US20100266513A1 - Amphiphilic polymeric material - Google Patents

Amphiphilic polymeric material Download PDF

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US20100266513A1
US20100266513A1 US12/734,317 US73431708A US2010266513A1 US 20100266513 A1 US20100266513 A1 US 20100266513A1 US 73431708 A US73431708 A US 73431708A US 2010266513 A1 US2010266513 A1 US 2010266513A1
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group
backbone
formula
chewing gum
carbon
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David Alan Pears
Pennadam Shanmugam Sivanand
Thomas Charles Castle
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Revolymer Ltd
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Revolymer Ltd
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Priority claimed from PCT/EP2008/052326 external-priority patent/WO2008104547A1/en
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Assigned to REVOLYMER LIMITED reassignment REVOLYMER LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CASTLE, THOMAS CHARLES, PEARS, DAVID ALAN, SIVANAND, PENNADAM SHANMUGAM
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F279/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group C08F36/00
    • C08F279/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group C08F36/00 on to polymers of conjugated dienes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G4/00—Chewing gum
    • A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
    • A23G4/08—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds of the chewing gum base
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F255/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F255/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00
    • C08F255/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00 on to polymers of olefins having two or three carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F255/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00
    • C08F255/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00 on to polymers of olefins having two or three carbon atoms
    • C08F255/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00 on to polymers of olefins having two or three carbon atoms on to ethene-propene copolymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F265/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00
    • C08F265/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00 on to polymers of acids, salts or anhydrides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F267/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated polycarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F22/00
    • C08F267/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated polycarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F22/00 on to polymers of anhydrides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F291/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to macromolecular compounds according to more than one of the groups C08F251/00 - C08F289/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L51/003—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L51/04—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to rubbers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a new graft polymeric material and methods for producing the same.
  • Chewing Gum is a consumer good that is regularly enjoyed by millions of people worldwide.
  • the graft copolymer is formed by reacting polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride (the backbone) with poly(alkyleneoxy) alcohol side chain precursors in an organic solvent such as toluene and typically in the presence of an activator, for instance, triethylamine at elevated temperature.
  • WO2006/016179 specifically discloses hydroxyl-terminated side chain precursors only, and we have now found that the use of side chain precursors terminated with amine groups results in more efficient production of polymeric material.
  • Graft polymeric materials formed by grafting backbones with amine terminated polymers are known.
  • US2005/0084466 discloses the reaction of JEFFAMINE® M-1000 with polyisobutylene succinic anhydride.
  • the resultant polymeric material is said to be useful in oil-in-water emulsions.
  • Jiang-Jen Lin et al in Polymer 41 (2000) 2405-2417 disclose the preparation and electrostatic dissipating properties of poly(oxyalkylene)imide grafted polypropylene copolymers. Jiang-Jen further goes in to describe, in Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2000, 39, 65-71, the synthesis, characterisation and interfacial behaviour of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/butylene)-b-polystyrene grafted with various poly(oxyalkylene)amines.
  • a chewing gum base comprising an amphiphilic polymeric material which comprises a straight or branched chain carbon-carbon backbone and a multiplicity of side chains attached to the backbone, wherein the side chains have the formula (I)
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, —C(O)WR 4 or —C(O)Q;
  • R 1 and R 2 are provided that at least one of R 1 and R 2 is the group —C(O)Q;
  • R 1 and R 2 together form a cyclic structure together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, of formula (II)
  • R 3 -R 5 are each independently H or C 1-6 alkyl
  • W is O or NR 4 ;
  • Q is a group of formula —NR 4 —Y—X 1 P;
  • T is a group of formula —N—Y—X 1 P;
  • X 1 is O, S, (CH 2 ) n , NR 4 or is absent; wherein n is 1-6;
  • P is H or another backbone
  • Y is a hydrophilic polymeric group.
  • a chewing gum composition comprising the amphiphilic polymeric material as defined in the first aspect of the invention, and one or more sweetening or flavouring agents.
  • an amphiphilic polymeric material as defined above in the first aspect of the invention, wherein the carbon-carbon backbone is derived from a homopolymer of polyisoprene, and in the formula (I) or (II) X 1 is (CH 2 ) n or is absent; and P is H.
  • a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a method for making the amphiphilic polymeric material of the third aspect of the invention, wherein backbone precursors comprising pendant units of general formula (III)
  • R 3 is H or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 5 is H or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 6 and R 7 are H or an acylating group, provided at least one of R 6 and R 7 is an acylating group, or R 6 and R 7 are linked to form, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, a group of formula (IV):
  • X 1 is selected from (CH 2 ) n or is absent; wherein n is 1-6;
  • R 4 is H or C 1-6 alkyl
  • Y is a hydrophilic polymeric group
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, —C(O)WR 4 or —C(O)Q;
  • R 1 and R 2 are provided that at least one of R 1 and R 2 is the group —C(O)Q;
  • R 1 and R 2 together form a cyclic structure together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, of formula (II)
  • W is O or NR 4 ;
  • Q is a group of formula —NR 4 —Y—X 1 P;
  • T is a group of formula —N—Y—X 1 P;
  • the invention outlined herein involves the strategy of minimising the use of the materials that were previously required to create the polymeric material. More specifically, this is achieved by using side chain precursors terminated with amine groups, which react more fully with acylating groups than their hydroxyl-equivalents.
  • the resultant amphiphilic polymeric material retains all of the qualities associated with material made using side chain precursors terminated with hydroxyl groups—i.e. the material is of low tack and can be incorporated into chewing gum compositions to reduce their adhesive nature.
