US20110212158A1 - Immunocompatible chorionic membrane products - Google Patents

Immunocompatible chorionic membrane products Download PDF

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US20110212158A1
US20110212158A1 US13/030,507 US201113030507A US2011212158A1 US 20110212158 A1 US20110212158 A1 US 20110212158A1 US 201113030507 A US201113030507 A US 201113030507A US 2011212158 A1 US2011212158 A1 US 2011212158A1
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cells
placental
chorionic membrane
membrane
placental product
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Samson Tom
Alla Danilkovitch
Dana Yoo
Timothy Jansen
Jin-Qiang Kuang
Jennifer Michelle Marconi
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Osiris Therapeutics Inc
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Priority to US13/030,507 priority Critical patent/US20110212158A1/en
Assigned to OSIRIS THERAPEUTICS, INC., A UNITED STATES CORPORATION reassignment OSIRIS THERAPEUTICS, INC., A UNITED STATES CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JANSEN, TIMOTHY, KUANG, JIN-QIANG, MARCONI, JENNIFER MICHELLE, YOO, DANA, DANILKOVITCH, ALLA, TOM, SAMSON
Publication of US20110212158A1 publication Critical patent/US20110212158A1/en
Priority to US14/272,343 priority patent/US20150010609A1/en
Priority to US14/291,256 priority patent/US10265344B2/en
Priority to US16/296,463 priority patent/US11590172B2/en
Assigned to OSIRIS THERAPEUTICS, INC. reassignment OSIRIS THERAPEUTICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: YOO, DANA, JANSEN, TIMOTHY, MARCONI, JENNIFER MICHELLE, DANILKOVITCH, ALLA, KUANG, JIN-QIANG, TOM, SAMSON
Priority to US17/969,461 priority patent/US20230113145A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/28—Bone marrow; Haematopoietic stem cells; Mesenchymal stem cells of any origin, e.g. adipose-derived stem cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
    • A01N1/02—Preservation of living parts
    • A01N1/0205—Chemical aspects
    • A01N1/021—Preservation or perfusion media, liquids, solids or gases used in the preservation of cells, tissue, organs or bodily fluids
    • A01N1/0221—Freeze-process protecting agents, i.e. substances protecting cells from effects of the physical process, e.g. cryoprotectants, osmolarity regulators like oncotic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/48—Reproductive organs
    • A61K35/50—Placenta; Placental stem cells; Amniotic fluid; Amnion; Amniotic stem cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A61K38/1825—Fibroblast growth factor [FGF]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A61K38/1841—Transforming growth factor [TGF]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/39—Connective tissue peptides, e.g. collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin, cold insoluble globulin [CIG]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/55—Protease inhibitors
    • A61K38/57—Protease inhibitors from animals; from humans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0603—Embryonic cells ; Embryoid bodies
    • C12N5/0605—Cells from extra-embryonic tissues, e.g. placenta, amnion, yolk sac, Wharton's jelly
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/02—Atmosphere, e.g. low oxygen conditions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/10—Growth factors
    • C12N2501/115—Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2502/00—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by
    • C12N2502/02—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by embryonic cells
    • C12N2502/025—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by embryonic cells extra-embryonic cells, e.g. amniotic epithelium, placental cells, Wharton's jelly

Definitions

  • the present technology relates to products to facilitate wound healing such as placenta membrane-derived products and biologic skin substitutes.
  • the present technology relates to products to protect injured or damaged tissue, or as a covering to prevent adhesions, to exclude bacteria, to inhibit bacterial activity, or to promote healing or growth of tissue.
  • the field also relates to methods of manufacturing and methods of use of such membrane-derived products.
  • CM human chorionic membrane
  • the human chorionic membrane is one of the membranes that exists during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast and surrounds the embryo and other membranes. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood.
  • CMs Both fresh and frozen CMs have been used for wound healing therapy.
  • fresh CM When fresh CM is used, there is increased risk of disease transmission.
  • fresh placental tissue for example, chorionic tissue exhibits cell viability of 100%, however within 28 days of storage above 0° C. diminished cell viability to 15 to 35%. Freezing over a time of 3 weeks reduced cell viability to 13 to 18%, regardless of the temperature or medium.
  • the CM is believed to be immunogenic, it has not been used in commercial wound healing products.
  • Apligraf and Dermagraft Two placental tissue graft products containing living cells, Apligraf and Dermagraft, are currently commercially available. Both Apligraf and Dermagraft comprise ex vivo cultured cells. Neither Apligraf nor Dermagraft comprise stem cells. Furthermore, neither Apligraf nor Dermagraft comprise Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and adiponectin, which are key factors in the natural wound healing process. In addition, neither Apligraf nor Dermagraft exhibit a protease-to-protease inhibitor ratio favorable for wound healing.
  • IGFBP-1 Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1
  • adiponectin adiponectin
  • chorion-derived biologic skin substitute comprising a population of cells representing the native array of factors, including, for example, growth factors and cytokines.
  • Apligraf is a living, bi-layered skin substitute manufactured using neonatal foreskin keratinocytes and fibroblasts with bovine Type I collagen. As used in this application, Apligraf refers to the product available for commercial sale in November 2009.
  • Dermagraft is cryopreserved human fibroblasts derived from newborn foreskin tissue seeded on extracellular matrix. According to its product literature, Dermagraft requires three washing steps before use which limits the practical implementation of Dermagraft as a skin substitute relative to products that require less than three washing steps. As used in this application, Dermagraft refers to the product available for commercial sale in November 2009.
  • Engineered skin substitutes such as Apligraf and Dermagraft do not provide the best potential for wound healing because they comprise sub-optimal cellular compositions and therefore do not provide proper wound healing.
  • neither Apligraf nor Dermagraft comprises stem cells and, as a result, the ratio between different factors secreted by cells does not enable efficient wound healing.
  • some factors that are important for wound healing including EGF, IGFBP1, and adiponectin are absent from both Apligraf and Dermagraft.
  • some factors, including MMPs and TIMPs are present in proportions that differ greatly from the proportions found in the natural wound healing process; this difference significantly alters, among other things, upstream inflammatory cytokine pathways which in turn allows for sub-optimal micro-environments at the wound site.
  • the present inventors have identified a need for the development of chorionic membrane products that more closely resemble natural tissue.
  • mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts are important for wound healing (J Clin Invest, 2009, 119: 2795). No product has yet been described that comprise mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts.
  • MMPs and TIMPs are among the factors that are important for wound healing. However, expression of these proteins must be highly regulated and coordinated. Excess of MMPs versus TIMPs is a marker of poor chronic wound healing (Liu et al, Diabetes Care, 2009, 32: 117; Mwaura et al, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2006, 31: 306; Trengove et al, Wound Rep Reg, 1999, 7: 442; Vaalamo et al, Hum Pathol, 1999, 30: 795).
  • ⁇ 2-macroglobulin is known as a plasma protein that inactivates proteinases from all 4 mechanistic classes: serine proteinases, cysteine proteinases, aspartic proteinases, and metalloproteinases (Borth et al., FASEB J, 1992, 6: 3345; Baker et al., J Cell Sci, 2002, 115:3719).
  • Another important function of this protein is to serve as a reservoir for cytokines and growth factors, examples of which include TGF, PDGF, and FGF (Asplin et al, Blood, 2001, 97: 3450; Huang et al, J Biol Chem, 1988; 263: 1535).
  • bFGF modulates a variety of cellular processes including angiogenesis, tissue repair, and wound healing (Presta et al., 2005, Reuss et al., 2003, and Su et al., 2008). In wound healing models, bFGF has been shown to increase wound closure and enhance vessel formation at the site of the wound (Greenhalgh et al., 1990).
  • An in vitro cell migration assay is important for assessing the wound healing potential of a skin substitute.
  • the process of wound healing is highly complex and involves a series of structured events controlled by growth factors (Goldman, Adv Skin Wound Care, 2004, 1:24). These events include increased vascularization, infiltration by inflammatory immune cells, and increases in cell proliferation.
  • the beginning stages of wound healing revolve around the ability of individual cells to polarize towards the wound and migrate into the wounded area in order to close the wound area and rebuild the surrounding tissue.
  • Keratinocytes are the primary cell type of the epithelial layer. Upon proper stimulation, they are implicated in the wound healing process (Pastar et al, 2008 and Bannasch et al., 2000). Specifically, they proliferate and migrate into the wound area to promote healing.
  • An assay capable of evaluating the wound healing potential of skin substitutes by examining the correlation between cell migration and wound healing would represent an advance in the art.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutically acceptable placental product.
  • a placental product according to the present invention comprises an immunocompatible chorionic membrane in a cryopreservation medium (optionally cryopreserved) and viable native therapeutic cells and native therapeutic factors.
  • the placental product further comprises an amniotic membrane that is selectively devitalized.
  • a placental product that comprises at least one of Epidermal Growth Factor, IGFBP1, and Adiponectin.
  • the therapeutic factors include one or more of IGFBP1, adiponectin, ⁇ 2-macroglobulin, bFGF, and EGF.
  • the therapeutic factors include MMP-9 and TIMP1, wherein the ratio of MMP-9:TIMP1 is from about 7 to about 10.
  • the therapeutic factors include IGFBP1, adiponectin, ⁇ 2-macroglobulin, bFGF, EGF, MMP-9, and TIMP1.
  • the therapeutic factors include IGFBP1, adiponectin, ⁇ 2-macroglobulin, bFGF, MMP-9, and TIMP1, wherein the ratio of MMP-9:TIMP1 is from about 7 to about 10.
  • the therapeutic factor is present in a substantial amount in comparison to the equivalent unprocessed human placental membrane.
  • each placental product embodiment optionally is devoid of ex-vivo expanded cultured cells.
  • the present invention also provides a method of manufacturing a placental product comprising: obtaining a placenta, wherein the placenta comprises a chorionic membrane, selectively depleting the placenta of immunogenicity, and cryopreserving the placenta, thereby providing a placental product.
  • the selective depletion step comprises removing immunogenic cells (e.g. CD14+ macrophages and/or trophoblasts) and/or immunogenic factors (e.g. TNF ⁇ ).
  • the selective depletion step comprises selectively immunodepleting the placenta, whereby the placental product is purified from immunogenic cells and/or immunogenic factors.
  • the selective depletion step comprises removing a layer of trophoblasts, for example, by treatment with a digestive enzyme and/or mechanical removal.
  • the selective depletion step comprises removing CD14+ macrophages by a cryoprocess wherein the placental product is incubated for a period of time (e.g. about 30-60 mins.) at a temperature above freezing (e.g. at 2-8° C.), and then freezing, whereby CD14+ macrophages are selectively killed relative to therapeutic cells.
  • the present invention also provides a method of screening a placental product for therapy comprising assaying the placental product for immunogenicity and/or therapeutic value.
  • the step of assaying the placental product for immunogenicity comprises a Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) and/or Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- ⁇ secretion.
  • the step of assaying the placental product for therapeutic value comprises assaying the placental product for cell migration induction.
  • the present invention also provides a method of treating a subject comprising administering a placental product to the subject.
  • the step of administering comprises applying the placental product to a wound, for example, topically applying the placental product to a skin wound.
  • a placental product is used in a tendon or ligament surgery to promote healing of a tendon or ligament.
  • the present inventors have identified a need for the development of chorionic membrane products comprising at least one of IGFBP1, and adiponectin, providing superior wound healing properties.
  • FIG. 1 depicts freezing rates of various freezing methods.
  • FIG. 2 depicts process cell recovery as a function of cryo volume.
  • FIG. 3 depicts process cell recovery as a function of refrigeration time.
  • FIG. 4 shows representative images of the live/dead staining of the epithelial layer of fresh amniotic membrane.
  • FIG. 5 depicts IL-2sR concentrations of various manufacturing intermediates.
  • FIG. 6 depicts IL-2sR concentrations of various manufacturing intermediates.
