • Ameliorating the disease for example, ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology).
  • AD-mix- ⁇ is intended to mean a mixture of potassium osmate, potassium ferricyanide, potassium carbonate and hydroquinine 1,4-phthalazinediyldiether.
  • AD-mix- ⁇ is intended to mean a mixture of potassium osmate, potassium ferricyanide, potassium carbonate and hydroquinidine 1,4-phthalazinediyl diether.
  • C 1 -C 6 alkoxy is intended to mean a C 1 -C 6 alkyl radical, as defined herein, attached directly to an oxygen atom. Some embodiments are 1 to 5 carbons; some embodiments are 1 to 4 carbons; some embodiments are 1 to 3 carbons; and some embodiments are 1 or 2 carbons. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy and the like.
  • C 1 -C 6 alkyl is intended to mean a straight or branched carbon radical containing 1 to 6 carbons. Some embodiments are 1 to 5 carbons. Some embodiments are 1 to 4 carbons. Some embodiments are 1 to 3 carbons. Some embodiments are 1 or 2 carbons. Some embodiments are 1 carbon.
  • alkyl examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, t-pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl [i.e., —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ], 2-methylbutyl [i.e., —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ], n-hexyl and the like.
  • C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl is intended to mean a C 1 -C 6 alkyl radical attached to the sulfur of a sulfoxide radical having the formula: —S(O)— wherein the alkyl radical has the same definition as described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, n-propylsulfinyl, isopropylsulfonyl, n-butylsulfinyl, sec-butylsulfinyl, isobutylsulfinyl, t-butylsulfinyl, and the like.
  • C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl is intended to mean a C 1 -C 6 alkyl radical attached to the sulfur of a sulfone radical having the formula: —S(O) 2 — wherein the alkyl radical has the same definition as described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, n-propylsulfonyl, isopropylsulfonyl, n-butylsulfonyl, sec-butylsulfonyl, isobutylsulfonyl, t-butylsulfonyl, and the like.
  • C 1 -C 6 alkylthio is intended to mean a C 1 -C 6 alkyl radical attached to a sulfur atom (i.e., —S—) wherein the alkyl radical has the same definition as described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfanyl (i.e., CH 3 S—), ethylsulfanyl, n-propylsulfanyl, iso-propylsulfanyl, n-butylsulfanyl, sec-butylsulfanyl, iso-butylsulfanyl, t-butylsulfanyl, and the like.
  • methylsulfanyl i.e., CH 3 S—
  • ethylsulfanyl ethylsulfanyl
  • n-propylsulfanyl iso-propylsulfanyl
  • n-butylsulfanyl sec-
  • amino is intended to mean the group —NH 2 .
  • aryl is intended to mean an aromatic ring radical containing 6 to 10 ring carbons. Examples include phenyl and naphthyl. In some embodiments aryl is intended to mean phenyl.
  • cyano is intended to mean the group —CN.
  • C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl is intended to mean a saturated ring radical containing 3 to 7 carbons. Some embodiments contain 3 to 6 carbons. Some embodiments contain 3 to 5 carbons Some embodiments contain 5 to 7 carbons. Some embodiments contain 3 to 4 carbons. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like.
  • C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl is intended to mean a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, defined herein, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one halogen up to fully substituted and a fully substituted C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl can be represented by the formula C n L 2n+1 wherein L is a halogen and “n” is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. When more than one halogen is present then they may be the same or different and selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, preferably F. Some embodiments are 1 to 5 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 4 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 3 carbons, and some embodiments are 1 or 2 carbons.
  • haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and the like.
  • halogen or “halo” is intended to mean to a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo group.
  • heteroaryl is intended to mean an aromatic ring system containing 5 to 14 aromatic ring atoms that may be a single ring, two fused rings or three fused rings wherein at least one aromatic ring atom is a heteroatom selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of O, S and N wherein the N can be optionally substituted with H, C 1 -C 4 acyl or C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • Some embodiments contain 5 to 6 ring atoms for example furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl and the like.
  • Some embodiments contain 8 to 14 ring atoms for example carbazolyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, 1H-benzimidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuran and the like.
  • hydroxyl or “hydroxy” is intended to mean the group —OH.
  • MP-carbonate is intended to mean macroporous triethylammonium methylpolystyrene carbonate.
  • One aspect of the present invention pertains to certain compounds as shown in Formula Ia:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 have the same definitions as described herein, supra and infra.
  • substituted indicates that at least one hydrogen atom of the chemical group is replaced by a non-hydrogen substituent or group, the non-hydrogen substituent or group can be monovalent or divalent. When the substituent or group is divalent, then it is understood that this group is further substituted with another substituent or group.
  • a chemical group herein when “substituted” it may have up to the full valance of substitution; for example, a methyl group can be substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents, a methylene group can be substituted by 1 or 2 substituents, a phenyl group can be substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, a naphthyl group can be substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 substituents and the like.
  • substituted with one or more substituents refers to the substitution of a group with one substituent up to the total number of substituents physically allowed by the group. Further, when a group is substituted with more than one group they can be identical or they can be different.
  • Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution. It is understood that the various tautomeric forms are within the scope of the compounds of the present invention.
  • Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates and/or final compounds.
  • Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
  • isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium and tritium.
  • compounds of Formula Ia exist as meso isomers. Such meso isomers may be referred to as cis and trans. Certain cis meso isomers of compounds of Formula Ia are named herein using the prefix (1s,4s) and certain trans meso isomers of compounds of Formula Ia are named herein using the prefix (1r,4r) as shown below.
  • tautomeric forms can also have corresponding nomenclature for each represented tautomer.
  • the present invention includes all tautomers and the various nomenclature designations.
  • R 1 is selected from: H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 1 is H.
  • R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 1 is methyl
  • R 2 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C r C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, amino
  • R 2 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: amino, carboxamide, chloro, cyano, ethoxy, fluoro, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl and methylthio.
  • R 2 is selected from: H, butyl, cyclopropyl, ethoxy, ethyl, ethylsulfinyl, ethylthio, isopropyl, methoxy, methyl, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, methylthio, phenyl, propyl and propylthio; wherein said butyl, cyclopropyl, ethoxy, ethyl, ethylsulfinyl, ethylthio, isopropyl, methoxy, methyl, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, methylthio, phenyl, propyl and propylthio are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: amino, carboxamide, chloro, cyano, ethoxy, fluoro, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl, methylsulfinyl
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxypheny
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxypheny
  • R 2 is H.
