EP2359076A2 - Absorption power cycle system - Google Patents
Absorption power cycle systemInfo
- Publication number
- EP2359076A2 EP2359076A2 EP09775491A EP09775491A EP2359076A2 EP 2359076 A2 EP2359076 A2 EP 2359076A2 EP 09775491 A EP09775491 A EP 09775491A EP 09775491 A EP09775491 A EP 09775491A EP 2359076 A2 EP2359076 A2 EP 2359076A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- butene
- ene
- trifluoromethyl
- chf
- working fluid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 156
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- -1 Pyrimidinium Pyrazinium Pyrazolium Thiazolium Triazolium Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane Chemical compound FCF RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- OQISUJXQFPPARX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(Cl)=C OQISUJXQFPPARX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical class OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- SNVLJLYUUXKWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidenecarbene Chemical compound C=[C] SNVLJLYUUXKWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene Chemical compound FC(=C)C(F)(F)F FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- GVNVAWHJIKLAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexan-1-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1C1=CCCCC1 GVNVAWHJIKLAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 101150065749 Churc1 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 8
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 102100038239 Protein Churchill Human genes 0.000 claims description 8
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)F UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)F NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000219 ethylidene group Chemical group [H]C(=[*])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 7
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)F GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C\C(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LDTMPQQAWUMPKS-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)\C=C\Cl LDTMPQQAWUMPKS-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IZHPSCJEIFFRLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=C IZHPSCJEIFFRLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- JNCMHMUGTWEVOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N F[CH]F Chemical compound F[CH]F JNCMHMUGTWEVOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- WZLFPVPRZGTCKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)CC(F)(F)F WZLFPVPRZGTCKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)F WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)Cl VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethane Chemical compound CCF UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000006340 pentafluoro ethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 claims description 5
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RIQRGMUSBYGDBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F RIQRGMUSBYGDBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NSGXIBWMJZWTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CC(F)(F)F NSGXIBWMJZWTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAERDLQYXMEHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)=CC(F)(F)F QAERDLQYXMEHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZUAQTIHDWIHCSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC=C(F)C(F)F ZUAQTIHDWIHCSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OHMHBGPWCHTMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(Cl)Cl OHMHBGPWCHTMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C=C FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- QYSGYZVSCZSLHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F QYSGYZVSCZSLHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)CC(F)(F)F MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)(Cl)Cl CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VKKBJZFVPNUYQL-OWOJBTEDSA-N (E)-1,1,1,4,4-pentafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)\C=C\C(F)(F)F VKKBJZFVPNUYQL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IMFRQXJTPNCKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluorohept-3-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)=CC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F IMFRQXJTPNCKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YFMFNYKEUDLDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)C(F)(F)F YFMFNYKEUDLDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JSADPKAWAKXUTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FCC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F JSADPKAWAKXUTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LTVIWHSKXRWJJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C=C(F)C(F)(F)F LTVIWHSKXRWJJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JZSOMBFGZXZIJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FCC=C(F)C(F)(F)F JZSOMBFGZXZIJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JVLWJKWBKARHRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)=CC(F)(F)F JVLWJKWBKARHRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YCBCLGNNEUTCEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FCC(F)=CC(F)(F)F YCBCLGNNEUTCEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VSPVOSOCAZPIJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3-tetrafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound CC(F)=CC(F)(F)F VSPVOSOCAZPIJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OUXZWOASPZPWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropent-1-ene Chemical compound FC=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)F OUXZWOASPZPWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DDMOUSALMHHKOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)C(F)(F)Cl DDMOUSALMHHKOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004206 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C(F)(F)F 0.000 claims description 3
- WMNDUXWIOZPSJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)C(F)=C WMNDUXWIOZPSJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NIPWFPYJCVZBSC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)phosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[P+](C)(C)CCO NIPWFPYJCVZBSC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- LQAPOTKKMIZDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoropent-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=C LQAPOTKKMIZDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YCJCPOBHORUPPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoropent-2-ene Chemical compound CC=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F YCJCPOBHORUPPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LVZWSLJZHVFIQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopropane Chemical compound C1CC1 LVZWSLJZHVFIQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011874 heated mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KFUSEUYYWQURPO-OWOJBTEDSA-N trans-1,2-dichloroethene Chemical group Cl\C=C\Cl KFUSEUYYWQURPO-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WSJULBMCKQTTIG-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(/F)=C(\F)C(F)(F)F WSJULBMCKQTTIG-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CVMVAHSMKGITAV-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoropent-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)\C=C\C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F CVMVAHSMKGITAV-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FFTOUVYEKNGDCM-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C\C(F)F FFTOUVYEKNGDCM-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HVOUHYGSLBPLGT-NSCUHMNNSA-N (e)-4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluorohex-2-ene Chemical compound C\C=C\C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F HVOUHYGSLBPLGT-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YIFLMZOLKQBEBO-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(/F)=C/C(F)(F)F YIFLMZOLKQBEBO-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DAFSRGHZDWBZKC-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropent-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(/F)=C/C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F DAFSRGHZDWBZKC-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MZPZBRBIEBBNIA-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropent-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)\C=C(/F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MZPZBRBIEBBNIA-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DDKFHEFCVPCJKU-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-1,1,2,4,4-pentafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)\C=C(/F)C(F)F DDKFHEFCVPCJKU-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LDTMPQQAWUMPKS-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)\C=C/Cl LDTMPQQAWUMPKS-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MQQLAYMCXDAYFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoroheptane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MQQLAYMCXDAYFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RFYFRYQYXJPKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluorohex-3-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F RFYFRYQYXJPKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UAEWLONMSWUOCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluorohept-3-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F UAEWLONMSWUOCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QAQXDIFHMWHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluorohex-3-ene Chemical compound CCC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F QAQXDIFHMWHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LGOQFJQJNHYWHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluorohex-3-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=CC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F LGOQFJQJNHYWHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WSJULBMCKQTTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F WSJULBMCKQTTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- IWVSKNFJIVKXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazine;pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1.C1=CN=CC=N1 IWVSKNFJIVKXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDEZROSHPJRREZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine;pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1.C1=CC=NN=C1 LDEZROSHPJRREZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960001860 salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- ODZPKZBBUMBTMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium amide Chemical compound [NH2-].[Na+] ODZPKZBBUMBTMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium ethoxide Chemical compound [Na+].CC[O-] QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;oxocalcium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+].[Ca]=O HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- JDVPQXZIJDEHAN-UHFFFAOYSA-M succinamate Chemical compound NC(=O)CCC([O-])=O JDVPQXZIJDEHAN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXYHVFRRNNWPMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylphosphanium Chemical compound C[P+](C)(C)C BXYHVFRRNNWPMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WAGFXJQAIZNSEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraphenylphosphonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC=CC=C1[P+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 WAGFXJQAIZNSEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UIERETOOQGIECD-ONEGZZNKSA-N tiglic acid Chemical compound C\C=C(/C)C(O)=O UIERETOOQGIECD-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ADZJWYULTMTLQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tritylphosphane;hydrobromide Chemical compound [Br-].C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)([PH3+])C1=CC=CC=C1 ADZJWYULTMTLQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B15/00—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/047—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for absorption-type refrigeration systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
- F01K21/005—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of liquid and steam or evaporation of a liquid by expansion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
- F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
- F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
- F01K23/064—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle in combination with an industrial process, e.g. chemical, metallurgical
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
- F01K25/065—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
- F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/14—Power generation using energy from the expansion of the refrigerant
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/27—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems
- Y02B30/625—Absorption based systems combined with heat or power generation [CHP], e.g. trigeneration
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to an absorption power cycle system which uses the working fluid from an absorption circuit to produce mechanical work. Such a system is useful in a wide range of absorption cycle applications.
- Absorption cycle systems are known in the fields of refrigeration, air conditioning and power generation.
- a working fluid is absorbed into an absorbent mixture and then is released out of the absorbent mixture.
- the absorber is part of an absorption circuit, which includes a liquid pump, a heat exchanger, an expansion or pressure reduction device and a generator, where the working fluid is released from the absorbent mixture before it enters a condenser and an evaporator to generate cooling or a turbine to generate mechanical power.
- the absorption circuit generates high pressure vapor through the use of, primarily, heat supplied to the generator and minimal mechanical power supplied to the liquid pump.
- the power generated by the turbine of an absorption cycle can be used to drive various types of equipment including equipment for the generation of electrical power.
- the working fluid used could be or could contain hydrofluoroolefins or hydrochlorofluoroolefins with negligible ozone depletion potentials and low global warming potentials.
- the absorbent used in the absorption circuit could be or could contain an ionic compound including ionic liquids with melting points below 100 0 C or even below ambient temperatures.
- an absorption power cycle system comprising an absorber for absorbing a working fluid into an absorbent, thereby forming an absorbent and working fluid mixture; a first heat exchanger disposed in fluid communication with the absorber for receiving and pre-heating the absorbent and working fluid mixture from the absorber, a liquid pump for pumping the absorbent and working fluid mixture from the absorber to the first heat exchanger; a generator disposed in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger for receiving the pre-heated mixture from the first heat exchanger and transferring additional heat into the pre-heated mixture, thereby releasing high pressure vapor of the working fluid; and a device for producing mechanical work from the high pressure working fluid disposed in fluid communication with the generator; wherein the absorbent comprises an ionic liquid.
- FIG.1 is a schematic diagram of an absorption power cycle system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG.2 is a schematic diagram of an absorption power cycle system that includes simultaneous cooling according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG.3 is a schematic diagram of an absorption power cycle system that simultaneously provides cooling according to another embodiment of the present invention. It differs from the embodiment in FIG.2 in that it does not involve condensation and evaporation of the working fluid.
- FIG. 1 A schematic diagram of an absorption system according to the present invention is shown generally at 10 in FIG. 1.
- the system includes an absorber circuit shown at 20-1 in FIG. 1 for mixing a working fluid with an absorbent, thereby forming an absorbent and working fluid mixture, and for circulating the absorbent and working fluid mixture therethrough.
- the system also includes a first heat exchanger 20-3 disposed in fluid communication with the absorber circuit, a generator 20-4 disposed in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger, and a device 10-2 for producing mechanical work disposed in fluid communication with the generator.
- the absorber 20-1 has an inlet for delivering the working fluid vapor, where it is combined with a mixture of working fluid and an absorbent with a low working fluid-content delivered via line 25 to form an absorbent/working fluid mixture with a high working fluid-content.
- the absorbent may be or may contain an ionic compound.
- the absorption of the working fluid into the absorbent also, in general, generates heat (heat of absorption). Cooling water moves through the tube bundles (not shown) of the absorber to remove this heat of absorption from the system.
- the high working fluid-content mixture collects at the bottom of the absorber, so that the absorption cycle can begin again.
- the high working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture exits from the absorber through an outlet line 21 and is sent to the liquid pump, 20-2, which pumps the mixture to the first heat exchanger 20-3.
- the first heat exchanger pre-heats the mixture before it enters the generator.
- the first heat exchanger may be, as an example, a shell and tube type heat exchanger, or a plate and frame type heat exchanger. After exiting the first heat exchanger, the mixture flows into the generator through a line 22.
- the generator is supplied with heat from any suitable external source. If desired, a second, higher temperature generator may be used to improve process efficiency.
- within the generator is a bundle of tubes (not shown) which carry hot water or other heat transfer fluid, steam, or combustion gases, which are supplied to the generator via a line 23.
- the hot water or other heat transfer fluid, steam or combustion gases transfer heat into the high working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture.
- the heat causes the said mixture to release working fluid vapor, which exits from the generator through a line 26 leaving a low working fluid-content mixture behind.
