US20100028415A1 - Method of Inducing Neutralizing Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Google Patents

Method of Inducing Neutralizing Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Download PDF

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US20100028415A1
US20100028415A1 US11/918,219 US91821906A US2010028415A1 US 20100028415 A1 US20100028415 A1 US 20100028415A1 US 91821906 A US91821906 A US 91821906A US 2010028415 A1 US2010028415 A1 US 2010028415A1
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hiv
patient
autoantigen
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Barton F. Haynes
S. Munir Alam
Hua-Xin Liao
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Duke University
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates, in general, to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and, in particular, to a method of inducing neutralizing antibodies to HIV and to compounds and compositions suitable for use in such a method.
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • the first antibodies that are made in acute HIV-1 infection are against the CD4 binding site (Moore et al, J. Virol. 68(8) 5142 (1994)), the CCR5 co-receptor binding site (Choe et al, Cell 114(2):161-170 (2003)), and the V3 loop (Moore et al, J. Acquir. Immun. Def. Syn. 7(4):332 (1994)).
  • these antibodies do not control HIV-1 and are easily escaped (Burton et al, Nature Immun. 5:233-236 (2004), Wei et al, Nature 422(6929):307-312 (2003)).
  • CD4BS CD4 binding site
  • IgG1b12 CD4 binding site
  • MPER membrane proximal external region
  • MPER can be defined as amino acids 652 to 683 of HIV envelope (Cardoso et al, Immunity 22:163-173 (2005) (e.g., QQEKNEQELLELDKWASLWNWFDITNWLWYIK).
  • CD4 binding site (BS) antibodies are commonly made early in HIV-1 infection, but these antibodies generally do not have the broad spectrum of neutralization shown by mab IgG1b12 (Burton et al, Nat. Immunol. 5(3):233-236 (2004)).
  • a number of epitopes of the HIV-1 envelope have been shown to cross-react with host tissues (Pinto et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retrov. 10:823-828 (1994), Douvas et al, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrov. 10:253-262 (1994), Douvas et al, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrov. 12:1509-1517 (1996)), and autoimmune patients have been shown to make antibodies that cross-react with HIV proteins (Pinto et al, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrov. 10:823-828 (1994), Douvas et al, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrov. 10:253-262 (1994), Douvas et al, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrov.
  • the present invention relates generally to human HIV. More specifically, the invention relates to a method of inducing neutralizing antibodies to HIV and to compounds and compositions suitable for use in such a method.
  • the present invention provides immunogens that present MPER epitopes in their native membrane bound environment, and immunization methods using such immunogens that break tolerance.
  • FIG. 1 Broadly neutralizing antibodies (2F5, 4E10) bind to epitopes that lie proximal to the host membrane. Both 2F5 and 4E1 mAbs are IgG3, have long CDR3s, and bind to epitopes that lie within HIV-1 gp41 (aa 660-683) membrane proximal external region (MPER).
  • 2F5 and 4E1 mAbs are IgG3, have long CDR3s, and bind to epitopes that lie within HIV-1 gp41 (aa 660-683) membrane proximal external region (MPER).
  • FIGS. 2A-2D Reactivity of 2F5, 4E10, IgG1b12 Mabs with human Hep-2 epithelial cells.
  • FIG. 2A shows Mab 2F5 reacting with Hep-2 cells in a diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear pattern
  • FIG. 2B shows Mab 4E10 reacting with HEp-2 cells in a pattern similar to 2F5.
  • FIG. 2C shows Mab IgG1b 12 reacting with Hep-2 cells in a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern, with nucleoli reactive in the nucleus.
  • FIG. 2C insert shows higher magnification of cells showing the nucleolar reactivity of IgG1b12 (arrows).
  • FIG. 2D shows negative reactivity of Mab 1.9F on Hep-2 cells.
  • Antibody amounts per slide assayed in FIGS. 2A-2D were 3.75 ⁇ g per slide of Mab.
