US20100154419A1 - Absorption power cycle system - Google Patents

Absorption power cycle system Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100154419A1
US20100154419A1 US12/639,401 US63940109A US2010154419A1 US 20100154419 A1 US20100154419 A1 US 20100154419A1 US 63940109 A US63940109 A US 63940109A US 2010154419 A1 US2010154419 A1 US 2010154419A1
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Prior art keywords
trifluoromethyl
butene
ene
chf
cfcf
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US12/639,401
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English (en)
Inventor
Konstantinos Kontomaris
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Priority to US12/639,401 priority Critical patent/US20100154419A1/en
Publication of US20100154419A1 publication Critical patent/US20100154419A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B15/00—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/047—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for absorption-type refrigeration systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
    • F01K21/005—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of liquid and steam or evaporation of a liquid by expansion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/064—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle in combination with an industrial process, e.g. chemical, metallurgical
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F01K25/065—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—Component parts or details not otherwise provided for in this subclass
    • F25B2400/14—Power generation using energy from the expansion of the refrigerant
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/27—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems
    • Y02B30/625—Absorption based systems combined with heat or power generation [CHP], e.g. trigeneration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to an absorption power cycle system which uses the working fluid from an absorption circuit to produce mechanical work. Such a system is useful in a wide range of absorption cycle applications.
  • Absorption cycle systems are known in the fields of refrigeration, air conditioning and power generation.
  • a working fluid is absorbed into an absorbent mixture and then is released out of the absorbent mixture.
  • the absorber is part of an absorption circuit, which includes a liquid pump, a heat exchanger, an expansion or pressure reduction device and a generator, where the working fluid is released from the absorbent mixture before it enters a condenser and an evaporator to generate cooling or a turbine to generate mechanical power.
  • the absorption circuit generates high pressure vapor through the use of, primarily, heat supplied to the generator and minimal mechanical power supplied to the liquid pump.
  • the power generated by the turbine of an absorption cycle can be used to drive various types of equipment including equipment for the generation of electrical power.
  • the working fluid used could be or could contain hydrofluoroolefins or hydrochlorofluoroolefins with negligible ozone depletion potentials and low global warming potentials.
  • the absorbent used in the absorption circuit could be or could contain an ionic compound including ionic liquids with melting points below 100° C. or even below ambient temperatures.
  • an absorption power cycle system comprising an absorber for absorbing a working fluid into an absorbent, thereby forming an absorbent and working fluid mixture; a first heat exchanger disposed in fluid communication with the absorber for receiving and pre-heating the absorbent and working fluid mixture from the absorber, a liquid pump for pumping the absorbent and working fluid mixture from the absorber to the first heat exchanger; a generator disposed in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger for receiving the pre-heated mixture from the first heat exchanger and transferring additional heat into the pre-heated mixture, thereby releasing high pressure vapor of the working fluid; and a device for producing mechanical work from the high pressure working fluid disposed in fluid communication with the generator; wherein the absorbent comprises an ionic liquid.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an absorption power cycle system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an absorption power cycle system that includes simultaneous cooling according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an absorption power cycle system that simultaneously provides cooling according to another embodiment of the present invention. It differs from the embodiment in FIG. 2 in that it does not involve condensation and evaporation of the working fluid.
  • FIG. 1 A schematic diagram of an absorption system according to the present invention is shown generally at 10 in FIG. 1 .
  • the system includes an absorber circuit shown at 20-1 in FIG. 1 for mixing a working fluid with an absorbent, thereby forming an absorbent and working fluid mixture, and for circulating the absorbent and working fluid mixture therethrough.
  • the system also includes a first heat exchanger 20-3 disposed in fluid communication with the absorber circuit, a generator 20-4 disposed in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger, and a device 10-2 for producing mechanical work disposed in fluid communication with the generator.
  • the absorber 20-1 has an inlet for delivering the working fluid vapor, where it is combined with a mixture of working fluid and an absorbent with a low working fluid-content delivered via line 25 to form an absorbent/working fluid mixture with a high working fluid-content.
  • the absorbent may be or may contain an ionic compound.
  • the absorption of the working fluid into the absorbent also, in general, generates heat (heat of absorption). Cooling water moves through the tube bundles (not shown) of the absorber to remove this heat of absorption from the system.
  • the high working fluid-content mixture collects at the bottom of the absorber, so that the absorption cycle can begin again.
