US20100301281A1 - Process for the preparation of porous crystalline lithium-, vanadium and phosphate-comprising materials - Google Patents

Process for the preparation of porous crystalline lithium-, vanadium and phosphate-comprising materials Download PDF

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US20100301281A1
US20100301281A1 US12/681,193 US68119308A US2010301281A1 US 20100301281 A1 US20100301281 A1 US 20100301281A1 US 68119308 A US68119308 A US 68119308A US 2010301281 A1 US2010301281 A1 US 2010301281A1
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compound
present
process according
gaseous
oxidation state
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Hartmut Hibst
Brian Roberts
Jordan Keith Lampert
Kirill Bramnik
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BASF SE
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
    • C01B25/26—Phosphates
    • C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of porous compounds comprising lithium, vanadium and phosphate, to a process for the preparation of mixtures comprising these compounds and at least one electrically conducting material, to the compounds and the mixtures, preparable by these processes and the use of these compounds and mixtures for the preparation of cathodes of lithium-ion batteries.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,033 B1 discloses a method for making compounds like Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 in a so-called carbo-thermal procedure.
  • a mixture of V 2 O 5 , Li 2 CO 3 (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 and carbon is heated to 300° C. to remove ammonia, water and carbon dioxide, the cooled mixture is powderized and pelletized, and heated in an inert atmosphere to a temperature of 850° C.
  • carbon is the agent which is reducing V 5+ to V 3+ .
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,866 discloses a procedure for the preparation of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 by mixing Li 2 CO 3 , V 2 O 5 and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 in methanol and drying this slurry subsequently. The powder obtained therefrom is calcinated at a temperature of 875° C. in pure hydrogen as the reducing agent.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,382 discloses a process for the preparation of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 starting from Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 by exchanging the sodium-ions with lithium-ions.
  • LiM x P 2 O 7 in which M is Fe or V which are prepared by mixing soluble precursor in water, followed by slow evaporation of water and annealing at temperatures of 300 to 800° C. in an atmosphere of nitrogen and hydrogen.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation of lithium-vanadium-phosphates which makes it possible to obtain these compounds in a very homogenously mixed and crystalline state. Moreover, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process enabling a decrease of the usually applied high calcination temperature of 800° C. and more to prepare a monophasic lithium-vanadium-phosphate. It is a further object to provide a process leading to a more finely divided material with a narrow size distribution of the crystallites, which in general enables an improved Li-ion diffusivity in the charging and discharging process of the Li-ion battery.
  • the power characteristics and additionally the capacity of a Li-ion battery should be increased by improving the Li-ion diffusivity.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation of lithium-vanadium-phosphates as agglomerates and/or particles having channels going from the outer surface to the inside of the agglomerates and/or particles, in order to make an efficient mass transport possible.
  • M 1 , M 2 , a, b, c and x have the following meanings:
  • M 1 Na, K, Rb and/or Cs
  • M 2 Ti, Zr, Nb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Mg and/or Sc,
  • M 1 , M 2 , a, b and c have the following meanings:
  • x is chosen in order to equalize the charge of the compound of general formula (I), depending on the presence, oxidation state and the amount of Li and V, and optionally being present M 1 and/or M 2 .
  • x has always a value that, depending on Li and V, and M 1 and M 2 , if present, a neutrally charged compound of general formula (I) is obtained.
  • x can have values of 1.5 to 4.5.
  • M 1 and M 2 are absent, and c is 0, which makes x to be 3, in order to have a neutrally charged compound of general formula (I) Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • the process according to the present invention is conducted in order to obtain the compound of formula Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • M 1 being for example Na
  • M 2 being for example Fe, Co, Ni, Al
  • M 1 is present in an amount of up to 10 mol %, in respect of the sum of Li and M 1 .
  • M 2 being for example Fe, Co, Ni, Al, is present in an amount of up to 50 mol %, in respect of the sum of vanadium(III) and M 2 present in the compound.
  • preferred embodiments of the present invention are embodiments, in which Li is substituted by M 1 in an amount of up to 10 mol % in respect of the sum of the amounts of L 1 and M 1 , and vanadium(III) is substituted with M 2 in an amount of up to 50 mol %, in respect of the sum of the amounts of vanadium(III) and M 2 .
  • Step (A) of the process according to the present invention comprises providing an essentially aqueous mixture comprising as substrates at least one lithium-comprising compound, at least one vanadium-comprising compound, in which vanadium has the oxidation state +5 and/or +4, and at least one M 1 -comprising compound, if present, and/or at least one M 2 -comprising compound, if present, at least one reducing agent which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 and optionally at least one compound being able to generate at least one gaseous compound and/or at least one precursor of a gaseous compound.
  • the at least one lithium-comprising compound in step (A) is chosen from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide LiOH, lithium hydroxide-hydrate LiOH*H 2 O, lithium acetate LiOAc, lithium carbonate Li 2 CO 3 , lithium nitrate LiNO 3 and mixtures thereof.
  • lithium acetate LiOAc and/or lithium hydroxide-hydrate LiOH*H 2 O and/or lithium nitrate LiNO 3 are used as lithium-comprising compounds in step (A) of the process according to the present invention.