  • Mab 2F5 was positive on HEp-2 cells at 0.125 ⁇ g per slide (5 ⁇ g/ml).
  • Mab 4E10 was positive on HEp-2 at 0.125 ⁇ g per slide (5 ⁇ g/ml), and IgG1b12 was positive at 1.25 ⁇ g per slide (50 ⁇ g/ml). All Figs. X200; FIG. 2C insert X400. Images shown are from an experiment representative of three performed.
  • FIGS. 3A-3D Assay of Mabs 2F5 and 4E10 against lipids and specificity of binding.
  • FIG. 3A shows ELISA reactivity of MAbs 4E10 (solid bars) and 2F5 (open bars) to cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and sphingomyelin (SM).
  • C cardiolipin
  • PS phosphatidylserine
  • PC phosphatidylcholine
  • PE phosphatidylethanolamine
  • SM sphingomyelin
  • FIG. 3C shows the dose response curve of 4E10 MAb binding to cardiolipin.
  • the half-maximal (EC50) response of 4E10 binding (80 nM) was calculated from a four parametric, sigmoidal curve fitting analysis. Binding data was acquired from an ELISA of 4E10 MAb binding (0.5 nM-1000 nM) to cardiolipin coated on ELISA plate (1.35 ⁇ g/well).
  • FIG. 3D shows soluble HIV-1 Env gp140 oligomers (CON-S) expressing the 4E10 epitope inhibits binding of 4E10 MAb to cardiolipin. The IC50 of inhibition of 4E10 binding to cardiolipin was calculated to be 145 nM.
  • the inhibition assay was carried out by using varying concentrations of gp140 (19.25-1230 nM) mixed with 10 ⁇ g/ml of 4E10 MAb, which were then added to wells containing 1.35 ⁇ g of cardiolipin.
  • MAb 3H6 (1 mg/ml) (but not control MAb) also blocked the binding of MAb 2F5 to SSA/Ro, centromere B, and histones (not shown). All data in FIGS. 3A-3D are representative of at least two experiments performed.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B Amino acid ( FIG. 4A ) and nucleic acid ( FIG. 4B ) sequences of CON-S Env gp160.
  • a CFI form of the protein of FIG. 4A was used in Example 2.
  • Gp140CFI refers to an HIV-1 envelope design with the cleavage site (C), fusion site (F), and gp41 immunodominant region (I) deleted in addition to the deletion of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains.
  • FIG. 5 Structures of phosphospholipids used in immunization regimens and resulting neutralization titers.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B Peptide sequences used in the generation of peptide-liposome conjugates.
  • the nominal epitopes of mAbs 2F5 and 4E10 binding epitopes include sequences ELDKWAS and WFNITNW, respectively, and are underlined.
  • the V3 sequences were derived from gp120 of HIV-1 MN strain and were used as a control construct. Scrambled sequences are used controls.
  • FIG. 7 Schematic presentation of various designs of MPER gp41 constructs. The functional regions are indicated above the schematic constructs. Amino acid sequences are indicated below each of schematic constructs. Initiation and maturation signal sequences are highlighted in blue; immunodominant regions are highlighted in bold; MPER regions are highlighted in brown and GTH1 domains are highlighted in red and transmembrane domains are underlined. His-tags were added to the C-terminal ends of the constructs for easy purification and are highlighted in green.
  • FIG. 8 Binding of mAb 4E10 to peptide-liposome conjugates. BIAcore binding curves show specific and markedly higher binding of mAb 4E10 to GTH1-4E10 liposomes. Low levels of binding with fast kinetics to GTH1-2F5 liposomes were also detected.
  • FIG. 9 Binding of 2F5 mAb to peptide-liposomes.
  • MAb 2F5 bound specifically to GTH1-2F5 liposomes and showed no binding to GTH1-4E10 liposomes.
  • FIG. 10 A32 mAb binding to peptide-liposomes.
  • a control anti-gp120 Mab, A32 showed no binding to any of the liposome conjugates.
  • FIG. 11 Generation of fluorescein conjugated peptide-liposomes.