  • the high working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture exits from the absorber through an outlet line 21 and is sent to the liquid pump, 20-2, which pumps the mixture to the first heat exchanger 20-3.
  • the first heat exchanger pre-heats the mixture before it enters the generator.
  • the first heat exchanger may be, as an example, a shell and tube type heat exchanger, or a plate and frame type heat exchanger. After exiting the first heat exchanger, the mixture flows into the generator through a line 22.
  • the generator is supplied with heat from any suitable external source. If desired, a second, higher temperature generator may be used to improve process efficiency.
  • within the generator is a bundle of tubes (not shown) which carry hot water or other heat transfer fluid, steam, or combustion gases, which are supplied to the generator via a line 23.
  • the hot water or other heat transfer fluid, steam or combustion gases transfer heat into the high working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture.
  • the heat causes the said mixture to release working fluid vapor, which exits from the generator through a line 26 leaving a low working fluid-content mixture behind.
  • the working fluid exiting the generator is now a higher pressure vapor. In some instances, there is only trace working fluid left in the liquid mixture exiting the generator via a line 24.
  • some non-negligible amount of working fluid remains in the absorbent/working fluid mixture exiting the generator, said amount ranging from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent.
  • the amount of working fluid in the mixture exiting the generator via line 24 is lower than in the mixture that exited the absorber via line 21.
  • the exact amount of working fluid remaining in the mixture exiting the generator will depend on many factors including the solubility of the working fluid in the absorbent.
  • the low working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture flows via line 24 back to the first heat exchanger where it is cooled by the high working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture which has been pumped out of the absorber.
  • the low working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture flows from the first heat exchanger through an expansion or pressure reduction device 20-5 to the absorber via a line 25 and collects in the bottom of the absorber where it started the absorption circuit cycle, and the cycle through the absorber, pump, first heat exchanger and generator repeats.
  • the working fluid which is a high pressure vapor, exits the generator 20-4 via line 26.
  • the high pressure working fluid vapor flows to a device for producing mechanical work, such as a turbine 10-2 as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the high pressure working fluid is used to drive a shaft or otherwise produce mechanical work.
  • the working fluid exits from the turbine as a low pressure vapor, and enters the absorber, and the overall working fluid cycle repeats.
  • the present invention allows for various configurations for optimizing energy management, in general, thereby increasing cycle energy efficiency, and heat recovery, in particular, from the high-temperature, high-pressure working fluid which can be used in a device for producing mechanical work. While a turbine is shown in FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 , and FIG. 3 and described above (and in the description of other embodiments below), it is understood that various configurations of the device for producing mechanical work are within the scope of the present invention.
  • the absorption cycle of the present invention may be used to produce both mechanical work and heating or cooling.
  • a schematic diagram of an absorption power system including simultaneous cooling according to another embodiment of the present invention is shown generally at 30 in FIG. 2 .
  • the system includes a condenser 10-3, an expansion device (shown as an expansion valve 10-4 in FIG. 2 , but may be a capillary tube or other as generally known in the art) and an evaporator 10-5, in that order, between the turbine 10-2 and the absorber 20-1.
  • the high pressure vapor working fluid from the generator 20-4 first flows to the turbine 10-2 through line 26, thus generating power.
  • the vapor working fluid flows to the condenser 10-3, wherein cooling water (contained in, for instance, a coil of tubing (not shown) located within the condenser) causes the vapor working fluid to form liquid working fluid.
  • the liquid working fluid flows from the condenser to an expansion valve 10-4 through line 16, where some vaporization would take place and the combined vapor and liquid working fluid then flows through line 14 to the evaporator 10-5, where it becomes fully vaporized working fluid, thereby producing cooling, so that no liquid remains.
  • the vapor working fluid from the evaporator moves through line 13 to the absorber and the cycle then repeats as in the first embodiment described above herein.
  • the hot water or other heat transfer fluid, steam, or combustion gases supplied to the generator in order to release working fluid vapor from the absorbent/working fluid mixture may be supplied by any number of sources, including water heated with waste heat from a combustion engine (combustion gases), water heated with geothermal heat and solar heated water, among others. Additionally, some source of heat (for example, heat from a body to be cooled such as a building) is required to evaporate the working fluid in the evaporator of the alternative embodiment described for the absorption power cycle including simultaneous cooling.