  • Particularly preferred lithium acetate LiOAc or a combination of lithium acetate LiOAc and lithium hydroxide-hydrate LiOH*H 2 O are used as lithium-comprising compounds in the process according to the present invention.
  • the at least one lithium-comprising compound is added to the mixture in step (A) in the process according to the present invention in a concentration of in general 0.04 to 3 mol Li/l, preferably 0.2 to 2.0 mol Li/l, particularly preferred 0.3 to 1.5 mol Li/l, based on the whole reaction mixture in each case.
  • all vanadium-comprising compounds in which vanadium has the oxidation state +5 and/or +4, known to a person having ordinary skill in the art can be used in the process according to the present invention which are able to be incorporated in an essentially aqueous mixture in step (A) of the process.
  • a single vanadium-comprising compound in which vanadium has the oxidation state +5, or a mixture of different vanadium-comprising in which vanadium has the oxidation state +5 can be used.
  • a single vanadium-comprising compound in which vanadium has the oxidation state +4, or a mixture of different vanadium-comprising in which vanadium has the oxidation state +4 can be used. It is also possible that a mixture of different vanadium-comprising compounds can be used in which vanadium has the oxidation states +5 and +4, is used.
  • the vanadium-comprising compound in which vanadium has the oxidation state +5 is chosen from the group consisting of vanadium(V)-oxide V 2 O 5 , ammonium-metavanadate(V) NH 4 VO 3 , ammonium-polyvanadate and mixtures thereof.
  • Ammonium-polyvanadate is a vanadium(V)-oxide, comprising ammonium-cations in an amount of about 5% by weight.
  • vanadium-comprising compounds in which vanadium has the oxidation state +4 are chosen from the group consisting of vanadyl(IV) sulfate hydrate VOSO 4 .x H 2 O, vanadium(IV) oxide VO 2 and mixture thereof.
  • x in VOSO 4 .x H 2 O can have different meanings depending on the drying state of the compound, for example x is 0, if the compound has been dried completely.
  • at least one vanadium comprising compound is used in which vanadium has the oxidation state +5.
  • ammonium metavanadate(V) NH 4 VO 3 is used as the vanadium comprising compound.
  • NH 3 can be generated from this compound during the reaction in the process according to the present invention, and gaseous NH 3 can be liberated in step (B) and/or (C).
  • NH 4 VO 3 is used in combination with LiOAc the compound NH 4 OAc is formed during the reaction in the process according to the present invention, and gaseous NH 4 OAc is liberated in step (B) and/or (C).
  • NH 4 VO 3 is used in combination with LiNO 3 the compound NH 4 NO 3 is formed during the reaction in the process, and gaseous NH 4 NO 3 is liberated in step (B) or (C).
  • the at least one vanadium-comprising compound is added to the mixture in step (A) in the process according to the present invention in a concentration of in general 0.04 to 2.0 mol V/l, preferably 0.1 to 1.3 mol V/l, particularly preferred 0.2 to 1.0 mol V/l, based on the whole reaction mixture in each case.
  • the at least one M 1 -comprising compound is chosen from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide NaOH, sodium hydroxide-hydrate NaOH*H 2 O, sodium acetate NaOAc, sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 , and mixtures thereof.
  • sodium acetate NaOAc together with sodium hydroxide NaOH and/or sodium hydroxide-hydrate NaOH*H 2 O are used as sodium-comprising compounds in step (A) of the process according to the present invention.
  • the preferred sodium-comprising compound is sodium acetate NaOAc.
  • the at least and/or M 2 -comprising compound is chosen from compounds having the required cation and anion chosen from hydroxide, acetate, oxide, carbonate, halide, like fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, and mixtures thereof.
  • the anion of the at least one M 2 -comprising compound is acetate, oxide, hydroxide, carbonate or mixtures thereof.
  • M 1 - and/or M 2 -comprising compounds are added to the essentially aqueous mixture, if present, in amounts, in which they are present in compounds of formula (I).
  • a person having ordinary skill in the art knows how to calculate the required amount.
  • the process according to the present invention is preferably conducted by introducing at least one reducing agent into the mixture in step (A) of the process according to the present invention, which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in an oxidation state +5 during the process according to the present invention.
  • the use of at least one reducing agent, which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 has the advantage that the oxidation product of this reducing agent gives rise to PO 4 3 ⁇ -anions, which are needed in order to obtain the PO 4 3 ⁇ -comprising compound of general formula (I).
  • the at least one reducing agent that is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 is carbon free.
  • carbon free means that no carbon atoms are present in the reducing agent.
  • An advantage of a carbon free reducing agent, like H 3 PO 3 is that the reduction can be conducted at low temperatures like 300 or 350° C., whereas carbon as reducing agent makes temperatures necessary of 600° C. and higher. These low temperatures make it possible to obtain nano crystalline materials. Nano crystalline materials can not be obtained advantageously at high temperatures which are necessary if carbon is used as the reducing agent.