  • Peptide-liposomes were conjugated with a fluorescein tag by incorporating fluorescein-POPE in the lipid composition.
  • Binding assays show that the specificity of mAb 4E10 binding is retained in fluorescein conjugated liposomes. Fluorescein-conjugated GTH1-2F5 liposomes gave similar results.
  • FIG. 12 Reactivity of immunized guinea pig sera with 4E10 peptide.
  • ELISA binding assay show strong positive reactivity of sera to 4E10 peptide from two guinea pigs immunized with GTH1-4E10 liposomes. All pre-bleed sera gave background binding while a low level of binding was observed in a serum from an animal immunized with 4E10 peptide. Both the positive sera from the peptide-liposome immunized animals also showed neutralizing activity (Table 2).
  • One serum (1102) showed neutralization of MN and SS1196 strains with antibody titers at 1:209 and 1:32 respectively.
  • the second serum (1103) was only effective against the MN virus (1:60).
  • the present invention results, at least in part, from studies demonstrating that certain broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies are autoantibodies.
  • the present invention provides a method of inducing antibodies that neutralize HIV.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of at least one heterologous (e.g., non-human) or homologous (e.g., human) cross-reactive autoantigen sufficient to effect the induction.
  • Cross-reactive autoantigens suitable for use in the instant invention include cardiolipin, SS-A/RO, dsDNA from bacteria or mammalian cells, centromere B protein and RiBo nucleoprotein (RNP).
  • Suitable autoantigens also include phospholipids in addition to cardiolipin, such as phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphotidylinositol, sphingomyelin, and derivatives thereof, e.g., 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-L-serine] (POPS), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE).
  • phospholipids in addition to cardiolipin such as phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphotidylinositol, sphingomyelin, and derivatives thereof, e.g., 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-
  • hexagonal II phases of phospholipids can be advantageous and phospholipids that readily form hexagonally packed cylinders of the hexagonal II tubular phase (e.g., under physiological conditions) are preferred, as are phospholipids that can be stabilized in the hexagonal II phase.
  • phospholipids that readily form hexagonally packed cylinders of the hexagonal II tubular phase e.g., under physiological conditions
  • phospholipids that can be stabilized in the hexagonal II phase See Rauch et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4112-4114 (1990); Aguilar et al, J. Biol. Chem. 274: 25193-25196 (1999)).
  • Fragments of such autoantigens comprising the cross-reactive epitopes can also be used.
  • the autoantigen, or fragment thereof can be used, for example, in prime boost regimens that can be readily optimized by one skilled in the art (DNA sequences encoding proteinaceous components of such regimens can be administered under conditions such that the proteinaceous component is produced in vivo).
  • prime boost regimens that can be readily optimized by one skilled in the art
  • DNA sequences encoding proteinaceous components of such regimens can be administered under conditions such that the proteinaceous component is produced in vivo.
  • cross-reactive autoantigen can be used as a first vaccine prime to boost natural auto-antibodies (e.g., anti-cardiolipin 4E10- and 2F5-like antibodies).
  • Either autoantigen e.g., cardiolipin (or fragment thereof)
  • an HIV-envelope protein/polypeptide/peptide comprising a cross-reactive epitope(s) such as the 2F5 and/or 4E10 epitopes (which epitopes can include at least the sequences ELDKWA and NWFDIT, respectively)
  • a cross-reactive epitope(s) such as the 2F5 and/or 4E10 epitopes (which epitopes can include at least the sequences ELDKWA and NWFDIT, respectively)
  • the mode of administration of the autoantigen and/or HIV-protein/polypeptide/peptide, or encoding sequence can vary with the immunogen, the patient and the effect sought, similarly, the dose administered.
  • Optimum dosage regimens can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
  • administration is subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intranasal or oral.
