US20090053092A1 - Ferritic stainless steel alloy - Google Patents

Ferritic stainless steel alloy Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090053092A1
US20090053092A1 US11/631,147 US63114705A US2009053092A1 US 20090053092 A1 US20090053092 A1 US 20090053092A1 US 63114705 A US63114705 A US 63114705A US 2009053092 A1 US2009053092 A1 US 2009053092A1
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weight
content
good
stainless steel
test
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Mattias Sandstrom
Anna Heedman
Ylva Trogen
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Sandvik Intellectual Property AB
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Sandvik Intellectual Property AB
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Assigned to SANDVIK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AB reassignment SANDVIK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AB ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TROGEN, YLVA, HEEDMAN, ANNA, SANDSTROM, MATTIAS
Publication of US20090053092A1 publication Critical patent/US20090053092A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a conventionally manufactured ferritic, stainless steel alloy having improved machinability to be used when low cutting speeds/weak dimensions are required.
  • the invention belongs to the group of 20Cr2Mo-steel and has high workability, machinability and corrosion resistance in combination with the material being lead-free.
  • the currently dominant stainless steel for machining in small diameters with low cutting speeds is a ferritic material alloyed with sulphur, lead and tellurium as machinability-promoting additives.
  • lead may become prohibited or limited as alloying material in steel.
  • the steel according to the invention is a lead-free material where the machinability properties are better and the corrosion properties are good, in comparison with materials predominant on the market within the technical field.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,625 describes a ferritic, stainless steel alloy which may be alloyed with lead, tellurium, selenium, calcium and sulphur as machinability-improving additives as well as molybdenum, copper and nickel as corrosion resistance improving additives.
  • the PRE-value is at least 19.
  • JP 2001098352 A describes a ferritic, stainless steel alloy alloyed with sulphur as machinability-improving additive.
  • This alloy may also contain additives of tellurium, lead, selenium or bismuth.
  • JP 10130794 A discloses a ferritic, stainless steel alloy, which may contain sulphur, lead, selenium, tellurium and calcium as machinability-improving additives and molybdenum and copper as corrosion resistance improving additives.
  • the PRE-value is at least 20.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a ferritic stainless steel alloy having improved machinability.
  • An additional object of the present invention is to provide a steel alloy that complies with the requirements according to existing and possibly coming environmental legislation, but in spite of this possess properties such as good machinability and good corrosion resistance, in comparison with the currently predominant steel alloy within the field in question.
  • the alloy may also contain additives of the elements Ca, Sn and B.
  • FIG. 1 shows the number of holes drilled with one and the same tungsten carbide drill for materials according to the invention in comparison with the reference material, 20Cr2Mo.
  • FIG. 2 shows the calculated fraction MnS in a composition containing 0.03% C, 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 21% Cr, 0.5% Ni, 2.5% Mo, 1% Cu and 0.05% N, wherein the S content varies 0.10-0.35%.
  • FIG. 3 shows the calculated fraction of M 23 C 6 carbides in a composition containing 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 0.35% S, 21% Cr, 0.5% Ni, 2.5% Mo, 1% Cu and 0.05% N, wherein the C content varies 0.01-0.1%.
  • FIG. 4 shows the calculated fraction of nitrides in a composition containing 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 0.35% S, 21% Cr, 0.5% Ni, 2.5% Mo, 1% Cu and 0.03% C, wherein the N content varies 0.04-0.05%.
  • FIG. 5 shows the calculated sigma phase content in a composition consisting of 0.03% C, 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 0.35% S, 0.5% Ni, 1% Cu, 2.5% Mo and 0.05% N, wherein the Cr-content is 20-25%.
  • FIG. 6 shows the calculated sigma phase content in a composition consisting of 0.03% C, 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 0.35% S, 0.5% Ni, 1% Cu, 21% Cr and 0.05% N, wherein the Mo-content is 1.85-2.5%.