  • the at least one reducing agent which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in a oxidation state +5 is chosen from the group consisting of H 3 PO 3 , (NH 4 )H 2 PO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 3 , (NH 4 ) 3 PO 3 , H 3 PO 2 , (NH 4 )H 2 PO 2 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 2 , (NH 4 ) 3 PO 2 and mixtures thereof.
  • H 3 PO 3 , (NH 4 )H 2 PO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 3 , (NH 4 ) 3 PO 3 and mixtures thereof are used.
  • the at least one reducing agent which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 is added to the mixture in step (A) in the process according to the present invention in a concentration of in general 0.04 to 2.0 mol P/l, preferably 0.1 to 1.3 mol P/l, particularly preferred 0.2 to 1.0 mol P/l, based on the whole reaction mixture in each case.
  • a combination of at least one reducing agent which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 is added to the reaction mixture in step (A) of the process according to the present invention.
  • the reducing agent that is used in the process according to the present invention will preferably be oxidized to PO 4 3 ⁇ . Because the at least one reducing agent which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 is added to the reaction mixture in a preferably at least equimolar amount, particularly preferred in an equimolar amount, PO 4 3 ⁇ is obtained as the oxidizing product in an amount high enough to be the complete amount of anion of the compound of general formula (I). According to this embodiment no compound having at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 has to be added.
  • the essentially aqueous solution which is provided in step (A) additionally comprises at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5.
  • a combination of at least one reducing agent which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 and at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 is added to the reaction mixture in step (A) of the process according to the present invention.
  • the reducing agent that is used in the process according to the present invention will preferably be oxidized to PO 4 3 ⁇ .
  • Preferred compounds comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 which are optionally added in step (A) are chosen from the group consisting of H 3 PO 4 , (NH 4 )H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred are H 3 PO 4 , (NH 4 )H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 and mixtures thereof.
  • the at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 is optionally added to the mixture in step (A) in the process according to the present invention in a concentration of in general 0.02 to 1.0 mol P/l, preferably 0.05 to 0.65 mol P/l, particularly preferred 0.1 to 0.5 mol P/l, based on the whole reaction mixture in each case.
  • At least one additional reducing agent is added to the mixture in step (A) of the process according to the present invention.
  • the additional reducing agent may also be carbon-free or may contain carbon.
  • the at last one additional reducing agent preferably is chosen from hydrazine or derivatives thereof, hydroxyl amine or derivatives thereof, reducing sugars, like glucose, saccharose, alcohols like aliphatic alcohols having 1 to 10 carbon atoms like methanol, ethanol, propanols, for example n-propanol or iso-propanol, butanols, for example n-butanol, iso-butanol, ascorbic acid, compounds comprising easily oxidisable double bonds, and mixtures thereof.
  • derivatives of hydrazine are hydrazine-hydrate, hydrazine-sulfate, hydrazine-dihydrochloride and others.
  • An example of a derivative of hydroxylamine is hydroxyl amine-hydrochloride.
  • Particularly preferred carbon-free reducing agents which are not oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 are hydrazine, hydrazine-hydrate, hydroxylamine or mixtures thereof.
  • the at least one reducing agents which are optionally added are by nature not able to deliver PO 4 3 ⁇ -anions as oxidation products which can be incorporated into the compound of general formula (I). Therefore, if at least one of these additional reducing agents is used, it is also necessary to use these reducing agents in combination with at least one compound comprising which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 and optionally at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous compound in oxidation state +5.
  • the amount and the concentrations of the at least one compound which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5, optionally at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 and optionally at least one additionally reducing agent, which are added in step (A) have to be adjusted accordingly.
  • a person having ordinary skill in the art does know how the respective amount has to be calculated.
  • the at least one additional reducing agent is optionally added to the mixture in step (A) in the process according to the present invention in a concentration which depends strongly on the reducing power and reducing potential of this agent.
  • a person having ordinary skill in the art does know how the respective amount has to be calculated.
  • step (A) of the process according to the present invention a combination of at least one reducing agent which is oxidized to a compound comprising at least one phosphorous compound in oxidation stage +5, preferably H 3 PO 3 , and at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation stage +5, preferably H 3 PO 4 , is added in step (A) of the process according to the present invention, this combination is preferably added in a ratio, for example, H 3 PO 3 /H 3 PO 4 , which is larger than the ratio that is necessary to obtain the desired compound according to general formula (I).
  • a person having ordinary skill in the art does know how to calculate the stoichiometric amounts of the components in the mixture of step (A) according to the present invention.
  • the at least one lithium-comprising compound, the at least one vanadium-comprising compound, in which vanadium has the oxidation state +5 and/or +4, at least one reducing agent which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5, and optionally at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5, are added to the essentially aqueous mixture in amounts that are adjusted in a way that the stoichiometry according to general formula (I) is obtained.
  • the at least one lithium-comprising compound is added in an amount that is ⁇ 1% by weight, preferably ⁇ 2% higher than the stoichiometric amount according to general formula (I).
  • the mixture which is provided in step (A) of the process according to the present invention is essentially aqueous.
  • the wording “essentially” in this application has the meaning that more than 80% by weight, preferably more than 90% by weight, particularly preferably more than 95% by weight of the solvent, which is used to provide the essentially aqueous mixture in step (A) of the process according to the present invention, is water.
