US20100137220A1 - Blood sugar-modulating polypeptides - Google Patents
Blood sugar-modulating polypeptides Download PDFInfo
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- US20100137220A1 US20100137220A1 US12/392,672 US39267209A US2010137220A1 US 20100137220 A1 US20100137220 A1 US 20100137220A1 US 39267209 A US39267209 A US 39267209A US 2010137220 A1 US2010137220 A1 US 2010137220A1
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- polypeptide
- blood sugar
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
Definitions
- the present invention provides a blood sugar-modulating polypeptide and its use, especially to a polypeptide with the following amino acid sequence or a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution, deletion, and/or addition of one or more amino acids therein:
- Diabetes is a chronic illness of metabolic abnormality.
- the main cause of diabetes is a lack of insulin, a defective function of insulin in the body, or the resistance to insulin caused by the combination of innate gene defects and the postnatal environment, leading to the low ability of using sugar, or even leading to the complete loss of the ability, thus further elevating blood sugar and abnormalizing the metabolism of proteins and lipids in the body.
- diabetes brings other chronic complications, including the pathological changes of the ocular fundus, nerve (including motor nerve, sensory nerve, and autonomic nerve), kidney, great vessels (including cerebrovascular obstruction, coronary artery disease, the occlusion of peripheral vessels), diabetes foot, etc.
- the number of diabetes patients around the world has increased dramatically, from about 30 million in 1985 to about 135 million in 1995, and to more than 177 million at present.
- the WHO further indicates that the number of worldwide diabetes patients will be more than 336 million in 2030 (http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/diabetes/en/).
- the medical cost for diabetes and its complications in the U.S. increased from 44 billion USD in 1997 to 132 billion USD in 2000. With the increased prevalence of diabetes, it is important to develop a substance or medication that can modulate blood sugar efficiently.
- the first group consists of sulfonylureas, which promote the secretion of insulin from the pancreas and increase the number of insulin receptors of histiocytes.
- the second group consists of benzoic acid derivatives, capable of stimulating the secretion of insulin.
- the third group consists of biguanides, which inhibit the absorption of sugar in the stomach or intestine, inhibit the production of sugar in the liver, and promote the intake of sugar in tissues.
- the fourth group consists of ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors, which prevent disaccharides from being degraded into monosaccharides so they can be absorbed by the intestines.
- the fifth group consists of insulin sensitizers, which alleviate the resistance of peripheral tissues and hepatocytes to insulin. Nevertheless, each group of the aforesaid pharmaceutical agents has different side effects.
- sulfonylureas may cause rashes and a low level of blood sugar; benzoic acid derivatives may decrease the level of blood sugar; biguanides may cause lactic acidosis and stomach and intestine illnesses; ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors may cause stomach and intestine illnesses; and insulin sensitizers may lead to the abnormality of liver function and injury to hepatocytes. Accordingly, it is important to develop medication with a blood sugar-modulating function and without side effects.
- polypeptides Unlike common compounds, polypeptides have better metabolizability and receptibility for organisms, and thus have fewer side effects. Therefore, many polypeptides have been studied in the world for decades and have been applied in clinical treatment. For instance, TW 1283684 discloses a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 analogue, which reduces blood sugar, while U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,919 discloses medication for reducing blood sugar using Human proIslet Peptide (HIP), wherein the HIP is an active fragment of a pancreatitis-associated protein precursor.
- HIP Human proIslet Peptide
- polypeptides have been found to have blood sugar-reducing activity and can be obtained from plant extracts.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,338 discloses a polypeptide with blood sugar-reducing activity from bitter melon.
- the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is KTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVG, and the molecular weight of the polypeptide is less than 10 kDa.
- the present invention researches the aforesaid requirement, and provides a novel polypeptide with a blood sugar-modulating function, especially a blood sugar-modulating function for animals in the normal state or in the diabetic state.
- One objective of this invention is to provide a polypeptide for modulating blood sugar, comprising the following amino acid sequence or a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution, deletion, and/or addition of one or more amino acids therein:
- the polypeptide of the present invention comprises one or more amino acid sequences selected from a group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, and a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution, deletion, and/or addition of one or more amino acids therein.