  • FIG. 7 depicts TNF a concentrations from LPS-induced secretion by placental tissues.
  • FIG. 8 shows representative images of the live/dead staining of the epithelial layer of fresh amniotic membrane.
  • FIG. 9 depicts a correlation between IL-2sR release and the number of CD45+ cells.
  • FIG. 10 depicts a correlation between the amount of CD45+ cells present in amnion-derived cell suspensions and immunogenicity in MLR in vitro.
  • FIG. 11 depicts expression of EGF (A), IGFBP1 (B), and Adiponectin (C) in amniotic and/or chorionic membranes.
  • FIG. 12 depicts expression of IFN-2 ⁇ and TGF- ⁇ 3 in amniotic membrane homogenates.
  • FIG. 13 depicts expression of BMP-2, BMP-4, PLAB, PIGF (A), and IGF-1 (B) in amniotic membrane homogenates.
  • FIG. 14 depicts the ratio of MMPs to TIMPs in various membrane products.
  • FIG. 15 depicts bFGF levels in amniotic and chorionic membranes (CM).
  • FIG. 16 depicts representative expression of bFGF in chorionic tissue samples derived from two separate placenta donors.
  • FIG. 17 depicts a schematic of the cell migration assay.
  • FIG. 18 depicts the results of cell migration assay of various membrane preparations.
  • FIG. 19 depicts growth factor and adiponectin expression in protein extracts of various membrane preparations.
  • hCMSCs means human chorionic membrane stromal cells. hCMSCs are generally positive for CD73, CD70, CD90, CD105, and CD166; negative for CD45 and CD34. hCMSCs differentiate to mesodermal lineages (osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic).
  • “Selective depletion of immunogenicity” or “selective depletion of immunogenic cells or factors” or “selective depletion” means a placental product that retains live therapeutic cells and/or retains therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of tissue injury yet is free, substantially free, or depleted of at least one of immune cell type (e.g. CD14+ macrophages, trophoblasts, and/or vascular-tissue derived cells) and/or immunogenic factor that are otherwise present in a native placenta or chorionic membrane.
  • immune cell type e.g. CD14+ macrophages, trophoblasts, and/or vascular-tissue derived cells
  • MSC mesenchymal stem cells and include fetal, neonatal, adult, or post-natal.
  • MSCs include chorionic MSCs (CMSCs). MSCs generally express one or more of CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166.
  • “Native cells” means cells that are native, resident, or endogenous to the placental membrane, i.e. cells that are not exogenously added to the placental membrane.
  • “Native factors” means placental membrane factors that are native, resident, or endogenous to the placental membrane, i.e. factors that are not exogenously added to the placental membrane.
  • “Placental products” means the instant placental products disclosed herein.
  • substantially free means present in only a negligible amount or not present at all. For example, when a cell is abundant at least than about 20% or less than about 10% or less than about 1% of the amount in an unprocessed sample.
  • “Substantial amount” of an element of the present invention means a value at least about 2% or at least 10% in comparison to an unprocessed, not cryopreserved, fresh membrane sample. A substantial amount can optionally be at least about 50%.
  • “Therapeutic cells” or “beneficial cells” means stromal cells, MSCs, and/or fibroblasts.
  • “Therapeutic factors” means placenta- or chorionic membrane-derived factors that promote wound healing. Examples include IGFBP1, adiponectin, ⁇ 2-macroglobulin, and/or bFGF. Other examples include MMP-9 and TIMP1.
  • “Stromal cells” refers to a mixed population of cells present (optionally in native proportions) composed of neonatal mesenchymal stem cells and neonatal fibroblasts. Both neonatal mesenchymal stem cells and neonatal fibroblasts are immunoprivileged; neither express surface proteins present on immunogenic cell types.
  • the present technology discloses placental products for clinical use, including use in wound healing such as diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and burns.
  • the manufacturing process optionally eliminates essentially all potentially immunogenic cells from the placental membrane while preserving of specific cells that play an important role in wound healing.
  • the present technology discloses a placental product that is selectively devitalized. There is now provided a placental product that is selectively depleted of substantially all immunogenic cells. There is now provided a placental product that does not contain ex vivo cultured cells. There is now provided a placental product that comprises at least one of IGFBP1, and adiponectin. There is now provided a placental product that comprises IGFBP1. There is now provided a placental product that comprises adiponectin.
  • the present technology discloses a method of cyropreserving a placental product that preserves the viability of specific beneficial cells that are the primary source of factors for the promotion of healing to the wound healing process while selectively depleting immunogenic cells (e.g. killing or rendering non-immunogenic) from the chorionic membranes.
  • the present technology discloses a bioassay to test immunogenicity of manufactured placental products.
  • the present technology discloses a placental product exhibiting a ratio of MMP:TIMP comparable to that exhibited in vivo.
  • the present inventors have identified a need for the development of placental products exhibiting a ratio of MMP-9 and TIMP1 of about 7-10 to one.
  • the present technology discloses a placental product that comprises ⁇ 2-macroglobulin.
  • the present inventors have identified a need for the development of placental products that comprise ⁇ 2-macroglobulin.
  • placental product that inactivates substantially all serine proteinases, cysteine proteinases, aspartic proteinases, and metalloproteinases present in the chorionic membrane.
  • placental product that inactivates substantially all serine proteinases present in the chorionic membrane.
  • placental product that inactivates substantially all cysteine proteinases present in the chorionic membrane.
  • placental product that inactivates substantially all aspartic proteinases present in the chorionic membrane.
  • placental product that inactivates substantially all metalloproteinases present in the chorionic membrane are examples of the chorionic membrane.
  • the present technology discloses a placental product that comprises bFGF, optionally in a substantial amount.
  • the present technology discloses a placental product exhibiting a protease-to-protease inhibitor ratio favorable for wound healing, optionally in a substantial amount.
  • the present technology discloses a cell migration assay capable of evaluating the wound-healing potential of a placental product.
  • IGFBP1 and adiponectin are among the factors that are important for wound healing.
  • Evaluation of proteins derived from placental products prepared according to the presently disclosed technology reveal that bFGF is one of the major factors secreted in substantial higher quantities by the chorionic membrane. Additionally, the importance of EGF for wound healing together with high levels of bFGF detected in the presently disclosed chorionic membranes support selection of bFGF as a potency marker for evaluation of membrane products manufactured for clinical use pursuant to the present disclosure.
  • the present technology discloses a cryopreservation procedure for a placental products that selectively depletes immunogenic cells from the a chorionic membranes and preserves the viability of other beneficial cells (including at least one of mesenchymal stem cells, and fibroblasts in some embodiments and all of mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts in some embodiments) that are the primary source of factors for the promotion of healing.
  • beneficial cells including at least one of mesenchymal stem cells, and fibroblasts in some embodiments and all of mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts in some embodiments
  • key parameters of cryopreservation including volume of cryopreservative solution, effect of tissue equilibration prior to freezing, and cooling rates for a freezing procedures.
  • Placental products, their usefulness, and their immunocompatability are surprisingly enhanced by depletion of maternal trophoblast and selective elimination of CD14+ fetal macrophages.
  • Immunocompatability can be demonstrated by any means commonly known by the skilled artisan, such demonstration can be performed by the mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) and by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- ⁇ secretion.
  • MLR Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • TNF Tumor Necrosis Factor
  • the instant placental products contain bFGF, optionally at a substantial concentration.
  • the instant placental products optionally secrete factors that stimulate cell migration and/or wound healing.
  • factors that stimulate cell migration and/or wound healing.
  • the presence of such factors can be demonstrated by any commonly recognized method.
  • the factors are in a substantial amount.
  • wound healing assays exist (Cell Biolabs) and cell migration can be assessed by cell line (HMVEC, Lonza Inc.).
  • HMVEC wound healing assay
  • conditioned medium from the present placental products enhance cell migration.
  • the placental products disclosed herein are useful in treating a number of wounds including: tendon repair, cartilage repair (e.g. femoral condyle, tibial plateau), ACL replacement at the tunnel/bone interface, dental tissue augmentation, fistulas (e.g. Crohn's disease, G-tube, tracheoesophogeal), missing tissue at adhesion barriers (e.g. nasal septum repair, vaginal wall repair, abdominal wall repair, tumor resection), dermal wounds (e.g. partial thickness burns, toxic epidermal necrolysis, epidermolysis bullosa, pyoderma gangrenosum, ulcers e.g. diabetic ulcers (e.g. foot), venous leg ulcers), surgical wounds, hernia repair, tendon repair, bladder repair, periosteum replacement, keloids, organ lacerations, epithelial defects, and repair or replacement of a tympanic membrane.
  • tendon repair
  • the placental products disclosed herein exhibit one or more of the following properties beneficial to the wound healing process:
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products that do not contain ex vivo cultured cells.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products comprising IGFBP1.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products comprising adiponectin.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products exhibiting a protease-to-protease inhibitor ratio favorable for wound healing.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of a method of cyropreserving placental products that preserves the viability of specific cells that are other beneficial cells that are the primary source of factors for the promotion of healing to the wound healing process while selectively depleting immunogenic cells from chorionic membranes.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of a bioassay to test immunogenicity of manufactured placental products.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products exhibiting a ratio of MMP to TIMP comparable to that exhibited in vivo.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products exhibiting a ratio of MMP-9 and TIMP1 of about 7-10 to one.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products that comprise ⁇ 2-macroglobulin.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products that inactivate serine proteinases, cysteine proteinases, aspartic proteinases, and metalloproteinases.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products that inactivate serine proteinases.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products that inactivate cysteine proteinases.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products that inactivate aspartic proteinases.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products that inactivate metalloproteinases.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of placental products that comprise bFGF.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of a cell migration assay to evaluate the potential of placental membrane products.
  • the present inventors have now identified a need for the development of a placental product for wound healing that comprises mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts.
  • One embodiment of the present invention provides a placental product comprising a cryopreservation medium and a chorionic membrane, wherein the chorionic membrane comprises viable therapeutic native cells and native therapeutic factors, and wherein the cryopreservation medium comprises a cryopreserving amount of a cryopreservative.
  • the chorionic membrane is substantially free of at least one at least one or 2 or 3 immunogenic cell types such as: trophoblasts, CD14+ macrophages, and vascularized tissue-derived cells.
  • the chorionic membrane comprises one or more layers which exhibit the architecture of the native chorionic membrane (e.g. has not been homogenized or treated with collagenase).
  • the placental product is suitable for dermal application to a wound.
  • the placental product is manufactured by steps taught herein.
  • the present placental products are not limited to products manufactured by the methods taught here.
  • products of the present invention could be produced through methods that rely on screening steps; e.g. steps to screen for preparations with the described technical features and superior properties.
  • the present placental products comprises one or more of the following technical features:
  • a placental product comprises native therapeutic cells of the chorionic membrane.
  • the cells comprise one or more of stromal cells, MSCs, and fibroblasts.
  • the native therapeutic cells comprise viable stromal cells.
  • the native therapeutic cells comprise viable MSCs.
  • the native therapeutic cells comprise viable fibroblasts.
  • the native therapeutic cells comprise viable MSCs and viable fibroblasts.
  • the native therapeutic cells comprise viable MSCs and viable fibroblasts.
  • the native therapeutic cells comprise viable stromal cells and viable epithelial cells.
  • the therapeutic native cells are viable cells capable of differentiating into cells of more than one lineage (e.g. osteogenic, adipogenic and/or chonodrogenic lineages).
  • the chorionic membrane comprises about 10,000 to about 360,000 cells/cm 2 or about 40,000 to about 90,000 cells/cm 2 .
  • the chorionic membrane comprises at least: about 7,400 or about 15,000 or about 23,217, or about 35,000, or about 40,000 or about 47,800 of stromal cells per cm 2 of the chorionic membrane.