  • solvents that are miscible with water
  • these solvents are aliphatic alcohols having 1 to 10 carbon atoms like methanol, ethanol, propanols, for example n-propanol or iso-propanol, butanols, for example n-butanol, iso-butanol.
  • alcohols can be added as additional reducing agent and/or as additional solvent.
  • the solvent that is used in step (A) of the process according to the present invention is water without any additional solvents.
  • the M 1 -comprising compound is added first to the solvent, the vanadium-comprising compound, in which vanadium has oxidation state +5 and/or +4, is added as the second component.
  • the at least one reducing agent and optionally the at least one compound having at least one phosphorous atom having the oxidation state +5, and optionally the at least one additional reducing agent and optionally at least one compound being able to generate at least one gaseous compound and/or at least one precursor of a gaseous compound are added subsequently.
  • the mixture obtained from step (A) of the process according to the present invention is an essentially aqueous solution of at least one lithium-comprising compound, at least one vanadium-comprising compound, in which vanadium has the oxidation state +5 and/or +4, at least one reducing agent which is oxidized to at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5 and at least one compound being able to generate at least one gaseous compound and/or at least one precursor of a gaseous compound.
  • Step (A) can be conducted in all suitable reactors that are known to a person skilled in the art. Step (A) can be conducted continuously or discontinuously.
  • the temperature, under which step (A) of the process according to the present invention is conducted is 10 to 120° C., preferably 60 to 100° C., particularly preferably 70 to 95° C. If temperatures higher than 100° C. are used, the reaction mixture has to be present in a pressure-resistant reactor, because of the boiling point of water.
  • the mixture is stirred in step (A) for a time of 0.1 to 24 hours, particularly preferred 0.5 to 18 hours.
  • the pH-Value of the mixtures to the end of stirring is in general below pH 11, for example at 2.0 to 9.0.
  • Step (A) of the process according to the present invention can be conducted under an inert atmosphere.
  • inert gases are nitrogen, noble gases like helium or argon.
  • step (A) is conducted under a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • Reduction of most of the V 5+ to V 4+ and/or V 3+ and/or V 4+ to V 3+ is in general conducted in step (A) and/or step (B) of the process according to the present invention. It is further possible that completion of reduction to V 3+ occurs in step (C) of the process according to the present invention. It is possible that reduction immediately starts after addition of the reducing agent. It is further possible that reduction starts after the reaction mixture is heated to an increased temperature of 40 to 100° C., preferably 60 to 95° C. In another preferred embodiment, if a combination of two P-comprising compounds is used as the reducing agent, for example H 3 PO 3 /H 3 PO 4 , the reduction starts, when both components are added. In a preferred embodiment at least 50%, particularly preferred at least 75% of the V 5+ and/or V 4+ present in the reaction mixture is reduced to V 4+ and/or V 3+ in steps (A) and/or (B) of the process according to the present invention.
  • At least one additional compound is added in step (A) of the process according to the present invention that is gaseous or is a precursor of a gaseous compound that is liberated in step (B) and/or (C) of the process according to the present invention.
  • the gaseous compound which is liberated in step (B) and/or (C) of the process is a combination of the gaseous compound derived from at least one of the substrates as mentioned above and the gaseous compound that is additionally added or that is derived from an additionally added compound.
  • Examples of compounds that can additionally be added are all compounds that become gaseous under the conditions that are present in step (B) and/or (C) of the process according to the present invention.
  • At least one additional compound being able to generate at least one gaseous compound and/or at least one precursor of a gaseous compound is added in step (A).
  • the compound which is able to generate at least one gaseous compound is preferably chosen from the group consisting of NH 3 , preferably in aqueous solution, NH 4 -salts and mixtures thereof.
  • the NH 4 -salt is chosen from the group consisting of NH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 NO 2 , NH 4 Cl, NH 4 -carboxylates like NH 4 OAc or NH 4 -formate and mixtures thereof.
  • organic solvents that are miscible with water and which are gaseous under the conditions of step (B) and/or (C), like alcohols having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, like methanol, ethanol, propanols, for example n-propanol, iso-propanol, butanols, for example n-butanol, iso-butanol, polyols, for example diethylenglycol, propylenglycol, 1,4-butandiol, and further monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric organic compounds, like polyacrylates, polyetherols.
  • organic solvents that are miscible with water and which are gaseous under the conditions of step (B) and/or (C), like alcohols having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, like methanol, ethanol, propanols, for example n-propanol, iso-propanol, butanols, for example n-butanol, iso-butanol
  • step (B) and/or (C) is also an alcohol
  • the total amount of added alcohols is considered for the essentially aqueous mixture as mentioned above.
  • Step (B) of a process according to the present invention comprises drying the mixture provided in step (A), in order to obtain a solid compound.
  • step (B) the mixture obtained from step (A) is converted into a solid compound.
  • the drying of the mixture provided in step (A) of the process according to the present invention can be conducted with all methods known to a person having ordinary skill in the art and which are suitable for the removal of water of an aqueous mixture of the components as mentioned above.