  • R 2 is 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl.
  • R 2 is 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl.
  • R 2 is 2-(methylthio)ethyl.
  • R 2 is 2,3-difluorophenyl.
  • R 2 is 2-aminoethylthio.
  • R 2 is 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy.
  • R 2 is 2-cyanoethyl
  • R 2 is 2-ethoxyethylthio.
  • R 2 is 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 2 is 2-fluorophenyl
  • R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl
  • R 2 is 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl.
  • R 2 is 2-hydroxyethylthio.
  • R 2 is 2-methoxyethyl.
  • R 2 is 2-methoxyethylthio.
  • R 2 is 3,4-difluorophenyl.
  • R 2 is 3,4-dihydroxybutyl.
  • R 2 is 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl.
  • R 2 is 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 2 is 3-fluorophenyl.
  • R 2 is 3-hydroxypropyl.
  • R 2 is 3-hydroxypropylthio.
  • R 2 is 3-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 2 is 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl.
  • R 2 is 4-chlorophenyl.
  • R 2 is 4-fluorophenyl.
  • R 2 is 4-chlorophenyl.
  • R 2 is 4-chlorophenyl.
  • R 2 is 4-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 2 is cyanomethoxy
  • R 2 is 4-chlorophenyl.
  • R 2 is cyanomethylthio
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is ethoxy
  • R 2 is ethyl
  • R 2 is ethylthio
  • R 2 is isopropyl
  • R 2 is methyl
  • R 2 is methylsulfinyl
  • R 2 is methyl
  • R 2 is methylsulfonyl
  • R 2 is methylthio
  • R 2 is m-tolyl
  • R 2 is n-propyl
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • R 2 is p-tolyl
  • R 2 is trifluoromethyl.
  • R 3 is selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl, cyano, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen and hydroxy.
  • R 3 is selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: chloro, cyano, ethoxy, fluoro, hydroxy, isopropoxy, methoxy, methyl, phenyl and trifluoromethyl.
  • R 3 is selected from: furan-2-yl, methyl, phenyl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, thiophen-2-yl and thiophen-3-yl; wherein said furan-2-yl, methyl, phenyl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, thiophen-2-yl and thiophen-3-yl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: chloro, cyano, ethoxy, fluoro, hydroxy, isopropoxy, methoxy, methyl, phenyl and trifluoromethyl.
  • R 3 is selected from: 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-isopropoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophen
  • R 3 is 2,3-difluorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 2,4-difluorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 2,5-difluorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 2-chlorophenyl
  • R 3 is 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl.
  • R 3 is 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 3 is 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl.
  • R 3 is 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl.
  • R 3 is 2-fluorophenyl
  • R 3 is 2-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 3 is 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl.
  • R 3 is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
  • R 3 is 3,4-difluorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 3-chlorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 3 is 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl.
  • R 3 is 3-fluorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 3-hydroxyphenyl.
  • R 3 is 3-isopropoxyphenyl.
  • R 3 is 3-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 3 is 4-chlorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 4-fluorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 4-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 3 is 5-cyano-2-fluorophenyl.
  • R 3 is 5-fluoropyridin-3-yl.
  • R 3 is 5-methoxypyridin-3-yl.
  • R 3 is 5-methylthiophen-2-yl.
  • R 3 is 6-methoxypyridin-3-yl.
  • R 3 is benzhydryl, furan-2-yl.
  • R 3 is m-tolyl
  • R 3 is phenyl
  • R 3 is p-tolyl
  • R 3 is thiophen-2-yl.
  • R 3 is thiophen-3-yl.
  • R 4 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, carboxamide, cyano, halogen and hydroxy.
  • R 4 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: carboxamide, chloro, cyano, ethoxy, fluoro, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl and trifluoromethyl.
  • R 4 is selected from: H, butyl, cyclopropyl, ethyl, ethylthio, isopropyl, methoxy, methyl, methylthio, phenyl and propyl; wherein said butyl, cyclopropyl, ethyl, ethylthio, isopropyl, methoxy, methyl, methylthio, phenyl and propyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: carboxamide, chloro, cyano, ethoxy, fluoro, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl and trifluoromethyl.
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphen
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-flu
  • R 4 is H.
  • R 4 is 2,3-difluorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 2,4-difluorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy.
  • R 4 is 2-cyanoethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-ethoxyethylthio.
  • R 4 is 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 4 is 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl.
  • R 4 is 2-fluorophenyl
  • R 4 is 2-hydroxyethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-hydroxyethylthio.
  • R 4 is 2-methoxyethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-methoxyethylthio.
  • R 4 is 3,4-difluorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 3,4-dihydroxybutyl.
  • R 4 is 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 3-chlorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 4 is 3-fluorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 3-hydroxypropyl.
  • R 4 is 3-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 4 is 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 4-chlorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 4-fluorophenyl.
  • R 4 is 4-hydroxyphenyl.
  • R 4 is 4-methoxyphenyl.
  • R 4 is cyanomethylthio
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 4 is ethyl
  • R 4 is isopropyl.
  • R 4 is methyl
  • R 4 is methylthio
  • R 4 is m-tolyl
  • R 4 is n-propyl
  • R 4 is phenyl
  • R 4 is p-tolyl
  • R 4 is trifluoromethyl.