  • Amphiphilic polymeric material having a backbone derived from polyisoprene and side chains formed from monoamine side chain precursors is a particularly preferred material for use in the chewing gum bases and compositions of the invention.
  • the use of monofunctional side chain precursors ensures that cross-linking does not occur, which reduces product complexity.
  • This amphiphilic polymeric material accordingly forms the third aspect of the invention.
  • compositions containing anhydride based graft copolymers are known.
  • EP0945473 describes a solvent-free method which involves mixing an ethylenically-unsaturated monomer, an anhydride monomer, and either a monofunctional polyglycol having a hydroxyl or amine terminal group or a polyfunctional polyglycol, and a free radical initiator to form a mixture.
  • the mixture is heated to form a mixture of graft copolymeric materials of the polyglycol and the ethylenically unsaturated monomer including the graft copolymer product, which may be useful as a soil release agent in detergent formulations.
  • the method used to make the compounds of the present invention differs from the disclosure in EP0945473, in that the method in the latter results in a multitude of different products, most of which comprise units derived from maleic anhydride actually in the backbone of the copolymer, rather than being present as a graft on the backbone.
  • the method used in this invention avoids the problem of such product complexity by reacting a pre-formed polymeric backbone with side chain precursors. Furthermore, the present method does not proceed via a free-radical mechanism.
  • the backbone of the polymeric material in this invention is preferably derived from a homopolymer of an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon monomer or from a copolymer of two or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon monomers.
  • the backbone precursor is typically an elastomeric material.
  • the amphiphilic polymeric material may also be an elastomeric material.
  • the backbone typically comprises a homopolymer of an ethylenically-unsaturated polymerisable hydrocarbon monomer or a copolymer of two or more ethylenically-unsaturated polymerisable hydrocarbon monomers.
  • ethylenically-unsaturated polymerisable hydrocarbon monomer we mean a polymerisable hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond which is capable of undergoing addition (otherwise known as chain-growth or chain-reaction) polymerisation to form a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon polymer having a carbon-carbon polymer backbone.
  • the backbone comprises a homopolymer of an ethylenically-unsaturated polymerisable hydrocarbon monomer containing 4 or 5 carbon atoms, for example, isobutylene (2-methylpropene).
  • the carbon-carbon polymer backbone may also, according to another embodiment, be derived from a homopolymer of a conjugated diene hydrocarbon monomer, especially one containing 4 or 5 carbon atoms, such as 1,3-butadiene or isoprene.
  • the carbon-carbon polymer backbone may comprise a copolymer of two or more ethylenically-unsaturated polymerisable hydrocarbon monomers.
  • it comprises a copolymer of two such monomers.
  • it may comprise a hydrocarbon copolymer of a hydrocarbon monomer having one carbon-carbon double bond and a hydrocarbon monomer having two carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • the carbon-carbon polymer backbone may comprise a copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene.
  • the carbon-carbon polymer backbone is derived from a butadiene-styrene block copolymer.
  • the backbone may comprise a random, alternating or block, e.g. A-B or AB-A block copolymer.
  • the backbone precursors used to form the backbone in the polymeric materials have pendant units which have acylating groups.
  • the acylating groups may be, for instance, units derived from maleic anhydride.
  • the backbone precursor typically has units derived from maleic anhydride grafted thereon.
  • One suitable backbone precursor is polyisoprene grafted with maleic anhydride, PIP-g-MA.
  • Such graft copolymers are commercially available as further detailed below, or can be synthesised (see Examples).
  • the backbone precursor used to form the backbone in the polymeric material typically has a molecular weight in the range 10,000 to 200,000, preferably 20,000 to 40,000, more preferably from 25,000 to 45,000. Unless otherwise specified, the unit of molecular weight used in this specification is g/mol.
  • the backbone is typically hydrophobic in nature.
  • the side chains are hydrophilic by virtue of the group Y, which confers several advantages.
  • the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the resultant amphiphilic polymeric material has a comb-like copolymer structure which gives the material its low-tack properties.
  • the hydrophilic side chains confer surface active properties on the polymeric material.
  • the group Y in this invention is preferably a poly(alkylene oxide) such as poly(ethylene oxide), polyglycidol, polyvinyl alcohol), poly(styrene sulphonate) or poly(acrylic acid), most preferably poly(ethylene oxide).
  • the group Y may be a polypeptide, for example polylysine.
  • the side chain precursors used in the method of this invention are preferably polyether amines.
  • the group Y is a polyalkylene oxide of general formula (ZO) b wherein Z is an alkylene group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms and b is an integer in the range 1 to 125.
  • the polyalkylene oxide is a random, statistical, alternating or block copolymer (or a mixture of two of these) of two or more monomer units ZO, wherein each Z is, independently, an alkylene group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • the total number of monomer units is generally in the range 1 to 125.
  • W is O.
  • X 1 is O or NR 4 .
  • R 4 is preferably H or CH 3 .
  • n is preferably in the range 1-4.
  • R 2 is preferably —C(O)WR 4 or —C(O)Q.
  • Each backbone in the amphiphilic polymeric material may have a plurality of side chains which may include a mixture of the side chains listed above, and/or have different chain lengths/molecular weights. Preferably, however, each side chain has the same chain length/molecular weight.
  • the side chain precursors are terminated with at least one amine group, and the side chains in the amphiphilic polymeric material are linked to the backbone via amide linkages.
  • R 5 is H.
  • R 3 is H or CH 3 .
  • the side chains in the polymeric material have the formula
  • R 3 , R 4 and Q are as defined above. These groups are derived from maleic anhydride units or derivatives thereof grafted onto the backbone.