- Another objective of this invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for modulating blood sugar, comprising the polypeptide of the present invention.
- Yet a further objective of this invention is to provide a method for modulating blood sugar in a mammal, comprising the administration of the polypeptide of the present invention.
- the present invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide, encoding the polypeptide of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a figure of the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the polypeptide of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a figure illustrating the production method, the applicable dosage forms of the pharmaceutical composition, and the use of the polypeptide of the present invention.
- homologous polypeptide in this specification represents a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence derived from the substitution, deletion, and/or addition of one or more amino acids in the amino acid sequence of a particular polypeptide; that is, a homologue of the particular polypeptide.
- the polypeptide for modulating blood sugar of the present invention comprises a following amino acid sequence or a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution, deletion, and/or addition of one or more amino acids therein:
- the polypeptide of the present invention comprises one or more amino acid sequences selected from a group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, and a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution, deletion, and/or addition of one or more amino acids therein.
- the polypeptide of the present invention comprises one or more amino acid sequences selected from a group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, and a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution, deletion, and/or addition of one or more amino acids therein.
- the polypeptide of the present invention can be obtained by plant extraction, artificial synthesis, gene recombination technique, or a combination thereof.
- the artificial synthesis herein means that, depending on the desired polypeptide, amino acids can be linked in sequence by a manual method, including chemical synthesis methods or a method using a peptide synthesizer applying the principle of chemical synthesis. Accordingly, the artificial synthesis method generally has the following advantages: changing the primary structure of a polypeptide easily during the synthesis process, adding a particular amino acid conveniently, and modifying the terminal of a polypeptide expediently.
- the chemical synthesis methods that can be used to synthesize the polypeptide of the present invention can be divided into a solid phase synthesis method and a liquid phase synthesis method.
- the liquid phase synthesis method has to carry out an extraction operation after every linkage step of each amino acid.
- a chromatographic purification step is also needed since the peptide intermediates from the extraction are usually mixtures.
- using the liquid phase synthesis method to synthesize polypeptides involves the complicated extraction and chromatographic purification steps to obtain products with high purity.
- the solid phase synthesis method is performed in quite a different way.
- the linkage reaction of amino acids occurs on the solid polymer particle (or a polymer support) in a solvent.
- the N-terminal amino acid of a desired polypeptide is first covalently linked to a polymer particle, and then other amino acids are linked in sequence with a specific linkage method.
- the polypeptide is completed. Because the polymer particle does not dissolve in the solvent, the polymer particle (and the desired polypeptide connected to the polymer particle) can be separated from the reaction reagents and side products by a washing and filtering operation after the synthesis process.
- the solid phase synthesis method is relatively convenient and can reduce synthesis time significantly, and thus it is more advantageous in terms of the synthesis of long-chain polypeptides.
- the polypeptide of the present invention also can be synthesized by the gene recombination technique.
- an expression vector containing a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of the present invention is placed in a host cell, and the polynucleotide is then expressed to produce the polypeptide of the present invention.
- the host cell can be Escherichia coli or yeast, and the expression vector can be selected from common vectors available from the market, for example, pQStrep2, pQStrep4, pGEX-6P1, pQTEV, etc.
- polypeptide of the present invention also can be obtained from plant extracts.
- polypeptides capable of modulating blood sugar that can be obtained from the extracts of plants from the cucumber family, such as bitter melon, kakorot, cucumber, pumpkin, gourd, watermelon, snake gourd seed, snake gourd root, and combinations thereof. It has been proved by protein electrophoresis that the polypeptides able to modulate blood sugar in the extracts of the plants from the cucumber family all belong to the homologous polypeptide (as shown in FIG. 1 ).
- the polypeptide of the present invention also can be obtained from plants beside the plants from the cucumber family, such as Zinnia elegans, Medicago truncatula , grape, grapefruit, Sambucus nigra, Arabidopsis thaliana , rice, and combinations thereof. That is, the source of the polypeptide of the present invention is not limited to the plants from the cucumber family.
- the plant extract from bitter melon can be acquired by the following steps. Thereafter, the polypeptide of the present invention can be obtained by purifying the plant extract (for instance, using protein electrophoresis or chromatographic purification).