  • the immunogenic agents can be administered in combination with an adjuvant. While a variety of adjuvants can be used, preferred adjuvants include CpG oligonucleotides and other agents (e.g., TRL9 agonists) that can break tolerance to autoantigens without inducing autoimmune disease (Tran et al, Clin. Immunol. 109:278-287 (2003), US Appln Nos. 20030181406, 20040006242, 20040006032, 20040092472, 20040067905, 20040053880, 20040152649, 20040171086, 20040198680, 200500059619).
  • TRL9 agonists e.g., TRL9 agonists
  • compositions suitable for use in the instant method including compositions comprising the autoantigen, and/or HIV protein/polypeptide/peptide comprising one or more cross-reactive epitopes (e.g., 4E10 and/or 2F5 epitopes), or 4E10 or 2F5 epitope mimics, and a carrier.
  • suitable formulations include a DNA prime and a recombinant adenovirus boost and a DNA prime and a recombinant mycobacteria boost, where the DNA or the vectors encode, for example, either HIV envelope or a protein autoantigen, such as SS-A/Ro.
  • compositions can be present, for example, in a form suitable for injection or nasal administration.
  • the composition is sterile.
  • the composition can be present in dosage unit form.
  • the present invention also relates to a passive immunotherapy approach wherein B cells from patients with a primary autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) or anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome or patients with infectious diseases such as syphilis, leishmaniasis, and leprosy, are used in the production of cross-reactive antibodies (including monoclonal antibodies other than 4E10 and 2F5).
  • a primary autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) or anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome
  • infectious diseases such as syphilis, leishmaniasis, and leprosy
  • the invention includes the use of B cells from SLE patients, as well as other patients with disordered immunoregulation (that is, patients with a primary autoimmune disease, or a non-HIV infection such as those noted above, that produce autoantibodies cross-reactive with HIV envelope), in the production of immortal cell lines that provide a source of antibodies that cross-react with HIV envelope (such as 2F5-like and 4E10-like antibodies) (see Stiegler et al, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 17:1757-1765 (2001), Armbruster et al, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54:915-920 (2004), U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,034).
  • the B cells are from an SLE patient (or patient with another primary autoimmune disease) that is HIV infected or that has received an envelope-based HIV vaccine (while not wishing to be bound by theory, HIV infection or vaccination may serve to “boost” primed B1 cells (e.g., cardiolipin-primed B1 cells) to produce 2F5- and/or 4E10-like antibodies and escape deletion (which would occur in a normal subject)—the “boost” may trigger somatic hypermutation so that the resulting Ig genes encode antibodies that fit 2F5 and or 4E10-like epitopes—or that fit other gp 160 epitopes that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies but are deleted in normal subjects).
  • the production of immortal cell lines from B cells can be effected using any of a variety of art recognized techniques, including, but not limited to, fusing such B cells with myeloma cells to produce hybridomas.
  • sequences encoding such cross-reactive antibodies can be cloned and amplified (see, for example, Huse et al, Science 246:1275-1281 (1989), and phage-display technology as described in WO 91/17271, WO 92/01047, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,877,218, 5,871,907, 5,858,657, 5,837,242, 5,733,743 and 5,565,332). Soluble antibodies for therapy can then be designed and produced using art recognized techniques (Stiegler et al, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 17:1757-1765 (2001), Armbruster et al, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54:915-920 (2004)).
  • the antibody (or binding fragment thereof) can be administered in doses ranging from about 10 to 100 mg/dose, preferably 25 mg/dose.
  • the dosage and frequency can vary with the antibody (or binding fragment thereof), the patient and the effect sought (see Armbruster et al, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54:915-920 (2004)).
  • the antibodies described above can be used prophylactically or therapeutically.
  • the antibodies (or binding fragments thereof), or DNA encoding the antibodies or binding fragments can be formulated with a carrier (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable carrier) and can be administered by, for example, parenteral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intranasal routes.
  • a carrier e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
  • animal species such as camels (Ramsland et al, Exp. Clin. Immunogenet. 18:176-198 (2001), Litman et al, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:109-147 (1999)), cows (Ramsland et al, Exp. Clin. Immunogenet. 18:176-198 (2001), Litman et al, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:109-147 (1999)) and sharks (Ramsland et al, Exp. Clin. Immunogenet. 18:176-198 (2001), Litman et al, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:109-147 (1999), Hohman et al, Proc. Natl.