- the working fluid exiting the generator is now a higher pressure vapor. In some instances, there is only trace working fluid left in the liquid mixture exiting the generator via a line 24.
- some non-negligible amount of working fluid remains in the absorbent/working fluid mixture exiting the generator, said amount ranging from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent.
- the amount of working fluid in the mixture exiting the generator via line 24 is lower than in the mixture that exited the absorber via line 21.
- the exact amount of working fluid remaining in the mixture exiting the generator will depend on many factors including the solubility of the working fluid in the absorbent.
- the low working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture flows via line 24 back to the first heat exchanger where it is cooled by the high working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture which has been pumped out of the absorber.
- the low working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture flows from the first heat exchanger through an expansion or pressure reduction device 20-5 to the absorber via a line 25 and collects in the bottom of the absorber where it started the absorption circuit cycle, and the cycle through the absorber, pump, first heat exchanger and generator repeats.
- the working fluid which is a high pressure vapor, exits the generator 20-4 via line 26.
- the high pressure working fluid vapor flows to a device for producing mechanical work, such as a turbine 10-2 as shown in FIG. 1.
- the high pressure working fluid is used to drive a shaft or otherwise produce mechanical work.
- the working fluid exits from the turbine as a low pressure vapor, and enters the absorber, and the overall working fluid cycle repeats.
- the present invention allows for various configurations for optimizing energy management, in general, thereby increasing cycle energy efficiency, and heat recovery, in particular, from the high-temperature, high-pressure working fluid which can be used in a device for producing mechanical work. While a turbine is shown in FIG. 1 , FIG. 2, and FIG. 3 and described above (and in the description of other embodiments below), it is understood that various configurations of the device for producing mechanical work are within the scope of the present invention.
- the absorption cycle of the present invention may be used to produce both mechanical work and heating or cooling.
- a schematic diagram of an absorption power system including simultaneous cooling according to another embodiment of the present invention is shown generally at 30 in FIG. 2.
- the system includes a condenser 10-3, an expansion device (shown as an expansion valve 10-4 in FIG 2, but may be a capillary tube or other as generally known in the art) and an evaporator 10-5, in that order, between the turbine 10-2 and the absorber 20-1.
- the high pressure vapor working fluid from the generator 20-4 first flows to the turbine 10-2 through line 26, thus generating power.
- the vapor working fluid flows to the condenser 10-3, wherein cooling water (contained in, for instance, a coil of tubing (not shown) located within the condenser) causes the vapor working fluid to form liquid working fluid.
- the liquid working fluid flows from the condenser to an expansion valve 10-4 through line 16, where some vaporization would take place and the combined vapor and liquid working fluid then flows through line 14 to the evaporator 10-5, where it becomes fully vaporized working fluid, thereby producing cooling, so that no liquid remains.
- the vapor working fluid from the evaporator moves through line 13 to the absorber and the cycle then repeats as in the first embodiment described above herein.
- the hot water or other heat transfer fluid, steam, or combustion gases supplied to the generator in order to release working fluid vapor from the absorbent/working fluid mixture may be supplied by any number of sources, including water heated with waste heat from a combustion engine (combustion gases), water heated with geothermal heat and solar heated water, among others. Additionally, some source of heat (for example, heat from a body to be cooled such as a building) is required to evaporate the working fluid in the evaporator of the alternative embodiment described for the absorption power cycle including simultaneous cooling.
- Cooling water is used in the absorber and in the condenser in the embodiments as described above. For sake of simplicity, the cooling water streams through the absorber and condenser are not shown. In one embodiment, the cooling water will flow into the absorber, where it warms due to the heat of absorption released upon the working fluid absorbing into the absorbent. From the absorber, the cooling water flows to a cooling tower, not shown, and is pumped back to the absorber.
- a process for producing mechanical work comprising forming an absorbent/working fluid mixture in an absorber, heating the absorbent/working fluid mixture to release working fluid vapor, and sending the working fluid vapor to a device for producing mechanical work, and reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture.
- reforming is meant re-diluting the concentrated absorbent/working fluid mixtures through the absorption of working fluid vapor to restore the ability of the mixture to transfer working fluid to the generator.
- said process for producing mechanical work further comprises (after producing mechanical work and before reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture) condensing said working fluid in a condenser; partially vaporizing said working fluid in an expansion device; and fully vaporizing said working fluid in an evaporator thereby producing cooling.
- the cycle of FIG. 2 can be used for simultaneous generation of mechanical power and heating.
- a heating cycle would function just as the cooling cycle of FIG 2 described above herein, with the heating step taking place in the condenser 10-3. Heating is provided by the heat released by the working fluid upon condensation in the condenser and absorption in the absorber.
- the evaporator extracts heat from sources external to the cycle (and not shown in FIG 2) such as ambient air, natural bodies of water including water in the bottom of a lake or pond or the relatively stable temperature ground below the earth's surface.
- the heating function of the cycle is thus similar to that of a heat pump.
- said process for producing mechanical work further comprises (after producing mechanical work and before reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture) condensing said working fluid in a condenser thereby producing heat; partially vaporizing said working fluid in an expansion device; and fully vaporizing said working fluid in an evaporator.
- simultaneous mechanical power and cooling are generated without a condenser.
- the working fluid is expanded through the turbine or other expander producing mechanical work and being cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature without condensation.
- the cold working fluid vapor passes through a second heat exchanger (shown as 10-6 in FIG. 3) absorbing heat from a stream to be cooled (such as a heat transfer fluid, including water, among others, not shown in FIG. 3).
- said process for producing mechanical work further comprises (after producing mechanical work and before reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture) absorbing heat from a stream to be cooled in a second heat exchanger, thus producing cooling of the stream to be cooled.
- the present invention provides working fluid/absorbent pair compositions for use in absorption power cycles with or without simultaneous generation of cooling or heating.
- water is used as a working fluid in this invention.
- the working fluid may be a hydrofluorocarbon, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a chlorofluorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), argon (Ar), hydrogen (H 2 ), a non- fluohnated hydrocarbon, or methanol, or mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing working fluids in this paragraph.
- non- fluohnated hydrocarbons are selected from the group consisting of Ci to C 7 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkanes and Ci to C 7 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkenes, is within the scope of this invention as well.
- Hydrofluorocarbon and fluorocarbon working fluids of the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of:
- these fluoroolefins are compounds, which comprise carbon atoms, fluorine atoms and optionally hydrogen or chlorine atoms, and at least one double bond.
- the fluoroolefins used in the compositions of the present invention comprise compounds with 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
- Representative fluoroolefins include but are not limited to all compounds as listed in Table 1 , Table 2, and Table 3.
- R 1 and R 2 groups include, but are not limited to, CF 3 , C 2 F 51 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 ) 2 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 )CF 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF(CFs) 2 , C(CF 3 ) 3 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF 2 CF(CFs) 2 , C(CFs) 2 C 2 F 5 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CFS, CF(CF 3 ) CF 2 CF 2 C 2 F 5 , and C(CFs) 2 CF 2 C 2 F 5 .
- the fluoroolefins of Formula (i) have at least 4 carbon atoms in the molecule.
- the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins of Formula (i) having at least 5 carbon atoms in the molecule.
- the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins of Formula (i) having at least 6 carbon atoms in the molecule.
- Exemplary, non-limiting Formula (i) compounds are presented in Table 1.
- a perfluoroalkyl iodide with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may take place in batch mode by combining the reactants in a suitable reaction vessel capable of operating under the autogenous pressure of the reactants and products at reaction temperature.
- suitable reaction vessels include fabricated from stainless steels, in particular of the austenitic type, and the well-known high nickel alloys such as Monel ® nickel-copper alloys, Hastelloy ® nickel based alloys and Inconel ® nickel-chromium alloys.
- reaction may be conducted in semi-batch mode in which the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin reactant is added to the perfluoroalkyl iodide reactant by means of a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
- a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
- the ratio of perfluoroalkyl iodide to perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin should be between about 1 :1 to about 4:1 , preferably from about 1.5:1 to 2.5:1. Ratios less than 1.5:1 tend to result in large amounts of the 2:1 adduct as reported by Jeanneaux, et. al. in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 4, pages 261-270 (1974).
- Preferred temperatures for contacting of said perfluoroalkyl iodide with said perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are preferably within the range of about 15O 0 C to 300 0 C, preferably from about 17O 0 C to about 25O 0 C, and most preferably from about 18O 0 C to about 23O 0 C.
- Suitable contact times for the reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are from about 0.5 hour to 18 hours, preferably from about 4 to about 12 hours.
- the thhydroiodoperfluoroalkane prepared by reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may be used directly in the dehydroiodination step or may preferably be recovered and purified by distillation prior to the dehydroiodination step.
- the dehydroiodination step is carried out by contacting the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance.
- Suitable basic substances include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), alkali metal oxide (for example, sodium oxide), alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g., calcium hydroxide), alkaline earth metal oxides (e.g., calcium oxide), alkali metal alkoxides (e.g., sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide), aqueous ammonia, sodium amide, or mixtures of basic substances such as soda lime.
- Preferred basic substances are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
- Solvents suitable for the dehydroiodination step include one or more polar organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and tertiary butanol), nithles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronithle, benzonitrile, or adiponitrile), dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or sulfolane.
- solvent may depend on the boiling point product and the ease of separation of traces of the solvent from the product during purification.
- ethanol or isopropylene glycol e.g., ethanol or isopropanol
- isopropanol e.g., isopropanol
- isobutanol e.g., isobutan
- the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out by addition of one of the reactants (either the basic substance or the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane) to the other reactant in a suitable reaction vessel.
- Said reaction may be fabricated from glass, ceramic, or metal and is preferably agitated with an impeller or stirring mechanism.
- Temperatures suitable for the dehydroiodination reaction are from about 1 O 0 C to about 100 0 C, preferably from about 2O 0 C to about 7O 0 C.
- the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out at ambient pressure or at reduced or elevated pressure.
- dehydroiodination reactions in which the compound of Formula (i) is distilled out of the reaction vessel as it is formed.
- the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted by contacting an aqueous solution of said basic substance with a solution of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane in one or more organic solvents of lower polarity such as an alkane (e.g., hexane, heptane, or octane), aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., toluene), halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or perchloroethylene), or ether (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, or tetraglyme) in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.
- an alkane e.g., hexane, heptane, or oc
- Suitable phase transfer catalysts include quaternary ammonium halides (e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, thethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride), quaternary phosphonium halides (e.g., triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride), or cyclic polyether compounds known in the art as crown ethers (e.g., 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5).
- quaternary ammonium halides e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, thethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylammonium
- the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted in the absence of solvent by adding the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane to a solid or liquid basic substance.
- Suitable reaction times for the dehydroiodination reactions are from about 15 minutes to about six hours or more depending on the solubility of the reactants. Typically the dehydroiodination reaction is rapid and requires about 30 minutes to about three hours for completion.
- the compound of Formula (i) may be recovered from the dehydroiodination reaction mixture by phase separation after addition of water, by distillation, or by a combination thereof.
- the fluoroolefins of Formula (ii) have at least about 3 carbon atoms in the molecule.
- the fluoroolefins of Formula (ii) have at least about 4 carbon atoms in the molecule.
- the fluoroolefins of Formula (ii) have at least about 5 carbon atoms in the molecule.
- the fluoroolefins of Formula (ii) have at least about 6 carbon atoms in the molecule.
- Representative cyclic fluoroolefins of Formula (ii) are listed in Table 2.
- the working fluid of the present invention may comprise a single compound of Formula (i) or Formula (ii), for example, one of the compounds in Table 1 or Table 2, or may comprise a combination of compounds of Formula (i) or Formula (ii).