  • the polymeric material has pendant carboxylic acid groups.
  • R 4 is H.
  • the side chains may have formula
  • acylating groups in the backbone precursors eventually form part of the side chains in the amphiphilic polymeric material.
  • Suitable acylating groups include carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, acid amides, acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides.
  • the acylating group is derived from a maleic anhydride unit.
  • Suitable side chain precursors which are polyether amines are available commercially; a range of mono and difunctionalised amine polymers of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) are sold under the Jeffamine brand name by Huntsman. Reaction between the amine functionalized polymers with maleic anhydride derived units, for instance, can generate any of three different structures:
  • the structure marked C may be formed by an intramolecular reaction of A, accompanied by the elimination of H 2 O, is more likely to occur with the assistance of catalysis (e.g by the addition of an acid).
  • Both mono and difunctional amine polymers are used in the invention.
  • hydrophilic difunctional amine side chain precursors can lead to a cross-linked or chain extended amphiphilic polymeric material.
  • mono and difunctional side chain precursors may be combined to modify the properties of the resulting polymeric material to that required.
  • the structure and properties of the polymers sold under the trade names Jeffamine M-1000 and M-2070 are particularly preferred.
  • M-1000 is a monoamine polyether with a EO:PO ratio of 19:3 and a molecular weight of approximately 1000
  • M-2070 is a monoamine polyether with an EO:PO ratio of 31:10 and a molecular weight of approximately 2000. Due to the relatively high ratios of ethylene oxide units in these polymers they are regarded as hydrophilic materials. Both M-1000 and M-2070 have been found to react efficiently with PIP-g-MA.
  • Each monomethyl ester may react with a single amine functionality.
  • the properties of the polymeric material depend not only on the character of the side chains grafted onto the carbon-carbon polymer backbone but also on the number of grafted side chains.
  • a multiplicity of side chain precursors react with each backbone precursor.
  • the term “multiplicity” is defined herein as meaning one or more grafted side chains.
  • At least one side chain precursor reacts with each backbone precursor.
  • the ratio of side chains to backbone units in the resultant polymeric material is in the range 1:400 to 1:5, but more preferably 1:200 to 1:10.
  • the side chains are typically statistically distributed along the carbon-carbon polymer backbone since the location of attachment of the side chain on the backbone will depend on the positions of suitable attachment locations in the backbone of the hydrocarbon polymer used in the manufacture.
  • each maleic anhydride unit in the polymer backbone may be derivatised with either zero, one or two side chains.
  • side chain precursors of general formula (II) comprise at least one nucleophilic group which is an amine.
  • the nucleophilic groups react with pendant units on the polymer backbone which are acylating groups to form a polymeric material as defined in the first aspect of the invention.
  • the pendant units are derived from maleic anhydride.
  • each side chain precursor has two nucleophilic groups (for instance, X 1 is O or NR 4 ) which may react with two acylating groups on two different backbone precursor molecules, thereby forming a cross-linked structure.
  • P in groups of formulae —NR 4 —Y—X 1 P and —N—Y—X 1 —P is “another backbone”.
  • the acylating group is derived from maleic anhydride
  • only one side chain precursor reacts per maleic anhydride monomer. This leaves the unit derived from maleic anhydride with a free carboxylic acid group, which may be derivatised at a later stage in the method. This group may also be deprotonated to give an ionic pendant group in the polymeric material.
  • the reaction between the backbone precursors (for instance, PIP-g-MA) and the side chain precursors could be carried out in an organic solvent (such as toluene, xylene or tetrahydrofuran) and typically in the presence of an activator, for example, triethylamine at elevated temperature.
  • the yield may be increased by removal of the water from the reaction mixture by azeotropic distillation since toluene and water form azeotropic mixtures which boil at a lower temperature than any of the components.
  • the side chain precursor may also be reacted with a monoester derivative of PIP-g-MA for instance, the PIP-g-MaMme detailed above.
  • the reaction of this monomethyl ester with the side chain precursor is typically carried out in an organic solvent such as toluene at an elevated temperature.
  • the yield of ester may be increased by removing water from the reaction mixture by azeotropic distillation.
  • the synthesis of the amphiphilic polymeric material may achieved by mixing the intended side chain precursors with the backbone precursors, in the absence of solvent.
  • This ‘no-solvent’ process eliminates the costs associated with purchasing and handling organic solvents, and removing the otherwise harmful materials from the polymer. It will be appreciated that this approach is also desirable in eliminating volatile organic compounds that may be harmful to the environment.
  • the side chain and backbone precursors may be either a solid, in fluid form, a liquid or a gel, provided that they can be mixed fairly efficiently. More preferably they will be either a liquid or finely ground solid. Alternatively, the backbone precursors are in liquid form and the side chain precursors are in solid form. In one embodiment of the invention, the side chain precursors are in liquid form and the backbone precursors are a finely ground solid. Most preferably both side chain and backbone precursors will be a liquid at the temperature at which the acylation reaction takes place.
  • the backbone precursors are mixed with the side chain precursors by dissolving or dispersing the backbone precursors in molten side chain precursors.
  • reaction process may be performed using any piece of equipment that is capable of providing sufficient mixing.
  • the temperature of the reaction will preferably be between 50° C. and 300° C., more preferably between 100 and 250° C., even more preferably between 120° C. and 200° C., and most preferably between 140° C. and 180° C.
  • the mixing apparatus is supplied with an inert gas to prevent degradation of the polymeric materials.
  • the reactor may be placed under vacuum in order to ensure that air is excluded.
  • the reaction can also be catalysed by addition of acid or base.