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl and heteroaryl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl and heteroaryl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: amino, carboxamide, chloro, cyano, ethoxy, fluoro, hydroxy, isopropoxy, methoxy, methyl, methylsulfinyl
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from: H, butyl, cyclopropyl, ethoxy, ethyl, ethylsulfinyl, ethylthio, furan-2-yl, isopropyl, methoxy, methyl, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, methylthio, phenyl, propyl, propylthio, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, thiophen-2-yl and thiophen-3-yl; wherein said butyl, cyclopropyl, ethoxy, ethyl, ethylsulfinyl, ethylthio, furan-2-yl, isopropyl, methoxy, methyl, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, methylthio, phenyl, propy
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-me
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form a tricyclic heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazol-3-yl or indeno[2,1-c]pyrazol-1(8H)-yl.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ic and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 2 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, amino, carbox
  • R 3 is selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl, cyano, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen and hydroxy; and
  • R 4 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, carboxamide, cyano, halogen and hydroxy.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ic and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and methyl
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-ch
  • R 3 is selected from: 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-isopropoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ic and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and methyl
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-ch
  • R 3 is selected from: 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-isopropoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-flu
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ic and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form a tricyclic heteroaryl
  • R 4 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, carboxamide, cyano, halogen and hydroxy.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ic and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and methyl
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazol-3-yl or indeno[2,1-c]pyrazol-1(8H)-yl;
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ic and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and methyl
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazol-3-yl or indeno[2,1-c]pyrazol-1(8H)-yl;
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-flu
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ie and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 2 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, amino, carbox
  • R 3 is selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl, cyano, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen and hydroxy; and
  • R 4 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, carboxamide, cyano, halogen and hydroxy.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ie and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and methyl
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-ch
  • R 3 is selected from: 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-isopropoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ie and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and methyl
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-ch
  • R 3 is selected from: 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-isopropoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-flu
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ie and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form a tricyclic heteroaryl
  • R 4 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, carboxamide, cyano, halogen and hydroxy.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ie and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and methyl
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazol-3-yl or indeno[2,1-c]pyrazol-1(8H)-yl;
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ie and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 1 is selected from: H and methyl
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazol-3-yl or indeno[2,1-c]pyrazol-1(8H)-yl;
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-flu
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ig and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, amino, carbox
  • R 3 is selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl, cyano, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen and hydroxy; and
  • R 4 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, carboxamide, cyano, halogen and hydroxy.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ig and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-ch
  • R 3 is selected from: 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-isopropoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ig and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-ch
  • R 3 is selected from: 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-isopropoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-flu
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ig and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form a tricyclic heteroaryl
  • R 4 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, carboxamide, cyano, halogen and hydroxy.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ig and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazol-3-yl or indeno[2,1-c]pyrazol-1(8H)-yl;
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ig and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e] indazol-3-yl or indeno[2,1-c]pyrazol-1(8H)-yl;
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-flu
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula II and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, amino, carbox
  • R 3 is selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl, cyano, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen and hydroxy; and
  • R 4 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, carboxamide, cyano, halogen and hydroxy.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula II and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-ch
  • R 3 is selected from: 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-isopropoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula II and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 is selected from: H, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(methylthio)ethyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2-aminoethylthio, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylsulfinyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropylthio, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-ch
  • R 3 is selected from: 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3-isopropoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-flu
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula II and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form a tricyclic heteroaryl
  • R 4 is selected from: H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; wherein said C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, aryl and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, carboxamide, cyano, halogen and hydroxy.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula II and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazol-3-yl or indeno[2,1-c]pyrazol-1(8H)-yl;
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain pyrazole derivatives selected from compounds of Formula Ii and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the pyrazole ring to which they are both attached to form 4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazol-3-yl or indeno[2,1-c]pyrazol-1(8H)-yl;
  • R 4 is selected from: H, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethoxy, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-ethoxyethylthio, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethylthio, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-flu
  • Some embodiments of the present invention include every combination of one or more compounds selected from the following group shown in TABLE A.
  • individual compounds and chemical genera of the present invention encompass all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and particularly hydrates, thereof.
  • the compounds of the Formula Ia of the present invention may be prepared according to relevant published literature procedures that are used by one skilled in the art. Exemplary reagents and procedures for these reactions appear hereinafter in the working Examples. Protection and deprotection may be carried out by procedures generally known in the art (see, for example, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 rd Edition, 1999 [Wiley]; incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • the present invention embraces each diastereoisomer, each enantiomer and mixtures thereof of each compound and generic formulae disclosed herein just as if they were each individually disclosed with the specific stereochemical designation for each chiral carbon. Separation of the individual isomers (such as, by chiral HPLC, recrystallization of diastereoisomeric mixtures and the like) or selective synthesis (such as, by enantiomeric selective syntheses and the like) of the individual isomers is accomplished by application of various methods which are well known to practitioners in the art.
  • the compounds disclosed herein are useful in the treatment of several additional diseases and disorders, and in the amelioration of symptoms thereof. Without limitation, these include the following:
  • PHY Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
  • Pulmonary arterial hypertension has a multifactorial pathobiology. Vasoconstriction, remodeling of the pulmonary vessel wall, and thrombosis contribute to increased pulmonary vascular resistance in PAH (Humbert et al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2004, 43:13 S-24S.)
  • PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • WHO World Health Organization
  • PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • IPAH idiopathic PAH
  • FPAH familial PAH
  • PAH associated with other conditions PAH associated with other conditions
  • PAH PAH associated with collagen vascular disease
  • PAH associated with congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts PAH associated with portal hypertension
  • PAH associated with HIV infection PAH associated with drugs or toxins, or PAH associated with Other
  • PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement.
  • Idiopathic PAH refers to PAH of undetermined cause.
  • Familial PAH refers to PAH for which hereditary transmission is suspected or documented.
  • PAH associated with collagen vascular disease shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with scleroderma, PAH associated with CREST (calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyl), and telangiectasias) syndrome, PAH associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), PAH associated with rheumatoid arthritis, PAH associated with Takayasu's arteritis, PAH associated with polymyositis, and PAH associated with dermatomyositis.
  • SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
  • PAH associated with rheumatoid arthritis PAH associated with Takayasu's arteritis
  • PAH associated with polymyositis PAH associated with dermatomyositis.
  • PAH associated with congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with atrial septic defect (ASD), PAH associated with ventricular septic defect (VSD) and PAH associated with patent ductus arteriosus.
  • PAH associated with drugs or toxins shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with ingestion of a minorex, PAH associated with ingestion of a fenfluramine compound (e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of fenfluramine or PAH associated with ingestion of dexfenfluramine), PAH associated with ingestion of certain toxic oils (e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of rapeseed oil), PAH associated with ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of bush tea) and PAH associated with ingestion of monocrotaline.
  • a fenfluramine compound e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of fenfluramine or PAH associated with ingestion of dexfenfluramine
  • PAH associated with ingestion of certain toxic oils e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of rapeseed oil
  • PAH associated with ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids e.g., PAH
  • PAH associated with Other shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with a thyroid disorder, PAH associated with glycogen storage disease, PAH associated with Gaucher disease, PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, PAH associated with a hemoglobinopathy, PAH associated with a myeloproliferative disorder, and PAH associated with splenectomy.
  • PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and PAH associated with pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH).
  • PVOD pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
  • PCH pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis
  • Symptoms of PAH include dyspnea, angina, syncope and edema (McLaughlin et al., Circulation, 2006, 114:1417-1431).
  • the compounds of the present invention disclosed herein are useful in the treatment of symptoms of PAH.
  • Tawara et al. have demonstrated that long-term inhibition of Rho-kinase, an effector of the small GTPase Rho, ameliorates monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats and hypoxia-induced PAH in mice.
  • the same group also reported that prostacyclin and its oral analog, beraprost sodium (BPS), may lack direct inhibitory effect on Rho-kinase in vitro, suggesting that combination therapy with a Rho-kinase inhibitor and BPS is effective for the treatment of PAH.
  • BPS beraprost sodium
  • PGI2 receptor agonists disclosed herein are useful in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and symptoms thereof.
  • PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • TPH tryptophan hydroxylase
  • TPH1 The enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase
  • TPH2 The enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase
  • mice Mice genetically deficient for the TPH1 gene (“knockout mice”) have been reported. In one case, the mice reportedly expressed normal amounts of serotonin in classical serotonergic brain regions, but largely lacked serotonin in the periphery. Walther, D. J., et al., Science 299:76 (2003). In another, the knockout mice exhibited abnormal cardiac activity, which was attributed to a lack of peripheral serotonin. Cote, F., et al., PNAS 100(23):13525-13530 (2003).
  • TPH knockout mice were studied in a hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension model. Morecroft, I., et al., Hypertension 49:232-236 (2007). The results of those studies suggest that TPH1 and peripheral serotonin play an essential role in the development of hypoxia-induced elevations in pulmonary pressures and hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling.
  • PGI2 receptor agonists disclosed herein are useful in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and symptoms thereof.
  • PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • Antiplatelet agents are prescribed for a variety of conditions. For example, in coronary artery disease they are used to help prevent myocardial infarction or stroke in patients who are at risk of developing obstructive blood clots (e.g., coronary thrombosis).
  • obstructive blood clots e.g., coronary thrombosis
  • MI myocardial infarction
  • the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood as a result of a blockage in the coronary blood vessels. If taken while an attack is in progress or immediately afterward (preferably within 30 min), antiplatelets can reduce the damage to the heart.
  • TIA transient ischemic attack
  • mini-stroke A transient ischemic attack
  • Antiplatelet drugs have been found to be effective in preventing TIAs.
  • Angina is a temporary and often recurring chest pain, pressure or discomfort caused by inadequate oxygen-rich blood flow (ischemia) to some parts of the heart.
  • ischemia oxygen-rich blood flow
  • antiplatelet therapy can reduce the effects of angina and the risk of myocardial infarction.
  • Stroke is an event in which the brain does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, usually due to blockage of a cerebral blood vessel by a blood clot. In high-risk patients, taking antiplatelets regularly has been found to prevent the formation of blood clots that cause first or second strokes.
  • Angioplasty is a catheter based technique used to open arteries obstructed by a blood clot. Whether or not stenting is performed immediately after this procedure to keep the artery open, antiplatelets can reduce the risk of forming additional blood clots following the procedure(s).
  • Coronary bypass surgery is a surgical procedure in which an artery or vein is taken from elsewhere in the body and grafted to a blocked coronary artery, rerouting blood around the blockage and through the newly attached vessel. After the procedure, antiplatelets can reduce the risk of secondary blood clots.
  • Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of sustained irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Atrial fibrillation affects about two million Americans every year. In atrial fibrillation, the atria (the heart's upper chambers) rapidly fire electrical signals that cause them to quiver rather than contract normally. The result is an abnormally fast and highly irregular heartbeat. When given after an episode of atrial fibrillation, antiplatelets can reduce the risk of blood clots forming in the heart and traveling to the brain (embolism).
  • PGI2 receptor agonists can be used to treat, for example, claudication or peripheral artery disease as well as cardiovascular complications, arterial thrombosis, atherosclerosis, vasoconstriction caused by serotonin, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and restenosis of arteries following angioplasty or stent placement.
  • claudication or peripheral artery disease as well as cardiovascular complications, arterial thrombosis, atherosclerosis, vasoconstriction caused by serotonin, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and restenosis of arteries following angioplasty or stent placement.
  • PGI2 receptor agonists can also be used alone or in combination with thrombolytic therapy, for example, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), to provide cardioprotection following MI or postischemic myocardial dysfunction or protection from ischemic injury during percutaneous coronary intervention, and the like, including complications resulting therefrom.
  • t-PA tissue-type plasminogen activator
  • PGI2 receptor agonists can also be used in antiplatelet therapies in combination with, for example, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), echistatin (a disintegrin) or, in states of hypercoagulability, heparin. (See, e.g., Chan., J.
  • the present invention provides methods for reducing platelet aggregation in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, atrial fibrillation, or a symptom of any of the foregoing in a patient in need of the treatment, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • the present invention provides methods for reducing risk of blood clot formation in an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery patient, or a patient suffering from atrial fibrillation, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein at a time where such risk exists.
  • Atherosclerosis is a complex disease characterized by inflammation, lipid accumulation, cell death and fibrosis. It is the leading cause of mortality in many countries, including the United States. Atherosclerosis, as the term is used herein, shall be understood to encompass disorders of large and medium-sized arteries that result in the progressive accumulation within the intima of smooth muscle cells and lipids.
  • an agonist of the PGI2 receptor can confer protection from atherosclerosis, such as from atherothrombosis (Arehart et al., Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14:2161-2169; Stitham et al., Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 2007, 82:95-108; Fries et al., Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program, 2005, :445-451; Egan et al., Science, 2004, 306:1954-1957; Kobayashi et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2004, 114:784-794; Arehart et al., Circ. Res., 2008, 102(8), 986-93).
  • the present invention provides methods for treating atherosclerosis in a patient in need of the treatment, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • methods for treating a symptom of atherosclerosis irra patient in need of the treatment comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • Asthma is a lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory airway disorder characterized by airway eosinophilia, increased mucus production by goblet cells, and structural remodeling of the airway wall.