  • the present invention relates to a ferritic stainless steel alloy having the following composition, all contents in percent by weight:
  • Sulphur (S) improves the machinability by forming sulphides, e.g., MnS and CrS. These sulphides promote chip formation and chip breaking and thereby lowering machining costs and tool wear.
  • high contents of sulphur may lead to problems in hot working and decrease the corrosion resistance.
  • the contents of sulphur should not exceed 0.4 weight-%, the content should be between 0.08 and 0.4 weight-%, preferably in the interval of 0.1-0.4 weight-%, most preferably 0.15-0.35 weight-%.
  • Tellurium is an additive used in order to modify the shape of the sulphide inclusions. Tellurium combines with manganese and alters the morphology of the MnS-inclusions. High contents of tellurium may give rise to poor hot workability, especially if the relation between tellurium and manganese is low.
  • Tellurium should not be added in contents above 0.2 weight-% and should be in the interval of 0.01 weight-% to 0.2 weight-%, preferably in the interval of 0.01 to 0.015 weight-%, most preferably in the interval of 0.01 to 0.1 weight-%. Also selenium (Se) and bismuth (Bi) may be added for the same purpose. In order to obtain the desired result, the content of 2*Te+Se+Bi has to be within the interval of 0.01-0.5 weight-%, preferably 0.02-0.4 weight-%, most preferably 0.02-0.2 weight-%.
  • Manganese (Mn) combines with sulfur forming manganese sulphides that enhance the machinability of the steel.
  • the amount of manganese in the steel affects the morphology of the sulphide inclusions.
  • Manganese is an austenite stabiliser, which entails that the content of manganese has to be kept low.
  • the content of manganese in stainless steel is usually limited by the fact that the corrosion resistance is negatively affected at increasing content of manganese.
  • Manganese should not be added in contents above 2.0 weight-% and should be in the interval of 0.1 to 2.0 weight-%, preferably in the interval of 0.2 to 1.5 weight-%, most preferably in the interval of 0.4 to 1.5 weight-%.
  • Chromium (Cr) is a very important alloying element concerning the corrosion resistance of the material. This is due to the capability of chromium of forming a passive layer of Cr 2 O 3 on the surface of the steel. In order to obtain a ferritic structure, the content of chromium in the material should be above 16 weight-%. In order for the material to get good resistance to pitting, a content of chromium of at least 19 weight-% is required. Therefore, the content of chromium should be in the interval of 16 to 25 weight-%, preferably be in the interval of 18 to 22 weight-%, most preferably in the interval of 19 to 21 weight-%.
  • Silicon (Si) has a ferrite-stabilizing effect. Silicon is a precipitation-hardening element. At too high a content of silicon, the hot working becomes poor. However, a certain quantity of silicon is required in order to deoxidize the material. Silicon should not be added in contents exceeding 2 weight-%, preferably maximum 1 weight-%, most preferably maximum 0.5 weight-%.
  • Molybdenum is a ferrite-stabilizing element that has a highly beneficial effect on the corrosion resistance in chloride environments.
  • the content of molybdenum should be in the interval of 1.0 to 5.0 weight-%, preferably in the interval of 1.5 to 2.5 weight-%, most preferably in the interval of 1.85 to 2.5 weight-%.
  • Copper (Cu) has a positive effect on the machinability in respect of service life of the tool during machining.
  • the reason for this is that copper precipitations in the size of 1 nm are precipitated along the grain boundaries in the material. Negative effects with high contents of copper may be deteriorations of the hot workability as well as the chip breaking of the material.
  • the content of copper has to be in the interval of 0.01 to 3.0, preferably in the interval of 0.5 to 2.0 weight-%, most preferably in the interval of 0.7 to 2.0 weight-%
  • Carbon (C) has a strong tendency to combine with chromium, which means that chromium carbides are precipitated in the grain boundaries. Accordingly, the surrounding bulk is depleted of chromium. This entails that the material becomes sensitive to intercrystalline corrosion. Therefore, the content of carbon has to be kept as low as possible, maximum 0.1 weight-%, preferably maximum 0.05 weight-%, most preferably maximum 0.03 weight-%.