  • the chorionic membrane comprises about 5,000 to about 50,000 of stromal cells per cm 2 of the chorionic membrane.
  • the chorionic membrane comprises stromal cells wherein at least: about 40%, or about 50%, or about 60%, or about 70%, or about 74.3%, or about 83.4 or about 90%, or about 92.5% of the stromal cells are viable after a freeze-thaw cycle.
  • the chorionic membrane comprises stromal cells wherein about 40% to about 92.5% of the stromal cells are viable after a freeze-thaw cycle.
  • the chorionic membrane (of the placental product) comprises fibroblasts in about 50% to about 90% of the total cells.
  • the chorionic membrane comprises CD14+ macrophage in an amount of less than about 5% or less than about 1% or less than about 0.5%, optionally as demonstrated by a substantial decrease in LPS stimulation of TNF ⁇ release.
  • the placental product comprises about 2 to about 4 times more stromal cells relative to an amniotic membrane of the same area derived from the same placenta.
  • the placental product further comprises an amniotic membrane, wherein the placental product contains about 2 to about 4 times more stromal cells relative to the amniotic membrane.
  • the placental product further comprises an amniotic membrane, wherein the amniotic membrane comprises a layer of amniotic epithelial cells.
  • the placental product is substantially free of trophoblasts.
  • the placental product is substantially free of functional CD14+ macrophages.
  • the placental product is substantially free of vascularized tissue-derived cells.
  • the placental product is substantially free of trophoblasts, functional CD14+ macrophages, and vascularized tissue-derived cells.
  • the placental product comprises viable stromal cells.
  • the placental product comprises viable MSCs.
  • the placental product comprises viable fibroblasts.
  • the placental product comprises viable MSCs and viable fibroblasts.
  • the placental product is substantially free of maternal decidual cells.
  • the placental product is substantially free of maternal leukocytes and/or trophoblast cells.
  • the chorionic membrane (of the placental product) comprises MSCs in an amount of about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 15%, about 3% to about 12%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, or at least about 15%, relative to the total number of cells in the chorionic membrane.
  • the chorionic membrane (of the placental product) comprises fibroblasts in an amount of about 50% to about 95%, about 60% to about 90%, or about 70% to about 85%, relative to the total number of cells in the chorionic membrane.
  • the chorionic membrane (of the placental product) comprises functional macrophages in an amount of less than about any of: 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0.1%.
  • the chorionic membrane (of the placental product) comprises MSCs and functional macrophages in a ratio of greater than about any of: 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 7:1, 10:1, 12:1, or 15:1.
  • the chorionic membrane comprises fibroblasts and functional macrophages in a ratio of greater than about any of: 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 28:1, 30:1, 35:1, 45:1, or 50:1.
  • the chorionic membrane (of the placental product) comprises fibroblasts and MSCs in a ratio of: about 9:2 to about 17:3.
  • the chorionic membrane (of the placental product) comprises MSCs in an amount of at least about 1,500 cells/cm 2 , at least about 3,000 cells/cm 2 , about 15,000 to about 9,000 cells/cm 2 , or about 3,000 to about 9,000 cells/cm 2 .
  • the chorionic membrane (of the placental product) comprises fibroblasts in an amount of at least about 7,000 cells/cm 2 , at least about 14,000 cells/cm 2 , about 7,000 to about 51,000 cells/cm 2 , or about 14,000 to about 51,000 cells/cm 2 .
  • the chorionic membrane (of the placental product) comprises functional macrophages in an amount of less than about 3,000 cells/cm 2 , or less than about 1,000 cells/cm 2 .
  • the placental product is substantially free of ex-vivo cultured cells.
  • a placental product comprises native therapeutic factors of the chorionic membrane.
  • the factors include one or more of: IGFBP1, adiponectin, ⁇ 2-macroglobulin, bFGF, EGF, MMP-9, and TIMP1.
  • the factors are present in amounts/cm 2 that are substantially similar to that of a native chorionic membrane or layer thereof (e.g. ⁇ 10% or 20%).
  • the factors include IGFBP1, adiponectin, ⁇ 2-macroglobulin, bFGF, EGF, MMP-9, and TIMP1.
  • the factors are present in ratios that are substantially similar to that of a native chorionic membrane or layer thereof.
  • the factors are present in amounts/cm 2 that are substantially similar to that of a native chorionic membrane or layer thereof (e.g. ⁇ 10% or 20%).
  • the factors include MMP-9 and TIMP1 in a ratio of about 7 to about 10 (e.g about 7).
  • the factors are present in amounts/cm 2 that are substantially similar to that of a native chorionic membrane or layer thereof (e.g. ⁇ 10% or 20%).
  • the factors include one or more (e.g. a majority or all) of the factors listed in Table 15.
  • the factors are present in ratios that are substantially similar to that of a native chorionic membrane or layer thereof.
  • the factors are present in amounts/cm 2 that are substantially similar to that of a native chorionic membrane or layer thereof (e.g. ⁇ 10% or 20%).
  • the placental product secretes substantially less TNF- ⁇ /cm 2 than a native, unprocessed chorionic membrane.
  • the placental product secretes substantially less TNF- ⁇ /cm 2 than a native placental product upon stimulation by LPS or CT.
  • the placental product secretes less than about any of: 420 pg/mL, 350 pg/mL, or 280 pg/mL TNF- ⁇ into a tissue culture medium upon placing a 2 cm ⁇ 2 cm piece of the tissue product in a tissue culture medium and exposing the tissue product to a bacterial lipopolysaccharide for about 20 to about 24 hours.
  • the placental product secretes less than about any of: 420 pg/mL, 350 pg/mL, or 280 pg/mL TNF- ⁇ into a tissue culture medium upon placing a 2 cm ⁇ 2 cm piece of the tissue product in a tissue culture medium and exposing the tissue product to a bacterial lipopolysaccharide for about 20 to about 24 hours.
  • the placental product secretes less than about any of: 420 pg/mL, 350 pg/mL, or 280 pg/mL TNF- ⁇ into a tissue culture medium upon placing a 2 cm ⁇ 2 cm piece of the tissue product in a tissue culture medium and exposing the tissue product to a bacterial lipopolysaccharide for about 20 to about 24 hours.
  • the placental product further comprises an exogenously added inhibitor of TNF- ⁇ .
  • the inhibitor of TNF- ⁇ is IL-10.
  • the product has been treated with an antibiotic
  • a placental product of the present invention comprises one or more non-trophoblast layers which exhibit the architecture of the native chorionic membrane.
  • non-trophoblast layers which exhibit the architecture of the native chorionic membrane.
  • the placental product comprises a stromal layer with native architecture.
  • the placental product comprises a basement membrane with native architecture.
  • the placental product comprises a reticular layer with native architecture.
  • the placental product comprises a reticular layer and a basement layer with native architecture.
  • the placental product comprises a stromal layer, a basement layer, and a reticular layer with native architecture.
  • the placental product is substantially free of trophoblasts.
  • the placental product comprises a basement membrane with native architecture and the chorionic membrane is substantially free of trophoblasts.
  • the maternal side of the placental product comprises fragments of extracellular matrix proteins in a concentration substantially greater than that of a native chorionic membrane.
  • the placental product has been treated with Dispase (e.g. Dispase II) and/or a substantial portion of the extracellular matrix protein fragments comprises terminal leucine or phenylalanine.
  • the placental product has a thickness of about 40 ⁇ m to about 400 ⁇ m.
  • the placental product further comprises an amniotic membrane.
  • the amniotic membrane and the chorionic membrane in the placental product are associated to one another in the native configuration.
  • the amniotic membrane and the chorionic membrane are not attached to one another in the native configuration.
  • the placental product does not comprise an amniotic membrane.
  • the placental product can be formulated with a cryopreservation medium.
  • cryopreservation medium comprising one or more cell-permeating cryopreservatives, one or more non cell-permeating cryopreservatives, or a combination thereof.
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises one or more cell-permeating cryopreservatives selected from DMSO, a glycerol, a glycol, a propylene glycol, an ethylene glycol, or a combination thereof.
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises one or more non cell-permeating cryopreservatives selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, a hydroxyethyl starch, a polysacharide, a monosaccharides, a sugar alcohol, an alginate, a trehalose, a raffinose, a dextran, or a combination thereof.
  • cryopreservatives are described in “Cryopreservation” (BioFiles Volume 5 Number 4—Sigma-Aldrich® datasheet).
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises a cell-permeating cryopreservative, wherein the majority of the cell-permeating cryopreservative is DMSO.
  • the cryopreservation medium does not comprise a substantial amount of glycerol.
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises DMSO.
  • the cryopreservation medium does not comprise glycerol in a majority amount.
  • the cryopreservation medium does not comprise a substantial amount of glycerol.
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises additional components such as albumin (e.g. HSA or BSA), an electrolyte solution (e.g. Plasma-Lyte), or a combination thereof.
  • albumin e.g. HSA or BSA
  • electrolyte solution e.g. Plasma-Lyte
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises 1% to about 15% albumin by weight and about 5% to about 20% cryopreservative by volume (e.g. about 10%).
  • the cryopreservative comprises DMSO (e.g. in a majority amount).
  • the placental product is formulated in greater than about 20 ml or greater than about 50 ml of cryopreservation medium.
  • the cryopreservative comprises DMSO (e.g. in a majority amount).
  • the cryopreservation medium does not comprise a substantial amount of glycerol.
  • the placental product is placed on nitrocellulose paper.
  • the placenta is cut into a plurality of sections.
  • the sections are less than about 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm.
  • the sections are between about 2 cm ⁇ 2 cm and 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm.
  • a placental product of the present invention can manufactured from a placenta in any suitable manner that provides the technical features taught herein.
  • a placental product comprises at least an immunocompatible chorionic membrane.
  • a placental product is manufactured by a method comprising:
  • a placental product is manufactured by a method comprising:
  • the method comprises a step of removing the amniotic membrane or portion thereof. Can amniotic membrane') from the placenta.
  • the method comprises a step of removing an amniotic membrane from the placenta without removing a substantial portion of amniotic epithelial cells from the placenta.
  • the step of removing a substantial portion of trophoblasts from the placenta comprises treating the placenta with a digestive enzyme such as a protease (e.g. dispase or dispase II), mechanically removing trophoblasts from the placenta (e.g. by scraping), or a combination thereof.
  • a digestive enzyme such as a protease (e.g. dispase or dispase II), mechanically removing trophoblasts from the placenta (e.g. by scraping), or a combination thereof.
  • the method comprises a step of removing vascularized tissue from the placenta, for example, by lysing red blood cells, by removing blood clots, or a combination thereof.
  • the method comprises a step of treating the placenta with one or more antibiotics.
  • the method comprises a step of selective depletion of CD14+ macrophages.
  • the step of cryopreserving the placenta comprises freezing the placenta in a cryopreservation medium which comprises one or more cell-permeating cryopreservatives, one or more non cell-permeating cryopreservatives, or a combination thereof.
  • the step of cryopreserving the placenta comprises refrigerating for a period of time and then freezing, thereby selectively depleting CD14+ macrophages.
  • An exemplary placental product of the present invention can be manufactured or provided with a bandage or skin substitute.
  • the placental product is immunocompatible. Immunocompatability can be accomplished by any selective depletion step that removes immunogenic cells or factors or immunogenicity from the placenta (or chorionic membrane thereof).
  • the placental product is made immunocompatible by selectively depleting it of functional immunogenic cells.
  • a placenta can be made immunocompatible by selectively removing immunogenic cells from the placenta (or chorionic membrane thereof) relative to therapeutic cells.
  • immunogenic cells can be removed by killing the immunogenic cells or by purification of the placenta there from.
  • the placenta is made immunocompatible by selectively depleting trophoblasts, for example, by removal of the trophoblast layer.
  • the placenta is made immunocompatible by selective depletion of functional CD14+ macrophages, optionally resulting in depletion of TNF ⁇ upon stimulation, or a combination thereof.