- a bitter melon is macerated in a solvent to obtain a crude suspension, wherein the solvent can be phosphate buffer, citrate buffer, water, and so on.
- the bitter melon can be disintegrated by a blender or a grinder.
- Particles in the crude suspension are removed from the liquid phase by a centrifuge at a speed of 12,000 rpm to 15,000 rpm, and then a resultant supernatant is filtered using a filter with a pore size of 0.1 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m.
- a resultant filtrate is then passed through a membrane filter with a 1 kDa cut-off, and a resultant supernatant is then passed through a membrane filter with a 10 kDa cut-off.
- a resultant filtrate is collected to obtain a water-soluble bitter melon extract containing the polypeptide of the present invention.
- the membrane filter can be selected from conventional membrane filter products, such as Amicon® membrane filter, Millipore® membrane filter, etc.
- the desired polypeptide can be isolated by using a purification method, such as protein electrophoresis or chromatographic purification.
- a preservative e.g. sodium benzoate, salicylic acid, etc.
- the polypeptide is stored at ⁇ 80° C.
- two-dimensional gel electrophoresis can be used specifically to isolate the polypeptide.
- the above resultant water-soluble bitter melon extract is subjected to protein precipitation, and then the protein precipitate is then subjected to one-dimensional iso-electric focusing (IEF).
- IEF iso-electric focusing
- a SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gel is prepared, injected into a gel slot, and flattened by using ethanol. After twenty minutes, the ethanol is poured out from the gel slot, and the gel strip treated by the IEF and a protein molecular weight marker is injected into a sample well, respectively.
- Electrophoresis is then carried out by using electric current at 110 volts. Electrophoresis ends when the dye moves to the bottom of the gel.
- the gel is then removed from the gel slot and is stained with a stain reagent. Then, the stain reagent on the gel is removed by using a wash buffer, and the gel is decolorized by using a destain buffer. Finally, a protein band at the position of the iso-electric point of 9 to 10, and of the molecular weight of 1 kDa to 7 kDa on the gel is cut and collected, and then the polypeptide of the present invention is obtained.
- polypeptide of the present invention can also be obtained by a combination of the aforesaid methods.
- a fragment of the desired polypeptide can be first acquired by gene recombination or plant extraction, and then the complete polypeptide can be obtained by artificial synthesis.
- the polypeptide of the present invention can be used to produce a medication for reducing blood sugar.
- the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for modulating blood sugar, comprising an effective amount of the polypeptide of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the pharmaceutical composition may be of any suitable dosage forms, such as a tablet, a capsule, a granule, a powder, a fluid extract, a solution, a syrup, a suspension, an emulsion, a tincture, an injection, an intravenous injection, a powder injection, a suspension injection, a powder-suspension injection, or a combination thereof, etc.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may optionally contain other adjuvants, such as a solvent, a dispersion medium, a coating, a stabilizer, a thinner, a preservative, a conservative, an antiseptic, an anti-fungus reagent, an isotonic reagent, an absorption-retarding reagent, a disintegrant, an emulsifier, a binder, a lubricant, a pigment, etc.
- adjuvants such as a solvent, a dispersion medium, a coating, a stabilizer, a thinner, a preservative, a conservative, an antiseptic, an anti-fungus reagent, an isotonic reagent, an absorption-retarding reagent, a disintegrant, an emulsifier, a binder, a lubricant, a pigment, etc.
- adjuvants such as a solvent, a dispersion medium, a coating, a stabilizer
- the solvent can be water or a sucrose solution
- the thinner can be lactose or starch
- the preservative can be benzyl alcohol
- the absorption-retarding reagent can be chitosan or glycosaminoglycan
- the lubricant can be magnesium carbonate
- the pigment can be tartrazine.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administrated by injection, and is brought to a released position directly by the blood.
- the pharmaceutical composition may contain an absorbance-retarded reagent to protect itself from the stomach acids and enzymes in the front half segment of the small intestine.
- the dosage is 50 mg/kg-body weight daily with oral administration, based on the amount of the polypeptide. If the injection administration is applied, the daily effective dosage of the pharmaceutical composition for modulating blood sugar is 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 mole/kg-body weight.
- the present invention further provides an isolated polynucleotide, encoding the polypeptide of the present invention.