  • Preferred methods for drying the mixture from step (A) in step (B) are spray-drying, freeze-drying or combinations thereof.
  • the drying in step (B) can be conducted only by spray-drying, only by freeze-drying or by a combination of the spray-drying and freeze-drying, in both orders.
  • Spray-drying is preferably conducted by passing the mixture obtained from step (A) through one or more narrow nozzles, wherein fine drops are being obtained which are dried by a stream of hot air or nitrogen.
  • the spraying can be achieved via a rotating disc.
  • a stream of hot air or nitrogen is used having a temperature of 100 to 500° C., particularly preferred 110 to 350° C.
  • Spray-drying is normally conducted directly with the mixture of step (A) without any intermediate steps. Spray-drying normally gives rise to spherical agglomerates having an average diameter of ⁇ 0.5 mm.
  • diluted solutions can be used and spray-drying of these diluted solutions can be conducted using high pressure nozzles.
  • step (B) of the process according to the present invention is conducted by freeze-drying.
  • the sprayed mixture is therefore sprayed into, for example liquid nitrogen.
  • the particles obtained therefrom can be dried in vacuum at a low temperature.
  • step (B) of the process according to the present invention is conducted under an inert atmosphere.
  • Suitable inert gases are chosen from nitrogen or noble gases like helium or argon.
  • a preferred inert gas is nitrogen.
  • the drying in step (B) is conducted in order to obtain a dry solid.
  • the solids obtained show an amorphous structure in the X-ray pattern.
  • the drying in step (B) of the process according to the present invention is conducted in order to obtain a solid having an amount of water present in the solid of less than 40% by weight, preferably less than 35% by weight, particularly preferably less than 25% by weight.
  • the at least one gaseous compound generated from at least one substrate and/or the additionally added gaseous compound are, at least partially, liberated in step (B) of the process.
  • Liberating the at least one gaseous compound makes it possible to obtain channels going from the inside of the generated spherical agglomerates to the outer surface. This channels are created by the at least one gaseous compound on their way through the spherical agglomerate, driven by the increase of volume during evaporation.
  • water is in general used as solvent and this water is in every case evaporated into gaseous water steam in the spray-drying process.
  • This steam in every case will generate certain porosity in the agglomerates generated in the spray-drying process.
  • the special target of the process according to the present invention is to increase this certain porosity to significantly higher values.
  • substrates being able to decompose to gaseous compounds within the spray-drying process and/or within or calcining process are used.
  • additional additives are used in the aqueous slurry which induce a larger porosity in the resulting agglomerates during the spray-drying process and/or calcination step by decomposition in gaseous compounds than the porosity which is induced by the evaporation of the water itself in the spray-drying and calcination process.
  • the desired solid is present in preferably spherical particles having a diameter of 3 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 100 ⁇ m, very preferably 8 to 50 ⁇ m.
  • Step (C) of the process according to the present invention comprises calcining the solid compound obtained from step (B) at a temperature of 300 to 950° C.
  • Step (C) is preferably conducted at a temperature of 375 to 900° C., particularly preferably at a temperature of 400 to 850° C.
  • Calcination is preferably conducted under an inert gas atmosphere.
  • inert gases are nitrogen or noble gases like helium and/or argon.
  • nitrogen is used in step (C) of the process according to the present invention.
  • One advantage of the process according to the present invention is that calcination can be conducted under an inert atmosphere and no need exists to conduct step (C) under a reducing atmosphere according to the prior art. Based thereon the process according to the present invention can be conducted in a more time and cost saving way.
  • a reducing agent for example hydrogen, avoids the presence of explosive gaseous mixtures.
  • Step (C) of the process according to the present invention in general is conducted for a time of 0.1 to 5 hours, preferably 0.5 to 3 hours.
  • the temperature is increased during a period of 0.01 to 2 hours, preferably 0.1 to 1.5 hours, then, the temperature is hold for a period of 0.1 to 2 hours, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 hours, and at the end the temperature is decreased to room temperature.
  • the product obtained from step (C) consists essentially of spherical agglomerates and/or particles having an average diameter of 3 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 100 ⁇ m, very preferred 8 to 50 ⁇ m.
  • step (B) of the process according to the present invention it is further possible that the at least one gaseous compound generated from at least one substrate and/or the additionally added gaseous compound are, at least partially, liberated in step (C) of the process.
  • channels that have already been created in step (B) are further enlarged, or new channels are prepared in step (C).
  • channels in the particles are created in both steps (B) and (C), in a very preferred embodiment mainly in step (C).
  • the temperature of calcination has a significant impact onto the specific surface of the compound according to general formula (I).
  • low temperatures during calcination give rise to high specific surface area.
  • High temperatures during calcination give usually rise to low specific surface area.
  • the process according to the present invention makes it possible to obtain high surface areas at high calcination temperatures of 600 to 800° C.
  • the surface area of the compounds according to the present invention is significantly higher than the surface area of compounds being prepared in absence of a compound generating a gaseous compound during processing. This finding can be explained by the generation of very porous agglomerate structures with high specific surface areas at high calcination temperatures.