  • the placenta is made immunocompatible by selective depletion of vascularized tissue-derived cells.
  • the placenta is made immunocompatible by selective depletion of functional CD14+ macrophages, trophoblasts, and vascularized tissue-derived cells.
  • the placenta product is made immunocompatible by selective depletion of trophoblasts and/or CD14+ macrophages, optionally resulting in depletion of TNF ⁇ upon stimulation.
  • trophoblasts are depleted or removed from the placental product.
  • a placental product has one or more of the following superior features:
  • a. is substantially non-immunogenic
  • c. provides enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
  • Trophoblasts can be removed in any suitable manner which substantially diminishes the trophoblast content of the placental product.
  • the trophoblasts are selectively removed or otherwise removed without eliminating a substantial portion of one or more therapeutic components from the placenta (e.g. MSCs, placental factors, etc).
  • a majority (e.g. substantially all) of the trophoblasts are removed.
  • One method of removing trophoblasts comprises treating the placenta (e.g. chorion or amnio-chorion) with a digestive enzyme such as dispase (e.g. dispase II) and separating the trophoblasts from the placenta.
  • the step of separating comprises mechanical separation such as peeling or scraping.
  • scraping comprises scraping with a soft instrument such as a finger.
  • One method of removing trophoblasts comprises treating the chorionic membrane with dispase for about 30 to about 45 minutes separating the trophoblasts from the placenta.
  • the dispase is provided in a solution of about less than about 1% (e.g. about 0.5%).
  • the step of separating comprises mechanical separation such as peeling or scraping.
  • scraping comprises scraping with a soft instrument such as a finger.
  • trophoblasts from a placenta e.g. chorion
  • Portmann-Lanz et al. Pullacental mesenchymal stem cells as potential autologous graft for pre- and perinatal neuroregeneration”; American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2006) 194, 664-73
  • Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal cells from human fetal membranes Journal Of Tissue Engineering And Regenerative Medicine 2007; 1: 296-305.
  • Conscise Review Isolation and Characterization of Cells from Human Term Placenta: Outcome of the First International Workshop on Placenta Derived Stem Cells“).
  • trophoblasts are removed before cryopreservation.
  • a. is substantially non-immunogenic
  • c. provides enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
  • Functional macrophages can be removed in any suitable manner which substantially diminishes the macrophage content of the placental product.
  • the macrophages are selectively removed or otherwise removed without eliminating a substantial portion of one or more therapeutic components from the placenta (e.g. MSCs, placental factors, etc).
  • a majority (e.g. substantially all) of the macrophages are removed.
  • One method of removing immune cells such as macrophages comprises killing the immune cells by rapid freezing rates such as 60-100° C./min.
  • stromal cells e.g. MSCs
  • the present inventors have discovered a method of selectively killing CD14+ macrophages can be selectively killed by refrigerating the placenta for a period of time (e.g. for at least about 10 min such as for about 30-60 mins) at a temperature above freezing (e.g. incubating at 2-8° C.) and then freezing the placenta (e.g. incubating at ⁇ 80° C. ⁇ 5° C.).
  • the step of freezing comprises freezing at a rate of less than 10°/min (e.g. less than about 5°/min such as at about 1°/min).
  • the step of refrigerating comprises soaking the placenta in a cryopreservation medium (e.g. containing DMSO) for a period of time sufficient to allow the cryopreservation medium to penetrate (e.g. equilibrate with) the placental tissues.
  • a cryopreservation medium e.g. containing DMSO
  • the step of freezing comprises reducing the temperature at a rate of about 1°/min.
  • the step of freezing comprises freezing at a rate of less than 10°/min (e.g. less than about 5°/min such as at about 1°/min).
  • the step of refrigerating comprises soaking the placenta in a cryopreservation medium (e.g. containing DMSO) at a temperature of about ⁇ 10-15° C. (e.g. at 2-8° C.) for at least about any of: 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, or 50 min.
  • the step of refrigerating comprises soaking the placenta in a cryopreservation medium (e.g. containing DMSO) at a temperature of about ⁇ 10-15° C. (e.g. at 2-8° C.) for about any of: 10-120, 20-90 min, or 30-60 min.
  • the step of freezing comprises freezing at a rate of less than 10°/min (e.g. less than about 5°/min such as at about 1°/min).
  • vascularized tissue-derived cells are depleted or removed from the placental product.
  • vascularized tissue-derived cells or vascularied tissue
  • such a placental product has one or more of the following superior features:
  • a. is substantially non-immunogenic
  • c. provides enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
  • Vascularized tissue-derived cells can be removed in any suitable manner which substantially diminishes such cell content of the placental product.
  • the vascularized tissue-derived cells are selectively removed or otherwise removed without eliminating a substantial portion of one or more therapeutic components from the placenta (e.g. MSCs, placental factors, etc).
  • removal of vascularized tissue-derived cells comprises separating the chorion from the placenta by cutting around the placental skirt on the side opposite of the umbilical cord. The chorion on the umbilical side of the placenta is not removed due to the vascularization on this side.
  • removal of vascularized tissue-derived cells comprises rinsing the chorionic membrane (e.g. with buffer such as PBS) to remove gross blood clots and any excess blood cells.
  • buffer such as PBS
  • removal of vascularized tissue-derived cells comprises treating the chorionic membrane with an anticoagulant (e.g. citrate dextrose solution).
  • an anticoagulant e.g. citrate dextrose solution
  • removal of vascularized tissue-derived cells comprises separating the chorion from the placenta by cutting around the placental skirt on the side opposite of the umbilical cord and rinsing the chorionic membrane (e.g. with buffer such as PBS) to remove gross blood clots and any excess blood cells.
  • chorionic membrane e.g. with buffer such as PBS
  • removal of vascularized tissue-derived cells comprises separating the chorion from the placenta by cutting around the placental skirt on the side opposite of the umbilical cord and treating the chorionic membrane with an anticoagulant (e.g. citrate dextrose solution).
  • an anticoagulant e.g. citrate dextrose solution
  • removal of vascularized tissue-derived cells comprises separating the chorion from the placenta by cutting around the placental skirt on the side opposite of the umbilical cord, rinsing the chorionic membrane (e.g. with buffer such as PBS) to remove gross blood clots and any excess blood cells, and treating the chorionic membrane with an anticoagulant (e.g. citrate dextrose solution).
  • an anticoagulant e.g. citrate dextrose solution
  • the placental product is selectively depleted of immunogenicity as demonstrated by a reduction in LPS stimulated TNF- ⁇ release. depletion d of TNF- ⁇ depleted or removed from the placental product.
  • TNF- ⁇ is depleted by killing or removal of macrophages.
  • TNF- ⁇ is depleted by treatment with an anti-TNF- ⁇ antibody.
  • TNF- ⁇ is functionally depleted by treatment with IL-10, which suppresses TNF- ⁇ secretion.
  • a placental product of the present invention may be used fresh or may be preserved for a period of time. Surprisingly, cryopreservation results in immunocompatible placental products.
  • a placental product is cryopreserved.
  • a placental product may be cryopreserved by incubation at freezing temperatures (e.g. a ⁇ 80° C. ⁇ 5° C.) in a cryopreservative medium.
  • Cryopreservation can comprise, for example, incubating the placental product at 4° C. for 30-60 min, and then incubating at ⁇ 80° C. until use. The placental product may then be thawed for use.
  • the placental product is cryopreserved in a manner such that cell viability is retained surprisingly well after a freeze-thaw cycle.
  • cryopreservation comprises storage in a cryopreservation medium comprising one or more cell-permeating cryopreservatives, one or more non cell-permeating cryopreservatives, or a combination thereof.
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises one or more cell-permeating cryopreservatives selected from DMSO, a glycerol, a glycol, a propylene glycol, an ethylene glycol, or a combination thereof.
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises one or more non cell-permeating cryopreservatives selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, a hydroxyethyl starch, a polysacharide, a monosaccharides, a sugar alcohol, an alginate, a trehalose, a raffinose, a dextran, or a combination thereof.
  • cryopreservatives selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, a hydroxyethyl starch, a polysacharide, a monosaccharides, a sugar alcohol, an alginate, a trehalose, a raffinose, a dextran, or a combination thereof.
  • Other examples of useful cryopreservatives are described in “Cryopreservation” (BioFiles Volume 5 Number 4—Sigma-Aldrich® datasheet).
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises a cell-permeating cryopreservative, wherein the majority of the cell-permeating cryopreservative is DMSO.
  • the cryopreservation medium does not comprise a substantial amount of glycerol.
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises DMSO.
  • the cryopreservation medium does not comprise glycerol in a majority amount.
  • the cryopreservation medium does not comprise a substantial amount of glycerol.
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises additional components such as albumin (e.g. HSA or BSA), an electrolyte solution (e.g. Plasma-Lyte), or a combination thereof.
  • albumin e.g. HSA or BSA
  • electrolyte solution e.g. Plasma-Lyte
  • the cryopreservation medium comprises 1% to about 15% albumin by weight and about 5% to about 20% cryopreservative by volume (e.g. about 10%).
  • the cryopreservative comprises DMSO (e.g. in a majority amount).
  • cryopreservation comprises placing the placenta on nitrocellulose paper.
  • the placenta is cut into a plurality of sections before cryopreservation.
  • the sections are placed on nitrocellulose paper before refrigeration.
  • placental products e.g. derived from chorionic tissue
  • the placental products may be used to treat any tissue injury.
  • a method of treatment may be provided, for example, by administering to a subject in need thereof, a placental product of the present invention.
  • a typical administration method of the present invention is topical administration.
  • Administering the present invention can optionally involve administration to an internal tissue where access is gained by a surgical procedure.
  • Placental products can be administered autologously, allogeneically or xenogeneically.
  • a present placental product is administered to a subject to treat a wound.
  • the wound is a laceration, scrape, thermal or chemical burn, incision, puncture, or wound caused by a projectile.
  • the wound is an epidermal wound, skin wound, chronic wound, acute wound, external wound, internal wounds, congenital wound, ulcer, or pressure ulcer.
  • Such wounds may be accidental or deliberate, e.g., wounds caused during or as an adjunct to a surgical procedure.
  • the wound is closed surgically prior to administration.
  • a present placental product is administered to a subject to treat a burn.
  • the burn is a first-degree burn, second-degree burn (partial thickness burns), third degree burn (full thickness burns), infection of burn wound, infection of excised and unexcised burn wound, loss of epithelium from a previously grafted or healed burn, or burn wound impetigo.
  • a present placental product is administered to a subject to treat an ulcer, for example, a diabetic ulcer (e.g. foot ulcer).
  • an ulcer for example, a diabetic ulcer (e.g. foot ulcer).
  • a placental product is administered by placing the placental product directly over the skin of the subject, e.g., on the stratum corneum, on the site of the wound, so that the wound is covered, for example, using an adhesive tape. Additionally or alternatively, the placental product may be administered as an implant, e.g., as a subcutaneous implant.
  • a placental product is administered to the epidermis to reduce rhtids or other features of aging skin.
  • Such treatment is also usefully combined with so-called cosmetic surgery (e.g. rhinoplasty, rhytidectomy, etc.).
  • a placental product is administered to the epidermis to accelerate healing associated with a dermal ablation procedure or a dermal abrasion procedure (e.g. including laser ablation, thermal ablation, electric ablation, deep dermal ablation, sub-dermal ablation, fractional ablation, and microdermal abrasion).
  • a dermal ablation procedure or a dermal abrasion procedure e.g. including laser ablation, thermal ablation, electric ablation, deep dermal ablation, sub-dermal ablation, fractional ablation, and microdermal abrasion.
  • pathologies that may be treated with placental products of the present invention include traumatic wounds (e.g. civilian and military wounds), surgical scars and wounds, spinal fusions, spinal cord injury, avascular necrosis, reconstructive surgeries, ablations, and ischemia.