  • the prevalence of asthma has dramatically increased worldwide in recent decades. It has been shown that genetic deficiency of the PGI2 receptor in mice augments allergic airway inflammation (Takahashi et al., Br J Pharmacol, 2002, 137:315-322). It has been shown that an agonist of the PGI2 receptor can suppress not only the development of asthma when given during the sensitization phase, but also the cardinal features of experimental asthma when given during the challenge phase (Idzko et al., J. Clin.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating asthma in a patient in need of the treatment, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • methods for treating a symptom of asthma in a patient in need of the treatment comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • diabetic peripheral neuropathy DPN
  • diabetic nephropathy DN
  • diabetic retinopathy DR
  • enhanced vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation in diabetic patients has also been implicated to play a role in disease progression (Cameron et al., Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 2003, 367:607-614).
  • Agonists of the PGI2 receptor promote vasodilation and inhibit platelet aggregation. Improving microvascular blood flow is able to benefit diabetic complications (Cameron, Diabetologia, 2001, 44:1973-1988).
  • IOP intraocular pressure
  • Agonists of the PGI2 receptor have been shown to have activity for regulation of vascular tone, for vasodilation, and for amelioration of pulmonary hypertension (see, e.g., Strauss et al., Clin Chest Med, 2007, 28:127-142; Driscoll et al., Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2008, 9:65-81).
  • Evidence for a beneficial effect of an agonist of the PGI2 receptor in the treatment of hypertension is given by Yamada et al. (Peptides, 2008, 29:412-418).
  • Evidence that an agonist of the PGI2 receptor can protect against cerebral ischemia is given by Dogan et al. (Gen. Pharmacol., 1996, 27:1163-1166) and Fang et al. (J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 2006, 26:491-501).
  • Anti-inflammation agents are prescribed for a variety of conditions. For example, in an inflammatory disease they are used to interfere with and thereby reduce an underlying deleterious There is evidence that a PGI2 receptor agonist can inhibit inflammation and thus be a potential treatment as an anti-inflammation therapy. It has been shown that an agonist of the PGI2 receptor can inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine (interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ (INF- ⁇ ), IL-1 ⁇ , IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 ⁇ ), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) production and T cell stimulatory function of dendritic cells (Jozefowski et al., Int.
  • IL-12 interleukin-12
  • INF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor- ⁇
  • IL-6 tumor necrosis factor- ⁇
  • MIP-1 ⁇ macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha
  • MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
  • an agonist of the PGI2 receptor can confer protection from atherosclerosis, such as from atherothrombosis (Arehart et al., Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14:2161-2169; Stitham et al., Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 2007, 82:95-108; Fries et al., Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program, 2005, :445-451; Egan et al., Science, 2004, 306:1954-1957; Kobayashi et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2004, 114:784-794; Arehart et al., Circ.
  • an agonist of the PGI2 receptor can inhibit ischemia-reperfusion injury (Xiao et al., Circulation, 2001, 104:2210-2215). It has been shown that an agonist of the PGI2 receptor can inhibit restenosis (Cheng et al., Science, 2002, 296:539-541). It has been shown that an agonist of the PGI2 receptor can attenuate pulmonary vascular injury and shock in a rat model of septic shock (Harada et al., Shock, 2008, Feb. 21 Epub ahead of print).
  • the present invention provides beneficial reduction of inflammation.
  • the compounds of the present invention disclosed herein provide beneficial reduction of a deleterious inflammatory response associated with an inflammatory disease.
  • the present invention provides methods for reducing inflammation in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • the present invention provides methods for decreasing IL-12, TNF- ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-6, MIP-1 ⁇ or MCP-1 production in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • the present invention provides methods for decreasing TNF- ⁇ production in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for increasing IL-10 production in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for reducing a deleterious inflammatory response associated with an inflammatory disease in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating an inflammatory disease or a symptom thereof in a patient in need of the treatment comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for treating an inflammatory disease or a symptom thereof in a patient in need of the treatment comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating an inflammatory disease or a symptom thereof in a patient in need of the treatment comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein, wherein the inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, restenosis, atherosclerosis, acne, diabetes (including type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes), sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma.
  • a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein
  • IP ⁇ / ⁇ mice were compared to mice with functional prostacyclin receptors (IP +/+ ) after a controlled cortical injury. Contusion volume was increased in IP ⁇ / ⁇ mice compared with IP +/+ mice. Three hours after trauma, cortical blood flow was decreased in the injured cortex of both groups and the reduction in blood flow in the cortex of the IP ⁇ / ⁇ mice persisted from 3 to 24 h, whereas blood flow approached normal values in the IP +/+ mice after 24 h. (See, e.g., Lundblad et al. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 28, 367-376).
  • the present invention provides methods for treating a traumatic brain injury in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a PGI2 receptor agonist disclosed herein.
  • a further aspect of the present invention pertains to pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds as described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Some embodiments pertain to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention include a method of producing a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one compound according to any of the compound embodiments disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Formulations may be prepared by any suitable method, typically by uniformly mixing the active compound(s) with liquids or finely divided solid carriers, or both, in the required proportions and then, if necessary, forming the resulting mixture into a desired shape.
  • Liquid preparations for oral administration may be in the form of solutions, emulsions, aqueous or oily suspensions and syrups.
  • the oral preparations may be in the form of dry powder that can be reconstituted with water or another suitable liquid vehicle before use. Additional additives such as suspending or emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles (including edible oils), preservatives and flavorings and colorants may be added to the liquid preparations.
  • Parenteral dosage forms may be prepared by dissolving the compound of the invention in a suitable liquid vehicle and filter sterilizing the solution before filling and sealing an appropriate vial or ampule. These are just a few examples of the many appropriate methods well known in the art for preparing dosage forms.
  • a compound of the present invention can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques well known to those in the art. Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, outside those mentioned herein, are known in the art; for example, see Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20 th Edition, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (Editors: Gennaro et al.)
  • a compound of the invention may, in an alternative use, be administered as a raw or pure chemical, it is preferable however to present the compound or active ingredient as a pharmaceutical formulation or composition further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Transdermal patches dispense a drug at a controlled rate by presenting the drug for absorption in an efficient manner with minimal degradation of the drug.
  • transdermal patches comprise an impermeable backing layer, a single pressure sensitive adhesive and a removable protective layer with a release liner.