  • Cooling water is used in the absorber and in the condenser in the embodiments as described above. For sake of simplicity, the cooling water streams through the absorber and condenser are not shown. In one embodiment, the cooling water will flow into the absorber, where it warms due to the heat of absorption released upon the working fluid absorbing into the absorbent. From the absorber, the cooling water flows to a cooling tower, not shown, and is pumped back to the absorber.
  • a process for producing mechanical work comprising forming an absorbent/working fluid mixture in an absorber, heating the absorbent/working fluid mixture to release working fluid vapor, and sending the working fluid vapor to a device for producing mechanical work, and reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture.
  • reforming is meant re-diluting the concentrated absorbent/working fluid mixtures through the absorption of working fluid vapor to restore the ability of the mixture to transfer working fluid to the generator.
  • said process for producing mechanical work further comprises (after producing mechanical work and before reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture) condensing said working fluid in a condenser; partially vaporizing said working fluid in an expansion device; and fully vaporizing said working fluid in an evaporator thereby producing cooling.
  • the cycle of FIG. 2 can be used for simultaneous generation of mechanical power and heating.
  • a heating cycle would function just as the cooling cycle of FIG. 2 described above herein, with the heating step taking place in the condenser 10-3. Heating is provided by the heat released by the working fluid upon condensation in the condenser and absorption in the absorber.
  • the evaporator extracts heat from sources external to the cycle (and not shown in FIG. 2 ) such as ambient air, natural bodies of water including water in the bottom of a lake or pond or the relatively stable temperature ground below the earth's surface.
  • the heating function of the cycle is thus similar to that of a heat pump.
  • said process for producing mechanical work further comprises (after producing mechanical work and before reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture) condensing said working fluid in a condenser thereby producing heat; partially vaporizing said working fluid in an expansion device; and fully vaporizing said working fluid in an evaporator.
  • simultaneous mechanical power and cooling are generated without a condenser.
  • the working fluid is expanded through the turbine or other expander producing mechanical work and being cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature without condensation.
  • the cold working fluid vapor passes through a second heat exchanger (shown as 10-6 in FIG. 3 ) absorbing heat from a stream to be cooled (such as a heat transfer fluid, including water, among others, not shown in FIG. 3 ).
  • said process for producing mechanical work further comprises (after producing mechanical work and before reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture) absorbing heat from a stream to be cooled in a second heat exchanger, thus producing cooling of the stream to be cooled.
  • the present invention provides working fluid/absorbent pair compositions for use in absorption power cycles with or without simultaneous generation of cooling or heating.
  • water is used as a working fluid in this invention.
  • the working fluid may be a hydrofluorocarbon, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a chlorofluorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), carbon dioxide (O 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), argon (Ar), hydrogen (H 2 ), a non-fluorinated hydrocarbon, or methanol, or mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing working fluids in this paragraph.
  • the non-fluorinated hydrocarbons are selected from the group consisting of C 1 to C 7 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkanes and C 1 to C 7 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkenes, is within the scope of this invention as well.
  • Hydrofluorocarbon and fluorocarbon working fluids of the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • these fluoroolefins are compounds, which comprise carbon atoms, fluorine atoms and optionally hydrogen or chlorine atoms, and at least one double bond.
  • the fluoroolefins used in the compositions of the present invention comprise compounds with 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
  • Representative fluoroolefins include but are not limited to all compounds as listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.
  • the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins having the formula E- or Z-R 1 CH ⁇ CHR 2 (Formula (I)), wherein R 1 and R 2 are, independently, C 1 to C 6 perfluoroalkyl groups.
  • R 1 and R 2 groups include, but are not limited to, CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 ) 2 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 )CF 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 , C(CF 3 ) 3 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 , C(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 F 5 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 ) CF 2 CF 2 C 2 F 5 , and C(CF 3 ) 2 CF 2 C 2 F 5 .
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula (I) have at least 4 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins of Formula (I) having at least 5 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins of Formula (I) having at least 6 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • Exemplary, non-limiting Formula (I) compounds are presented in Table 1.
  • Compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared by contacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R 11 with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of the formula R 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 to form a trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula R 1 CH 2 CHIR 2 . This trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane can then be dehydroiodinated to form R 1 CH ⁇ CHR 2 .