  • a placental product of the present invention is used in a tissue graft procedure.
  • the placental product is applied to a portion of the graft which is then attached to a biological substrate (e.g. to promote healing and/or attachment to the substrate).
  • tissue such as skin, cartilage, ligament, tendon, periosteum, perichondrium, synovium, fascia, mesenter and sinew can be used as tissue graft.
  • a placental product is used in a tendon or ligament surgery to promote healing of a tendon or ligament.
  • the placental product is applied to portion of a tendon or ligament which is attached to a bone.
  • the surgery can be any tendon or ligament surgery, including, e.g. knee surgery, shoulder, leg surgery, arm surgery, elbow surgery, finger surgery, hand surgery, wrist surgery, toe surgery, foot surgery, ankle surgery, and the like.
  • the placental product can be applied to a tendon or ligament in a grafting or reconstruction procedure to promote fixation of the tendon or ligament to a bone.
  • placental products of the present invention provide superior treatment (e.g. healing time and/or healing strength) for tendon and ligament surgeries.
  • Tendon and ligament surgeries can involve the fixation of the tendon or ligament to bone.
  • osteogenic and/or chondrogenic potential of MSCs in the present placental products promotes healing process and healing strength of tendons or ligaments.
  • the present placental products provide an alternative or adjunctive treatment to periosteum-based therapies. For example, useful periosteum based treatments are described in Chen et al.
  • a tendon is sutured to and/or wrapped or enveloped in a placental membrane and the tendon is attached to a bone.
  • the tendon is placed into a bone tunnel before attached to the bone.
  • the tendon or ligament surgery is a graft procedure, wherein the placental product is applied to the graft.
  • the graft is an allograft, xenograft, or an autologous graft.
  • the tendon or ligament surgery is repair of a torn ligament or tendon, wherein the placental product is applied to the torn ligament or tendon.
  • Non-limiting examples of tendons to which a placental product can be applied include a digitorum extensor tendon, a hamstring tendon, a bicep tendon, an Achilles Tendon, an extensor tendon, and a rotator cuff tendon.
  • a placental product of the present invention is used to reduce fibrosis by applying the placental product to a wound site.
  • a placental product of the present invention is used as an anti-adhesion wound barrier, wherein the placental product is applied to a wound site, for example, to reduce fibrosis (e.g. postoperative fibrosis).
  • fibrosis e.g. postoperative fibrosis
  • Non-limiting examples of wound sites to which the placental product can be applied include those that are surgically induced or associated with surgery involving the spine, laminectomy, knee, shoulder, or child birth, trauma related wounds or injuries, cardiovascular procedures, angiogenesis stimulation, brain/neurological procedures, burn and wound care, and ophthalmic procedures.
  • the wound site is associated with surgery of the spine and the stromal side of the placental product is applied to the dura (e.g. the stromal side facing the dura).
  • the dura e.g. the stromal side facing the dura
  • a placental product of the present invention can optionally be used to reduce adhesion or fibrosis of a wound.
  • Postoperative fibrosis is a natural consequence of all surgical wound healing.
  • postoperative peridural adhesion results in tethering, traction, and compression of the thecal sac and nerve roots, which cause a recurrence of hyperesthesia that typically manifests a few months after laminectomy surgery.
  • Repeated surgery for removal of scar tissue is associated with poor outcome and increased risk of injury because of the difficulty of identifying neural structures that are surrounded by scar tissue. Therefore, experimental and clinical studies have primarily focused on preventing the adhesion of scar tissue to the dura matter and nerve roots.
  • Spinal adhesions have been implicated as a major contributing factor in failure of spine surgery. Fibrotic scar tissue can cause compression and tethering of nerve roots, which can be associated with recurrent pain and physical impairment.
  • placental products taught herein are useful to reduce adhesion or fibrosis of a wound, at least in part, because the placental products can perform the very critical function in-situ of providing a immunoprivileged environment (i.e. relatively high resistance against immune responses) in the human development process.
  • a immunoprivileged environment i.e. relatively high resistance against immune responses
  • One advantage of the wound dressings and processes of the present invention is that an anti-adhesion barrier is provided which can be used to prevent adhesions following surgery, and in particular following back surgery.
  • FACS Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting
  • Placental membranes secrete a variety of factors involved in wound healing such as angiogenic factors, factors supporting proliferation and migration of epithelial cells and fibroblasts, factors attracting endothelial stem cells from blood circulation to the wound site, antibacterial factors, and others.
  • VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
  • PDGF Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
  • TGF Transforming Growth Factor
  • EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
  • placental membranes have a favorable protease-to-protease inhibitor ratio for wound healing.
  • in vitro model of wound healing cell migration assay, disclosed herein
  • the present inventors have demonstrated that placental membranes secrete factors promoting cell migration that will support wound closure.
  • the present application discloses a procedure for manufacturing chorionic membranes from placenta post partum.
  • the placenta was processed inside a biological safety cabinet.
  • the umbilical cord was first removed, and the amniotic membrane was peeled from the underlying chorionic membrane using blunt dissection. Subsequently, the chorion was removed by cutting around the placental skirt on the side opposite of the umbilical cord. The chorion on the umbilical side of the placenta was not removed due to the vascularization on this side.
  • the chorionic membrane was rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Gibco Invitrogen, Grand Island, N.Y.) to remove gross blood clots and any excess blood cells.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the membrane was then washed with 11% anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution (USP) formula A (ACD-A) (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Ill.) in saline (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Ill.) to remove remaining blood cells.
  • USP anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution
  • the chorion was then incubated in 200 mL of a 0.5% dispase (BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) solution in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles media (DMEM) (Lonza, Walkersville, Md.) at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 30-45 minutes to digest the connective tissue layer between the chorion and adjacent trophoblast layer.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagles media
  • the chorion was then disinfected in 500 mL of antibiotic solution consisting of gentamicin sulfate (50 ⁇ g/mL) (Abraxis Pharmaceutical Products, Schaumburg, Ill.), vancomycin HCl (50 ⁇ g/mL) (Hospira Inc., Lake Forest, Ill.), and amphotericin B (2.5 ⁇ g/mL) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) in DMEM at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 24-28 hours. Vented caps were used with the incubation flasks. After the incubation period, the membrane was washed with PBS to remove any residual antibiotic solution.
  • antibiotic solution consisting of gentamicin sulfate (50 ⁇ g/mL) (Abraxis Pharmaceutical Products, Schaumburg, Ill.), vancomycin HCl (50 ⁇ g/mL) (Hospira Inc., Lake Forest, Ill.), and amphotericin B (2.5 ⁇ g
  • the membrane was mounted on Optitran BA-S 85 reinforced nitrocellulose paper (Whatman, Dassel, Germany) and cut to the appropriate size prior to packaging into an FP-90 cryobag (Charter Medical Ltd., Winston-Salem, N.C.). Once the membrane unit was placed into the FP-90 cryobag and the cryobag was heat sealed, 50 mL of a cryopreservation solution containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Bioniche Teo. Inverin Co., Galway, Ireland) and 5% human serum albumin (HSA) (Baxter, West Lake Village, Calif.) in PlasmaLyte-A (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Ill.) were added through the center tubing line. Any excess air was removed, and the tubing line was subsequently sealed.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • HSA human serum albumin
  • the FP-90 cryobag was placed into a mangar bag (10 in. ⁇ 6 in.) (Mangar Industries, New England, Pa.), which was then heat sealed.
  • the mangar bag was placed into a packaging carton (10.5 in. ⁇ 6.5 in. ⁇ 0.6 in.) (Diamond Packaging, Rochester, N.Y.). All cartons were refrigerated at 2-8° C. for 30-60 minutes prior to freezing at ⁇ 80° C. ⁇ 5° C. inside a Styrofoam container.
  • the placenta was processed inside a biological safety cabinet.
  • the umbilical cord was first removed, and the amniotic membrane was peeled from the underlying chorionic membrane using blunt dissection. Subsequently, the chorion was removed by cutting around the placental skirt on the side opposite of the umbilical cord. The chorion on the umbilical side of the placenta was not removed due to the vascularization on this side.
  • Both membranes were rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Gibco Invitrogen, Grand Island, N.Y.) to remove gross blood clots and any excess blood cells.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the membranes were then washed with 11% anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution (USP) formula A (ACD-A) (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Ill.) in saline (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Ill.) to remove remaining blood cells.
  • USP anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution
  • the chorion was then incubated in 200 mL of a 0.5% dispase (BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass.) solution in Dulbecco's modified eagles media (DMEM) (Lonza, Walkersville, Md.) at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 30-45 minutes to digest the connective tissue layer between the chorion and adjacent trophoblast layer. During this incubation period, the stromal side of the amnion was cleaned by gently scraping away any remaining connective tissue. Once the chorion incubation period was complete, the chorion was rinsed with PBS to remove the dispase solution. Subsequently, the trophoblast layer was removed by gently peeling or scraping away these maternal decidual cells.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified eagles media
  • amnion and chorion were then each disinfected in 500 mL of antibiotic solution consisting of gentamicin sulfate (50 ⁇ g/mL) (Abraxis Pharmaceutical Products, Schaumburg, Ill.), vancomycin HCl (50 ⁇ g/mL) (Hospira Inc., Lake Forest, IL), and amphotericin B (2.5 ⁇ g/mL) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) in DMEM at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 24-28 hours. Vented caps were used with the incubation flasks. After the incubation period, the membranes were washed with PBS to remove any residual antibiotic solution.
  • gentamicin sulfate 50 ⁇ g/mL
  • vancomycin HCl 50 ⁇ g/mL
  • amphotericin B 2.5 ⁇ g/mL
  • the membranes were mounted on Optitran BA-S 85 reinforced nitrocellulose paper (Whatman, Dassel, Germany) and cut to the appropriate size prior to packaging into an FP-90 cryobag (Charter Medical Ltd., Winston-Salem, N.C.). For the amnion, the stromal side was mounted towards the nitrocellulose paper. Once a membrane unit was placed into the FP-90 cryobag and the cryobag was heat sealed, 50 mL of a cryopreservation solution containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Bioniche Teo.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • HSA human serum albumin
  • the FP-90 cryobag was placed into a mangar bag (10 in. ⁇ 6 in.) (Mangar Industries, New England, Pa.), which was then heat sealed.
  • the mangar bag was placed into a packaging carton (10.5 in. ⁇ 6.5 in. ⁇ 0.6 in.) (Diamond Packaging, Rochester, N.Y.). All cartons were refrigerated at 2-8° C. for 30-60 minutes prior to freezing at ⁇ 80° C. ⁇ 5° C. inside a Styrofoam container.
  • Amnion and chorion membranes and present placental products were evaluated for cell number and cell viability throughout the process. These analyses were performed on fresh placental tissue (prior to the antibiotic treatment step), placental tissue post antibiotic treatment, and product units post thaw. Cells were isolated from the placental membranes using enzymatic digestion. For the frozen product units, the FP-90 cryobags were first removed from the packaging cartons and mangar bags. Then the FP-90 cryobags were thawed for 2-3 minutes in a room temperature water bath. Early experiments involved the use of a 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. water bath.
  • the placental membranes were removed from the FP-90 cryobag and placed into a reservoir containing saline (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Ill.) for a minimum of 1 minute and a maximum of 60 minutes. Each membrane was detached from the reinforced nitrocellulose paper prior to digestion.
  • saline Boxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Ill.
  • Amniotic membranes were digested with 40 mL of 0.75% collagenase (Worthington Biochemical Corp., Lakewood, N.J.) solution at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 20-40 minutes on a rocker. After collagenase digestion, the samples were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was removed, and 40 mL of 0.05% trypsin-EDTA (Lonza, Walkersville, Md.) were added and incubated at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for an additional 5-15 minutes on a rocker. The trypsin was warmed to 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. in a water bath prior to use.