  • the compounds of the invention may thus be placed into the form of pharmaceutical formulations and unit dosages thereof and in such form may be employed as solids, such as tablets or filled capsules, or liquids such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, gels or capsules filled with the same, all for oral use, in the form of suppositories for rectal administration; or in the form of sterile injectable solutions for parenteral (including subcutaneous) use.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosage forms thereof may comprise conventional ingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additional active compounds or principles and such unit dosage forms may contain any suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate with the intended daily dosage range to be employed.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, a tablet, capsule, suspension or liquid.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosage unit containing a particular amount of the active ingredient.
  • dosage units are capsules, tablets, powders, granules or a suspension, with conventional additives such as lactose, mannitol, corn starch or potato starch; with binders such as crystalline cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acacia, corn starch or gelatins; with disintegrators such as corn starch, potato starch or sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose; and with lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate.
  • the active ingredient may also be administered by injection as a composition wherein, for example, saline, dextrose or water may be used as a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • active ingredient is defined in the context of a “pharmaceutical composition” and is intended to mean a component of a pharmaceutical composition that provides the primary pharmacological effect, as opposed to an “inactive ingredient” which would generally be recognized as providing no pharmaceutical benefit.
  • the dose when using the compounds of the present invention can vary within wide limits and as is customary and is known to the physician, it is to be tailored to the individual conditions in each individual case. It depends, for example, on the nature and severity of the illness to be treated, on the condition of the patient, on the compound employed or on whether an acute or chronic disease state is treated or prophylaxis is conducted or on whether further active compounds are administered in addition to the compounds of the present invention.
  • Representative doses of the present invention include, but not limited to, about 0.001 mg to about 5000 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 2500 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg, 0.001 mg to about 500 mg, 0.001 mg to about 250 mg, about 0.001 mg to 100 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 50 mg and about 0.001 mg to about 25 mg.
  • Multiple doses may be administered during the day, especially when relatively large amounts are deemed to be needed, for example 2, 3 or 4 doses. Depending on the individual and as deemed appropriate from the patient's physician or caregiver it may be necessary to deviate upward or downward from the doses described herein.
  • the amount of active ingredient, or an active salt or derivative thereof, required for use in treatment will vary not only with the particular salt selected but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated and the age and condition of the patient and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician or clinician.
  • a model system typically an animal model
  • these extrapolations may merely be based on the weight of the animal model in comparison to another, such as a mammal, preferably a human, however, more often, these extrapolations are not simply based on weights, but rather incorporate a variety of factors.
  • compositions of this invention are selected in accordance with a variety factors as cited above.
  • the actual dosage regimen employed may vary widely and therefore may deviate from a preferred dosage regimen and one skilled in the art will recognize that dosage and dosage regimen outside these typical ranges can be tested and, where appropriate, may be used in the methods of this invention.
  • the desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
  • the sub-dose itself may be further divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations.
  • the daily dose can be divided, especially when relatively large amounts are administered as deemed appropriate, into several, for example 2, 3 or 4 part administrations. If appropriate, depending on individual behavior, it may be necessary to deviate upward or downward from the daily dose indicated.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be administrated in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise, as the active component, either a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate of a compound of the invention.
  • a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be either solid, liquid or a mixture of both.
  • Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories and dispersible granules.
  • a solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.
  • the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component.
  • the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted to the desire shape and size.
  • the powders and tablets may contain varying percentage amounts of the active compound. A representative amount in a powder or tablet may contain from 0.5 to about 90 percent of the active compound; however, an artisan would know when amounts outside of this range are necessary.
  • Suitable carriers for powders and tablets are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter and the like.
  • preparation is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as carrier providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it.
  • carrier providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it.
  • cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets and lozenges can be used as solid forms suitable for oral administration.
  • a low melting wax such as an admixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter
  • the active component is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring.
  • the molten homogenous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool and thereby to solidify.
  • Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions, for example, water or water-propylene glycol solutions.
  • parenteral injection liquid preparations can be formulated as solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.
  • injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • Suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
  • the compounds according to the present invention may thus be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g. by injection, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • Aqueous formulations suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving or suspending the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing and thickening agents, as desired.
  • Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, or other well-known suspending agents.
  • viscous material such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, or other well-known suspending agents.
  • solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration.
  • liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
  • These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents and the like.
  • the compounds according to the invention may be formulated as ointments, creams or lotions, or as a transdermal patch.
  • Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
  • Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising active agent in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • Solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity by conventional means, for example with a dropper, pipette or spray.
  • the formulations may be provided in single or multi-dose form. In the latter case of a dropper or pipette, this may be achieved by the patient administering an appropriate, predetermined volume of the solution or suspension. In the case of a spray, this may be achieved for example by means of a metering atomizing spray pump.
  • Administration to the respiratory tract may also be achieved by means of an aerosol formulation in which the active ingredient is provided in a pressurized pack with a suitable propellant.
  • aerosol formulation in which the active ingredient is provided in a pressurized pack with a suitable propellant.
  • the compounds of the present invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising them are administered as aerosols, for example as nasal aerosols or by inhalation, this can be carried out, for example, using a spray, a nebulizer, a pump nebulizer, an inhalation apparatus, a metered inhaler or a dry powder inhaler.
  • Pharmaceutical forms for administration of the compounds of the present invention as an aerosol can be prepared by processes well known to the person skilled in the art.
  • solutions or dispersions of the compounds of the present invention in water, water/alcohol mixtures or suitable saline solutions can be employed using customary additives, for example benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption enhancers for increasing the bioavailability, solubilizers, dispersants and others and, if appropriate, customary propellants, for example include carbon dioxide, CFCs, such as, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, or dichlorotetrafluoroethane; and the like.
  • the aerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin.
  • the dose of drug may be controlled by provision of a metered valve.
  • the compound In formulations intended for administration to the respiratory tract, including intranasal formulations, the compound will generally have a small particle size for example of the order of 10 microns or less. Such a particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example by micronization. When desired, formulations adapted to give sustained release of the active ingredient may be employed.
  • the active ingredients may be provided in the form of a dry powder, for example, a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
  • a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example in capsules or cartridges of, e.g., gelatin, or blister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms.
  • the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component.
  • the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules and powders in vials or ampoules.
  • the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.
  • Tablets or capsules for oral administration and liquids for intravenous administration are preferred compositions.
  • the compounds according to the invention may optionally exist as pharmaceutically acceptable salts including pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic and organic acids.