  • the agglomerates and/or particles that are obtained from step (C) of the process according to the present invention have in general a specific BET surface area of 0.01 to 50 m 2 /g, preferably 0.1 to 30 m 2 /g.
  • Suitable apparatuses for step (C) are known to the person having ordinary skill in the art, one example is a rotary furnace.
  • the residence time in a rotary furnace is based on the inclination and the rotating speed of the furnace.
  • a person having ordinary skill in the art does know how a suitable residence time is adjusted in the rotary furnace.
  • the solid that is calcinated in step (C) of the process according to the present invention is moved during calcination, for example in a fluidized bed reactor or in a rotary furnace.
  • the solid can also be stirred during calcination.
  • Step (C) of the process according to the present invention is in general conducted under a pressure that is suitable that preferably complete conversion into the desired products is obtained.
  • step (C) is conducted under a pressure which is slightly higher than atmospheric pressure, in order to prevent oxygen penetrating the reactor from the outside. This slightly increased atmospheric pressure is preferably caused by at least one inert gas that is streaming over the solid compound that is calcinated in this step.
  • the process according to the present invention can be conducted continuously or discontinuously. In a preferred embodiment the process according to the present invention is conducted discontinuously.
  • the solid compound obtained from step (B) or from step (C) is milled prior to step (C) and/or after step (C), in order to obtain crystalline agglomerates and/or particles having the required size.
  • Suitable mills are known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. Examples are jet mills, which supply very low abrasion, preferably under the use of nitrogen and/or air. In general the channels within the agglomerates or particles are not destroyed in this milling step.
  • the present invention further relates to a compound according to general formula (I) as mentioned above, preparable by the process according to the present invention.
  • the compounds according to general formula (I) preparable by the process according to the present invention show improved crystallinity compared to compounds prepared by processes according to the prior art. In addition the size distribution obtained is narrower compared to the prior art. The crystallinity of the solids obtained is improved and the solids obtained have an improved dispersion of ingredients.
  • the compounds according to the present invention are obtained in spherical agglomerates and/or particles having channels going from the inside of the agglomerates and/or particles to the outer surface.
  • the present invention therefore further relates to spherical agglomerates and/or particles comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) as mentioned above and having channels going from the inside of the agglomerates and/or particles to the outer surface. Further characteristic features of these agglomerates and/or particles are mentioned above.
  • the compounds of general formula (I) preparable by the process according to the present invention are particularly suitable for the use for the preparation of a cathode of a lithium-ion battery or an electrochemical cell. Therefore the present invention also relates to the use of a compound of general formula (I) preparable by the process according to the present invention or a spherical agglomerate and/or particle according to the present invention for the preparation of a cathode of a lithium-ion battery or an electrochemical cell.
  • the present invention further relates to a cathode for a lithium-ion battery, comprising at least one compound according to general formula (I) preparable by the process according to the present invention or a spherical agglomerate and/or particle according to the present invention.
  • a cathode for a lithium-ion battery, comprising at least one compound according to general formula (I) preparable by the process according to the present invention or a spherical agglomerate and/or particle according to the present invention.
  • the compound according to general formula (I) is mixed with at least one electrically conducting material, described for example in WO 2004/082047.
  • Suitable electrically conducting materials are for example carbon black, graphite, carbon fibres, carbon nanofibres, carbon nanotubes or electrically conducting polymers.
  • Typically 2.0 to 40% by weight of the at least one electrically conducting material are used together with the compound according to general formula (I) in the cathode.
  • the electrically conducting material and the compound according to general formula (I) are mixed, optionally in the presence of an organic solvent and optionally in the presence of an organic binder, for example polyisobutene, and this mixture is optionally formed and dried.
  • a temperature of 80 to 150° C. is applied in the drying step.
  • the at least one electrically conducting material is added during the preparation of compounds according to general formula (I) as mentioned above. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one electrically conducting material is added to the mixture of the starting materials in the preparation of the compound according to general formula (I).
  • the present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a mixture comprising at least one compound according to general formula (I) as defined above and at least one electrically conducting material comprising the following steps
  • the essentially aqueous solution which is provided in step (D) additionally comprises at least one compound comprising at least one phosphorous atom in oxidation state +5.
  • At least one additional reducing agent can be added in a preferred embodiment, as mentioned and defined above.
  • the electrically conducting material is chosen from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, carbon fibres, carbon nanofibres, carbon nanotubes, electrically conducting polymers or mixtures thereof.
  • carbon black, graphite or substances essentially consisting of carbon are used as electrically conducting materials in step (D), these materials are preferably suspended in a mixture, preferably an essentially aqueous solution, of the other components. This can be achieved by direct addition of these electrically conducting materials to the mixture of the other components.
  • carbon black, graphite or substances essentially consisting of carbon can be suspended in an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide, and this suspension can then be added to a solution of one or more components as mentioned above.
  • Treatment with hydrogen peroxide normally improves the wettability of carbon with water and makes it possible to obtain carbon containing suspensions having an improved stability, i.e. having a lower tendency for demixing.
  • the homogenous dispersion of the electrically conducting material in the mixture is improved.
  • steps (D), (E) and (F) generates agglomerates and/or particles comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) as mentioned above and at least one electrically conductive material having channels going from the inside of the agglomerates and/or particles to the outer surface.