- the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins comprising those compounds listed in Table 3. TABLE 3
- 1,1,1 ,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1 ,2,4,4- hexafluorobutane (CHF 2 CH 2 CHFCF 3 ) by dehydrofluorination over solid KOH in the vapor phase at room temperature.
- the synthesis of 1,1,1 ,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane is described in US 6,066,768.
- 1,1,1 ,4,4,4- hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- iodobutane (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 6O 0 C.
- CF 3 I perfluoromethyl iodide
- 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1, 2,3,3,4-heptafluorobutane (CH 2 FCF 2 CHFCF 3 ) using solid KOH.
- 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1, 2,2,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CHF 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) using solid KOH.
- 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1, 3,3,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CHF 2 ) using solid KOH.
- 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,1 , 2,2,3-hexafluorobutane (CH 2 FCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) using solid KOH.
- 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,1 , 3,3,4-hexafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 F) using solid KOH.
- 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by reacting 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3- pentafluorobutane ( CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 3 ) with aqueous KOH at 12O 0 C.
- 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared from (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 6O 0 C.
- the synthesis of 4-iodo-1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoropentane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF 3 CF 2 I) and 3,3,3-thfluoropropene at about 200 0 C under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
- 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene may be prepared from 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane (CF 3 CF 2 CHICH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 6O 0 C.
- perfluoroethyliodide CF 3 CF 2 I
- CF 3 CF 2 CH CH 2
- 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene may be prepared by the dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,1 , 2,5,5, 5-heptafluoro-4-iodo-2- (thfluoromethyl)-pentane (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 ) with KOH in isopropanol.
- 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3-hexafluorobutane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
- 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-ocatafluoro-1 -pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over solid KOH.
- 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1 -pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
- the working fluid may be any of the single fluoroolefins of Formula (i), Formula (ii), Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3, or may be any combination of the different fluoroolefins from Formula (i), Formula (ii), Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3.
- the working fluid may be any combination of a single fluoroolefin or multiple fluoroolefins selected from Formula (i), Formula (ii), Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3 with at least one additional refrigerant selected from hydrofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, CF 3 I, ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing compounds.
- a single fluoroolefin or multiple fluoroolefins selected from Formula (i), Formula (ii), Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3 with at least one additional refrigerant selected from hydrofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, CF 3 I, ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing compounds.
- Hydrofluorocarbon working fluids may additionally include compounds having any combination of hydrogen and fluorine with carbon and include compounds with carbon-carbon double.
- hydrofluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to trifluoromethane (HFC-23), difluoromethane (HFC-32), fluoromethane (HFC-41 ), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1 ,1 ,2,2- tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1 ,1 ,1- trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1 ,1 -difluoroethane (HFC-152a), fluoroethane (HFC-161 ), 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3,3- hex
- the hydrofluorocarbon working fluids are selected from the group consisting of difluoromethane (HFC-32), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1 ,1 ,1 ,2- tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1 ,1 ,1 -trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1 ,1 - difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze), and mixtures thereof.
- HFC-32 difluoromethane
- HFC-125 pentafluoroethane
- HFC-134a 1 ,1 ,1 ,2- tetrafluoroethane
- HFC-143a 1 ,1 -trifluoroethane
- HFC-152a 2,3,3,3-tetraflu
- Chlorofluorocarbon working fluids may include compounds having any combination of chlorine and fluorine with carbon and include compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds with normal boiling points below O 0 C.
- Representative chlorofluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11 ), 1 ,1 ,2-trichloro-1 ,2,2- trifluoroethane (CFC-113), 1 ,2-dichloro-1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC- 114) and mixtures thereof.
- Hydrochlorofluorocarbon working fluids may include compounds with any combination of hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine with carbon and include compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds with normal boiling points below O 0 C.
- Fluorocarbon working fluids may include compounds with any combination of fluorine and carbon and include compounds with carbon- carbon double bonds, as well as cyclic compounds.
- fluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to perfluoromethane (FC-14), perfluoroethane (FC-116), perfluoropropane (FC-218, perfluorocyclobutane (FC-C318), octafluoro-2- butene (FO-1318my), and mixtures thereof.
- Non-fluorinated hydrocarbon working fluids useful for the invention may include but are not limited to methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, butane, isobutane, cyclobutane, n- pentane, isopentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, and mixtures thereof.
- a working fluid as used herein may also be selected from the group consisting water, and mixtures of water with other water soluble compounds, such as alcohols, including methanol, ethanol, 1 -propanol, 2-propanol, and butanols, and mixtures thereof.
- the other compounds may also include HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-161 , HCFC-22, FC-14, FC-116, CFC-12, NH 3 , CO 2 , N 2 , O 2 , H 2 , Ar, methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, butane, butene, and isobutane.
- Mixtures of working fluids are also useful for achieving proper boiling temperature or pressure appropriate for absorption equipment.
- mixtures that form azeotropes, azeotrope-like mixtures, or constant boiling mixtures are sometimes preferred because minimal to no fractionation of the mixture will occur if the working fluid leaks from the absorption cooling system.
- hydrofluorocarbon working fluids may comprise mixtures or blends of hydrofluorocarbons with other compounds such as hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrocarbons or other compounds.
- working fluid blends include the following compositions:
- HFO-1447fzy with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of cis- or trans-HFO-1438mzz, cis- or trans-HFO1336mzz, HCFO-1233xf, and cis- or trans-HCFO-1233zd
- cis-HFO-1438mzz with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of trans-HFO-1438mzz, cis- or trans-HFO1336mzz, HCFO-1233xf, and cis- or trans-HCFO-1233zd
- trans-HFO-1438mzz with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of cis- or trans-HFO1336mzz, HCFO-1233xf, cis- or trans-HCFO-1233zd, and isopentane
- cis-HFO-1336mzz with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of trans-HFO-1336mzz, HCFO-1233xf, cis- or trans- HCFO-1233
- working fluids that are mixtures may be azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions such as the following: about 51 weight percent to about 70 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 49 weight percent to about 30 weight percent isopentane; about 62 weight percent to about 78 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 38 weight percent to about 22 weight percent n-pentane; about 75 weight percent to about 88 weight percent cis- HFO-1336mzz and about 25 weight percent to about 12 weight percent cyclopentane; about 25 weight percent to about 35 weight percent cis- HFO-1336mzz and about 75 weight percent to about 65 weight percent HCFC-123; about 67 weight percent to about 87 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 33 weight percent to about 13 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene; and about 61 weight percent to about 78 weight percent trans-HFO- 1438mzz and about 39 weight percent to about 22 weight percent
- the absorbent used is an ionic compound, which can in principle be any ionic liquid that absorbs the selected working fluid (e.g. ammonia or CO2, HFO-1336mzz or HFO-1234yf or HCFO-1233zd or HCFO-1233xf or mixtures thereof).
- a suitable ionic liquid that absorbs working fluid is an ionic liquid with which at least to some extent working fluid is miscible
- the energy efficiency of the absorption power cycle will, generally, increase with increased absorptivity of the ionic liquid for the working fluid (i.e., the working fluid has high miscibility therewith or the working fluid is soluble therein to a large extent).
- ionic liquids are formed by reacting a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, preferably a heteroaromatic ring, with an alkylating agent (for example, an alkyl halide) to form a quaternary ammonium salt, and performing ion exchange or other suitable reactions with various Lewis acids or their conjugate bases to form the ionic compound.
- alkylating agent for example, an alkyl halide
- suitable heteroaromatic rings include substituted pyridines, imidazole, substituted imidazole, pyrrole and substituted pyrroles. These rings can be alkylated with virtually any straight, branched or cyclic Ci -2 o alkyl group, but preferably, the alkyl groups are Ci-16 groups.
- Countehons that may be used include chloroaluminate, bromoaluminate, gallium chloride, tetrafluoroborate, tetrachloroborate, hexafluorophosphate, nitrate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, methylsulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluoroarsenate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrabromoaluminate, perchlorate, hydroxide anion, copper dichlohde anion, iron trichloride anion, zinc trichloride anion, as well as various lanthanum, potassium, lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and other metal-containing an
- Ionic liquids may also be synthesized by salt metathesis, by an acid- base neutralization reaction or by quaternizing a selected nitrogen- containing compound; or they may be obtained commercially from several companies such as Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) or BASF (Mount Olive, New Jersey).
- ionic liquids useful herein are included among those that are described in sources such as J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 68:351-356 (1997); Chem. Ind., 68:249-263 (1996); J. Phys. Condensed Matter, 5: (supp 34B):B99-B106 (1993); Chemical and Engineering News, Mar. 30, 1998, 32-37; J. Mater. Chem., 8:2627-2636 (1998); Chem. Rev., 99:2071 -2084 (1999); and WO 05/113,702 (and references therein cited).
- a library i.e.
- a combinatorial library of ionic compounds may be prepared, for example, by preparing various alkyl derivatives of a quaternary ammonium cation, and varying the associated anions.
- the acidity of the ionic compounds can be adjusted by varying the molar equivalents and type and combinations of Lewis acids.
- Ionic liquids that are suitable for use as absorbents include those having cations selected from the following, and mixtures thereof: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Cesium, and the following Formulae:
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 R 6 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
- R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 ' R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 can together form a cyclic or bicyclic alkanyl or alkenyl group.
- Ionic liquids suitable for use as absorbents include those having anions selected from the following, and mixtures thereof: [CH 3 CO 2 ] “ , [HSO 4 ]-, [CH 3 OSO 3 ]-, [C 2 H 5 OSO 3 ]-, [AICI 4 ]-, [CO 3 ] 2" , [HCO 3 ]-, [NO 2 ] " , [NO 3 ] " , [SO 4 ] 2" , [PO 3 ] 3" , [HPO 3 ] 2" , [H 2 PO 3 ] 1" , [PO 4 ] 3" , [HPO 4 ] 2" , [H 2 PO 4 ] " , [HSO 3 ] " , [CuCI 2 ] " , Cl “ , Br “ , I " , SCN “ ; BR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 , BOR 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 , carborates (1-carbadodecaborate(1-)), optionally substituted with
- Fluohnated anions useful herein include [BF 4 ] “ , [PF 6 ] “ , [SbF 6 ] “ , [CF 3 SO 3 ] “ , [HCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ]-, [CF 3 HFCCF 2 SO 3 ]-, [HCCIFCF 2 SO 3 ]-, [(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N]-, [(CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 N]-, [(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C]-, [CF 3 CO 2 ] " , [CF 3 OCFHCF 2 SO 3 ] " , [CF 3 CF 2 OCFHCF 2 SO 3 ] " , [CF 3 CFHOCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ] " , [CF 2 HCF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ] " , [CF 2 ICF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ] " , [CF 3 CF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 ] " , [(CF 2 HCF 2 SO 2 )
- R 11 is selected from the group consisting of:
- ionic liquids suitable for use herein may have a cation selected from the group consisting of pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyhmidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium, triazolium, phosphonium, ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, cesium, choline, dimethylimidazolium, guanidinium, lithium, phosphonium choline (hydroxyethyl trimethylphosphonium), potassium, sodium, tetramethylammonium, tetramethylphosphonium, and anions selected from the group consisting of, aminoacetate (glycine), ascorbate, benzoate, catecholate, citrate, dimethylphosphate, formate, fumarate, gallate, glycolate, glyoxylate, iminodiacetate, isobutyrate, kojate (5-hydroxy-2- hydroxymethyl-4-pyr
- the working fluid will preferably be miscible with or soluble in an ionic liquid as used herein over the temperature range of the operation of the absorption system, particularly from that of the absorber to that of the generator.
- concentration of either working fluid or an ionic liquid in a composition formed therefrom may be in the range of from about 1 % to about 99% by weight of the combined weight of the ionic liquid and working fluid therein.
- an ionic liquid formed by selecting any of the individual cations described or disclosed herein, and by selecting any of the individual anions described or disclosed herein with which to pair the cation may be used as an absorbent in an absorption power cycle.