  • Representative acids include, but are not limited to, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, dichloroacetic, formic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hippuric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, oxalic, p-toluenesulfonic and the like.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention which contain a carboxylic acid functional group may optionally exist as pharmaceutically acceptable salts containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable metal cations and cations derived from organic bases.
  • Representative metals include, but are not limited to, aluminium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like. In some embodiments the pharmaceutically acceptable metal is sodium.
  • Organic bases include, but are not limited to, benzathine (N 1 ,N 2 -dibenzylethane-1,2-diamine), chloroprocaine (2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-(chloroamino)benzoate), choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine ((2R,3R,4R,5S)-6-(methylamino)hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol), procaine (2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-aminobenzoate), and the like.
  • Certain pharmaceutically acceptable salts are listed in Berge, et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66:1-19 (1977), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the acid addition salts may be obtained as the direct products of compound synthesis.
  • the free base may be dissolved in a suitable solvent containing the appropriate acid and the salt isolated by evaporating the solvent or otherwise separating the salt and solvent.
  • the compounds of this invention may form solvates with standard low molecular weight solvents using methods known to the skilled artisan.
  • Pro-drugs refers to compounds that have been modified with specific chemical groups known in the art and when administered into an individual these groups undergo biotransformation to give the parent compound. Pro-drugs can thus be viewed as compounds of the invention containing one or more specialized non-toxic protective groups used in a transient manner to alter or to eliminate a property of the compound. In one general aspect, the “pro-drug” approach is utilized to facilitate oral absorption.
  • T. Higuchi and V. Stella Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series; and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design , ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention include a method of producing a pharmaceutical composition for “combination-therapy” comprising admixing at least one compound according to any of the compound embodiments disclosed herein, together with at least one known pharmaceutical agent as described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • PGI2 receptor modulators are utilized as active ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition, these are not intended for use only in humans, but in other non-human mammals as well. Indeed, recent advances in the area of animal health-care mandate that consideration be given for the use of active agents, such as PGI2 receptor modulators, for the treatment of an PGI2-associated disease or disorder in companionship animals (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.) and in livestock animals (e.g., cows, chickens, fish, etc.) Those of ordinary skill in the art are readily credited with understanding the utility of such compounds in such settings.
  • companionship animals e.g., cats, dogs, etc.
  • livestock animals e.g., cows, chickens, fish, etc.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be administrated in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise, as the active component, either a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or as a solvate or hydrate thereof. Moreover, various hydrates and solvates of the compounds of the invention and their salts will find use as intermediates in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions. Typical procedures for making and identifying suitable hydrates and solvates, outside those mentioned herein, are well known to those in the art; see for example, pages 202-209 of K. J.
  • one aspect of the present invention pertains to hydrates and solvates of compounds of Formula Ia and/or their pharmaceutical acceptable salts, as described herein, that can be isolated and characterized by methods known in the art, such as, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), TGA-mass spectroscopy, TGA-Infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRPD), Karl Fisher titration, high resolution X-ray diffraction, and the like.
  • TGA thermogravimetric analysis
  • TGA-mass spectroscopy TGA-Infrared spectroscopy
  • powder X-ray diffraction (XRPD) powder X-ray diffraction
  • Karl Fisher titration high resolution X-ray diffraction
  • Another object of the present invention relates to radio-labeled compounds of the present invention that would be useful not only in radio-imaging but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, for localizing and quantitating the PGI2 receptor in tissue samples, including human and for identifying PGI2 receptor ligands by inhibition binding of a radio-labeled compound. It is a further object of this invention to develop novel PGI2 receptor assays of which comprise such radio-labeled compounds.
  • the present invention embraces isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention.
  • Isotopically or radio-labeled compounds are those which are identical to compounds disclosed herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number most commonly found in nature.
  • Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are not limited to 2 H (also written as D for deuterium), 3 H (also written as T for tritium), 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 18 F, 35 S, 36 Cl, 75 Br, 76 Br, 77 Br, 82 Br, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I and 131 I.
  • the radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radio-labeled compound.
  • a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is a compound of Formula Ia, Ic, Ie, Ig, or Ii that has incorporated at least one radionuclide; in some embodiments the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 3 H, 14 C, 125 I, 35 S and 82 Br.
  • isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
  • the radionuclide 3 H and/or 14 C isotopes are useful in these studies.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the Drawings and Examples infra, by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are applicable to compounds of the invention and are well known in the art. These synthetic methods, for example, incorporating activity levels of tritium into target molecules, are as follows:
  • Tritium Gas Exposure Labeling This procedure involves exposing precursors containing exchangeable protons to tritium gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst.
  • Synthetic methods for incorporating activity levels of 125 I into target molecules include:
  • Aryl and heteroaryl bromide exchange with 125 I This method is generally a two step process.
  • the first step is the conversion of the aryl or heteroaryl bromide to the corresponding tri-alkyltin intermediate using for example, a Pd catalyzed reaction [i.e. Pd(Ph 3 P) 4 ] or through an aryl or heteroaryl lithium, in the presence of a tri-alkyltinhalide or hexaalkylditin [e.g., (CH 3 ) 3 SnSn(CH 3 ) 3 ].
  • Pd catalyzed reaction i.e. Pd(Ph 3 P) 4
  • a tri-alkyltinhalide or hexaalkylditin e.g., (CH 3 ) 3 SnSn(CH 3 ) 3 ].
  • a representative procedure was reported by Le Bas, M.-D. and co-workers in J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 2001
  • a radiolabeled PGI2 receptor compound of Formula Ia can be used in a screening assay to identify/evaluate compounds.
  • a newly synthesized or identified compound i.e., test compound
  • a test compound can be evaluated for its ability to reduce binding of the “radio-labeled compound of Formula Ia” to the PGI2 receptor. Accordingly, the ability of a test compound to compete with the “radio-labeled compound of Formula Ia” for the binding to the PGI2 receptor directly correlates to its binding affinity.
  • the labeled compounds of the present invention bind to the PGI2 receptor.
  • the labeled compound has an IC 50 less than about 500 ⁇ M, in another embodiment the labeled compound has an IC 50 less than about 100 ⁇ M, in yet another embodiment the labeled compound has an IC 50 less than about 10 ⁇ M, in yet another embodiment the labeled compound has an IC 50 less than about 1 ⁇ M and in still yet another embodiment the labeled inhibitor has an IC 50 less than about 0.1 ⁇ M.