  • CDR3s that show polyreactivity to HIV envelope can be utilized for making potent therapeutic antibodies (e.g, monoclonal antibodies, including, for example, chimeric and humanized antibodies, and antigen binding fragments thereof) to HIV and to many infectious agents.
  • potent therapeutic antibodies e.g, monoclonal antibodies, including, for example, chimeric and humanized antibodies, and antigen binding fragments thereof
  • the present invention further relates to synthetic liposome-peptide conjugates and to methods of using same as immunogens for the generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1.
  • This embodiment of the invention provides compositions and methods for embedding into synthetic liposomes nominal epitope peptides of broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind to the MPER of HIV-1 gp41. Also provided are immunization strategies and protocols for the generation of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies and for the detection of antigen specific B cell responses.
  • peptide sequences that include a nominal epitope of a broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibody and a hydrophobic linker, such as GTH1 (see FIG. 6 for sequence), are embedded into synthetic liposomes.
  • the nominal epitope is that of mAbs 2F5 (ELDKWAS) or 4E10 (WFNITNW), which, as noted above, lie in the MPER of HIV-1 envelope gp41.
  • the epitope can be present in the peptide such that antibodies specific therefor have relatively unconstrained access or, alternatively, the epitope can be present in the peptide in relation to the hydrophobic linker so as to mimic the native orientation of the MPER region.
  • MPER gp41 region can be expressed as recombinant proteins in recombinant vaccinia virus, in human cell expression systems, and formulated with amphipathic alpha helices at the N or C termini of the gp41 component for ease in association with liposomes ( FIG. 7 ).
  • Liposomes suitable for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, those comprising POPC, POPE, DMPA (or sphingomyelin (SM)) and cholesterol (Ch). While optimum ratios can be determined by one skilled in the art, examples include POPC:POPE:SM:Ch or POPC:POPE:DMPA:Ch at ratios of 45:25:20:10.
  • DMPC 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phoshphocholine
  • cholesterol Cho
  • DMPG 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) formulated at a molar ratio of 9:7.5:1
  • the optimum ratio of peptide to total lipid can vary, for example, with the peptide and the liposome.
  • a ratio 1:420 was advantageous.
  • the liposome-peptide conjugates can be prepared using standard techniques (see too Example 3 that follows).
  • the peptide-liposome immunogens of the invention can be formulated with, and/or administered with, adjuvants such as lipid A, oCpGs, TRL4 agonists or TLR 7 agonists that facilitate robust antibody responses (Rao et al, Immunobiol. Cell Biol. 82(5):523 (2004)).
  • adjuvants such as lipid A, oCpGs, TRL4 agonists or TLR 7 agonists that facilitate robust antibody responses (Rao et al, Immunobiol. Cell Biol. 82(5):523 (2004)).
  • Other adjuvants that can be used include alum and Q521 (which do not break existing B cell tolerance).
  • Preferred formulations comprise an adjuvant that is designed to break forms of B cell tolerance, such as oCpGs in an oil emulsion such as Emulsigen (an oil in water emulsion) (Tran et al, Clin. Immunol. 109(3):278-287
  • the peptide-liposome immunogens can be administered, for example, IV, intranasally, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravaginally, or intrarectally.
  • the route of administration can vary, for example, with the patient, the conjugate and/or the effect sought, likewise the dosing regimen.
  • the peptide-liposome immunogens are preferred for use prophylactically, however, their administration to infected individuals may reduce viral load.
  • the peptide-liposome conjugates can be used as reagents for the detection of MPER-specific B cell responses.
  • the peptide-liposome constructs can be conjugated with a detectable label, e.g., a fluorescent label, such as fluorescein.