  • Boron (B) contributes to increase the hot workability. It is to be added in a small amount, too great an amount gives poor hot workability.
  • the content of boron should be between 0 to 0.02 weight-%, preferably in the interval of 0.0005 to 0.01 weight-%, most preferably in the interval of 0.001 to 0.01 weight-%.
  • Nitrogen (N) is an austenite-forming element. In ferritic materials the solubility of nitrogen in the matrix is low. Even though nitrogen has a strong positive influence on the PRE-value a too high nitrogen content can be detrimental to the corrosion resistance. If precipitation of chromium nitride is formed in the material, these can be working as initiation points for corrosion. Even the workability of the material can be negatively affected by a high nitrogen content. The content of nitrogen therefore has to be kept as low as possible. The content of nitrogen must not exceed 0.05 weight-%.
  • REM Rotary Earth Metals
  • REM is used as machinability-improving additives.
  • REM is a generic name of many elements, for instance cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium and neodymium. They modify the shape and composition of the non-metal inclusions.
  • REM may be added either as a misch metal or as pure elements.
  • REM-metals are added in contents of maximum 1 weight-%, preferably maximum 0.1 weight-%.
  • Tin (Sn) acts as a machinability-improving additive at low cutting speeds.
  • the content of tin should not exceed 0.15 weight-%, preferably maximum 0.10 weight-%.
  • Test materials were manufactured by melting in a high-frequency furnace, casting, and subsequent heating and forging. After the forging, the blanks were fully ground, rolled and quenched. The blanks were annealed, water-cooled and then drawn in a conventional drawing machine. Finally, the material was straightened and ground in order to be tested.
  • test materials were examined upon drilling, turning as well as chip breaking. Furthermore, the corrosion properties were evaluated by a neutral salt spray test (NSS), a copper chloride accelerated salt spray test (CASS), and by a pitting corrosion test (CPT).
  • NSS neutral salt spray test
  • CASS copper chloride accelerated salt spray test
  • CPT pitting corrosion test
  • Reference material for drilling and turning was a 20Cr2Mo-steel, hereinafter the reference material is denominated 20Cr2Mo.
  • FIG. 1 it is seen that of the examined test materials, there are four compositions having better drillability than the others. By considering the possible problems of built-up edge formation and chipping that have been noticed, these four materials can be ranked according to table 2.
  • the item used for the turning test was designed so that the contour thereof could be formed with one and the same turning insert at the same time as a number of different machining directions were to be tested (plunge cutting as well as longitudinal turning with constant and varying, respectively, cutting depths).
  • the alteration of the maximum diameter with the period of engagement can be described by a trend line.
  • the trend line is linear and can be written in the form
  • C is the point where the line intersects the diameter axis. From this, the inclination of the trend line may be determined.
  • a ranking according to table 4 can be set up for the materials.
  • the chip-breaking test was carried out as a longitudinal turning operation, with a coated cemented carbide insert, using two different feedings and at two different dimensions. For each combination of feed and turned diameter, chips were collected, which then were assessed according to a marking scale divided into five degrees, see table 5. The lowest marking, not satisfactory, was given for long unbroken chips, after which the marking became better with decreasing chip length.
  • Corrosion tests have been carried out on the three test materials that gave the best machinability data and for the reference material 20Cr2Mo.
  • NSS has been carried out according to SS-ISO 9227.
  • CASS has been carried out according to SS-ISO 9227 with the nonconformity that the test has proceeded for 16 h instead of 96 h and 25° C. instead of 50° C.