  • FIGS. 3 through 9 Illustrated syntheses for compounds of the present invention are shown in FIGS. 3 through 9 where the symbols have the same definitions as used throughout this disclosure.
  • TLC Thin-layer chromatography
  • PK6F silica gel 60 A 1 mm plates (Whatman) and column chromatography was carried out on a silica gel column using Kieselgel 60, 0.063-0.200 mm (Merck). Evaporation was done under reduced pressure on a Btichi rotary evaporator.
  • LCMS spec HPLC-pumps: LC-LOAD VP, Shimadzu Inc.; HPLC system controller: SCL-10A VP, Shimadzu Inc; UV-Detector: SPD-10A VP, Shimadzu Inc; Autosampler: CTC HTS, PAL, Leap Scientific; Mass spectrometer: API 150EX with Turbo Ion Spray source, AB/MDS Sciex; Software: Analyst 1.2.
  • Step A Preparation of (1s,4s)-Diethyl Cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate.
  • Step B Preparation of (1s,4s)-Cyclohexane-1,4-diyldimethanol
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step D Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(Tosyloxymethyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step B Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-5-(methylthio)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step D Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-Bromo-5-ethoxy-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step E Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-5-ethoxy-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-Iodo-5-(methylthio)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step D Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(5-Cyano-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(methylthio)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the residue was treated with 4.0 M HCl (11.23 mL, 44.9 mmol) in dioxane for 5 h.
  • the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by HPLC to give the title compound as a solid.
  • the solid was dissolved in acetonitrile (1 mL) and water (2 mL) and added 1.0 eq. of NaOH in H 2 O (1 mL). The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the sodium salt of the title compound (210 mg).
  • the reaction was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the residue was treated with HCl (4.0 M in dioxane) for 5 h.
  • the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by HPLC to give the title compound as the free acid.
  • the free acid was treated with NaOH in 30% acetonitrile/H 2 O and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the sodium salt of the title compound (0.687 g).
  • Step C Preparation of (S)-4-(3-Phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)butane-1,2-diol.
  • Step D Preparation of (S)-5-(2-(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole
  • Step E Preparation of (S)-4-Bromo-5-(2-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole
  • Step F Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1R,4s)-4-(4-Bromo-5-(2-((S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step G Preparation of 2-(((1R,4s)-4-(5-((S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyl)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid.
  • the reaction was heated under microwave at 120° C. for 1.5 h.
  • the reaction was extracted with ethyl acetate and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the residue was treated with HCl (4.0 M in dioxane) for 5 h.
  • the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by HPLC to give the title compound (59 mg).
  • Step C Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((5-(Cyanomethylthio)-3,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step B Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((5-(Methylthio)-3,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(4-Bromo-5-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step D Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-Bromo-5-ethyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step D Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((5-Ethyl-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-Iodo-5-isopropyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step C Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Fluorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(3-Cyclopropyl-4-iodo-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step D Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((3-Cyclopropyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step B Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(3-Iodo-5-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step C Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(3-(2-Fluoro-4-methylphenyl)-5-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step D Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(3,4-Diphenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step E Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((5-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)-3,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(4-Bromo-5-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step D Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-Bromo-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step D Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((5-(2-Methoxyethyl)-3,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(4-Bromo-5-(2-(methylthio)ethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step D Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(methylthio)ethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step A Preparation of 2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-3,3-bis(methylthio)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one
  • Step B Preparation of 4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-5-(methylthio)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole
  • Step C Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-5-(methylthio)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step D Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-5-(methylthio)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step A Preparation of 4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazole
  • Step B Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate and tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-3-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step C Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((5-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step A Preparation of 4-Phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-3-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazole
  • Step B Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-Phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-3-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step C Preparation of 2-4(1s,4s)-4-((5-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)-4-phenyl-3-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Phenyl(3-phenyloxiran-2-yOmethanone (5.0 g, 22.3 mmol) was suspended in dry Et 2 O (40 mL) under an argon balloon. Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (3.00 mL, 23.7 mmol) was added slowly via syringe. The reaction was refluxed at 50° C. for an hour, then cooled and extracted with 60 mL each of H 2 O and Et 2 O/EtOAc. The aqueous layer was extracted again with EtOAc (60 mL). The combined organic layer was dried and concentrated to give 3-oxo-2,3-diphenylpropanal.
  • Step B Preparation of 2-(((1r,4r)-4-((3,4-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid and 2-(((1r,4r)-4-((4,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step B Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(1-Phenyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indazol-3-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step D Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(Benzyloxymethyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)hydrazinecarboxylate
  • Step E Preparation of 1-(((1s,4s)-4-(Benzyloxymethyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-2-(2-fluoro-4-methylbenzylidene)hydrazine
  • Step F Preparation of 1-(((1s,4s)-4-(Benzyloxymethyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-3-(2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)-5-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrazole
  • Step G Preparation of ((1s,4s)-4-(3-(2-Fluoro-4-methylphenyl)-5-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methanol
  • Step H Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-(3-(2-Fluoro-4-methylphenyl)-5-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate
  • Step I Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((3-(2-Fluoro-4-methylphenyl)-5-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step A Preparation of 4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazole
  • Step B Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate and tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-3-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate as a Mixture of Regioisomers
  • Step C Preparation of 2-4(1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-5-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step A Preparation of 3-Phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-4-m-tolyl-1H-pyrazole
  • Step B Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((3-Phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-4-m-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate and tert-Butyl 2-4(1s,4s)-4-((5-Phenyl-3-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-4-m-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate as a Mixture of Regioisomers
  • Step C Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((5-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)-3-phenyl-4-m-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step A Preparation of 4-(3-Fluoorophenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazole
  • Step B Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Fluoorophenyl)-3-phenyl-5-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate and tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Fluoorophenyl)-5-phenyl-3-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethylthio)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate as a Mixture of Regioisomers.
  • Step C Preparation of 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((4-(3-Fluorophenyl)-5-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic Acid
  • Step A Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(4-Phenyl-3-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ylthio)ethylcarbamate
  • Step B Preparation of tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((5-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)ethylthio)-4-phenyl-3-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate and tert-Butyl 2-(((1s,4s)-4-((3-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)ethylthio)-4-phenyl-5-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetate as a Mixture of Regioisomers.

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