  • water may be added to the reactor at the end of the reaction to hydrolyse any unreacted acylating groups. Hydrolysis of unreacted acylating groups can also advantageously increase the hydrophilicity and thus water compatibility or solubility of the materials.
  • Any remaining acylating groups may be preferably converted into acid groups by the addition of water to the material, or by an aging process.
  • An aging process typically involves leaving the material in atmospheric air to ensure hydrolysis of any residual maleic anhydride by the atmospheric moisture.
  • the remaining acylating groups may be hydrolysed with the aid of a base catalyst, or by the addition of an alcohol (hydroxyl) or amine with or without base.
  • any remaining maleic anhydride groups are typically converted into diacid groups by addition of water to the material.
  • the reaction mixture at the end of the reaction, normally comprises unreacted starting materials which may include free side chain precursor and backbone precursor. There may be some residual catalyst, if this has been used in the reaction.
  • the reaction generally produces no by-products.
  • the amphiphilic polymeric material need not be purified from the reaction mixture, since it can be advantageous to have free side chain precursors in the final composition.
  • the free side chain precursor may interact with the amphiphilic polymeric material and thereby improve its properties.
  • the amphiphilic polymeric material may be used in a variety of applications, such as in coatings, personal and household care formulations.
  • a particularly desirable application is in the manufacture of a chewing gum base and/or chewing gum composition.
  • Such compositions form aspects of the present invention.
  • a typical chewing gum base comprises 2-90% by weight of the amphiphilic polymeric material, preferably, 2-50%, more preferably 2-25%, most preferably 3-20% by weight.
  • the amphiphilic polymeric material may act as a substitute for part or all of the ingredients in the gum base which contribute to adhesiveness.
  • the gum base comprises no amphiphilic polymeric material.
  • the amphiphilic polymeric material is added to a chewing gum composition independently of the chewing gum base. Most typically, the amphiphilic polymeric material is added to both the gum base and chewing gum composition.
  • the chewing gum base comprises, in addition to the polymeric material, conventional ingredients known in the art.
  • the chewing gum base may comprise 0-6% by weight wax.
  • waxes which may be present in the gum base include microcrystalline wax, natural wax, petroleum wax, paraffin wax and mixtures thereof. Waxes normally aid in the solidification of gum bases and improving the shelf-life and texture. Waxes have also been found to soften the base mixture, improve elasticity during chewing and affect flavour retention.
  • the gum base comprises substantially no wax, and these properties are provided by the polymeric material. However, in some embodiments wax is present and this works with the amphiphilic polymeric material (and optionally unreacted side chain precursor with it) to control the release of the active.
  • the chewing gum base may comprise an elastomeric material which provides desirable elasticity and textural properties as well as bulk.
  • Suitable elastomeric materials include synthetic and natural rubber. More specifically, the elastomeric material is selected from butadiene-styrene copolymers, polyisobutylene and isobutylene-isoprene copolymers. It has been found that if the total amount of elastomeric material is too low, the gum base lacks elasticity, chewing texture and cohesiveness, whereas if the content is too high, the gum base is hard and rubbery. Typical gum bases contain 10-70% by weight elastomeric material, more typically 10-15% by weight.
  • the polymeric material will form at least 1% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight, more preferably at least 50% by weight of the elastomeric material in the chewing gum base. In some embodiments, the polymeric material completely replaces the elastomeric material in the chewing gum base.
  • Elastomer plasticisers also known as elastomer solvents
  • aid in softening the elastomeric material include methyl glycerol or pentaerythritol esters of rosins or modified rosins, such as hydrogenated, dimerized, or polymerized rosins or mixtures thereof.
  • elastomer plasticisers suitable for use in the chewing gum base include the pentaerythritol ester of partially hydrogenated wood rosin, pentaerythritol ester of wood rosin, glycerol ester of partially dimerized rosin, glycerol ester of polymerised rosin, glycerol ester of tall oil rosin, glycerol ester of wood rosin and partially hydrogenated wood rosin and partially hydrogenated methyl ester of rosin; terpene resins including polyterpene such as d-limonene polymer and polymers of ⁇ -pinene or ⁇ -pinene and mixtures thereof.
  • Elastomer plasticisers may be used up to 30% by weight of the gum base.
  • the preferred range of elastomer solvent is 2-18% by weight. Preferably it is less than 15% by weight. Alternatively, no elastomer solvent may be used.
  • the weight ratio of elastomer plus polymeric material to elastomer plasticiser is preferably in the range (1 to 50): 1 preferably (2 to 10): 1 .
  • the chewing gum base preferably comprises a non-toxic vinyl polymer.
  • Such polymers may have some affinity for water and include poly(vinyl acetate), ethylene/vinyl acetate and vinyl laurate/vinyl acetate copolymers.
  • the non-toxic vinyl polymer is poly(vinyl acetate).
  • the non-toxic vinyl polymer is present at 15-45% by weight of the chewing gum base.
  • the non-toxic vinyl polymer should have a molecular weight of at least 2000.
  • the chewing gum base comprises no vinyl polymer.
  • the chewing gum base preferably also comprises a filler, preferably a particulate filler.
  • Fillers are used to modify the texture of the gum base and aid in its processing. Examples of typical fillers include calcium carbonate, talc, amorphous silica and tricalcium phosphate.
  • the filler is silica, or calcium carbonate.
  • the size of the filler particle has an effect on cohesiveness, density and processing characteristics of the gum base on compounding. Smaller filler particles have been shown to reduce the adhesiveness of the gum base.
  • the amount of filler present in the chewing gum base is typically 0-40% by weight of the chewing gum base, more typically 5-15% by weight.