  • the olefin R 1 CH ⁇ CHR 2 may be prepared by dehydroiodination of a trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula R 1 CHICH 2 R 2 formed in turn by reacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R 2 I with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of the formula R 1 CH ⁇ CH 2 .
  • the contacting of a perfluoroalkyl iodide with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may take place in batch mode by combining the reactants in a suitable reaction vessel capable of operating under the autogenous pressure of the reactants and products at reaction temperature.
  • suitable reaction vessels include fabricated from stainless steels, in particular of the austenitic type, and the well-known high nickel alloys such as Monel® nickel-copper alloys, Hastelloy® nickel based alloys and Inconel® nickel-chromium alloys.
  • reaction may be conducted in semi-batch mode in which the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin reactant is added to the perfluoroalkyl iodide reactant by means of a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
  • a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
  • the ratio of perfluoroalkyl iodide to perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin should be between about 1:1 to about 4:1, preferably from about 1.5:1 to 2.5:1. Ratios less than 1.5:1 tend to result in large amounts of the 2:1 adduct as reported by Jeanneaux, et. al. in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry , Vol. 4, pages 261-270 (1974).
  • Preferred temperatures for contacting of said perfluoroalkyl iodide with said perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are preferably within the range of about 150° C. to 300° C., preferably from about 170° C. to about 250° C., and most preferably from about 180° C. to about 230° C.
  • Suitable contact times for the reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are from about 0.5 hour to 18 hours, preferably from about 4 to about 12 hours.
  • the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane prepared by reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may be used directly in the dehydroiodination step or may preferably be recovered and purified by distillation prior to the dehydroiodination step.
  • the dehydroiodination step is carried out by contacting the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance.
  • Suitable basic substances include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), alkali metal oxide (for example, sodium oxide), alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g., calcium hydroxide), alkaline earth metal oxides (e.g., calcium oxide), alkali metal alkoxides (e.g., sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide), aqueous ammonia, sodium amide, or mixtures of basic substances such as soda lime.
  • Preferred basic substances are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
  • Solvents suitable for the dehydroiodination step include one or more polar organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and tertiary butanol), nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, benzonitrile, or adiponitrile), dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or sulfolane.
  • solvent may depend on the boiling point product and the ease of separation of traces of the solvent from the product during purification.
  • ethanol or isopropylene glycol e.g., ethanol or isopropanol
  • isopropanol e.g., isopropanol
  • isobutanol e.g., isobutan
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out by addition of one of the reactants (either the basic substance or the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane) to the other reactant in a suitable reaction vessel.
  • Said reaction may be fabricated from glass, ceramic, or metal and is preferably agitated with an impeller or stirring mechanism.
  • Temperatures suitable for the dehydroiodination reaction are from about 10° C. to about 100° C., preferably from about 20° C. to about 70° C.
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out at ambient pressure or at reduced or elevated pressure.
  • dehydroiodination reactions in which the compound of Formula (I) is distilled out of the reaction vessel as it is formed.
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted by contacting an aqueous solution of said basic substance with a solution of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane in one or more organic solvents of lower polarity such as an alkane (e.g., hexane, heptane, or octane), aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., toluene), halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or perchloroethylene), or ether (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, or tetraglyme) in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.
  • an alkane e.g., hexane, heptane, or oc
  • Suitable phase transfer catalysts include quaternary ammonium halides (e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride), quaternary phosphonium halides (e.g., triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride), or cyclic polyether compounds known in the art as crown ethers (e.g., 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5).
  • quaternary ammonium halides e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylam
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted in the absence of solvent by adding the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane to a solid or liquid basic substance.
  • Suitable reaction times for the dehydroiodination reactions are from about 15 minutes to about six hours or more depending on the solubility of the reactants. Typically the dehydroiodination reaction is rapid and requires about 30 minutes to about three hours for completion.
  • the compound of Formula (I) may be recovered from the dehydroiodination reaction mixture by phase separation after addition of water, by distillation, or by a combination thereof.
  • the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins comprising cyclic fluoroolefins (cyclo-[CX ⁇ CY(CZW) n —] (Formula (II)), wherein X, Y, Z, and W are independently selected from H and F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5).
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula (II) have at least about 3 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula (II) have at least about 4 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula (II) have at least about 5 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula (II) have at least about 6 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • Representative cyclic fluoroolefins of Formula (II) are listed in Table 2.