  • the fluorescein-conjugated liposomes can be used in flow cytometric assays as a reagent for the detection of anti-MPER specific B cell responses in hosts immunized with HIV-1 Env proteins that present exposed MPER region.
  • These reagents can be used to study peripheral blood B cells to determine the effectiveness of immunization for anti-MPER antibody induction by measuring the number of circulating memory B cells after immunization.
  • HIV-1 immunogen that can induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies is a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. While rare human mabs exist that broadly neutralize HIV-1, HIV-1 envelope immunogens do not induce these antibody specificities. In this study, it was demonstrated that the two most broadly reactive HIV-1 envelope gp41 human mabs, 2F5 and 4E10, are polyspecific, autoantibodies reactive with cardiolipin. Thus, current HIV-1 vaccines may not induce antibodies against membrane proximal gp41 epitopes because of gp41 membrane proximal epitopes mimicry of autoantigens.
  • Mabs 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10 were produced as described (Steigler et al, AID Res. Human Retroviruses 17:1757 (2001), Purtscher et al, AIDS 10:587 (1996), Trkola et al, J. Virol. 70:1100 (1996)).
  • IgG1b12 (Burton et al, Science 266:1024-1027 (1994)) was the generous gift of Dennis Burton, Scripps Institute, La Jolla, Calif.
  • Mab 447-52D Zolla-Pazner et al, AIDS Res. Human Retrovirol. 20:1254 (2004) was obtained from the AIDS Reagent Repository, NIAID, NIH.
  • Luminex AtheNA Multi-Lyte ANA Test (Wampole Laboratories, Princeton, N.J.) was used for mab reactivity to SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, Sm, ribonucleoprotein (RNP), Scl-70, Jo-1, double stranded (ds) DNA, centromere B, and histone.
  • Mab concentrations assayed were 150 ⁇ g, 50 ⁇ g, 15 ⁇ g, and 5 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Reactivity to human epithelial Hep-2 cells was determined using indirect immunofluoresence on Hep-2 slides using Evans Blue as a counterstain and FITC-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (Zeus Scientific, Raritan N.J.). Slides were photographed on a Nikon Optiphot fluorescence microscope. Rheumatoid factor was performed by nephelometry (Dade Behring, Inc (Newark, Del.). Lupus anticoagulant assay was performed by activated partial thromboplastin (aPTT) and dilute Russell viper venom testing, as described (Moll and Ortel, Ann. Int. Med. 127:177 (1997)).
  • Anti- ⁇ 2 glycoprotein-1 assay was an ELISA (Inova Diagnostics, Inc.). Serum antibodies to dsDNA, SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, Sm, RNP and histone occur in patients with SLE; serum antibodies to centromere B and scl-70 (topoisomerase I) are found in systemic sclerosis; and antibodies to Jo-1 are found in association with polymyositis (Rose and MacKay, The Autoimmune Diseases, Third Ed. Academic Press, Sand Diego, Calif. (1998)).
  • both 2F5 and 4E10 reacted with Hep-2 human epithelial cells in a diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear pattern (Robinson et al, AIDS Res. Human Retrovirol. 6:567 (1990)) ( FIG. 2 ).
  • both 2F5 and 4E10 are characterized by polyspecific autoreactivity.
  • one mab, 2G12 was not autoreactive, while another mab against the CD4 binding site, IgG1b12 (Stiegler et al, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 17:1757 (2001)), reacted with ribonucleoprotein, dsDNA, and centromere B as well as with Hep-2 cells in a cytoplamic and nucleolar pattern (Table 1 and FIG. 2 ).
  • both mabs were tested for lupus anticoagulant activity, and for the ability to bind to prothombin (PT), beta-2 glycoprotein-1, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and sphingomyelin (SM) (Robinson et al, AIDS Res. Human Retrovirol. 6:567 (1990)).