  • the chewing gum base comprises a softener.
  • Softeners are used to regulate cohesiveness, to modify the texture and to introduce sharp melting transitions during chewing of a product. Softeners ensure thorough blending of the gum base. Typical examples of softeners are hydrogenated vegetable oils, lanolin, stearic acid, sodium stearate, potassium stearate and glycerine. Softeners are typically used in amounts of about 15% to about 40% by weight of the chewing gum base, and preferably in amounts of from about 20% to about 35% of the chewing gum base.
  • a preferred chewing gum base comprises an emulsifier.
  • Emulsifiers aid in dispersing the immiscible components of the chewing gum composition into a single stable system. Suitable examples are lecithin, glycerol, glycerol monooleate, lactylic esters of fatty acids, lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propylene glycol, mono-, di-, and tri-stearyl acetates, monoglyceride citrate, stearic acid, stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate, stearyl-2-lactylic acid, triacyetyl glycerin, triethyl citrate and polyethylene glycol.
  • the emulsifier typically comprises from about 0% to about 15%, and preferably about 4% to about 6% of the chewing gum base.
  • the chewing gum base detailed above may be used to form a chewing gum composition.
  • the chewing gum composition may comprise a gum base and one or more sweetening or flavouring agents.
  • the chewing gum composition comprises both a sweetening and a flavouring agent.
  • the chewing gum composition may additionally comprise other agents, including nutraceutical actives, herbal extracts, stimulants, fragrances, sensates to provide cooling, warming or tingling actions, microencapsulates, abrasives, whitening agents and colouring agents.
  • the amount of gum base in the final chewing gum composition is typically in the range 5-95% by weight of the final composition, with preferred amounts being in the range 10-50% by weight, more preferably 15-25% by weight.
  • the chewing gum composition may comprise a variety of other ingredients, for instance a biologically active ingredient such as a medicament.
  • the biologically active ingredient is any substance which modifies a chemical or physical process in the human or animal body.
  • it is a pharmaceutically active ingredient and is, for instance, selected from anti-platelet aggregation drugs, erectile dysfunction drugs, decongestants, anaesthetics, oral contraceptives, cancer chemotherapeutics, psychotherapeutic agents, cardiovascular agents, NSAID's, NO Donors for angina, non-opioid analgesics, antibacterial drugs, antacids, diuretics, anti-emetics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, antitussives, anti-diabetic agents (for instance, insulin), opioids, hormones and combinations thereof.
  • the active ingredient is a stimulant such as caffeine or nicotine.
  • the active ingredient is an analgesic.
  • a further example of an active ingredient is insulin.
  • the biologically active ingredient is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, ibuprofen or aspirin.
  • NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
  • the active ingredient is paracetamol (which is generally not classed as an NSAID).
  • the biologically active ingredient is a vitamin, mineral, or other nutritional supplement.
  • the biologically active ingredient may be an anti-emetic, for instance Dolasetron.
  • the biologically active ingredient is an erectile dysfunction drug, such as sildenafil citrate.
  • the chewing gum composition comprises 0.01-20% wt active ingredient, more typically 0.1-5 wt %.
  • the chewing gum composition may be in unit dosage form suitable for oral administration.
  • the unit dosage form preferably has a mass in the range 0.5-4.5 g, for instance around 1 g.
  • the chewing gum composition comprises 1-400 mg biologically active ingredient, more typically 1-10 mg, depending on the active ingredient.
  • the active ingredient is nicotine
  • the chewing gum composition typically comprises 1-5 mg nicotine.
  • the active ingredient is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as ibuprofen
  • the composition typically comprises 10-100 mg active ingredient.
  • a HAAKE MiniLab Micro Compounder (Thermo Fisher Corporation) may be used to form both the gum base and the chewing gum composition.
  • the ingredients are typically mixed together by adding them in stages at a temperature in the range 80-120° C., typically around 100° C. After the gum base has formed, the material is extruded out of the MiniLab.
  • MiniLab Compounder would not be used to mix large scale batches of chewing gum.
  • An industrial scale machine such as a Z-blade mixer would be used in this case.
  • the method of forming the chewing gum composition typically comprises blending the gum base with the sweetening and flavouring agents. Standard methods of production of chewing gum compositions are described in Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum. ISBN: 0-904725-10-3, which includes manufacture of gums with coatings and with liquid centres.
  • chewing gum compositions are made by blending gum base with sweetening and flavouring agents in molten form, followed by cooling of the blend. Such a method may be used in the present invention.
  • the chewing gum composition may require heating to a temperature of around 100° C. (for instance, in the range 80-120° C.) in order to uniformly mix the components.
  • Amphiphilic polymeric material as made in the first aspect of the invention is added at either the gum base-forming step, or when the chewing gum composition is formed.
  • the amphiphilic polymeric material of this invention, or alternatively, any amphiphilic polymeric material may be added during both of these steps.
  • the mixture is heated to a temperature in the range 80-120° C., typically around 100° C.
  • the mixture is generally cooled to a temperature in the range 40-80° C., preferably 50-70° C. If biologically active ingredient is to be included in the composition, it is generally added at this stage.
  • the biologically active ingredient may be added in solid, molten or liquid form. Nicotine is generally added as an oil, for instance, although use of a solid form (e.g. nicotine on an ion exchange resin, such as PolacrilexTM) is preferred.
  • the active ingredient Before adding the active ingredient in step (ii) the active ingredient may be pre-mixed with polymeric material and/or sweetening agent.
  • the sweetening agent is sorbitol.
  • the chewing gum composition may be extruded.