- a subgroup of ionic liquids formed by selecting (i) a subgroup of any size of cations, taken from the total group of cations described and disclosed herein in all the various different combinations of the individual members of that total group, and (ii) a subgroup of any size of anions, taken from the total group of anions described and disclosed herein in all the various different combinations of the individual members of that total group, may be used as an absorbent.
- the ionic liquid or subgroup will be used in the absence of the members of the group of cations and/or anions that are omitted from the total group thereof to make the selection, and, if desirable, the selection may thus be made in terms of the members of the total group that are omitted from use rather than the members of the group that are included for use.
- An absorbent as used in an absorption power cycle is desirably a compound that has high solubility for a working fluid (e.g., ammonia) and also a very high boiling point relative to the working fluid.
- a working fluid e.g., ammonia
- the absorbent used in the present invention could (but does not have to) contain or consist essentially of an ionic liquid, that is, it could contain or consist essentially of a non-ionic compound.
- Suitable non-ionic compound absorbents include, but are not limited to ethers, esters, amides and ketones. Mixtures of ionic liquids or non-ionic compounds or mixtures of non- ionic compounds and ionic liquids may also be used herein as the absorbent, and such mixtures may be desirable, for example, for achieving proper absorption behavior.
- Additives such as lubricants, crystallization inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, dyes, and other appropriate materials may be added to the working fluid/absorbent pair compositions useful for the invention for a variety of purposes provided they do not have an undesirable influence on the extent to which the working fluid is soluble in an ionic liquid absorbent.
- the working fluid/absorbent pair compositions of the invention may be prepared by any convenient method, including mixing or combining the desired amounts of each component in an appropriate container using, for example, known types of stirrers having rotating mixing elements.
- Crystallization inhibitors include those compounds as described in co-pending PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US09/63599, filed November 6, 2009, and co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial Nos. 61/165,089, 61/165,093, 61/165,147, 61/165,155, 61/165,160, 61/165,161 , 61/165,166, and 61/165,173, all of which were filed on March 31 , 2009.
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Abstract
An absorption power cycle system (10) utilizes the working fluid from an absorption circuit to produce mechanical work (10-2). Such a system is useful in a wide range of absorption cycle applications. The absorbent comprises an ionic liquid.
Description
TITLE
ABSORPTION POWER CYCLE SYSTEM
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/139,180, filed December 19, 2008.
BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Disclosure.
The present disclosure relates to an absorption power cycle system which uses the working fluid from an absorption circuit to produce mechanical work. Such a system is useful in a wide range of absorption cycle applications.
2. Description of Related Art.
Absorption cycle systems are known in the fields of refrigeration, air conditioning and power generation. In a typical absorption cycle system, a working fluid is absorbed into an absorbent mixture and then is released out of the absorbent mixture. The absorber is part of an absorption circuit, which includes a liquid pump, a heat exchanger, an expansion or pressure reduction device and a generator, where the working fluid is released from the absorbent mixture before it enters a condenser and an evaporator to generate cooling or a turbine to generate mechanical power. The absorption circuit generates high pressure vapor through the use of, primarily, heat supplied to the generator and minimal mechanical power supplied to the liquid pump. The power generated by the turbine of an absorption cycle can be used to drive various types of equipment including equipment for the generation of electrical power.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an absorption cycle system which drives a device which produces mechanical work, such as a turbine or expander. The working fluid used could be or could contain
hydrofluoroolefins or hydrochlorofluoroolefins with negligible ozone depletion potentials and low global warming potentials. The absorbent used in the absorption circuit could be or could contain an ionic compound including ionic liquids with melting points below 1000C or even below ambient temperatures. One advantage of the use of ionic liquids as absorbents is their negligible volatility that allows almost pure working fluid to be released from the generator and supplied to the turbine without the need for any further rectification.
Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an absorption power cycle system comprising an absorber for absorbing a working fluid into an absorbent, thereby forming an absorbent and working fluid mixture; a first heat exchanger disposed in fluid communication with the absorber for receiving and pre-heating the absorbent and working fluid mixture from the absorber, a liquid pump for pumping the absorbent and working fluid mixture from the absorber to the first heat exchanger; a generator disposed in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger for receiving the pre-heated mixture from the first heat exchanger and transferring additional heat into the pre-heated mixture, thereby releasing high pressure vapor of the working fluid; and a device for producing mechanical work from the high pressure working fluid disposed in fluid communication with the generator; wherein the absorbent comprises an ionic liquid.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention may be better understood with reference to the following Figure, wherein:
FIG.1 is a schematic diagram of an absorption power cycle system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG.2 is a schematic diagram of an absorption power cycle system that includes simultaneous cooling according to another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG.3 is a schematic diagram of an absorption power cycle system that simultaneously provides cooling according to another embodiment of the present invention. It differs from the embodiment in FIG.2 in that it does not involve condensation and evaporation of the working fluid.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A schematic diagram of an absorption system according to the present invention is shown generally at 10 in FIG. 1. The system includes an absorber circuit shown at 20-1 in FIG. 1 for mixing a working fluid with an absorbent, thereby forming an absorbent and working fluid mixture, and for circulating the absorbent and working fluid mixture therethrough. The system also includes a first heat exchanger 20-3 disposed in fluid communication with the absorber circuit, a generator 20-4 disposed in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger, and a device 10-2 for producing mechanical work disposed in fluid communication with the generator.
The absorber 20-1 has an inlet for delivering the working fluid vapor, where it is combined with a mixture of working fluid and an absorbent with a low working fluid-content delivered via line 25 to form an absorbent/working fluid mixture with a high working fluid-content. The absorbent may be or may contain an ionic compound. The absorption of the working fluid into the absorbent also, in general, generates heat (heat of absorption). Cooling water moves through the tube bundles (not shown) of the absorber to remove this heat of absorption from the system. The high working fluid-content mixture collects at the bottom of the absorber, so that the absorption cycle can begin again.
The high working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture exits from the absorber through an outlet line 21 and is sent to the liquid pump, 20-2, which pumps the mixture to the first heat exchanger 20-3. The first heat exchanger pre-heats the mixture before it enters the generator. The first heat exchanger may be, as an example, a shell and tube type heat exchanger, or a plate and frame type heat exchanger. After exiting the
first heat exchanger, the mixture flows into the generator through a line 22. The generator is supplied with heat from any suitable external source. If desired, a second, higher temperature generator may be used to improve process efficiency. In one embodiment, within the generator is a bundle of tubes (not shown) which carry hot water or other heat transfer fluid, steam, or combustion gases, which are supplied to the generator via a line 23. The hot water or other heat transfer fluid, steam or combustion gases transfer heat into the high working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture. The heat causes the said mixture to release working fluid vapor, which exits from the generator through a line 26 leaving a low working fluid-content mixture behind. The working fluid exiting the generator is now a higher pressure vapor. In some instances, there is only trace working fluid left in the liquid mixture exiting the generator via a line 24. In other instances some non-negligible amount of working fluid remains in the absorbent/working fluid mixture exiting the generator, said amount ranging from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent. In any case, the amount of working fluid in the mixture exiting the generator via line 24 is lower than in the mixture that exited the absorber via line 21. The exact amount of working fluid remaining in the mixture exiting the generator will depend on many factors including the solubility of the working fluid in the absorbent.
The low working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture flows via line 24 back to the first heat exchanger where it is cooled by the high working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture which has been pumped out of the absorber. The low working fluid-content absorbent/working fluid mixture flows from the first heat exchanger through an expansion or pressure reduction device 20-5 to the absorber via a line 25 and collects in the bottom of the absorber where it started the absorption circuit cycle, and the cycle through the absorber, pump, first heat exchanger and generator repeats.
As noted above, the working fluid, which is a high pressure vapor, exits the generator 20-4 via line 26. The high pressure working fluid vapor
flows to a device for producing mechanical work, such as a turbine 10-2 as shown in FIG. 1. In the turbine, the high pressure working fluid is used to drive a shaft or otherwise produce mechanical work. The working fluid exits from the turbine as a low pressure vapor, and enters the absorber, and the overall working fluid cycle repeats.
The present invention allows for various configurations for optimizing energy management, in general, thereby increasing cycle energy efficiency, and heat recovery, in particular, from the high-temperature, high-pressure working fluid which can be used in a device for producing mechanical work. While a turbine is shown in FIG. 1 , FIG. 2, and FIG. 3 and described above (and in the description of other embodiments below), it is understood that various configurations of the device for producing mechanical work are within the scope of the present invention.
In an alternate embodiment, the absorption cycle of the present invention may be used to produce both mechanical work and heating or cooling. A schematic diagram of an absorption power system including simultaneous cooling according to another embodiment of the present invention is shown generally at 30 in FIG. 2. In this case, the system includes a condenser 10-3, an expansion device (shown as an expansion valve 10-4 in FIG 2, but may be a capillary tube or other as generally known in the art) and an evaporator 10-5, in that order, between the turbine 10-2 and the absorber 20-1. The high pressure vapor working fluid from the generator 20-4 first flows to the turbine 10-2 through line 26, thus generating power. The vapor working fluid flows to the condenser 10-3, wherein cooling water (contained in, for instance, a coil of tubing (not shown) located within the condenser) causes the vapor working fluid to form liquid working fluid. The liquid working fluid flows from the condenser to an expansion valve 10-4 through line 16, where some vaporization would take place and the combined vapor and liquid working fluid then flows through line 14 to the evaporator 10-5, where it becomes fully vaporized working fluid, thereby producing cooling, so that no liquid remains. The vapor working fluid from the evaporator moves through
line 13 to the absorber and the cycle then repeats as in the first embodiment described above herein.
The hot water or other heat transfer fluid, steam, or combustion gases supplied to the generator in order to release working fluid vapor from the absorbent/working fluid mixture may be supplied by any number of sources, including water heated with waste heat from a combustion engine (combustion gases), water heated with geothermal heat and solar heated water, among others. Additionally, some source of heat (for example, heat from a body to be cooled such as a building) is required to evaporate the working fluid in the evaporator of the alternative embodiment described for the absorption power cycle including simultaneous cooling.
Cooling water is used in the absorber and in the condenser in the embodiments as described above. For sake of simplicity, the cooling water streams through the absorber and condenser are not shown. In one embodiment, the cooling water will flow into the absorber, where it warms due to the heat of absorption released upon the working fluid absorbing into the absorbent. From the absorber, the cooling water flows to a cooling tower, not shown, and is pumped back to the absorber.
In one embodiment, disclosed herein is a process for producing mechanical work comprising forming an absorbent/working fluid mixture in an absorber, heating the absorbent/working fluid mixture to release working fluid vapor, and sending the working fluid vapor to a device for producing mechanical work, and reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture. By reforming is meant re-diluting the concentrated absorbent/working fluid mixtures through the absorption of working fluid vapor to restore the ability of the mixture to transfer working fluid to the generator.
In another embodiment, said process for producing mechanical work, further comprises (after producing mechanical work and before reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture) condensing said working fluid
in a condenser; partially vaporizing said working fluid in an expansion device; and fully vaporizing said working fluid in an evaporator thereby producing cooling.
In yet another embodiment, the cycle of FIG. 2 can be used for simultaneous generation of mechanical power and heating. A heating cycle would function just as the cooling cycle of FIG 2 described above herein, with the heating step taking place in the condenser 10-3. Heating is provided by the heat released by the working fluid upon condensation in the condenser and absorption in the absorber. In this embodiment, the evaporator extracts heat from sources external to the cycle (and not shown in FIG 2) such as ambient air, natural bodies of water including water in the bottom of a lake or pond or the relatively stable temperature ground below the earth's surface. The heating function of the cycle is thus similar to that of a heat pump. In this embodiment, said process for producing mechanical work, further comprises (after producing mechanical work and before reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture) condensing said working fluid in a condenser thereby producing heat; partially vaporizing said working fluid in an expansion device; and fully vaporizing said working fluid in an evaporator.