  • PT prothombin
  • PS phosphatidylserine
  • PC phosphatidylcholine
  • PE phosphatidylethanolamine
  • SM sphingomyelin
  • Anti-cardiolipin antibodies can be found in patients with disordered immunoregulation due to autoimmune disease or infection (Burton et al, Science 266:1024-1027 (1994)). Anti-cardiolipin autoantibodies are induced by syphilis, leprosy, leishmaniasis, Epstein Barr virus, and HIV-1 (Burton et al, Science 266:1024-1027 (1994)). Unlike anti-cardiolipin antibodies found in SLE, “infectious” anti-cardiolipin antibodies are rarely prothrombotic, and are transient. Thus, 4E10 is similar to anti-cardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune disease, and 2F5 is similar to anti-cardiolipin antibodies in infectious diseases.
  • autoantigens of the invention were studied using, as autoantigen, cardiolipin (lamellar and hexagonal phases), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-L-serine] (POPS) (lamellar and hexagonal phases), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) (lamellar phase) and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) (hexagonal phase).
  • cardiolipin lar and hexagonal phases
  • POPS 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-L-serine]
  • POPE 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine
  • DOPE dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
  • Guinea pigs (4 per group) were immunized with phospholipid (cardiolipin lamellar phase, cardiolipin hexagonal phase, POPS lamellar phase, POPS hexagonal phase, POPE lamellar phase or DOPE hexagonal phase) in 10 ⁇ g of oCpGs, four times, with each immunization being two weeks apart. Following the four phospholipid immunizations, a final immunization was made IP with 10 ⁇ g of oCpGs with 100 ⁇ g of group M consensus Env, CON-S gp140CFI oligomer (that is, the CFI form of the protein shown in FIG. 4A ).
  • Neutralization assays were performed using an Env pseudotype neutralization assay in TMZ cells (Wei et al, Nature 422:307-312 (2003), Derdeyn et al, J Virol 74:8358-8367 (2000), Wei et al, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:1896-1905 (2002), Platt et al, J Virol 72:2855-2864 (1998), Mascola et al, J. Virol. 79:10103-10107 (2005)), as described below:
  • TZM-bl an adherent cell line and is maintained in T-75 culture flasks.
  • Complete growth medium consists of D-MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, heat-inactivated) and gentamicin (50 ⁇ g/ml). Cell monolayers are disrupted and removed by treatment with trypsin/EDTA:
  • Stocks of uncloned viruses may be produced in either PBMC or T cell lines.
  • Pseudoviruses may be produced by transfection in an appropriate cell type, such as 293T cells. All virus stocks should be made cell free by low speed centrifugation and filtration (0.45-micron) and stored at ⁇ 80° C. in GM containing 20% FBS.
  • Cell-free stocks of virus should be prepared in advance and cryopreserved in working aliquots of approximately 1 ml.
  • Percent neutralization is determined by calculating the difference in average RLU between test wells (cells+serum sample+virus) and cell control wells (cells only, column 1), dividing this result by the difference in average RLU between virus control (cell+virus, column 2) and cell control wells (column 1), subtracting from 1 and multiplying by 100.
  • Neutralizing antibody titers are expressed as the reciprocal of the serum dilution required to reduce RLU by 50%.
  • animals receiving DOPE had a neutralization titer of 170.
  • Peptide sequences that include the nominal epitopes of mAbs 2F5 and 4E10, respectively, linked to a hydrophobic linker (GTH1) were synthesized and embedded into synthetic liposomes ( FIG. 6 ).
  • the first generation of immunogens was designed with the 2F5 and 4E10 epitope sequences at the distal end of the lipid bilayer ( FIG. 6A ). These constructs provided unconstrained access of mAbs to their respective epitopes.
  • the second generation constructs have been designed to mimic the native orientation of the MPER region with the 2F5 and 4E10 mAb epitope sequences linked proximal to the hydrophobic linker ( FIGS. 6A , 6 B).
  • composition of the synthetic liposomes comprised the following phospholipids, POPC (1-Palmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine), POPE (1-Palmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine), DMPA (1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphate), and Cholesterol dissolved in chloroform (purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, Ala.)).