  • the working fluid of the present invention may comprise a single compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II), for example, one of the compounds in Table 1 or Table 2, or may comprise a combination of compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II).
  • the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins comprising those compounds listed in Table 3.
  • 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane (CHF 2 CH 2 CHFCF 3 ) by dehydrofluorination over solid KOH in the vapor phase at room temperature.
  • the synthesis of 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,768.
  • 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60° C.
  • 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoromethyl iodide (CF 3 I) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (CF 3 CH ⁇ CH 2 ) at about 200° C. under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
  • CF 3 I perfluoromethyl iodide
  • CF 3 CH ⁇ CH 2 3,3,3-trifluoropropene
  • 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane (CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) using solid KOH or over a carbon catalyst at 200-300° C.
  • 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane may be prepared by hydrogenation of 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ).
  • 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,3,3,4-heptafluorobutane (CH 2 FCF 2 CHFCF 3 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CHF 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CHF 2 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluorobutane (CH 2 FCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4-hexafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 F) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by reacting 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 3 ) with aqueous KOH at 120° C.
  • 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared from (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60° C.
  • the synthesis of 4-iodo-1,1,1,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoropentane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF 3 CF 2 I) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene at about 200° C. under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
  • 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene may be prepared from 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane (CF 3 CF 2 CHICH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60° C.
  • the synthesis of 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF 3 CF 2 I) and 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF 3 CF 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ) at about 200° C. under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
  • 1,1,1,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene may be prepared by the dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-iodo-2-(trifluoromethyl)-pentane (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 ) with KOH in isopropanol.
  • CF 3 CHICH 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 is made from reaction of (CF 3 ) 2 CFI with CF 3 CH ⁇ CH 2 at high temperature, such as about 200° C.
  • 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene may be prepared by the reaction of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF 3 CH ⁇ CHCF 3 ) with tetrafluoroethylene (CF 2 ⁇ CF 2 ) and antimony pentafluoride (SbF 5 ).
  • 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluorobutane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
  • 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-ocatafluoro-1-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over solid KOH.
  • 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
  • the working fluid may be any of the single fluoroolefins of Formula (I), Formula (II), Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3, or may be any combination of the different fluoroolefins from Formula (I), Formula (II), Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.
  • the working fluid may be any combination of a single fluoroolefin or multiple fluoroolefins selected from Formula (I), Formula (II), Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 with at least one additional refrigerant selected from hydrofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, CF 3 I, ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing compounds.
  • a single fluoroolefin or multiple fluoroolefins selected from Formula (I), Formula (II), Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 with at least one additional refrigerant selected from hydrofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, CF 3 I, ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing compounds.
  • Hydrofluorocarbon working fluids may additionally include compounds having any combination of hydrogen and fluorine with carbon and include compounds with carbon-carbon double.
  • hydrofluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to trifluoromethane (HFC-23), difluoromethane (HFC-32), fluoromethane (HFC-41), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (
  • the hydrofluorocarbon working fluids are selected from the group consisting of difluoromethane (HFC-32), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze), and mixtures thereof.
  • HFC-32 difluoromethane
  • HFC-125 pentafluoroethane
  • HFC-134a 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
  • HFC-143a 1,1,1-trifluoroethane
  • HFC-143a 1,1-difluoroethane
  • HFC-152a 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene
  • Chlorofluorocarbon working fluids may include compounds having any combination of chlorine and fluorine with carbon and include compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds with normal boiling points below 0° C.
  • Representative chlorofluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11), 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113), 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114) and mixtures thereof.
  • Hydrochlorofluorocarbon working fluids may include compounds with any combination of hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine with carbon and include compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds with normal boiling points below 0° C.
  • Representative hydrochlorofluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf, CF 3 CCl ⁇ CH 2 ), cis- or trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd, CF 3 CH ⁇ CHCl), and mixtures thereof.
  • Fluorocarbon working fluids may include compounds with any combination of fluorine and carbon and include compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds, as well as cyclic compounds.
  • fluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to perfluoromethane (FC-14), perfluoroethane (FC-116), perfluoropropane (FC-218, perfluorocyclobutane (FC-C318), octafluoro-2-butene (FO-1318my), and mixtures thereof.
  • Non-fluorinated hydrocarbon working fluids useful for the invention may include but are not limited to methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, butane, isobutane, cyclobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, and mixtures thereof.