In yet another embodiment, shown in FIG. 3, simultaneous mechanical power and cooling are generated without a condenser. In this embodiment, the working fluid is expanded through the turbine or other expander producing mechanical work and being cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature without condensation. Then the cold working fluid vapor passes through a second heat exchanger (shown as 10-6 in FIG. 3) absorbing heat from a stream to be cooled (such as a heat transfer fluid, including water, among others, not shown in FIG. 3). In this embodiment, said process for producing mechanical work, further comprises (after producing mechanical work and before reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture) absorbing heat from a stream to be cooled in a second heat exchanger, thus producing cooling of the stream to be cooled.
Working fluid/Absorbent Pairs
Working fluids
The present invention provides working fluid/absorbent pair compositions for use in absorption power cycles with or without simultaneous generation of cooling or heating. In one embodiment, water is used as a working fluid in this invention. In another embodiment, the working fluid may be a hydrofluorocarbon, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a chlorofluorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), argon (Ar), hydrogen (H2), a non- fluohnated hydrocarbon, or methanol, or mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing working fluids in this paragraph. The non- fluohnated hydrocarbons are selected from the group consisting of Ci to C7 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkanes and Ci to C7 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkenes, is within the scope of this invention as well.
Hydrofluorocarbon and fluorocarbon working fluids of the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of:
(iii) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, Ci to Cβ perfluoroalkyl groups;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)n-], wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5; and
(iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of: tetrafluoroethylene (CF2=CF2); hexafluoropropene (CF3CF=CF2);1 ,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CHF=CFCF3), 1 ,1 ,3,3,3-pentafluoro-i -propene (CF2=CHCF3), 1 ,1 ,2,3,3- pentafluoro-1 -propene (CF2=CFCHF2), 1 ,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 - propene (CHF=CFCHF2), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene (CH2=CFCF3), 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene (CHF=CHCF3), 1 ,1 ,2,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene (CF2=CFCH2F), 1 ,1 ,3,3- tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF2=CHCHF2), 1 ,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1- propene (CHF=CFCHF2), 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CH2=CHCF3), 2,3,3-trifluoro-1 -propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 1 ,1 ,2-trifluoro-1 -propene (CH3CF=CF2); 1 ,2,3-trifluoro-1 - propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1 ,1 ,3-trifluoro-1 -propene (CH2FCH=CF2); 1 ,3,3-trifluoro-1 -propene (CHF2CH=CHF); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -propene ((CFs)2C=CHF); 1 ,1 ,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1 ,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1 ,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1 ,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-thfluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 - propene (CH2=C(CFs)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CFsCH=CFCH2F); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CHCFs); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CFCFs); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CH2=CFCF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1 ,1 ,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methyl-1 - propene (CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro- 1 -propene (CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1 - butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3); 1 ,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1 ,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CHCHFCF3); 1 ,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1 ,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1 -butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1 ,1 -difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1 -propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1 -propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 3,3-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1 - propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-i - pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- (thfluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CFs)2C=CHCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1 -pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1 - pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro- 1 -pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5,5- nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2- pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1 ,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3- (thfluoromethyl)-i -butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,2,4,4,4- hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(thfluoromethyl)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CFs)2); 1 ,1 ,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(thfluoromethyl)- 1 -butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1 - pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CFS); 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1 -
pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)-i-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,4,4,4- pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1 ,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)- 1 -butene (CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3- (thfluoromethyl)-i -butene ((CFs)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5- heptafluoro-1 -pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5- heptafluoro-1 -pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,3,3,5,5,5- heptafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,4- heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene (CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CH2=CFCH(CFs)2); 1 ,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 - butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4-tetrafluoro-2- (thfluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CFs)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3- tetrafluoro-2-(thfluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH3CF=C(CFs)2); 1 ,1 ,1 -thfluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCHS); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methyl-2-butene (CF3C(CHs)=CHCF3); 3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1 -pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCFS); 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-(thfluoromethyl)-1 - butene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2CFs); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6- dodecafluoro-1 -hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CFS); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3- bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CFs)2C=C(CFs)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CFS)2CFCF=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2- (thfluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CFs)2C=CHC2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(thfluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CFS)2CFCF=CHCFS); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1 -hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-thfluoro-3,3- bis(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CH2=CHC(CFs)3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-3-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)- 2-butene ((CFs)2C=C(CH3)(CFs)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl)-i -pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-nnethyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2); 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCHS); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoroi -hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4-pentafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5- pentafluoro-2-(trifluoronnethyl)-1 -pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methyl-1 - pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro- 2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCHS); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro- 1 -hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3- hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4- (thfluoromethyl)-i -pentene (CH2=CHCH2CF(CFS)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-nnethyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCH(CFS)(CH3)); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2- (thfluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CFs)2C=CFC2H5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene (CFSCF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-thdecafluoro-2-heptene (CFSCH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-thdecafluoro-3-heptene (CFSCF2CH=CFCF2C2F5); and 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5).
In some embodiments, these fluoroolefins are compounds, which comprise carbon atoms, fluorine atoms and optionally hydrogen or chlorine atoms, and at least one double bond. In one embodiment, the fluoroolefins used in the compositions of the present invention comprise
compounds with 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In another embodiment the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Representative fluoroolefins include but are not limited to all compounds as listed in Table 1 , Table 2, and Table 3.
In one embodiment of the present invention the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins having the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2 (Formula (i)), wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, Ci to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups. Examples of R1 and R2 groups include, but are not limited to, CF3, C2F51 CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3)2, CF2CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3)CF2CF3, CF2CF(CFs)2, C(CF3)3, CF2CF2CF2CF2CF3, CF2CF2CF(CFs)2, C(CFs)2C2F5, CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CFS, CF(CF3) CF2CF2C2F5, and C(CFs)2CF2C2F5. In one embodiment the fluoroolefins of Formula (i) have at least 4 carbon atoms in the molecule. In another embodiment, the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins of Formula (i) having at least 5 carbon atoms in the molecule. In yet another embodiment, the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins of Formula (i) having at least 6 carbon atoms in the molecule. Exemplary, non-limiting Formula (i) compounds are presented in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Compounds of Formula (i) may be prepared by contacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R1 I with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of the formula R2CH=CH2 to form a thhydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula R1CH2CHIR2. This trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane can then be dehydroiodinated to form R1CH=CHR2. Alternatively, the olefin R1CH=CHR2 may be prepared by dehydroiodination of a trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula R1CHICH2R2 formed in turn by reacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R2I with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of the formula R1CH=CH2.
The contacting of a perfluoroalkyl iodide with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may take place in batch mode by combining the reactants in a suitable reaction vessel capable of operating under the autogenous pressure of the reactants and products at reaction temperature. Suitable reaction vessels include fabricated from stainless steels, in particular of the austenitic type, and the well-known high nickel alloys such as Monel® nickel-copper alloys, Hastelloy® nickel based alloys and Inconel® nickel-chromium alloys.
Alternatively, the reaction may be conducted in semi-batch mode in which the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin reactant is added to the perfluoroalkyl iodide reactant by means of a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
The ratio of perfluoroalkyl iodide to perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin should be between about 1 :1 to about 4:1 , preferably from about 1.5:1 to 2.5:1. Ratios less than 1.5:1 tend to result in large amounts of the 2:1 adduct as reported by Jeanneaux, et. al. in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 4, pages 261-270 (1974).
Preferred temperatures for contacting of said perfluoroalkyl iodide with said perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are preferably within the range of about 15O0C to 3000C, preferably from about 17O0C to about 25O0C, and most preferably from about 18O0C to about 23O0C.
Suitable contact times for the reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are from about 0.5 hour to 18 hours, preferably from about 4 to about 12 hours.
The thhydroiodoperfluoroalkane prepared by reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may be used directly in the dehydroiodination step or may preferably be recovered and purified by distillation prior to the dehydroiodination step.
The dehydroiodination step is carried out by contacting the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance. Suitable basic substances include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), alkali metal oxide (for example, sodium oxide), alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g., calcium hydroxide), alkaline earth metal oxides (e.g., calcium oxide), alkali metal alkoxides (e.g., sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide), aqueous ammonia, sodium amide, or mixtures of basic substances such as soda lime. Preferred basic substances are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
Said contacting of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance may take place in the liquid phase preferably in the presence of a solvent capable of dissolving at least a portion of both reactants. Solvents suitable for the dehydroiodination step include one or more polar organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and tertiary butanol), nithles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronithle, benzonitrile, or adiponitrile), dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or sulfolane. The choice of solvent may depend on the boiling point product and the ease of separation of traces of the solvent from the product during purification. Typically, ethanol or isopropanol are good solvents for the reaction.
Typically, the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out by addition of one of the reactants (either the basic substance or the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane) to the other reactant in a suitable reaction
vessel. Said reaction may be fabricated from glass, ceramic, or metal and is preferably agitated with an impeller or stirring mechanism.
Temperatures suitable for the dehydroiodination reaction are from about 1 O0C to about 1000C, preferably from about 2O0C to about 7O0C. The dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out at ambient pressure or at reduced or elevated pressure. Of note are dehydroiodination reactions in which the compound of Formula (i) is distilled out of the reaction vessel as it is formed.
Alternatively, the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted by contacting an aqueous solution of said basic substance with a solution of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane in one or more organic solvents of lower polarity such as an alkane (e.g., hexane, heptane, or octane), aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., toluene), halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or perchloroethylene), or ether (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, or tetraglyme) in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Suitable phase transfer catalysts include quaternary ammonium halides (e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, thethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride), quaternary phosphonium halides (e.g., triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride), or cyclic polyether compounds known in the art as crown ethers (e.g., 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5).
Alternatively, the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted in the absence of solvent by adding the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane to a solid or liquid basic substance.
Suitable reaction times for the dehydroiodination reactions are from about 15 minutes to about six hours or more depending on the solubility of the reactants. Typically the dehydroiodination reaction is rapid and requires about 30 minutes to about three hours for completion. The compound of Formula (i) may be recovered from the dehydroiodination
reaction mixture by phase separation after addition of water, by distillation, or by a combination thereof.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins comprising cyclic fluoroolefins (cyclo- [CX=CY(CZW)n-] (Formula (N)), wherein X, Y, Z, and W are independently selected from H and F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5). In one embodiment the fluoroolefins of Formula (ii), have at least about 3 carbon atoms in the molecule. In another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of Formula (ii) have at least about 4 carbon atoms in the molecule. In another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of Formula (ii) have at least about 5 carbon atoms in the molecule. In yet another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of Formula (ii) have at least about 6 carbon atoms in the molecule. Representative cyclic fluoroolefins of Formula (ii) are listed in Table 2.
TABLE 2
The working fluid of the present invention may comprise a single compound of Formula (i) or Formula (ii), for example, one of the compounds in Table 1 or Table 2, or may comprise a combination of compounds of Formula (i) or Formula (ii).
In another embodiment, the working fluid is selected from fluoroolefins comprising those compounds listed in Table 3.
TABLE 3
The compounds listed in Table 2 and Table 3 are available commercially or may be prepared by processes known in the art or as described herein.
1,1,1 ,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1 ,2,4,4- hexafluorobutane (CHF2CH2CHFCF3) by dehydrofluorination over solid KOH in the vapor phase at room temperature. The synthesis of 1,1,1 ,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane is described in US 6,066,768. 1,1,1 ,4,4,4- hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- iodobutane (CF3CHICH2CF3) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 6O0C. The synthesis of 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- iodobutane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoromethyl iodide (CF3I) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (CF3CH=CH2) at about 2000C under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
3,4,4, 5,5, 5-hexafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane (CF3CF2CF2CH2CH3) using solid KOH or over a carbon catalyst at 200-3000C.1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane may be prepared by hydrogenation of 3,3,4,4,5, 5, 5-heptafluoro-1 -pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2).