  • the mixture may be stirred to improve homogeneity.
  • the final stage may comprise use of compression to form the chewing gum composition.
  • a unit dosage form of the chewing gum composition may be formed by extruding the chewing gum and shaping the extrudate to the desired form.
  • the unit dosage form typically has a mass in the range 0.5-2.5 g, typically around 1 g.
  • the dosage unit may take the form of a cylindrical or spherical body, or a tab.
  • the chewing gum composition comprises 5-95% by weight, preferably 10-50% by weight, more preferably 15-45% of the chewing gum base. Additional amphiphilic polymeric material may also be added to form the chewing gum composition, in an amount such that it comprises 1-15%, more preferably 3-15% of the chewing gum composition.
  • the steps to form the chewing gum composition may be carried out sequentially in the same apparatus, or may be carried out in different locations, in which case there may be intermittent cooling and heating steps.
  • FIG. 1 compares the molecular weight distribution of a number of batches of P1 as determined by GPC
  • FIG. 2 compares the molecular weight distribution of samples of the graft copolymers P2, P3, and P4 with the LIR-403 backbone starting material as determined by GPC;
  • FIG. 3 compares the molecular weight distribution of samples of the graft copolymers P6, P7, and P8 with the LIR-403 backbone starting material as determined by GPC;
  • FIG. 4 compares the molecular weight distribution of samples of the graft copolymers P9, and P10 with the LIR-410 backbone starting material as determined by GPC;
  • FIG. 5 compares the molecular weight distribution of samples of the graft copolymers P11, and P12 with the Isolene 40-S and MAGPI polyisoprene backbone starting materials as determined by GPC;
  • FIG. 6 compares cumulative cinnamaldehyde release in artificial saliva from gum containing P1, P7, and a control gum determined using HPLC.
  • PIP-g-MA Two different forms of PIP-g-MA have been used; the first supplied under the name LIR-403 by Kuraray and the other is a PIP-g-MA synthesized by the reaction of maleic anhydride with polyisoprene (Isolene 40-S) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (See Example 17). This latter material will subsequently be referred to as maleic anhydride-grafted-polyisoprene (MAGPI) to avoid confusion with the generic term PIP-g-MA.
  • MAGPI maleic anhydride-grafted-polyisoprene
  • the polyisoprene used in the synthesis of MAGPI, Isolene 40-S manufactured by Royal Elastomers is a synthetic polyisoprene with a glass transition temperature of ⁇ 65° C., a typical molecular weight of 32,000, and a relatively broad molecular weight distribution compared with that of LIR-403. Subsequently the resulting MAGPI synthesized from Isolene 40-S has a similarly broader molecular weight distribution compared to LIR-403.
  • the polymer samples were analyzed using a PL-GPC50 plus GPC system manufactured by Polymer Labs. The following conditions were used:
  • This apparatus was used to determine the molecular weights of all of the graft copolymers.
  • 10 different solutions of known concentration of MPEG 2000 in THF (0.05-2 mg/mL) were accurately prepared and analysed on the apparatus. The relevant intensity of the samples was then used to generate a calibration curve which was used to generate the concentration of free MPEG in the samples.
  • the analysis described below is used to calculate the degree of grafting of side chain precursor to backbone precursor.
  • the analysis determines the amount of cyclic units derived from maleic anhydride in the backbone precursor starting material and product polymeric material.
  • the degree of grafting calculation is based on the assumption that all units derived from maleic anhydride react with side chain precursors.
  • the analysis was carried out on a PerkinElmer Paragon 2000 Infrared spectrometer. Samples for analysis were dissolved in spectrometric grade chloroform and placed in a liquid cell (Barium fluoride plates separated by PTFE spacer) in a mounting bracket/carriage in an IR beam with known cell path length. A sample of the batch of PIP-g-MA used to synthesize the graft copolymer was accurately weighed out, ⁇ 0.1 g (+/ ⁇ 0.05 g) into the stoppered conical flask and dissolved in 10 g of accurately weighed out chloroform. The FT-IR of the sample was collected, and the percentage transmission values measured at 1830 cm ⁇ 1 and at 1790 cm ⁇ 1 recorded.
  • ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ mole ⁇ / ⁇ g ⁇ ⁇ ( in ⁇ ⁇ sample ) 33600 C ⁇ Log 10 ⁇ ⁇ % ⁇ ⁇ T ⁇ ( at ⁇ ⁇ 1830.0 ⁇ ⁇ cm - 1 ) % ⁇ ⁇ T ⁇ ( at ⁇ ⁇ 1790.0 ⁇ ⁇ cm - 1 )
  • C is the concentration in the test solution (quoted in mg g ⁇ 1 ).
  • the percentage conversion of maleic anhydride can then be determined by comparing the values from the backbone and graft copolymer.
  • This method can also be used to determine the degrees of grafting in the other polymeric materials (P2-P8).
  • the method does not work for P9 and P10, as these are synthesised from LIR-410 which does not comprise cyclic units derived from maleic anhydride.
  • Each pre-shaped piece of gum was weighed before chewing, and the weight recorded to allow estimation of the total quantity of drug in each piece.
  • a ‘ERWEKA DRT-1’ chewing apparatus from AB FIA was used, which operates by alternately compressing and twisting the gum in between two mesh grids.
  • a water jacket, with the water temperature set to 37° C. was used to regulate the temperature in the mastication cell to that expected when chewed in vivo, and the chew rate was set to 40 ‘chews’ per minute.
  • the jaw gap was set to 1.6 mm.
  • the cell containing the artificial saliva and gum was left for 5 minutes so that the system could equilibrate to 37° C.