  • the present invention also relates to a mixture, comprising at least one compound according to general formula (I) as defined above and at least one electrically conducting material, preparable by a process as mentioned above.
  • a mixture comprising at least one compound according to general formula (I) as defined above and at least one electrically conducting material, preparable by a process as mentioned above.
  • these mixtures according to the present invention show an improved dispersion of the at least one electrically conducting material in the mixture.
  • the present invention further relates to a agglomerate and/or particle comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) as defined above and at least one electrically conducting material having channels going from the inside of the agglomerates and/or particles to the outer surface. Other characteristics of these agglomerates and/or particles are mentioned above.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a mixture according to the present invention or an agglomerate and/or particle according to the present invention for the preparation of a cathode of a lithium-ion battery or an electrochemical cell.
  • the present invention also relates to a cathode for a lithium-ion battery, comprising a mixture according to the present invention or an agglomerate and/or particle according to the present invention.
  • binders For the preparation of a cathode using the compound according to general formula (I) as mentioned above or a mixture comprising the compound according to general formula (I) and at least one electrically conducting material as mentioned above, in a preferred embodiment the following binders are used:
  • PVdF-HFP polyvinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene-copolymers
  • the binder is normally added in an amount of 1 to 10% by weight, preferably 2 to 8% by weight, particularly preferred 3 to 7% by weight, in each case based on the whole cathode material.
  • the mixture comprising at least one compound according to general formula (I) and at least one electrically conducting material have preferably a BET surface area of 0.5 to 50 m 2 /g.
  • FIG. 1 shows X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the spray-dried powder.
  • the sample is X-ray amorphous.
  • FIG. 3 shows a SEM picture of the surface of an agglomerate with a diameter of about 30 microns prepared by calcination at 700° C.
  • Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 from LiOH*H 2 O, LiCH 3 COO, NH 4 VO 3 , H 3 PO 3 , H 3 PO 4 (“stoichiometric”)
  • the dark-grey spray-powder obtained therefrom shows an amorphous structure in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern ( FIG. 1 ).
  • 50 g of the so-obtained spray powder are heated during one hour to an end temperature T in a continuously rotating (7 rpm) 1-l-spherical quartz glass in a laboratory rotary furnace (BASF), held at this temperature T for one hour and is subsequently cooled under streaming N 2 to room temperature.
  • BASF laboratory rotary furnace
  • the end temperature T of 600° C. gives a powder having a BET-surface area of 15.2 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern showing the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , being isostructural with Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the powder shows a spherical habitus in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) having an average spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • SEM scanning electron microscopy
  • End temperature T of 700° C. gives a powder having a BET-surface area of 11.0 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern showing the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , being isostructural with Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • the powder shows a spherical habitus in scanning electron microscopy having an average spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • the surface of the sphericals shows small porous channels going into the interior of the sphericals ( FIG. 3 ).
  • V 2 O 5 is reduced by H 3 PO 3 to V 3+ , H 3 PO 3 is oxidized to PO 4 3 ⁇ and water
  • 50 g of the obtained spray powder are subsequently added to a continuously rotating (7 rpm) 1 l-crystal ball under streaming nitrogen (15 NL/h) in a laboratory rotary furnace (BASF) and heated in one hour to an end temperature T, is hold at this temperature T for one hour and is subsequently cooled to room temperature under streaming N 2 .
  • the end temperature T of 600° C. gives rise to a powder having a BET-surface of 0.5 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern, showing essentially the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 being iso-structural with the product Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • Scanning electron microscopy shows that the powder has a spherical habitus having a medium spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • the end temperature T of 700° C. gives rise to a powder having a BET-surface of 0.2 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern, showing essentially the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 being iso-structural with the product Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • Scanning electron microscopy shows that the powder has a spherical habitus having a medium spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • 6 l water are placed in a 10-l-glass reactor which is heatable from the outside at 90° C. under streaming N 2 (50 NL/h). The streaming N 2 -cover is maintained during the further reaction.
  • Under stirring 415.74 g LiCH 3 COO (99%, 6.3 mol Li, Chempur, D-76204 Düsseldorf, Germany) are dissolved in these 6 l water which are heated to 90° C. to give a clear solution.
  • 468.15 g NH 4 VO 3 (99.95%, 4 mol V, H.C. Starck, D-38615-Gosslar, Germany) are dissolved in this solution to give a clear, lightly yellow aqueous solution.
  • the dark-grey spray-powder obtained therefrom shows an X-ray amorphous structure in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern.
  • the end temperature T of 600° C. gives a powder having a BET-surface area of 16.7 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern showing the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , being isostructural with Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • the powder shows a spherical habitus in scanning electron microscopy having an average spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • the surface of the sphericals shows small porous channels going into the interior of the sphericals.
  • End temperature T of 700° C. gives a powder having a BET-surface area of 13.2 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern showing the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , being isostructural with Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • the powder shows a spherical habitus in scanning electron microscopy having an average spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • the surface of the sphericals shows small porous channels going into the interior of the sphericals.