- the polynucleotide can be obtained by a conventional clone method. For instance, a genomic deoxyribonucleic acid can be first extracted from a plant cell, and then is used as a template for a polymerase chain reaction. After the polymerase chain reaction is completed, a product is purified to provide the isolated polynucleotide of the present invention.
- the present invention yet provides a method for modulating blood sugar in a mammal, especially in a human, comprising the administration of the polypeptide of the present invention.
- the polypeptide can be administrated as any suitable form, such as a pharmaceutical composition.
- the dosage form of the pharmaceutical composition is as described above.
- the method of the present invention is especially useful for treating diabetes.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the production method, the applicable dosage forms of a pharmaceutical composition, and the use of the polypeptide of the present invention.
- mice Five normal mice (BALB/c) fasted for 18 hrs and five diabetic mice (ob/ob) fasted for 4 hrs, respectively. Then, a solution (100 ⁇ L) of 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 mole/kg-body weight of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 12 was injected into the peritoneal cavity of each mouse of the experimental group, while in the control group (five mice), each mouse was injected with water (100 ⁇ L).
- the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 12 can decrease their blood sugar values efficiently.
- the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 12 can make the blood sugar values of the normal mice reach an inhibition rate of about 70%, and also can make the blood sugar values of the diabetic mice reach an inhibition rate of about 50%.
- mice Five normal mice (BALB/c) fasted for 18 hrs and five diabetic mice (ob/ob) fasted for 4 hrs, respectively. Then, a solution (100 ⁇ L) of 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 mole/kg-body weight of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 11 was injected into the peritoneal cavity of each mouse of the experimental group, while in the control group (five mice), each mouse was injected with water (100 ⁇ L).
- mice of the experimental group were compared with those of the control group and were analyzed to obtain a relative inhibition rate of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 11 toward the blood sugar values, as shown in Table 3.
- the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 11 can decrease their blood sugar values efficiently.
- the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 11 can make the blood sugar values of the normal mice reach an inhibition rate of about 50%, and also can make the blood sugar values of the diabetic mice reach an inhibition rate of about 40%.
- mice of the experimental group were compared with those of the control group and were analyzed to obtain the relative inhibition rate of each of the polypeptides toward the blood sugar values, as shown in Table 4.
- polypeptides with an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, or SEQ ID NO:9 have a better effect of reducing the blood sugar values, and they are from different plant families.
- this experiment shows that polypeptides from plants can reduce the blood sugar value in the body.
- mice Five normal mice (BALB/c) in each of two groups fasted for 18 hrs, and then, respectively, a solution(20 ⁇ L) of 50 mg/kg-body weight of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 10, or a solution(20 ⁇ L) of 50 mg/kg-body weight of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:11, was given to each mouse of each group of the experimental group by oral administration, while in the control group (five mice), each mouse was given water (20 ⁇ L). After 15 minutes, a solution of 4 g/kg-body weight of glucose was injected into the peritoneal cavity of each mouse to rapidly raise the blood sugar value of each mouse.
- mice After 180 minutes, the blood of each mouse was extracted from its tails, and the blood sugar value was determined by a blood sugar meter (Accu-Check Advantage, Roche, Germany). The blood sugar values of the mice of the experimental group were compared with those of the control group and were analyzed to obtain a relative inhibition rate of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO:10 and SEQ ID NO:11 toward the blood sugar values, as shown in Table 5.
- both the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO:10 and SEQ ID NO:11 can reduce the blood sugar values of the normal mice efficiently.
- the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:11 can make the blood sugar values reach an inhibition rate of about 50%.
- mice of the experimental group were compared with those of the control group and were analyzed to obtain the relative inhibition rate of each plant extract toward the blood sugar values, as shown in Table 6.