  • collagenase Woodington Biochemical Corp., Lakewood, N.J.
  • the suspension was filtered through a 100 ⁇ m cell strainer nylon filter to remove any debris. Centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes was performed, and supernatant was removed. Cell pellets were reconstituted with a volume of PlasmaLyte-A that was proportional to the pellet size, and 20 ⁇ L of the resuspended cell suspension were mixed with 80 ⁇ L of trypan blue (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) for counting. The cell count sample was placed into a hemocytometer and evaluated using a microscope.
  • Chorionic membranes were digested with 25 mL of 0.75% collagenase solution at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 20-40 minutes on a rocker. After collagenase digestion, the suspension was filtered through a 100 ⁇ m cell strainer nylon filter to remove any debris. Centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes was performed, and supernatant was removed. Cell pellets were reconstituted with a volume of PlasmaLyte-A that was proportional to the pellet size, and 20 ⁇ L of the resuspended cell suspension were mixed with 80 ⁇ L of trypan blue for counting. The cell count sample was placed into a hemocytometer and evaluated using a microscope.
  • Placenta membranes were analyzed prior to any processing to determine the initial characteristics of the membranes.
  • Table 1 contains the average cell count per cm 2 and cell viability values for the amniotic and chorionic membranes from 32 placenta lots.
  • the average cell count per cm 2 for the amniotic membrane was 91,381 cells with a corresponding average cell viability of 84.5%.
  • the average cell count per cm 2 was 51,614 cells with a corresponding cell viability of 86.0%.
  • amniotic membrane consists of epithelial cells and stromal cells
  • Trypsin-EDTA Trypsin-EDTA
  • the membrane was subsequently digested in the same manner as chorionic membrane (described above).
  • another intact 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm piece of amniotic membrane was digested using the standard procedure (described above) to determine the total number of cells. The percentage of stromal cells was then determined by dividing the cell count from the amniotic membrane with the epithelial cells removed with the cell count from the intact membrane.
  • results indicate that 19% of the total cells were stromal cells. Therefore, approximately 17,362 stromal cells were present in amniotic membrane with approximately 74,019 epithelial cells. These data indicated that there are approximately 3 times more stromal cells in chorionic membranes as compared to amniotic membranes. This ratio is consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention that provide a placental product comprising a chorionic membrane and an amniotic membrane, wherein the chorionic membrane comprises about 2 to about 4 times more stromal cells relative to the amniotic membrane.
  • Cryopreservation is a method that provides a source of tissues and living cells.
  • a main objective of cryopreservation is to minimize damage to biological materials during low temperature freezing and storage.
  • general cryopreservation rules are applicable to all cells, tissues, and organs, optimization of the cryopreservation procedure is required for each type of biological material.
  • the present application discloses a cryopreservation procedure for placental membrane products that can selectively deplete immunogenic cells from the placental membranes; and preserve viability of other beneficial cells that are the primary source of factors for the promotion of healing.
  • cryopreservation method development for placental membranes the present inventors evaluated key parameters of cryopreservation including volume of cryopreservative solution, effect of tissue equilibration prior to freezing, and cooling rates for a freezing procedures.
  • Cryopreservation is an approach which can be utilized to reduce tissue immunogenicity. This approach is based on differential susceptibility of different cell types to freezing injury in the presence of DMSO; leukocytes are sensitive to fast cooling rates. The freezing rate of 1° C./min is considered optimal for cells and tissues including immune cells. Rapid freezing rates such as 60-100° C./min eliminate immune cells. However, this type of procedure is harmful to other tissue cells, which are desirable for preservation according to the present invention.
  • the developed cryopreservation procedure utilized a cryopreservation medium containing 10% DMSO, which is a key component protecting cells from destruction when water forms crystals at low temperatures.
  • the second step of cryopreservation was full equilibration of placental membrane in the cryopreservation medium, which was achieved by soaking membranes in the cryopreservation medium for 30-60 min at 4° C.
  • This step allowed DMSO to penetrate the placental tissues.
  • tissue equilibration prior to freezing affects survival of immune cells (Taylor & Bank, Cryobiology, 1988, 25:1)
  • 30-60 min placental membrane equilibration in a DMSO-containing solution at 2-8° C. selectively increases sensitivity of immune cells to freezing (in comparison to therapeutic cells) so that these type of cells are selectively depleted during the freezing process (e.g. 1° C./min freezing rate).
  • CD14+ macrophages are selectively killed relative to therapeutic cells such as hMSCs and/or fibroblasts.
  • FIG. 1 Temperature mapping experiments were performed to analyze the temperature profiles of potential cryopreservation conditions for the membrane products. These results are illustrated in FIG. 1 .
  • Eight (8) FP-90 cryobags were filled with either 20 mL or 50 mL of cryopreservation solution, and temperature probes were placed inside each cryobag.
  • the first set of parameters (conditions 1 through 4 of FIG. 1 a through FIG. 1 d , respectively) involved a 30-minute refrigeration (2-8° C.) step prior to freezing ( ⁇ 80° C. ⁇ 5° C.).
  • the analysis involved freezing of the cryobags either inside a Styrofoam container or on the freezer shelf.
  • the second set of parameters (conditions 5 through 8 of FIG. 1 e through FIG.
  • condition 6 and condition 2 exhibited the most gradual temperature decreases. Gradual temperature decreases are typically desired in order to preserve cell viability.
  • condition 2 included a 30-minute refrigeration step. Therefore, the decrease in temperature from the start of freezing to ⁇ 4° C., where latent heat evolution upon freezing occurs, was examined further.
  • the rate of cooling was approximately ⁇ 1° C./minute during this period.
  • the rate of cooling for condition 2 was approximately ⁇ 0.4° C./minute during the same timeframe. Therefore, condition 2 was selected for incorporation into a non-limiting cryopreservation process since slower rates of cooling are generally desired to maintain optimal cell viability.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the effects of cryopreservation solution volume on process (cryopreservation) cell recovery for the chorionic membrane.
  • the analysis of the 10 mL cryopreservation solution volume involved 5 placenta lots, and the analysis of the 20 mL cryopreservation solution volume included 3 lots. For the 50 mL cryopreservation solution volume, 16 placenta lots were analyzed.
  • cryopreservation solution volume provided superior cell recovery compared to that of the 10 ml and 20 ml.
  • a cryopreservation medium volume of greater than 20 mL such as about 50 mL or more can provide superior placental product according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 includes these results, depicting the effects of refrigeration time and freezing parameters on process (cryopreservation) cell recovery for the chorionic membrane.
  • Three conditions were analyzed. These conditions were also linked to the temperature mapping studies. The first condition involved directly freezing the product unit on a shelf within the freezer ( ⁇ 80° C. ⁇ 5° C.). The second condition also contained a direct freeze, but the product unit was placed into a Styrofoam container within the freezer. The third condition included a refrigeration (2-8° C.) period of 30 minutes prior to the freezing step. For the amniotic membrane, 3 placenta lots were evaluated. Two (2) placenta lots were analyzed for the chorionic membrane. Results indicated that the third condition was optimal for both membrane types. As depicted in
  • a refrigeration period at least about 30 min provided the best cell recovery.
  • Cryopreservation parameters are assessed for the amniotic and chorionic membranes and summarized in Table 3 and Table 4. The evaluation of the cell recoveries and cell viabilities from these experiments resulted in the selection of the final parameters for the manufacturing process. In addition, all average cell viability values were ⁇ 70%.
  • a N 6 6 6 6 30-60 min range was established. Thawing 37° C. ⁇ Average 48,524 83.3% 64.0% No significant temperature 2° C. water SD 27,804 1.7% 34.4% difference bath N 7 7 7 found in Room Average 57,721 83.5% 64.3% process cell temp SD 49,271 4.9% 19.0% recovery. The water bath N 25 25 25 room temp condition was selected for logistical reasons. Holding 1-15 min Average 50,873 83.1% 65.0% No significant period after SD 38,969 3.9% 24.2% difference transfer into N 26 26 26 found in saline 1 hr Average 76,667 85.1% 61.0% process cell SD 66,565 6.2% 14.3% recovery.
  • N 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Membranes can be held in saline for up to 1 hr. Tissue size 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm Average 58,431 83.3% 62.8% No decrease SD 47,603 4.5% 21.7% in process cell N 28 28 28 recovery from 2 cm ⁇ 2 cm Average 36,656 84.4% 73.9% the 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm SD 13,175 3.4% 29.5% product to N 4 4 4 the 2 cm ⁇ 2 cm product. Both sizes were acceptable for use.
  • a placental product comprising a chorionic membrane containing about 20,000 to about 60,000 or to about 200,000 cells/cm 2 .
  • amniotic and chorionic membranes were stained using a LIVE/DEAD® Viability/Cytotoxicity kit (Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, Oreg.) to qualitatively assess cell viability. Staining was performed as per the manufacturer's protocol. Membrane segments of approximately 0.5 cm ⁇ 0.5 cm were used. Evaluation of stained membranes was performed using a fluorescent microscope. An intense uniform green fluorescence indicated the presence of live cells, and a bright red fluorescence indicated the presence of dead cells.
  • FIG. 4 shows representative images of the live/dead staining of the epithelial layer of fresh amniotic membrane (A); epithelial layer of cryopreserved amniotic membrane (B); stromal layer of fresh amniotic membrane (C); stromal layer of cryopreserved amniotic membrane (D); fresh chorionic membrane (E); and cryopreserved chorionic membrane (F).
  • Live cells are green, and dead cells are red.
  • fetal macrophages resident in the chorioamniotic mesodermal layer represent the only population of immune cells.
  • fetal macrophages present in the chorion are a major source of tissue immunogenicity, as such the chorion is considered immunogenic.
  • the success rate was low (De Roth Arch Ophthalmol, 1940, 23: 522). Without being bound by theory, the present inventors believe that removal of CD14+ cells from placental membranes eliminates activation of lymphocytes in vitro.
  • MLR Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
  • An MLR is a widely used in vitro assay to test cell and tissue immunogenicity.
  • the assay is based on the ability of immune cells (responders) derived from one individual to recognize allogeneic Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and other antigenic molecules expressed on the surface of allogeneic cells and tissues (stimulators) derived from another individual when mixed together in a well of an experimental tissue culture plate.
  • the response of immune cells to stimulation by allogeneic cells and tissues can be measured using a variety of methods such as secretion of particular cytokines (e.g., Interleukin (IL-2), expression of certain receptors (e.g., IL-2R), or cell proliferation, all of which are characteristics of activated immune cells.
  • cytokines e.g., Interleukin (IL-2)
  • IL-2R Interleukin-2 receptors
  • cell proliferation all of which are characteristics of activated immune cells.
  • Placental tissue samples representing different steps of the presently disclosed manufacturing process were used for immunogenicity testing. These samples included amnion with chorion and trophoblast as a starting material and separated choriotrophoblast, chorion, trophoblast, and amnion. Both freshly purified and cryopreserved (final products) tissues were tested.
  • MLR assay cells from placental tissues were isolated using 280 U/mL of collagenase type II (Worthington, Cat No. 4202). Tissues were treated with enzyme for 60-90 min at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C., and the resulting cell suspension was filtered through a 100 ⁇ m filter to remove tissue debris. Single cell suspensions were then centrifuged using a Beckman, TJ-6 at 2000 rpm for 10 min and washed twice with DPBS. Supernatant was discarded after each wash, and cells were resuspended in 2 mL of DMEM (Invitrogen, Cat No.
  • hPBMCs Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells alone were used as a negative control, and a mixture of two sets of hPBMCs derived from two different donors was used as a positive MLR control.
  • IL-2R was measured in cell lysates using the sIL-2R ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Cat No. SR2A00) generally following the manufacturer's protocol.