  • POPC 1-Palmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine
  • POPE 1-Palmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine
  • DMPA 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphate
  • Cholesterol dissolved in chloroform purchased from Avanti Polar
  • the milky, uniform suspension of phospholipids was then sonicated in a bath sonicator (Misonix Sonicator 3000, Misonix Inc., Farmingdale, N.Y.).
  • the sonicator was programmed to run 3 consecutive cycles of 45 seconds of total sonication per cycle. Each cycle included 5 seconds of sonication pulse (70 watts power output) followed by a pulse off period of 12 seconds.
  • the suspension of lamellar liposomes was stored at 4° C.
  • HIV-1 MPER peptides GTH1-2F5 and GTH1-4E10 ( FIG. 6 ) were dissolved in 70% chloroform, 30% methanol, Chloroform solutions of lipids were added to the peptide solution, in the molar ratios of 45:25:20:10 (POPC:POPE:DMPA:Cholesterol). Each peptide was added to a ratio of peptide:total phospholipids of 1:420. The mixture was vortexed, then dried and resuspended as described above.
  • Binding assays to test specificity of mAb binding to each peptide-lipid conjugate were performed following capture of the liposomes on a BAcore L1 sensor chip, which allows immobilization of lipid bilayer via a hydrophobic linker.
  • 2F5, 4E10 and control mAbs (A32 or 17b) were injected over each of the sensor surfaces with either synthetic liposomes, or peptide-lipid conjugates and the binding monitored on a BIAcore 3000 instrument ( FIGS. 8-11 ).
  • the immunization strategy incorporated a regimen that allows temporary breaks in tolerance.
  • the protocol involves the use of oCpGs, the TLR9 ligand that has been used to break tolerance for the production of anti-dsDNA antibodies in mice (Tran et al, Clin. Immunol. 109(3):278-287 (2003)).
  • the peptide-liposome conjugates were mixed (1:1) with the adjuvant, Emulsigen plus oCpG.
  • the Emulsigen mixed adjuvant (2 ⁇ ) was prepared by mixing 375 ⁇ L of Emulsigen, 250 ⁇ L of oCpG and 625 ⁇ L of saline.
  • Each guinea pig was immunized on a 21-day interval with 250 ⁇ g of either peptide alone or peptide-liposome conjugates with equivalent amount of peptide.
  • Serum samples were harvested as pre-bleed prior to first immunization and at each subsequent immunizations. Serum samples were analyzed by ELISA assay ( FIG. 12 ) for binding to peptide epitopes and for viral neutralization assay (Table 2).
  • Data in FIG. 12 show strong reactivity to 4E10 peptide of sera from two guinea pigs immunized with GTH1-4E10 liposomes, while only low level of reactivity was observed in a serum from 4E10 peptide immunized animal. Both the positive sera also neutralized HIV-1 MN strain (Table 2).
  • the above peptide-liposome conjugates have been utilized as a reagent for the detection of MPER specific B cell responses.
  • the peptide-liposome constructs (2F5 and 4E10) were conjugated with fluorescein by incorporating fluorescein-POPE in the lipid composition.
  • the flourescein-POPE was mixed with unconjugated POPE at a ratio of 45:55 and then mixed with the rest of the lipids in the molar ratio as described above.
  • both fluorescein conjugated 2F5 and 4E10-peptide-liposomes retained their specificity in binding to their respective mAbs ( FIG. 11 ).

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US20080031890A1 (en) 2008-02-07
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AU2006235507B2 (en) 2012-08-30
US20170106080A1 (en) 2017-04-20
CA2604683C (fr) 2019-04-30
US20130323299A1 (en) 2013-12-05
EP1868651A2 (fr) 2007-12-26
US20180161423A1 (en) 2018-06-14
CA2604683A1 (fr) 2006-10-19
TW200726479A (en) 2007-07-16
US10588960B2 (en) 2020-03-17
US9717789B2 (en) 2017-08-01
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US20120183597A1 (en) 2012-07-19
EP1868651A4 (fr) 2010-10-06

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