  • the gum was then masticated.
  • a sample volume of 0.5 mL was then withdrawn from the test cell periodically during a release run (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes).
  • Cinnamaldehyde details Column—Varian Polaris 5u C18-A 250 ⁇ 4.6 m. Mobile Phase—Acetonitrile/0.05% orthophosphoric acid (60/40). Flow rate—1 mL/min. Detection—UV 250 nm. Inj vol—5 uL
  • PIP-g-MA 300 g, Polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride obtained from Kuraray, LIR-403 grade
  • PEGME poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether
  • a flow of nitrogen gas was passed through the vessel, which was then heated to 120° C. using an oil bath. Stirring of the molten mixture then commenced and the vessel was then heated to 160° C.
  • reaction mixture was maintained at this temperature for a total of approximately 24 hours. Following this it was allowed to cool to below 100° C. and water (400 mL) was then added. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and the water was removed by filtration, following which the product was dried under vacuum at 40-50° C.
  • PIP-g-MA (738 g, Polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride obtained from Kuraray, LIR-403 grade) having the CAS No. 139948-75-7, an average M w , of approximately 25,000 and a typical level of grafting of MA of around 1.0 mol %
  • PEGME poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether
  • Clariant poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether
  • a flow of nitrogen gas was passed through the vessel, which was then heated to 120° C. using an oil bath. Stirring of the molten mixture then commenced and the vessel was then heated to 160° C. An essentially homogenous mixture was formed, with the backbone precursors dissolved in the side chain precursors.
  • reaction mixture was maintained at this temperature for a total of approximately 24 hours. Following this it was allowed to cool to below 100° C. and water (1 L) was then added. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and the water was removed by filtration, following which the product was dried under vacuum at 40-50° C.
  • PIP-g-MA (385 g, Polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride obtained from Kuraray, LIR-403 grade) having the CAS No. 139948-75-7, an average M w of approximately 25,000 and a typical level of grafting of MA of around 1.0 mol %
  • PEGME poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether
  • Clariant poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether
  • reaction mixture was maintained at this temperature for a total of approximately 24 hours. Following this it was allowed to cool to below 100° C. and water (0.5 L) was then added. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and the water was removed by filtration, following which the product was dried under vacuum at 40-50° C.
  • PIP-g-MA (5.25 Kg, Polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride obtained from Kuraray, LIR-403 grade) having the CAS No. 139948-75-7, an average M w of approximately 25,000 and a typical level of grafting of MA of around 1.0 mol %, and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEGME) (4.00 kg, purchased from Aldrich), having an average molecular weight of 2000 were weighed out and added to an air-tight jacketed reactor with a twenty litre capacity, equipped with an overhead stirrer. Toluene (10.0 Kg) was added to the reactor to dissolve the starting materials, and a flow of nitrogen gas passed through the vessel.
  • PEGME poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether
  • the vessel was then heated to reflux the toluene (115-116° C.) using an oil bath set to 140° C. connected to the reactor's jacket.
  • a Dean-Stark trap and condenser between the vessel and nitrogen outlet were used in order to remove any water from the poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether and toluene by means of azeotropic distillation. Thus water was collected in the Dean-Stark trap over the course of the reaction.
  • the reaction mixture was refluxed for a total of approximately 24 hours.
  • the reaction can also be catalysed by addition of acid or base.
  • the product was purified in 2 L batches by adding the still warm (50° C.) material to 3 L tanks of deionised water. In the case of each batch the water was removed by filtration and the process of washing the graft copolymer with deionised water, and removing the water wash with the aid of filtration repeated a further five times.
  • the product was dried under vacuum at 50° C. overnight.
  • the product was studied using GPC and FTIR. A comparison of the GPC chromatogram of this and other samples of P1 may be found in FIG. 1 , and serves as a comparison with the data for the samples of polyether amine functionalised amphiphilic polymeric material ( FIGS. 2-5 ).
  • PIP-g-MA (150.0 g, Polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride obtained from Kuraray, LIR-403 grade) having the CAS No. 139948-75-7, an average M w of approximately 25,000 and a typical level of grafting of MA of around 1.0 mol %, and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-1000, 21.8 g, obtained from Huntsman), having an average molecular weight of 1000 were added to a reaction flask with a 250 mL capacity, equipped with an overhead stirrer. A flow of nitrogen gas was passed through the vessel, which was then heated to 120° C. using an oil bath. Stirring of the molten mixture then commenced and the vessel was then heated to 160° C.
  • reaction mixture was maintained at this temperature for a total of approximately 24 hours. Following this it was allowed to cool to approximately 80° C. and water (200 mL) was then added. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and the water was removed by decantation, following which the product was dried under vacuum at 40-50° C.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 5 using LIR-403 (500 g) of an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-1000, 72.7 g), and a 1 L reaction flask. It was not necessary to add water to the product due to the efficiency of the reaction between the polymeric backbones and this graft determined from previous experiment. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 5 using 43.6 g of an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-1000).
  • This material was prepared using the same methodology as Example 7 but used toluene as a solvent.
  • PIP-g-MA (150.0 g, Polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride obtained from Kuraray, LIR-403 grade) having the CAS No. 139948-75-7, an average M w of approximately 25,000 and a typical level of grafting of MA of around 1.0 mol %, and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-1000, 21.8 g, obtained from Huntsman), having an average molecular weight of 1000 were added to a reaction flask with a 250 mL capacity, equipped with an overhead stirrer. A flow of nitrogen gas was passed through the vessel, which was then heated to 120° C. using an oil bath. Toluene (195.0 g) was added to the reactor to dissolve the starting materials, and a flow of nitrogen gas passed through the vessel.