1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1, 2,3,3,4-heptafluorobutane (CH2FCF2CHFCF3) using solid KOH.
1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1, 2,2,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CHF2CH2CF2CF3) using solid KOH.
1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1, 3,3,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2CHF2) using solid KOH.
1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,1 , 2,2,3-hexafluorobutane (CH2FCH2CF2CF3) using solid KOH.
1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,1 , 3,3,4-hexafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2CH2F) using solid KOH.
1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by reacting 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3- pentafluorobutane ( CF3CH2CF2CH3) with aqueous KOH at 12O0C.
1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared from (CF3CHICH2CF2CF3) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 6O0C. The synthesis of 4-iodo-1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoropentane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF3CF2I) and 3,3,3-thfluoropropene at about 2000C under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene may be prepared from 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane (CF3CF2CHICH2CF2CF3) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 6O0C. The synthesis of 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF3CF2I) and 3,3,4,4,4- pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2) at about 2000C under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
1 ,1 ,1 ,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene may be prepared by the dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,1 , 2,5,5, 5-heptafluoro-4-iodo-2- (thfluoromethyl)-pentane (CF3CHICH2CF(CF3)2) with KOH in isopropanol. CF3CHICH2CF(CFS)2 is made from reaction of (CF3)2CFI with CF3CH=CH2 at high temperature, such as about 2000C.
1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene may be prepared by the reaction of 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CHCF3) with tetrafluoroethylene (CF2=CF2) and antimony pentafluoride (SbF5).
2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3-hexafluorobutane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-ocatafluoro-1 -pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over solid KOH.
1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1 -pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
Many of the compounds of Formula 1 , Formula 2, Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3 exist as different configurational isomers or stereoisomers. When the specific isomer is not designated, the present invention is intended to include all single configurational isomers, single stereoisomers, or any combination thereof. For instance, F11 E is meant to represent the E-isomer, Z-isomer, or any combination or mixture of both isomers in any ratio. As another example, HFO-1225ye is meant to represent the E-isomer, Z-isomer, or any combination or mixture of both isomers in any ratio.
Additionally, the working fluid may be any of the single fluoroolefins of Formula (i), Formula (ii), Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3, or may be any combination of the different fluoroolefins from Formula (i), Formula (ii), Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3.
In some embodiments, the working fluid may be any combination of a single fluoroolefin or multiple fluoroolefins selected from Formula (i), Formula (ii), Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3 with at least one additional refrigerant selected from hydrofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, CF3I, ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing compounds.
Hydrofluorocarbon working fluids may additionally include compounds having any combination of hydrogen and fluorine with carbon
and include compounds with carbon-carbon double. Examples of hydrofluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to trifluoromethane (HFC-23), difluoromethane (HFC-32), fluoromethane (HFC-41 ), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1 ,1 ,2,2- tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1 ,1 ,1- trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1 ,1 -difluoroethane (HFC-152a), fluoroethane (HFC-161 ), 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3,3- hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC- 227ea), 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc), 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5,5- decafluoropentane (HFC-43-10mee), 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- tetradecafluoroheptane (HFC-63-14mcee), cis- or trans-1 ,2-difluoroethene (HFO-1132), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), 1 ,3,3,3- tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze), cis- or trans-1 ,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ye), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf), cis- or trans- 1 ,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225ye), 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225zc), cis- or trans-1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (HFO- 1327my), cis- or trans-1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-1336mzz), 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-thfluoromethyl-1 -butene ((CFs)2CFCH=CH2, HFO- 1447fzy), cis- or trans-1 , 1 ,1 , 4,4, 5, 5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CH=CHCF3, HFO-1438mzz), cis- or trans- 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (HFO-162-13mczy) and cis- or trans-1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-thdecafluoro-3-heptene (HFO-162- 13mcyz), and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment of the invention, the hydrofluorocarbon working fluids are selected from the group consisting of difluoromethane (HFC-32), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1 ,1 ,1 ,2- tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1 ,1 ,1 -trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1 ,1 - difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze), and mixtures thereof.
Chlorofluorocarbon working fluids may include compounds having any combination of chlorine and fluorine with carbon and include compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds with normal boiling points below O0C. Representative chlorofluorocarbon working fluids useful for
the invention include but are not limited to dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11 ), 1 ,1 ,2-trichloro-1 ,2,2- trifluoroethane (CFC-113), 1 ,2-dichloro-1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC- 114) and mixtures thereof.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon working fluids may include compounds with any combination of hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine with carbon and include compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds with normal boiling points below O0C. Representative hydrochlorofluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf, CF3CCI=CH2), cis- or trans-1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd, CF3CH=CHCI), and mixtures thereof.
Fluorocarbon working fluids may include compounds with any combination of fluorine and carbon and include compounds with carbon- carbon double bonds, as well as cyclic compounds. Examples of fluorocarbon working fluids useful for the invention include but are not limited to perfluoromethane (FC-14), perfluoroethane (FC-116), perfluoropropane (FC-218, perfluorocyclobutane (FC-C318), octafluoro-2- butene (FO-1318my), and mixtures thereof.
Non-fluorinated hydrocarbon working fluids useful for the invention may include but are not limited to methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, butane, isobutane, cyclobutane, n- pentane, isopentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, and mixtures thereof.
In one embodiment, a working fluid as used herein may also be selected from the group consisting water, and mixtures of water with other water soluble compounds, such as alcohols, including methanol, ethanol, 1 -propanol, 2-propanol, and butanols, and mixtures thereof. The other compounds may also include HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-161 , HCFC-22, FC-14, FC-116, CFC-12,
NH3, CO2, N2, O2, H2, Ar, methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, butane, butene, and isobutane.
Mixtures of working fluids are also useful for achieving proper boiling temperature or pressure appropriate for absorption equipment. In particular, mixtures that form azeotropes, azeotrope-like mixtures, or constant boiling mixtures are sometimes preferred because minimal to no fractionation of the mixture will occur if the working fluid leaks from the absorption cooling system.
In another embodiment, the hydrofluorocarbon working fluids may comprise mixtures or blends of hydrofluorocarbons with other compounds such as hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrocarbons or other compounds. Such working fluid blends include the following compositions:
HFO-1447fzy with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of cis- or trans-HFO-1438mzz, cis- or trans-HFO1336mzz, HCFO-1233xf, and cis- or trans-HCFO-1233zd; cis-HFO-1438mzz with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of trans-HFO-1438mzz, cis- or trans-HFO1336mzz, HCFO-1233xf, and cis- or trans-HCFO-1233zd; trans-HFO-1438mzz with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of cis- or trans-HFO1336mzz, HCFO-1233xf, cis- or trans-HCFO-1233zd, and isopentane; cis-HFO-1336mzz with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of trans-HFO-1336mzz, HCFO-1233xf, cis- or trans- HCFO-1233zd, isopentane, n-pentane, cyclopentane, methyl formate, 1 ,1-dichloro-2,2,2-thfluoroethane (HCFC-123), and trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene; trans-HFO-1336mzz with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of HCFO-1233xf, and cis- or trans-HCFO-1233zd;
HCFO-1233xf with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of cis- and trans-HCFO-1233zd.
In another embodiment, working fluids that are mixtures may be azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions such as the following: about 51 weight percent to about 70 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 49 weight percent to about 30 weight percent isopentane; about 62 weight percent to about 78 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 38 weight percent to about 22 weight percent n-pentane; about 75 weight percent to about 88 weight percent cis- HFO-1336mzz and about 25 weight percent to about 12 weight percent cyclopentane; about 25 weight percent to about 35 weight percent cis- HFO-1336mzz and about 75 weight percent to about 65 weight percent HCFC-123; about 67 weight percent to about 87 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 33 weight percent to about 13 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene; and about 61 weight percent to about 78 weight percent trans-HFO- 1438mzz and about 39 weight percent to about 22 weight percent isopentane.
Absorbents
In a preferred embodiment of the absorption cycle of this invention, the absorbent used is an ionic compound, which can in principle be any ionic liquid that absorbs the selected working fluid (e.g. ammonia or CO2, HFO-1336mzz or HFO-1234yf or HCFO-1233zd or HCFO-1233xf or mixtures thereof). A suitable ionic liquid that absorbs working fluid is an ionic liquid with which at least to some extent working fluid is miscible
The energy efficiency of the absorption power cycle will, generally,
increase with increased absorptivity of the ionic liquid for the working fluid (i.e., the working fluid has high miscibility therewith or the working fluid is soluble therein to a large extent).
Many ionic liquids are formed by reacting a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, preferably a heteroaromatic ring, with an alkylating agent (for example, an alkyl halide) to form a quaternary ammonium salt, and performing ion exchange or other suitable reactions with various Lewis acids or their conjugate bases to form the ionic compound. Examples of suitable heteroaromatic rings include substituted pyridines, imidazole, substituted imidazole, pyrrole and substituted pyrroles. These rings can be alkylated with virtually any straight, branched or cyclic Ci-2o alkyl group, but preferably, the alkyl groups are Ci-16 groups. Various triarylphosphines, thioethers and cyclic and non-cyclic quaternary ammonium salts may also been used for this purpose. Countehons that may be used include chloroaluminate, bromoaluminate, gallium chloride, tetrafluoroborate, tetrachloroborate, hexafluorophosphate, nitrate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, methylsulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluoroarsenate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrabromoaluminate, perchlorate, hydroxide anion, copper dichlohde anion, iron trichloride anion, zinc trichloride anion, as well as various lanthanum, potassium, lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and other metal-containing anions.
Ionic liquids may also be synthesized by salt metathesis, by an acid- base neutralization reaction or by quaternizing a selected nitrogen- containing compound; or they may be obtained commercially from several companies such as Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) or BASF (Mount Olive, New Jersey).
Representative examples of ionic liquids useful herein are included among those that are described in sources such as J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 68:351-356 (1997); Chem. Ind., 68:249-263 (1996); J. Phys. Condensed Matter, 5: (supp 34B):B99-B106 (1993); Chemical and
Engineering News, Mar. 30, 1998, 32-37; J. Mater. Chem., 8:2627-2636 (1998); Chem. Rev., 99:2071 -2084 (1999); and WO 05/113,702 (and references therein cited). In one embodiment, a library, i.e. a combinatorial library, of ionic compounds may be prepared, for example, by preparing various alkyl derivatives of a quaternary ammonium cation, and varying the associated anions. The acidity of the ionic compounds can be adjusted by varying the molar equivalents and type and combinations of Lewis acids.
Ionic liquids that are suitable for use as absorbents include those having cations selected from the following, and mixtures thereof: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Cesium, and the following Formulae:
Pyridinium Pyridazinium
Pyrimidinium Pyrazinium
Imidazolium Pyrazolium
Thiazolium Oxazolium CH2-CH2-OH
Triazolium Choline
Phosphonium Choline Guanidinium
Isoquinolinium Quinolinium R7
R1
Sulfonium
R' R'
R ,110U- P 0 — R and Rio_ N© _ R8
Rb Ry
Phosphonium Ammonium
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 R6, R12 and R13 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
(i) H
(ii) halogen
(iii) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(iv) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene comprising one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(v) C6 to C20 unsubstituted aryl, or C3 to C25 unsubstituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and
(vi) C6 to C25 substituted aryl, or C3 to C25 substituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and wherein said substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl has one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1 ) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting Of CI, Br, F l, OH, NH2 and SH,
(2) OH,
(3) NH2, and
(4) SH;
R7, R8, R9, and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
(i) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(ii) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene comprising one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and
optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(iii) C6 to C25 unsubstituted aryl, or C3 to C25 unsubstituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and
(iv) Cs to C25 substituted aryl, or C3 to C25 substituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and wherein said substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl has one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1 ) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting Of CI1 Br1 F, I, OH, NH2 and SH,
(2) OH,
(3) NH2, and
(4) SH; and wherein optionally at least two of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6' R7, R8, R9, and R10 can together form a cyclic or bicyclic alkanyl or alkenyl group.