  • a working fluid as used herein may also be selected from the group consisting water, and mixtures of water with other water soluble compounds, such as alcohols, including methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and butanols, and mixtures thereof.
  • the other compounds may also include HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-161, HCFC-22, FC-14, FC-116, CFC-12, NH 3 , CO 2 , N 2 , O 2 , H 2 , Ar, methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, butane, butene, and isobutane.
  • Mixtures of working fluids are also useful for achieving proper boiling temperature or pressure appropriate for absorption equipment.
  • mixtures that form azeotropes, azeotrope-like mixtures, or constant boiling mixtures are sometimes preferred because minimal to no fractionation of the mixture will occur if the working fluid leaks from the absorption cooling system.
  • hydrofluorocarbon working fluids may comprise mixtures or blends of hydrofluorocarbons with other compounds such as hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrocarbons or other compounds.
  • working fluid blends include the following compositions:
  • working fluids that are mixtures may be azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions such as the following:
  • the absorbent used is an ionic compound, which can in principle be any ionic liquid that absorbs the selected working fluid (e.g. ammonia or CO 2 , HFO-1336mzz or HFO-1234yf or HCFO-1233zd or HCFO-1233xf or mixtures thereof).
  • a suitable ionic liquid that absorbs working fluid is an ionic liquid with which at least to some extent working fluid is miscible.
  • the energy efficiency of the absorption power cycle will, generally, increase with increased absorptivity of the ionic liquid for the working fluid (i.e., the working fluid has high miscibility therewith or the working fluid is soluble therein to a large extent).
  • ionic liquids are formed by reacting a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, preferably a heteroaromatic ring, with an alkylating agent (for example, an alkyl halide) to form a quaternary ammonium salt, and performing ion exchange or other suitable reactions with various Lewis acids or their conjugate bases to form the ionic compound.
  • alkylating agent for example, an alkyl halide
  • suitable heteroaromatic rings include substituted pyridines, imidazole, substituted imidazole, pyrrole and substituted pyrroles. These rings can be alkylated with virtually any straight, branched or cyclic C 1-20 alkyl group, but preferably, the alkyl groups are C 1-16 groups.
  • Counterions that may be used include chloroaluminate, bromoaluminate, gallium chloride, tetrafluoroborate, tetrachloroborate, hexafluorophosphate, nitrate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, methylsulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluoroarsenate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrabromoaluminate, perchlorate, hydroxide anion, copper dichloride anion, iron trichloride anion, zinc trichloride anion, as well as various lanthanum, potassium, lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and other metal-containing anions.
  • Ionic liquids may also be synthesized by salt metathesis, by an acid-base neutralization reaction or by quaternizing a selected nitrogen-containing compound; or they may be obtained commercially from several companies such as Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) or BASF (Mount Olive, N.J.).
  • ionic liquids useful herein are included among those that are described in sources such as J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 68:351-356 (1997); Chem. Ind., 68:249-263 (1996); J. Phys. Condensed Matter, 5: (supp 34B):B99-B106 (1993); Chemical and Engineering News , Mar. 30, 1998, 32-37 ; J. Mater. Chem., 8:2627-2636 (1998); Chem. Rev., 99:2071-2084 (1999); and WO 05/113,702 (and references therein cited).
  • a library i.e.
  • a combinatorial library of ionic compounds may be prepared, for example, by preparing various alkyl derivatives of a quaternary ammonium cation, and varying the associated anions.
  • the acidity of the ionic compounds can be adjusted by varying the molar equivalents and type and combinations of Lewis acids.
  • Ionic liquids that are suitable for use as absorbents include those having cations selected from the following, and mixtures thereof: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Cesium, and the following Formulae:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6, R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 can together form a cyclic or bicyclic alkanyl or alkenyl group.