  • the level of IL-2R is a measure of activation of T-cells in response to immunogenic molecules expressed by allogeneic cells. Results of 2 out of 12 representative experiments are shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 . Results presented in these figures demonstrated that the present application discloses a process for manufacturing of placental membranes that result in low immunogenicity of the final chorionic membrane products.
  • the manufacturing process serially reduces immunogenicity of the placental product.
  • Samples representing different steps of the manufacturing process Chorion+Trophoblast (CT), Trophoblast (T), Amnion (AM), and Chorion (CM) were co-cultured with hPBMCs for 4 days.
  • IL-2sR was measured in cell lysates as a marker of T-cell activation.
  • Negative control shows a basal level of immune cell activation: PBMCs derived from one donor were cultured alone.
  • Positive control a mixture of PBMCs derived from 2 different donors.
  • fetal macrophages present in the amnion and chorion are a major source of tissue immunogenicity.
  • tissue immunogenicity Without being bound by theory, the present inventors believe that removal of CD14+ cells from placental membrane eliminates activation of lymphocytes and that depletion of allogeneic donor tissue macrophages decreases the level of inflammatory cytokine secretion and tissue immunogenicity. The inventors also believe that reduction of tissue immunogenicity can also be reached by depletion of TNF- ⁇ with anti-TNF- ⁇ antibodies or suppression of TNF- ⁇ secretion by IL-10. Macrophages in fetal placental membranes respond to bacteria by secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
  • TNF- ⁇ The secretion of TNF- ⁇ by fresh placental membranes in vitro in response to bacterial LPS is significantly higher in the chorionic membrane.
  • the present inventors believe that immunogenicity of placental membranes is mediated by macrophages, the amount and/or activity of which is higher in the chorionic membrane.
  • selective depletion of macrophages is an optional approach to selectively deplete immunogenicity of the amniotic and chorionic membranes, allowing the use of both allogeneic membranes for clinical applications.
  • the assay of functional macrophages in a placental product is used here as an assay for immunogenicity testing (e.g. in production or prior to clinical use) based on the facts that: macrophages are the source of immunogenicity in chorionic membranes. Macrophages in placenta-derived membranes respond to bacterial LPS by secretion of high levels of TNF- ⁇ ; and TNF- ⁇ is a critical cytokine involved in immune response and allograft tissue rejection. Therefore, secretion of TNF- ⁇ by placenta-derived membranes in response to LPS is used here to characterize tissue immunogenicity and for pre-use screening.
  • IL-10-induced inhibition Mean 260 pg/mL Wang et al., of MLR in vitro. Transplantation, TNF was measured in 2002, 74: 772 tissue culture supernatant by ELISA. MLR using skin tissue Mean 100 pg/mL explants (0.02 cm 2 per well) as stimulators in the presence or absence of IL-10 (skin explant assay). Skin tissue destruction was assessed microscopically, and severity was assigned based on histopathological tissue damage.
  • TNF Endogeneous TNF ⁇ 0.04 U/mL for the TNF activity Shalaby et al., J production in MLR in the negative control and per mg is not Immunol, 1988, presence or absence of MLR in the presence provided. 141: 499 anti-TNF antibodies. TNF of anti-TNF levels were assessed antibodies, which using the WEHI-164 correlated with no or cytotoxicity assay.
  • TNF levels in MLR after ⁇ 200 pg/mL TNF Ohashi et al, 48 hours in the presence correlated with a Clin Immunol, or absence of advanced complete inhibition of 2010, 134: 345 glycation end products MLR (MLR inhibitors). TNF levels in MLR.
  • TNF secretion by Amnion Basal ⁇ Lowest TNF Fortunato et al., “fresh” amnion (0.57 cm 2 ) 40 pg/mL, level for fresh Am J Obstet in 0.8 mL LPS-induced ⁇ amnion is ⁇ 70 pg/cm 2 Gynecol, 1996, incubated for 24 hours 410 pg/mL 174: 1855 in the presence or absence of LPS (50 ng/mL).
  • TNF secretion by Basal Amnion ⁇ 7-13 ng/mL/g Amnion is 5-7 mg Thiex et al., “fresh” amnion and tissue); corresponds Reprod Biol chorion tissues (4 cm 2 ) Chorion ⁇ 18 ng/mL/g ⁇ 0.02-0.04 cm 2 ; Endocrinol, incubated for 24 tissue 1 g is ⁇ 6 cm 2 ; 2009, 7: 117 hours in the presence LPS-induced (1000 ng/mL): Lowest TNF or absence of LPS (1-1000 ng/mL) Amnion level for amnion ⁇ 14 ng/mL/g), is ⁇ 1000 pg/cm 2 Chorion ⁇ 27 ng/mL/g
  • placental derived membranes representing production intermediates and final placental products were placed in tissue culture medium and exposed to bacterial LPS (1 ⁇ g/mL) for 20-24 hr. After 24 hours, tissue culture supernatant were collected and tested for the presence of TNF- ⁇ using a TNF- ⁇ ELISA kit (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
  • Human hPBMCs (SeraCare) known to contain monocytes responding to LPS by secretion of high levels of TNF- ⁇ were used as a positive control in the assay.
  • hPBMCs and placental tissues without LPS were also included as controls in the analysis.
  • results of this assay showed a correlation with the MLR data: tissues that produce high levels of TNF- ⁇ in response to LPS are immunogenic in the MLR assay ( FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B for TNF- ⁇ secretion; FIG. 9 , C-MLR).
  • the manufacturing process serially reduces immunogenicity of the placental product.
  • Samples representing different steps of the manufacturing process Amnion+Chorion+Trophoblast (ACT), Chorion+Trophoblast (CT), Amnion (AM), and Chorion (CM)
  • ACT Amnion+Chorion+Trophoblast
  • CT Chorion+Trophoblast
  • AM Amnion
  • CM Chorion
  • CT Choriotrophoblast
  • FIG. 7C shows that preparations producing high levels of TNF- ⁇ are immunogenic.
  • Choriotrophoblast which secreted high levels of TNF- ⁇ ( FIG. 7 , B), was tested in MLR against two different PBMC donors.
  • CT cells were co-cultured with PBMCs for 4 days.
  • IL-2 ⁇ R was measured in cell lysates as a marker of T-cell activation.
  • Positive control a mixture of PBMCs derived from 2 different donors.
  • chorionic membranes contains multiple cell types.
  • stromal cells were identified in the chorion. Although there are no fetal blood vessels within the chorionic membranes, it comprises resident fetal macrophages. The close proximity to maternal blood circulation and decidua provide a potential source of immunogenic cells (maternal leukocytes and trophoblast cells) and therefore are a potential source of immunogenicity.
  • FACS analysis was performed.
  • chorionic membranes were used for cellular phenotypic analysis via FACS.
  • Cells from chorion were isolated using 280 U/mL collagenase type II (Worthington, Cat No. 4202). Tissues were treated with enzyme for 60-90 min at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C., and the resulting cell suspension was filtered through a 100 ⁇ m filter to remove tissue debris. Single cell suspensions were then centrifuged using a Beckman TJ-6 at 2000 rpm for 10 min and washed twice with DPBS. Supernatant was discarded after each wash, and cells were resuspended in 2 mL of FACS staining buffer (DPBS+0.09% NaN 3 +1% FBS).
  • FACS analysis of single cell suspensions of chorionic membranes demonstrates that both membranes contain cells expressing markers specific for mesenchymal stem cells (refer to Table 8), implicating the presence of stromal cells.
  • markers specific for mesenchymal stem cells include CD14+ placental macrophages.
  • the % ranges for different markers are wide. It can be explained by: 1) high variability in cell number between placenta donors; and 2) technical issues, which include the presence of the high and variable cellular and tissue debris in the cellular suspension. Although debris can be gated out, debris particles that are comparable with cells by size will affect the accuracy of the calculated % for each tested marker.
  • Table 9 provides a FACS analysis of cells from the chorionic membranes that were cultured in 10% FBS in DMEM at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. until confluency (passage 0 cells). These data demonstrated that cells derived from chorionic membranes retained a phenotype similar to MSCs after culturing. In conclusion, the presence of stromal cells in placental tissues was confirmed by FACS analysis.
  • Therapeutic cells in optional embodiments of the present invention, are adherent, express specific cellular markers such as CD105 and lack expression of other markers such as CD45, and demonstrate the ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts.
  • Example 12 The expression of specific cellular markers has already been described in Example 12. To determine if the cells within the placental product derived from the chorionic membrane can adhere to plastic and differentiate into one of the lineages, cells were isolated from the placental product derived from the chorion as described in this invention and cultured at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. and expanded.
  • FIG. 8-A shows a representative image of passage 2 cells, demonstrating the ability of the cells to adhere to tissue culture plastic.
  • FIG. 8-B a representative image of MSCs isolated and expanded from human bone marrow aspirate is shown in FIG. 8-B .
  • Osteogenic differentiation capacity was demonstrated by staining the cultured cells with alkaline phosphatase labeling following the manufacturer's recommendations (BCIP/NBT Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate Kit IV, Vector Laboratories Cat. No. SK-5400).
  • Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme involved in bone mineralization (Allori et al., Tissue Engineering: Part B, 2008, 8:275), and its expression within cells is indicative of osteo-precursor cells (Majors et al., J Orthopaedic Res, 1997, 15:546).
  • FIG. 8-C shows a representative image of passage 2 cells staining positively for alkaline phosphatase.
  • CD45 is a general marker for hematopoietic cells and therefore a marker for the presence immunogenic cells
  • the presence of CD45+ cells may correlate well with how immunogenic a tissue may be.
  • An initial study indeed showed a correlation between amount of immunogenicity as measured via an in vitro MLR assay of placental tissue at various stages within the manufacturing process (as described previously), and the amount of CD45+ cells was determined via FACS analysis.
  • FIG. 9 demonstrates, membranes that trigger the expression of high levels of IL-2sR on hPBMC responders in MLR also contained a high percentage of CD45+ cells, indicating that immunogenicity of placental membranes can be correlated with the number of CD45+ cells.
  • Table 10 demonstrates that recovery of known amounts of CD45+ cells was not correct (4th column in the table). For example, although 12% of PBMCs was spiked into a single-cell suspension of amnion membrane, only 4.26% of CD45+ cells were recovered according to FACS analysis (>60% difference from the actual spike). To correlate with immunogenicity, MLR was also performed in parallel. Briefly, single cell suspensions of amniotic membrane spiked with various amounts of live hPBMCs were co-cultured with another donor of PBMCs in the MLR. FIG. 10 depicts a correlation between the amount of CD45+ cells present in amnion-derived cell suspensions and immunogenicity in MLR in vitro. Table 10 and FIG. 10 show that the suspensions spiked with higher amounts of live CD45+ cells resulted in higher immunogenicity as measured by IL-2sR expression on the hPBMC responder donor.
  • the protein profiles of amniotic and chorionic membranes were investigated using a SearchLight Multiplex chemiluminescence array. The presence of proteins in tissue membrane extracts and secreted by tissues in culture medium was investigated. For comparison, two commercially available products containing living cells, Apligraf and Dermagraft, were assayed.
  • Dermagraft membrane was thawed and washed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Dermagraft membrane was cut into 7.5 cm 2 pieces. For tissue lysates, one 7.5 cm 2 piece of membrane was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen followed by pulverization using a mortar and pestle. Crushed tissue was transferred to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and 500 ⁇ L of Lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technologies, Cat No. 9803) with protease inhibitor (Roche, Cat No. 11836153001) was added and incubated on ice for 30 min with frequent vortexing. The sample was then centrifuged at 16000 g for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and sent for protein array analysis by Aushon Biosystems.
  • Lysis buffer Cell Signaling Technologies, Cat No. 9803
  • protease inhibitor Roche, Cat No. 11836153001
  • tissue culture For tissue culture, one 7.5 cm 2 piece of membrane was plated onto a well of a 12-well dish and 2 mL of DMEM+1% HSA+antibiotic/antimycotic were added and incubated at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 3, 7, or 14 days. After incubation, tissue and culture media were transferred to a 15 mL conical tube and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min. Culture supernatant was collected and sent for protein array analysis by Aushon Biosystems.