Ionic liquids suitable for use as absorbents include those having anions selected from the following, and mixtures thereof: [CH3CO2]", [HSO4]-, [CH3OSO3]-, [C2H5OSO3]-, [AICI4]-, [CO3]2", [HCO3]-, [NO2]", [NO3]", [SO4]2", [PO3]3", [HPO3]2", [H2PO3]1", [PO4]3", [HPO4]2", [H2PO4]", [HSO3]", [CuCI2]", Cl", Br", I", SCN"; BR1R2R3R4, BOR1OR2OR3OR4, carborates (1-carbadodecaborate(1-)), optionally substituted with alkyl or substituted alkyl, carboranes (dicarbadodecaborate(i -)) optionally substituted with alkylamine, substituted alkylamine, alkyl or substituted alkyl, and preferably any fluorinated anion. Fluohnated anions useful herein include [BF4]", [PF6]", [SbF6]", [CF3SO3]", [HCF2CF2SO3]-, [CF3HFCCF2SO3]-, [HCCIFCF2SO3]-, [(CF3SO2)2N]-, [(CF3CF2SO2)2N]-, [(CF3SO2)3C]-,
[CF3CO2]", [CF3OCFHCF2SO3]", [CF3CF2OCFHCF2SO3]", [CF3CFHOCF2CF2SO3]", [CF2HCF2OCF2CF2SO3]", [CF2ICF2OCF2CF2SO3]", [CF3CF2OCF2CF2SO3]", [(CF2HCF2SO2)2N]", [(CF3CFHCF2SO2)2N]"; and F". Other suitable anions include those of the Formula:
wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of:
(i) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to Ci0 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(ii) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to Ci0 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene comprising one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(iii) C6 to Cio unsubstituted aryl, or C3 to C10 unsubstituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and
(iv) Cβ to Cio substituted aryl, or C3 to C10 substituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and wherein said substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl has one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1 ) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C10 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at
least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F I, OH, NH2 and SH,
(2) OH,
(3) NH2, and
(4) SH.
In another embodiment, ionic liquids suitable for use herein may have a cation selected from the group consisting of pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyhmidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium, triazolium, phosphonium, ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, cesium, choline, dimethylimidazolium, guanidinium, lithium, phosphonium choline (hydroxyethyl trimethylphosphonium), potassium, sodium, tetramethylammonium, tetramethylphosphonium, and anions selected from the group consisting of, aminoacetate (glycine), ascorbate, benzoate, catecholate, citrate, dimethylphosphate, formate, fumarate, gallate, glycolate, glyoxylate, iminodiacetate, isobutyrate, kojate (5-hydroxy-2- hydroxymethyl-4-pyrone ion), lactate, levulinate, oxalate, pivalate, propionate, pyruvate, salicylate, succinamate, succinate, tiglate (CH3CH=C(CH3)COO"); , tetrafluoroborate, tetrafluoroethanesulfonate, and tropolonate (2-hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptathen-1-one ion), [CH3CO2]", [HSO4]", [CH3OSO3]", [C2H5OSO3]", [AICI4]-, [CO3]2", [HCO3]", [NO2]", [NO3]", [SO4]2", [PO4]3", [HPO4]2", [H2PO4]", [HSO3]", [CUCI2]", Cl", Br", I", SCN", [BF4]", [PF6]", [SbF6]", [CF3SO3]", [HCF2CF2SO3]-, [CF3HFCCF2SO3]-, [HCCIFCF2SO3]-, [(CF3SO2)2N]-, [(CF3CF2SO2)2N]-, [(CF3SO2)3C]-, [CF3CO2]-, [CF3OCFHCF2SO3]-, [CF3CF2OCFHCF2SO3]-, [CF3CFHOCF2CF2SO3]-, [CF2HCF2OCF2CF2SO3]-, [CF2ICF2OCF2CF2SO3]-, [CF3CF2OCF2CF2SO3]-, [(CF2HCF2SO2)2N]., [(CF3CFHCF2SO2)2N]-, F", and any fluorinated anion.
The working fluid will preferably be miscible with or soluble in an ionic liquid as used herein over the temperature range of the operation of the absorption system, particularly from that of the absorber to that of the generator. As a consequence, over the absorption system temperature range, a variety of different levels of the relative content of the working
fluid and absorbent in an absorption cycle are suitable, and the concentration of either working fluid or an ionic liquid in a composition formed therefrom may be in the range of from about 1 % to about 99% by weight of the combined weight of the ionic liquid and working fluid therein.
In various embodiments of this invention, an ionic liquid formed by selecting any of the individual cations described or disclosed herein, and by selecting any of the individual anions described or disclosed herein with which to pair the cation, may be used as an absorbent in an absorption power cycle. Correspondingly, in yet other embodiments, a subgroup of ionic liquids formed by selecting (i) a subgroup of any size of cations, taken from the total group of cations described and disclosed herein in all the various different combinations of the individual members of that total group, and (ii) a subgroup of any size of anions, taken from the total group of anions described and disclosed herein in all the various different combinations of the individual members of that total group, may be used as an absorbent. In forming an ionic liquid, or a subgroup of ionic liquids, by making selections as aforesaid, the ionic liquid or subgroup will be used in the absence of the members of the group of cations and/or anions that are omitted from the total group thereof to make the selection, and, if desirable, the selection may thus be made in terms of the members of the total group that are omitted from use rather than the members of the group that are included for use.
An absorbent as used in an absorption power cycle is desirably a compound that has high solubility for a working fluid (e.g., ammonia) and also a very high boiling point relative to the working fluid.
The absorbent used in the present invention could (but does not have to) contain or consist essentially of an ionic liquid, that is, it could contain or consist essentially of a non-ionic compound. Suitable non-ionic compound absorbents include, but are not limited to ethers, esters, amides and ketones.
Mixtures of ionic liquids or non-ionic compounds or mixtures of non- ionic compounds and ionic liquids may also be used herein as the absorbent, and such mixtures may be desirable, for example, for achieving proper absorption behavior.
Additives, such as lubricants, crystallization inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, dyes, and other appropriate materials may be added to the working fluid/absorbent pair compositions useful for the invention for a variety of purposes provided they do not have an undesirable influence on the extent to which the working fluid is soluble in an ionic liquid absorbent. The working fluid/absorbent pair compositions of the invention may be prepared by any convenient method, including mixing or combining the desired amounts of each component in an appropriate container using, for example, known types of stirrers having rotating mixing elements.
Crystallization inhibitors include those compounds as described in co-pending PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US09/63599, filed November 6, 2009, and co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial Nos. 61/165,089, 61/165,093, 61/165,147, 61/165,155, 61/165,160, 61/165,161 , 61/165,166, and 61/165,173, all of which were filed on March 31 , 2009.
Claims
1. An absorption power cycle system, comprising:
(a) an absorber for absorbing a working fluid into an absorbent, thereby forming an absorbent and working fluid mixture;
(b) a first heat exchanger disposed in fluid communication with the absorber for receiving and pre-heating the absorbent and working fluid mixture from the absorber,
(c) a liquid pump for pumping the absorbent and working fluid mixture from the absorber to the first heat exchanger;
(d) a generator disposed in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger for receiving the pre-heated mixture from the first heat exchanger and transferring additional heat into the preheated mixture, thereby releasing high pressure vapor of the working fluid; and
(e) a device for producing mechanical work disposed in fluid communication with the generator for producing mechanical work from the high pressure working fluid; wherein the absorbent comprises an ionic liquid.
2. The absorption power cycle system of claim 1 , further comprising:
(a) a condenser to condense the high pressure working fluid exiting the.device for producing mechanical work;
(b) an expansion device to reduce the pressure and partially vaporize the working fluid; and
(c) an evaporator to fully evaporate the working fluid, thus producing cooling.
3. The absorption power cycle system of Claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid comprises a cation and an anion, wherein the cation is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, and the following Formulae:
Pyrimidinium Pyrazinium
Pyrazolium
Thiazolium
Triazolium Choline
Phosphonium Choline Guanidinium
Isoquinolinium Quinolinium
R'
Rb
Sulfonium ^7 R7
R 1Q_ p®_ R8 and R1Q_ NΘ_ R8
R" R β
Phosphonium Ammonium
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 R6, R12 and R13 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
(i) H
(ii) halogen
(iii) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(iv) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene comprising one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(v) Cs to C20 unsubstituted aryl, or C3 to C25 unsubstituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and
(vi) Cs to C25 substituted aryl, or C3 to C25 substituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and wherein said substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl has one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1 ) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F I, OH, NH2 and SH,
(2) OH,
(3) NH2, and
(4) SH;
and wherein R7, R8, R9, and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
(i) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(ii) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene comprising one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(iii) Cs to C25 unsubstituted aryl, or C3 to C25 unsubstituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and
(iv) C6 to C25 substituted aryl, or C3 to C25 substituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and wherein said substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl has one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1 ) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to C25 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH,
(2) OH, (3) NH2, and
(4) SH;
and wherein optionally at least two of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6' R7, R8, R9, and R10 can together form a cyclic or bicyclic alkanyl or alkenyl group; and wherein the anion is selected from the group consisting of:
[CH3CO2]-, [HSO4]-, [CH3OSO3]-, [C2H5OSO3]-, [AICI4]", [CO3]2", [HCO3]-, [NO2]-, [NO3]-, [SO4]2-, [PO3]3-, [HPO3]2", [H2PO3]1", [PO4]3", [HPO4]2", [H2PO4]", [HSO3]", [CuCI2]", Cl", Br", I", SCN"; BR1R2R3R4, BOR1OR2OR3OR4, carborates (1 - carbadodecaborate(i-)), optionally substituted with alkyl or substituted alkyl, carboranes (dicarbadodecaborate(i -)) optionally substituted with alkylamine, substituted alkylamine, alkyl or substituted alkyl; [BF4]", [PF6]", [SbF6]", [CF3SO3]", [HCF2CF2SO3]", [CF3HFCCF2SO3]", [HCCIFCF2SO3]", [(CF3SO2)2N]", [(CF3CF2SO2)2N]", [(CF3SO2)3C]", [CF3CO2]", [CF3OCFHCF2SO3]", [CF3CF2OCFHCF2SO3]", [CF3CFHOCF2CF2SO3]", [CF2HCF2OCF2CF2SO3]", [CF2ICF2OCF2CF2SO3]", [CF3CF2OCF2CF2SO3]", [(CF2HCF2SO2)2N]", [(CF3CFHCF2SO2)2N]"; F"; and anions of the Formula:
wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of:
(i) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to Cio straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(ii) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to Cio straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene comprising one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F, I, OH, NH2 and SH;
(iii) C6 to Cio unsubstituted aryl, or C3 to C10 unsubstituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and
(iv) C6 to Cio substituted aryl, or C3 to Ci0 substituted heteroaryl having one to three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S; and wherein said substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl has one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1 ) -CH3, -C2H5, or C3 to do straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkane or alkene, optionally substituted with at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, F I, OH, NH2 and SH,
(2) OH,
(3) NH2, and
(4) SH;
wherein optionally at least two of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6' R7, R8, R9, and R10 can together form a cyclic or bicyclic alkanyl or alkenyl group.