  • the vessel was then heated to reflux the toluene in an oil bath set to 170° C. connected to the reactor's jacket.
  • a Dean-Stark trap and condenser between the vessel and nitrogen outlet were used in order to remove any water from the poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether and toluene by means of azeotropic distillation. This water was collected in the Dean-Stark trap over the course of the reaction.
  • reaction mixture was maintained at this temperature for a total of approximately 24 hours. Following this it was allowed to cool to approximately 80° C. and precipitated in water (2 L). The stirred mixture was allowed to cool for 30 min, after which the water was removed by decantation, and the product was dried under vacuum at 40-50° C.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 6 using LIR-403 (500 g) and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-1000, 43.6 g), and a 1 L reaction flask. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 6 using LIR-403 (62.3 g) and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-1000, 25.3 g), and a 250 mL reaction flask. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 6 using LIR-403 (500 g) and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-2070, 72.7 g), and a 1 L reaction flask. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 6 using LIR-403 (500 g) and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-2070, 145.0 g), and a 1 L reaction flask. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 6 using LIR-403 (500 g) and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-2070, 290.0 g), and a 1 L reaction flask. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 6 using LIR-403 (61.8 g) and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-2070, 50.18 g), and a 250 mL reaction flask. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 6 using LIR-410 (60 g) and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-1000, 24.5 g), and a 250 mL reaction flask. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 6 using LIR-410 (60 g) of an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-2070, 50.0 g), and a 250 mL reaction flask. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • MAGPI polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride
  • This product was prepared using the same methodology as Example 6 using MAGPI (60 g) and an amine functionalised polyether (Jeffamine M-1000, 27.9 g), and a 250 mL reaction flask. The structure was confirmed using GPC and FTIR.
  • the chewing gum base had the composition as shown in the table below:
  • the gum base materials were mixed on a Haake Minilab micro compounder manufactured by the Thermo Electron Corporation, which is a small scale laboratory mixer/extruder.
  • the screws were set to co-rotate at 80 turns/min.
  • the ingredients were mixed together in four steps, the gum only being extruded after the final step.
  • the gum base was mixed at 100° C.
  • the chewing gum was mixed according to the following table.
  • the gum was mixed using the same equipment as the base and extruded after the final step.
  • the gum was mixed at 60° C.
  • stage 1 the sorbitol liquid and powder were premixed prior to adding them to the gum.
  • the gums were tested using the method described in Reference Example C. The fastest and highest release profile was observed for the formulation containing P1. The release rate from the P7 gum formulations was comparatively slow compared with those from P1 during the period between the 5 th and 20 th minutes. It subsequently increased to a level above that of P1, so that the total percentage amount of cinnamaldehyde released from the P7 and P1 gums is almost identical by the end of the experiment.
  • the microwax control by contrast to the formulations containing the two polymers, has a consistently lower release rate after 5 minutes; the total amount of cinnamaldehyde released at the end of the experiment is approximately half that of the other two formulations.
  • a series of gum formulations were made on a laboratory compounder using either P1, P7 or in the case of the control, microwax.
  • the P1 was P1 d , i.e. prepared in accordance with Example 4, but any of P1 a -P1 c would also be suitable.
  • the finished gum samples were masticated in artificial saliva and the release of cinnamaldehyde, added as a flavour, monitored via HPLC ( FIG. 1 ). The slowest release was observed with the microwax control. The fastest release was observed from the gum containing P1, with the formulation containing P7 observed to have only a slightly slower release profile.
  • graft and “side chain precursor” are used interchangeably.
  • the backbones of each of the polymers synthesised are derived from polyisoprene to which maleic anhydride has been grafted.
  • the level of grafting of MA is typically around 1.0 mol % in the LIR-403 PIP-g-MA used to demonstrate the concept. In PIP-g-MaMme the same level was 2.7 mol % of the mono-acid mono-methyl ester of MA.
  • the level of grafting depends on the degree of functionalisation of the polyisoprene. For example, in P1 the number of grafts per chain is generally between 1 and 7, whereas in P2 it is between 1 and 10.
  • Table 5 lists a number of polymers synthesised from PIP-g-MA or PIP-g-MaMme and Jeffamine M-1000 and M-2070.
  • the ratio of graft to maleic anhydride can easily be varied to achieve different loadings of the graft on the backbone and thus different properties in the resulting polymeric material.
  • Polymeric materials with a higher degree of grafting will tend to be more hydrophilic and are likely to be easier to disperse or dissolve in water.
  • the degree of grafting was in all cases confirmed by FT-IR, here the disappearance of the peaks at 1790 and 1830 cm ⁇ 1 from the maleic anhydride was monitored. GPC was used to determine the molecular weight distribution of the resulting products and the amount of free polyether amine graft.
  • FIG. 1 For comparison the GPC chromatograms of samples synthesised using the hydroxyl functionalised polyether, in particular methoxy poly(ethylene glycol), are depicted in FIG. 1 . Two peaks are observed, one from that of the graft copolymeric material, and one from free polyether graft at higher retention time (corresponding with lower molecular weight).
  • FIGS. 2-5 depict the GPC traces of the samples of polymers synthesised using the amine functionalised polyethers. As will be apparent from the data, in contrast to the case with hydroxyl functionalised polymers, the amines have reacted efficiently with the maleic anhydride groups leaving very little free graft.

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US20160130382A1 (en) 2016-05-12
US20100233100A1 (en) 2010-09-16
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PT2214504E (pt) 2014-06-09

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