  • Apligraf membrane was cut into 7.3 cm 2 pieces.
  • tissue lysates one 7.3 cm 2 piece of membrane was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen followed by pulverization using a mortar and pestle.
  • Crushed tissue was transferred to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and 500 ⁇ L of Lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technologies, Cat No. 9803) with protease inhibitor (Roche, Cat No. 11836153001) was added and incubated on ice for 30 min with frequent vortexing. The sample was then centrifuged at 16000 g for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and sent for protein array analysis by Aushon Biosystems.
  • tissue culture For tissue culture, one 7.3 cm2 piece of membrane was plated onto a well of a 12-well dish and 2 mL of DMEM+1% HSA+antibiotic/antimycotic were added and incubated at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 3, 7, or 14 days. After incubation, tissue and culture media were transferred to a 15 mL conical tube and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min. Culture supernatant was collected and sent for protein array analysis by Aushon Biosystems.
  • Chorionic membranes were isolated and packaged at ⁇ 80° C. ⁇ 5° C. according to the manufacturing protocols disclosed herein in Example 2. Packaged membranes were then thawed in a 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. water bath and washed 3 times with DPBS. Membranes were cut into 8 cm 2 pieces. For tissue lysates, one 8 cm 2 piece of membrane was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen followed by pulverization using a mortar and pestle. Crushed tissue was transferred to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and 500 ⁇ L of Lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technologies, Cat No. 9803) with protease inhibitor (Roche, Cat No. 11836153001) was added and incubated on ice for 30 min with frequent vortexing.
  • Lysis buffer Cell Signaling Technologies, Cat No. 9803
  • protease inhibitor Roche, Cat No. 11836153001
  • Tissue lysate was then centrifuged at 16000 g for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and sent for protein array analysis by Aushon Biosystems.
  • tissue culture one 8 cm 2 piece of membrane was plated onto a well of a 12-well dish and 2 mL of DMEM+1% HSA+antibiotic/antimycotic were added and incubated at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 3, 7, or 14 days. After incubation, tissue and culture media were transferred to a 15 mL conical tube and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min. Culture supernatant was collected and sent for protein array analysis by Aushon Biosystems.
  • MMP1 Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 Matrix and growth factor
  • MMP2,3,7,8,9,10,13 degradation facilitate cell migration.
  • MMP Inhibitors Tissue Inhibitors of MMPs Have angiogenic activity; (TIMP1 and 2) can be placed in the “angiogenic factors” group.
  • Angiogenic Factors Angiotensin-2 (Ang-2); basic Majority of these factors Fibroblast Growth Factor also have growth and (bFGF); heparin-bound migration stimulatory Epidermal Growth Factor activities and can be (HB-EGF); EGF; FGF-7 (also placed in a group of known as Keratinocyte growth factors.
  • Growth Factor-KGF Platelet derived Growth Factors
  • PDGF Platelet derived Growth Factors
  • VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
  • VEGF-C Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
  • NGAL Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
  • HGF Hepatocyte Growth Factor
  • PIGF Placenta Growth Factor
  • PEGF Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor
  • TPO Thrombopoetin Protease Inhibitor/Protein Alpha-2-macroglobulin Inhibit protease activity
  • Carrier regulate growth factor activity Carrier regulate growth factor activity.
  • TGF-a Transforming Growth Factor alpha
  • LIF Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Support angiogenic growth factors.
  • Chemokines SDF-1beta Attracts endothelial and other stem cells from circulation to wound site. Regulators of IGF Insulin-like growth factor Regulate IGF activity. binding protein (IGFBP1,2,3)
  • FIG. 11 depicts expression of EGF (A), IGFBP1 (B), and Adiponectin (C) in amniotic or chorionic membranes.
  • CM75 and CM 78 are placental products of the present invention (e.g. cryopreserved), AM75 and AM78 are cryopreserved amniotic membrane products. These proteins are believed by the inventors to facilitate the therapeutic efficacy of the present placental products for wound healing.
  • a placental product comprising a chorionic membrane containing EGF, IGFBP1, and/or adiponectin.
  • Placental products of the present invention demonstrate a durable effect, desirable for wound healing treatments.
  • the extracellular matrix and presence of viable cells within the amniotic membrane described in this invention allow for a cocktail of proteins that are known to be important for wound healing to be present for at least 14 days.
  • Amniotic membranes were thawed and plated onto tissue culture wells and incubated at 37° C. ⁇ 2° C. for 3, 7, and 14 days.
  • a sample of the culture supernatant was collected and measured through protein array analysis as described in Example 15.
  • Table 12 illustrates the level of various secreted factors in tissue culture supernatants from two donors of chorionic membranes at 3, 7 and 14 days as measured through protein array analysis.
  • IFN-2 ⁇ Interferon 2 ⁇
  • TGF- ⁇ 3 Transforming Growth Factor- ⁇ 3
  • Placental products described in this invention have been analyzed for the presence of IFN-2 ⁇ and TGF- ⁇ 3. Briefly, after thawing, the membranes were homogenized and centrifuged at 16,000 g to collect the resulting supernatants. Supernatants were analyzed on a commercially available ELISA kit from MabTech (IFN-2 ⁇ ) and R&D Systems (TGF- ⁇ 3).
  • FIG. 12 shows significant expression of IFN-2 ⁇ (A) and TGF- ⁇ 3 (B) in cellular chorionic membrane homogenates.
  • interferon-2 ⁇ and TGF- ⁇ 3 may aid in the prevention of scar and contracture formation.
  • IFN-2 ⁇ may serve a role to decrease collagen and fibronectin synthesis and fibroblast-mediated wound contracture.
  • Chorionic membrane homogenates were analyzed for the presence of proteins that are important in tissue repair.
  • Chorionic membranes described in this invention have been analyzed for the presence of tissue reparative proteins. Briefly, amniotic membranes were incubated in DMEM+10% FBS for 72 hrs. The membranes were then homogenized in a bead homogenizer with the culture media. The homogenates were centrifuged, and the supernatants were analyzed on commercially available ELISA kits from R&D Systems. Error! Not a valid bookmark self-reference. shows significant expression of BMP-2, BMP-4, PLAB, PIGF, and IGF-1 in several donors of chorionic membranes.
  • BMP-2 and BMP-4 may stimulate differentiation of MSCs to osteoblasts in addition to promote cell growth; placental BMP or PLAB is a novel member of the BMP family that is suggested to mediate embryonic development.
  • IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1
  • PIGF Placental derived growth factor
  • MMPs and TIMPs are among the factors that are important for wound healing. However, expression of these proteins must be highly regulated and coordinated. Excess of MMPs versus TIMPS is a marker of poor chronic wound healing. We investigated expression of MMPs and TIMPs and its ratio in amniotic membrane and chorionic membrane and compared it to the expression profile in Apligraf and Dermagraft.
  • MMP to TIMP ratio is higher in cases of non-healing wounds.
  • the ratio between MMP-9 and TIMP1 is approximately 7-10 to one or good healing and 18-20 to one or higher for poor healing.
  • a placental product comprising a chorionic membrane containing MMP-9 and TIMP1 at a ratio of about 7-10 to one.
  • ⁇ 2-macroglobulin is known as a plasma protein that inactivates proteinases from all 4 mechanistic classes. Another important function of this protein is to serve as a reservoir for cytokines and growth factors, examples of which include TGF, PDGF, and FGF. In the chronic wounds like diabetic ulcers or venous ulcers, the presence of high amount of proteases leads to rapid degradation of growth factors and delays in wound healing. Thus, the presence of ⁇ 2-macroglobulin in products designed for chronic wound healing will be beneficial. Results of the protein array analysis showed that amniotic and chorionic membranes contain ⁇ 2-macroglobulin (Table 13).
  • bFGF modulates a variety of cellular processes including angiogenesis, tissue repair, and wound healing (Presta et al., 2005, Reuss et al., 2003, and Su et al., 2008). In wound healing models, bFGF has been shown to increase wound closure and enhance vessel formation at the site of the wound (Greenhalgh et al., 1990). Evaluation of proteins derived from chorionic membranes prepared pursuant to the presently disclosed manufacturing process revealed that bFGF is one of the major factors in placental tissue protein extracts ( FIG. 15 ).
  • FIG. 15 depicts expression of bFGF by amniotic membranes (AM) and chorionic membranes (CM) detected during the protein profile evaluation of placental membranes.
  • AM amniotic membranes
  • CM chorionic membranes
  • bFGF a potency marker for evaluation of chorionic membrane products manufactured for clinical use pursuant to the present disclosure.
  • a commercially available ELISA kit from R&D Systems was selected for evaluation of its suitability to measure bFGF secreted by placental membranes.
  • ELISA method qualification experiments were designed according to FDA and ICH guidances for bioanalytical assay validation (Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1), 1994; ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline and Guidance for Industry Bioanalytical Method Validation, 2001).
  • the ELISA procedure was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (bFGF ELISA brochure). The evaluation of the kit was performed prior to measurement of bFGF in placental tissue samples. Assay performance was assessed by analyzing linearity, range, lower and upper limits of quantitation (LLOQ and ULOQ), precision, and accuracy. Experimental data suggested that the quantitation range of this assay was 40-1280 pg/mL bFGF. The intra- and inter-assay CVs ranged from 2.42 to 6.23% and 0.59 to 7.02%, respectively. Additionally, sample recovery analysis demonstrated accuracy within 20%. This assay showed dilutional linearity and specificity. Ruggedness was demonstrated by assay insensitivity to variations introduced by different analysts. The analytical performance of the bFGF ELISA indicated that this assay was suitable for the measurement of bFGF secreted by placental membranes. bFGF ELISA parameters are summarized in Table 14.
  • FIG. 16 shows representative expression of bFGF in chorionic tissue samples derived from two separate placenta donors. Results have been reproduced in multiple tissue preparations.
  • wound healing is highly complex and involves a series of structured events controlled by growth factors (Goldman, 2004). These events include increased vascularization, infiltration by inflammatory immune cells, and increases in cell proliferation.
  • the beginning stages of wound healing revolve around the ability of individual cells to polarize towards the wound and migrate into the wounded area in order to close the wound area and rebuild the surrounding tissue.
  • Upon proper stimulation several different types of cells including epithelial, endothelial, mesenchymal, and fibroblastic cells are implicated in the wound healing process (Pastar et al, 2008 and Bannasch et al., 2000). Specifically, they proliferate and migrate into the wound area to promote healing.
  • HMVECs Human microvascular endothelial cells
  • FIG. 17 depicts the Cell Biolabs 24-well Cytoselect wound healing assay. ( Figure reproduced from Cell Biolabs).
  • conditioned media from placental membranes was diluted 1:20 in basal media before being added to experimental wells. After 18 hours, the media was removed, and the cells were fixed for 20 min in 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with crystal violet. The wound field in each well was then photographed. Wound healing was determined by the amount of wound field still visible at the end of the experiment when compared to control pictures taken before conditioned media was added to the wells.
  • Conditioned media from amniotic and chorionic membranes was used to assess the potential for these membranes to promote cell migration and wound field closure.
  • Conditioned media from placental chorionic membranes supported migration of cells into the experimental wound field.
  • FIG. 18 depicts representative images of HMVECs treated with 5% conditioned media from amniotic, chorionic, or a combination of amniotic/chorionic tissue as well as positive and negative controls.
  • Wound field is 0.9 mm in width.
  • Table 15 depicts the biochemical profile of exemplary placental products of the invention (results adjusted per cm 2 after subtraction of the negative background).
  • Table 16 depicts the biochemical profile of the lysates of exemplary placental products of the invention (results adjusted per cm 2 after subtraction of the negative background).

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