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US12/949,196 US8476229B2 (en) | 2008-12-01 | 2010-11-18 | Blood sugar-modulating polypeptides |
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TW097146586A TWI342781B (en) | 2008-12-01 | 2008-12-01 | Blood sugar-modulating polypeptides |
TW097146586 | 2008-12-01 |
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US12/392,672 Abandoned US20100137220A1 (en) | 2008-12-01 | 2009-02-25 | Blood sugar-modulating polypeptides |
US12/949,196 Active - Reinstated 2030-01-13 US8476229B2 (en) | 2008-12-01 | 2010-11-18 | Blood sugar-modulating polypeptides |
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US12/949,196 Active - Reinstated 2030-01-13 US8476229B2 (en) | 2008-12-01 | 2010-11-18 | Blood sugar-modulating polypeptides |
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US (2) | US20100137220A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2191837B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4772884B2 (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI342781B (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8697649B2 (en) * | 2012-05-18 | 2014-04-15 | China Medical University | Polypeptides, nucleic acid molecule encoding polypeptides, and uses of polypeptides |
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EP3791862B1 (en) | 2013-09-11 | 2024-05-29 | Eagle Biologics, Inc. | Liquid protein formulations containing viscosity-lowering agents |
TWI580690B (zh) * | 2014-08-25 | 2017-05-01 | The use of multidipins for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions for in vivo multipurpose effects | |
US11723946B2 (en) | 2014-08-25 | 2023-08-15 | China Medical University | Methods for regulating transcription of multiple genes and expression of multiple targets |
SG10201902915VA (en) | 2014-10-01 | 2019-04-29 | Eagle Biologics Inc | Polysaccharide and nucleic acid formulations containing viscosity-lowering agents |
CN109452602A (zh) * | 2018-09-29 | 2019-03-12 | 安徽省潜山县全丰农产品开发有限责任公司 | 一种炒制瓜蒌籽的加工工艺 |
Citations (1)
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US6800726B1 (en) * | 1996-11-01 | 2004-10-05 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Proteins with increased levels of essential amino acids |
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TW283684B (en) | 1995-07-28 | 1996-08-21 | Ing-Bin Jean | Pattern forming method and product for crystal and optics-glass surface |
ATE403672T1 (de) * | 1997-04-01 | 2008-08-15 | Theracos Inc | Oral aktive fraktion der momordica charantia, ihre aktiven peptide und ihre verwendung bei der behandlung des diabetes |
JP2001278804A (ja) * | 2000-03-30 | 2001-10-10 | Miyazaki Prefecture | 脂質代謝改善剤及びそれを含有する食品 |
JP3628999B2 (ja) * | 2001-12-03 | 2005-03-16 | 株式会社沖縄発酵化学 | 苦瓜茶及びその製造方法 |
CA2532332C (en) * | 2003-07-17 | 2007-10-02 | Sante International, Inc. | Dietary supplement for promoting control of blood-sugar levels and associated pathology in type 2 diabetics |
EA013821B1 (ru) | 2005-05-25 | 2010-08-30 | Кьюрдм, Инк. | Проостровковые пептиды человека, их производные и аналоги и способы их применения |
CN101081244A (zh) * | 2006-05-31 | 2007-12-05 | 浙江日升昌药业有限公司 | 一种植物来源降血糖活性多肽口服生物活性的保存方法 |
-
2008
- 2008-12-01 TW TW097146586A patent/TWI342781B/zh active
-
2009
- 2009-02-25 US US12/392,672 patent/US20100137220A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-03-05 EP EP09154406.4A patent/EP2191837B1/en active Active
- 2009-03-16 JP JP2009062569A patent/JP4772884B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2010
- 2010-11-18 US US12/949,196 patent/US8476229B2/en active Active - Reinstated
Patent Citations (1)
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US6800726B1 (en) * | 1996-11-01 | 2004-10-05 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Proteins with increased levels of essential amino acids |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8697649B2 (en) * | 2012-05-18 | 2014-04-15 | China Medical University | Polypeptides, nucleic acid molecule encoding polypeptides, and uses of polypeptides |
US9029326B2 (en) | 2012-05-18 | 2015-05-12 | China Medical University | Polypeptides, nucleic acid molecule encoding polypeptides, and uses of polypeptides |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2191837A1 (en) | 2010-06-02 |
JP4772884B2 (ja) | 2011-09-14 |
JP2010124827A (ja) | 2010-06-10 |
TW201021823A (en) | 2010-06-16 |
US20110124557A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
TWI342781B (en) | 2011-06-01 |
EP2191837B1 (en) | 2014-05-07 |
US8476229B2 (en) | 2013-07-02 |
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