  • a dark blue-black coloured aqueous mixture is obtained, having no visible solids.
  • the aqueous mixture obtained is stirred for 16 hours at 90° C. under streaming nitrogen.
  • a dark-grey spray powder obtained therefrom shows an amorphous structure in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern.
  • 50 g of the obtained spray powder are subsequently added to a continuously rotating (7 rpm) 1 l-crystal ball under streaming nitrogen (15 NL/h) in a laboratory rotary furnace (BASF) and heated in one hour to an end temperature T, is hold at this temperature T for one hour and is subsequently cooled to room temperature under streaming N 2 .
  • the end temperature T of 700° C. gives rise to a powder having a BET-surface of 13.4 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern, showing essentially the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 being iso-structural with the product Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • Scanning electron microscopy shows that the powder has a spherical habitus having a medium spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • a dark blue-black coloured aqueous mixture is obtained, having no visible solids.
  • the aqueous mixture obtained is stirred for 16 hours at 90° C. under streaming nitrogen.
  • a dark-grey spray powder obtained therefrom shows an amorphous structure in the XRD-powder diagram.
  • 50 g of the obtained spray powder are subsequently added to a continuously rotating (7 rpm) 1 l-crystal ball under streaming nitrogen (15 NL/h) in a laboratory rotary furnace (BASF) and heated in one hour to an end temperature T, is hold at this temperature T for one hour and is subsequently cooled to room temperature under streaming N 2 .
  • the end temperature T of 700° C. gives rise to a powder having a BET-surface of 13.8 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern, showing essentially the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 being iso-structural with the product Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • Scanning electron microscopy shows that the powder has a spherical habitus having a medium spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 from LiOH*H 2 O, LiCH 3 COO, NH 4 VO 3 , H 3 PO 3
  • a possible reaction pathway could be:
  • 50 g of the so-obtained spray powder are heated during one hour to an end temperature T in a continuously rotating (7 rpm) 1-l-spherical quartz glass in a laboratory rotary furnace (BASF), held at this temperature T for one hour and is subsequently cooled under streaming N 2 to room temperature.
  • BASF laboratory rotary furnace
  • the end temperature T of 500° C. gives a powder having a BET-surface area of 6.0 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern showing the X-ray amorphous structure as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the powder shows a spherical habitus in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) having an average spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • SEM scanning electron microscopy
  • the surface of the sphericals shows small porous channels going into the interior of the sphericals.
  • the end temperature T of 600° C. gives a powder having a BET-surface area of 4.0 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern showing the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , being isostructural with Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • the powder shows a spherical habitus in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) having an average spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • SEM scanning electron microscopy
  • End temperature T of 700° C. gives a powder having a BET-surface area of 1.0 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern showing the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , being isostructural with Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • the powder shows a spherical habitus in scanning electron microscopy having an average spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • the surface of the sphericals shows small porous channels going into the interior of the sphericals (like FIG. 3 ).
  • End temperature T of 750° C. gives a powder having a BET-surface area of 0.5 m 2 /g and a X-ray powder diffraction pattern showing the monophasic structure of Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , being isostructural with Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
  • the powder shows a spherical habitus in scanning electron microscopy having an average spherical size of about 30 ⁇ m.
  • the surface of the sphericals shows small porous channels going into the interior of the sphericals (like FIG. 3 ).

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US20110049443A1 (en) * 2008-04-17 2011-03-03 Basf Se Process for the preparation of crystalline lithium-, iron- and phosphate-comprising materials
US8673497B2 (en) 2008-04-17 2014-03-18 Basf Se Process for the preparation of crystalline lithium-, iron- and phosphate-comprising materials
US9147877B2 (en) 2008-04-17 2015-09-29 Basf Se Process for the preparation of crystalline lithium-, iron- and phosphate-comprising materials
US9023523B2 (en) 2009-03-17 2015-05-05 Basf Se Synthesis of lithium-iron-phosphates under hydrothermal conditions
US9209461B2 (en) 2009-06-24 2015-12-08 Basf Se Process for the preparation of LiFePO4-carbon composites
US20130214462A1 (en) * 2010-09-27 2013-08-22 Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Process for producing lithium vanadium phosphate-carbon composite
US9437866B2 (en) * 2010-09-27 2016-09-06 Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. Process for producing lithium vanadium phosphate-carbon composite
US9748600B2 (en) 2012-01-20 2017-08-29 Ningbo Institute Of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy Of Sciences Phosphate based composite anode material, preparation method and use thereof
US11251430B2 (en) 2018-03-05 2022-02-15 The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York ϵ-VOPO4 cathode for lithium ion batteries
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US20130214212A1 (en) 2013-08-22
EP2207751A2 (en) 2010-07-21
US8808575B2 (en) 2014-08-19
WO2009043729A3 (en) 2009-10-29
KR101540133B1 (ko) 2015-07-28
CA2701144A1 (en) 2009-04-09
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EP2207751B1 (en) 2013-07-03
TWI401207B (zh) 2013-07-11
WO2009043729A2 (en) 2009-04-09
US20130214201A1 (en) 2013-08-22
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JP2010540393A (ja) 2010-12-24
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