  • Ionic liquids suitable for use as absorbents include those having anions selected from the following, and mixtures thereof: [CH 3 CO 2 ] ⁇ , [HSO 4 ], [CH 3 OSO 3 ] ⁇ , [C 2 H 5 OSO 3 ] ⁇ , [AlCl 4 ] ⁇ , [CO 3 ] 2 ⁇ , [HCO 3 ] ⁇ , [NO 2 ] ⁇ , [NO 3 ] ⁇ , [SO 4 ] 2 ⁇ , [PO 3 ] 3 ⁇ , [HPO 3 ] 2 ⁇ , [H 2 PO 3 ] 1 ⁇ , [PO 4 ] 3 ⁇ , [HPO 4 ] 2 ⁇ , [H 2 PO 4 ] ⁇ , [HSO 3 ] ⁇ , [CuCl 2 ] ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ , I ⁇ , SCN ⁇ ; BR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 , BOR 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 , carborates
  • Fluorinated anions useful herein include [BF 4 ] ⁇ , [PF 6 ] ⁇ , [SbF 6 ] ⁇ , [CF 3 SO 3 ] ⁇ , [HCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ] ⁇ , [CF 3 HFCCF 2 SO 3 ] ⁇ , [HCCIFCF 2 SO 3 ], [(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N], [(CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 N] ⁇ , [(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C] ⁇ , [CF 3 CO 2 ] ⁇ , [CF 3 OCFHCF 2 SO 3 ] ⁇ , [CF 3 CF 2 OCFHCF 2 SO 3 ] ⁇ , [CF 3 CFHOCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ] ⁇ , [CF 2 HCF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ] ⁇ , [CF 2 ICF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ], [CF 3 CF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ], [(CF
  • ionic liquids suitable for use herein may have a cation selected from the group consisting of pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium, triazolium, phosphonium, ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, cesium, choline, dimethylimidazolium, guanidinium, lithium, phosphonium choline (hydroxyethyl trimethylphosphonium), potassium, sodium, tetramethylammonium, tetramethylphosphonium, and anions selected from the group consisting of, aminoacetate (glycine), ascorbate, benzoate, catecholate, citrate, dimethylphosphate, formate, fumarate, gallate, glycolate, glyoxylate, iminodiacetate, isobutyrate, kojate (5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-4-pyrone i
  • the working fluid will preferably be miscible with or soluble in an ionic liquid as used herein over the temperature range of the operation of the absorption system, particularly from that of the absorber to that of the generator.
  • concentration of either working fluid or an ionic liquid in a composition formed therefrom may be in the range of from about 1% to about 99% by weight of the combined weight of the ionic liquid and working fluid therein.
  • an ionic liquid formed by selecting any of the individual cations described or disclosed herein, and by selecting any of the individual anions described or disclosed herein with which to pair the cation may be used as an absorbent in an absorption power cycle.
  • a subgroup of ionic liquids formed by selecting (i) a subgroup of any size of cations, taken from the total group of cations described and disclosed herein in all the various different combinations of the individual members of that total group, and (ii) a subgroup of any size of anions, taken from the total group of anions described and disclosed herein in all the various different combinations of the individual members of that total group, may be used as an absorbent.
  • the ionic liquid or subgroup will be used in the absence of the members of the group of cations and/or anions that are omitted from the total group thereof to make the selection, and, if desirable, the selection may thus be made in terms of the members of the total group that are omitted from use rather than the members of the group that are included for use.
  • An absorbent as used in an absorption power cycle is desirably a compound that has high solubility for a working fluid (e.g., ammonia) and also a very high boiling point relative to the working fluid.
  • a working fluid e.g., ammonia
  • the absorbent used in the present invention could (but does not have to) contain or consist essentially of an ionic liquid, that is, it could contain or consist essentially of a non-ionic compound.
  • Suitable non-ionic compound absorbents include, but are not limited to ethers, esters, amides and ketones.
  • Mixtures of ionic liquids or non-ionic compounds or mixtures of non-ionic compounds and ionic liquids may also be used herein as the absorbent, and such mixtures may be desirable, for example, for achieving proper absorption behavior.
  • Additives such as lubricants, crystallization inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, dyes, and other appropriate materials may be added to the working fluid/absorbent pair compositions useful for the invention for a variety of purposes provided they do not have an undesirable influence on the extent to which the working fluid is soluble in an ionic liquid absorbent.
  • the working fluid/absorbent pair compositions of the invention may be prepared by any convenient method, including mixing or combining the desired amounts of each component in an appropriate container using, for example, known types of stirrers having rotating mixing elements.
  • Crystallization inhibitors include those compounds as described in co-pending PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US09/63599, filed Nov. 6, 2009, and co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 61/165,089, 61/165,093, 61/165,147, 61/165,155, 61/165,160, 61/165,161, 61/165,166, and 61/165,173, all of which were filed on Mar. 31, 2009.

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WO2010080467A2 (en) 2010-07-15

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