4. The absorption power cycle system of Claim 1 , wherein the working fluid comprises water or ammonia.
5. The absorption power cycle system of Claim 1 , wherein the working fluid comprises a working fluid selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, fluorocarbons, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), argon (Ar), hydrogen (H2), non-fluorinated hydrocarbons, methanol and mixtures of any of the foregoing.
6. The absorption power cycle system of Claim 5, wherein the non- fluorinated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of Ci to C7 straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkanes and Ci to C7 straight- chain, branched or cyclic alkenes.
7. The absorption power cycle system of claim 5, wherein the working fluid comprises at least one hydrofluorocarbon or fluorocarbon selected from the group consisting of:
(i) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, Ci to Cβ perfluoroalkyl groups;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)n-], wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5; and
(iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of: tetrafluoroethylene (CF2=CF2); hexafluoropropene (CF3CF=CF2);1 ,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1 -propene (CHF=CFCF3), 1 ,1 ,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1 -propene (CF2=CHCF3), 1 ,1 ,2,3,3- pentafluoro-1 -propene (CF2=CFCHF2), 1 ,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 - propene (CHF=CFCHF2), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene (CH2=CFCF3), 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propeneCHF=CHCF3), 1 ,1 ,2,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene (CF2=CFCH2F), 1 ,1 ,3,3- tetrafluoro-1 -propene (CF2=CHCHF2), 1 ,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 - propene (CHF=CFCHF2), 3,3,3-thfluoro-1 -propene (CH2=CHCF3), 2,3,3-thfluoro-1 -propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 1 ,1 ,2-thfluoro-1 -propene (CH3CF=CF2); 1 ,2,3-trifluoro-1 - propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1 ,1 ,3-trifluoro-1 -propene (CH2FCH=CF2); 1 ,3,3-trifluoro-1 -propene (CHF2CH=CHF); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1 -butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -propene ((CFs)2C=CHF); 1 ,1 ,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-i -butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-i -butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1 ,3,3 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-i -butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1 ,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-i -butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1 ,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-i -butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-thfluoro-2-(thfluoromethyl)-1 - propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CHCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CH2=CFCF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1 ,1 ,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methyl-1- propene (CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro- 1 -propene (CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1 - butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3); 1 ,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1 ,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CHCHFCF3); 1 ,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-i -butene (CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1 ,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1 -butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1 ,1-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1 -propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1 -propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 3,3-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1 - propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1 - pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CFs)2C=CHCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-i -pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-i -pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1 -pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2- pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro- 2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,5,5,5- nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1 ,2,3,4,4,4- hexafluoro-3-(thfluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- (thfluoromethyl)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,3,4,4,4- hexafluoro-3-(thfluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1 -pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1 -pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3, 3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3- (thfluoromethyl)-i -butene (CF2=CHCH(CFs)2); 1 ,3,4,4,4- pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CHF=CHCF(CFs)2); 1 ,1 ,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CF2=C(CFs)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(thfluoromethyl)-1 - butene ((CFs)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1 - pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1 - pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1 - butene (CF2=CHCF2CH2CFS); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3- methyl-2-butene (CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl)-i -butene (CH2=CFCH(CFs)2); 1 ,4,4,4- tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CFs)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2- butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,1 -trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2- butene ((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCH3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methyl-2- butene (CF3C(CHs)=CHCF3); 3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-i - pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 4,4,4-trifluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)-i -butene (CH2=C(CFs)CH2CF3); 1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-i -hexene (CFs(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3- hexene (CFSCF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3- bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CFs)2C=C(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoronnethyl)-2-pentene ((CFS)2CFCF=CFCF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CFs)2C=CHC2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoronnethyl)-2-pentene ((CFS)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-i -hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3- bis(thfluoromethyl)-1 -butene (CH2=CHC(CFs)3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4- hexafluoro-3-methyl-2-(trifluoronnethyl)- 2-butene ((CFs)2C=C(CH3)(CFs)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl)-i -pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CFS)2); 1 ,1 ,1 , 2,4,4,5, 5, 5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CHs)CF2CF3); 1 ,1 ,1 ,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4- (thfluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CFsCH=CHCH(CF3)2); 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene (CFSCF2CF2CF=CHCH3); 3, 3,4,4, 5, 5,6, 6-octafluoro1 -hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4-pentafluoro-2- (thfluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CFs)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5- pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4 ,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methyl-1 - pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CHs)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro- 2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro- 1 -hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3- hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl)-i -pentene (CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-nnethyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3)); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2- (thfluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CFs)2C=CFC2H5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5); 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5); and 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5).
8. The absorption power cycle system of claim 7, wherein said fluoroolefin is selected from the group consisting of:
1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoropent- 2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluorohex-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,5,5,5- heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pent-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,6- decafluorohex-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-dodecafluorohept-2- ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)hex-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonfluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)hex-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,5,5,5- hexafluoro-4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)pent-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- dodecafluorohept-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-5- (thfluoromethyl)hex-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8- tetradecafluorooct-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4, 5,5, 6,7,7, 7-undecafluoro-6- (thfluoromethyl)hept-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-4,4- bis(thfluoromethyl)hex-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8- tetradecafluorooct-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,7,7,7-undecafluoro-6- (trifluoromethyl)hept-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,6,6,7,7,7-undecafluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)hept-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,6,6,6-octafluoro-5,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)hex-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,8- tetradecafluorooct-4-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)hex-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-undecafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)hept-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,,9,9,9- hexadecafluoronon-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-4- (trifluoronnethyl)hept-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,6,6,6-octafluoro-4,4- bis(trifluoromethyl)hept-2-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9- hexadecafluoronon-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-7- (trifluoromethyl)oct-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-5,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)hept-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9- hexadecafluoronon-4-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-7- (trifluoromethyl)oct-4-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-6- (trifluoromethyl)oct-4-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-2,2- bis(trifluoromethyl)hept-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro- 2(trifluoromethyl)oct-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,5,5,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-2,6- bis(trifluoromethyl)hept-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,5,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-2,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)hept-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2,5,5- tris(trifluoromethyl)hex-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10- octadecafluorodec-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9- pentadecafluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)non-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-5,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)oct-3- ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-octadecafluorodec-4-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-8-(trifluoromethyl)non- 4-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-6,6- bis(trifluoromethyl)oct-4-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9- pentadecafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)non-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,5,5,6,6,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-2,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)oct-3- ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluoro-2,5,5-tris(trifluoromethyl)hept-3- ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,4,4,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-octadecafluorodec-δ-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)non- 4-ene; 1,1,1 ,2,2,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl)non-4-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-2,2,- bis(trifluoromethyl)oct-3-ene; 1,1,1 ,2,3,3,6,6,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro- 2,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)oct-4-ene; 1,1,1 ,2,3,3,6,7,7,8,8,8- dodecafluoro-2,6-bis(trifluoronnethyl)oct-4-ene; 1,1,1 ,5,5,6,7,7,7- nonafluoro-2,2,6-tris(trifluoronnethyl)hept-3-ene; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-3,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)oct-4- ene; 1,1,1 ,2,2,3,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-3,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)oct- 4-ene; 1,1,1 ,5,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluoro-2,2,5-tris(trifluoromethyl)hept-3- ene; and 1,1,1 ,6,6,6-hexafluoro-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)hex- 3-ene.
9. The absorption power cycle system of claim 7, wherein said fluoroolefin is selected from the group consisting of:
1 ,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene; 3,3,4,4- tetrafluorocyclobutene; 3,3,4,4,5,5,-hexafluorocyclopentene; 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorocyclopentene; and 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6- decafluorocyclohexene.
10. The absorption power cycle system of Claim 5 wherein the working fluid comprises at least one working fluid selected from the group consisting of difluoromethane (HFC-32), pentafluoroethane (HFC- 125), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), 1,1,1,3,3- pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc), 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5- decafluoropentane (HFC-43-10mee), 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- tetradecafluoroheptane (HFC-63-14mcee), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze), 1,2,3,3- tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ye), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO- 1243zf), 1 ,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225ye), 1,1,1,3,3- pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225zc), 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7- tridecafluoro-3-heptene (HFO-162-13mczy) and 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (HFO-162-13mcyz), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11 ), 1 ,1 ,2-trichloro-1 ,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113), 1 ,2-dichloro-1 ,1 ,2,2- tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114), chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 2- chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf), 1 -chloro-3,3,3- trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd), perfluoromethane (FC-14), perfluoroethane (FC-116), perfluoropropane (FC-218, perfluorocyclobutane (FC-C318), octafluoro-2-butene (FO-1318my), methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n- butane, butane, isobutane, cyclobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, n- hexane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), argon (Ar), hydrogen (H2), and mixtures thereof.
11. The absorption power cycle system of Claim 1 , further including a recirculation line between the generator and the first heat exchanger, and between the first heat exchanger and the absorber, for recirculating the absorbent and working fluid mixture back to the absorber.
12. The absorption power cycle system of Claim 1 , wherein the working fluid comprises at least one working fluid selected from the group consisting of 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, cis- or trans-1-chloro- 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-1 -butene, cis- or trans- 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene, and combinations thereof.
13. The absorption power cycle system of Claim 1 , wherein the working fluid comprises at least one azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition selected from the group consisting of: about 51 weight percent to about 70 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 49 weight percent to about 30 weight percent isopentane; about 62 weight percent to about 78 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 38 weight percent to about 22 weight percent n- pentane; about 75 weight percent to about 88 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 25 weight percent to about 12 weight percent cyclopentane; about 25 weight percent to about 35 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 75 weight percent to about 65 weight percent HCFC-123; about 67 weight percent to about 87 weight percent cis-HFO- 1336mzz and about 33 weight percent to about 13 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene; and about 61 weight percent to about 78 weight percent trans-HFO- 1438mzz and about 39 weight percent to about 22 weight percent isopentane.
14. A process for producing mechanical work comprising:
(a) forming an absorbent/working fluid mixture in an absorber;
(b) heating the absorbent/working fluid mixture to release working fluid vapor;
(c) sending the working fluid vapor to a device for producing mechanical work; and
(d) reforming the heated absorbent/working fluid mixture.
15. The process of claim 14, further comprising between step (c) and (d):
(c-i) condensing said working fluid in a condenser;
(c-ii) partially vaporizing said working fluid in an expansion device; and
(c-iii) fully vaporizing said working fluid in an evaporator thereby producing cooling.
16. The process of claim 14, further comprising between step (c) and (d):
(c-i) condensing said working fluid in a condenser thereby producing heat;
(c-ii) partially vaporizing said working fluid in an expansion device; and
(c-iii) fully vaporizing said working fluid in an evaporator.
17. The process of claim 14, further comprising between step (c) and (d) absorbing heat from a stream to be cooled in a second heat exchanger, thus producing cooling of the stream to be cooled.
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- 2009-12-16 US US12/639,401 patent/US20100154419A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-12-17 EP EP09775491A patent/EP2359076A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-12-17 KR KR1020117016679A patent/KR20110111413A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-12-17 BR BRPI0917780A patent/BRPI0917780A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-12-17 JP JP2011542417A patent/JP2012512991A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-12-17 AU AU2009335807A patent/AU2009335807A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-12-17 CN CN200980151129XA patent/CN102257334A/en active Pending
- 2009-12-17 WO PCT/US2009/068380 patent/WO2010080467A2/en active Application Filing
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BRPI0917780A2 (en) | 2016-03-01 |
KR20110111413A (en) | 2011-10-11 |
CN102257334A (en) | 2011-11-23 |
AU2009335807A2 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
WO2010080467A2 (en) | 2010-07-15 |
US20100154419A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
JP2012512991A (en) | 2012-06-07 |
AU2009335807A1 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
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