  • A no appreciable corrosion
  • B some corrosion ( ⁇ 20% of the surface)
  • C significant corrosion (20-70% of the surface)
  • D heavy corrosion (>70% of the surface)
  • the resistance to pitting was examined by using a constant potential, with the sample entirely immersed in a solution including chloride ions.
  • the experimental data are disclosed in Table 7.
  • the solution was de-aired by purging with nitrogen gas.
  • the sample was polarized by connecting a voltage to the sample so as to control the electrochemical processes on the surface of the sample. Meanwhile the other variables were kept constant the temperature was raised in 5-degree steps starting at 20 degrees.
  • the CPT-value is defined as the temperature where a current of 10 ⁇ A/cm 2 is exceeded. If the sample passed up to 95 degrees, this temperature was registered, and the test was finished.
  • the test material having the highest CPT-value is the test material that is most resistant to pitting in an environment including chloride ions.
  • the alloy according to the present invention has good machinability and good corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the alloy is lead-free.
  • the alloy according to the invention is preferably produced in a conventional way, it is however also possible to produce it in a powder-metallurgical way.
  • the calculated content of MnS in a composition with 0.03% C, 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 21% Cr, 0.5% Ni, 2.5% Mo, 1% Cu and 0.05% N is illustrated in FIG. 2 .
  • the sulphur content varies between 0.10% and 0.35%. It is clear that the content of MnS increases with increasing S content.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the calculated content of carbides of the form M 23 C 6 , (M stands for chromium and possible also for a combination of chromium and molybdenum), in a composition containing 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 0.35% S, 21% Cr, 0.5% Ni, 2.5% Mo, 1% Cu and 0.05% N.
  • the C content was varied between 0.01 and 0.1%.
  • the calculated fraction of Cr 2 N is illustrated for a composition containing 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 0.35% S, 21% Cr, 0.5% Ni, 2.5% Mo, 1% Cu and 0.03% C, and wherein the N content varies 0.04-0.05%.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a composition consisting of 0.03% C, 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 0.35% S, 0.5% Ni, 1% Cu, 2.5% Mo and 0.05% N, wherein the Cr-content is 20-25%
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a composition consisting of 0.03% C, 0.5% Si, 1.5% Mn, 0.35% S, 0.5% Ni, 1% Cu, 21% Cr and 0.05% N, wherein the Mo-content is 1.85-2.5%.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
US11/631,147 2004-06-30 2005-06-15 Ferritic stainless steel alloy Abandoned US20090053092A1 (en)

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SE0401686A SE528680C2 (sv) 2004-06-30 2004-06-30 Ferritisk blyfri rostfri stållegering
SE0401686-1 2004-06-30
PCT/SE2005/000914 WO2006004486A1 (en) 2004-06-30 2005-06-15 Ferritic stainless steel alloy

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US (1) US20090053092A1 (sv)
EP (1) EP1774051A1 (sv)
JP (1) JP2008505247A (sv)
KR (1) KR20070026683A (sv)
CN (1) CN1977062A (sv)
SE (1) SE528680C2 (sv)
WO (1) WO2006004486A1 (sv)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US9499889B2 (en) 2014-02-24 2016-11-22 Honeywell International Inc. Stainless steel alloys, turbocharger turbine housings formed from the stainless steel alloys, and methods for manufacturing the same
US10400320B2 (en) 2015-05-15 2019-09-03 Nucor Corporation Lead free steel and method of manufacturing
US11492690B2 (en) 2020-07-01 2022-11-08 Garrett Transportation I Inc Ferritic stainless steel alloys and turbocharger kinematic components formed from stainless steel alloys

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JP5957241B2 (ja) * 2012-02-23 2016-07-27 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 フェライト系快削ステンレス鋼棒線およびその製造方法
CN103510022A (zh) * 2012-06-26 2014-01-15 宝钢不锈钢有限公司 一种避免低Cr铁素体不锈钢热轧边裂控制方法
CN104357762B (zh) * 2014-11-15 2016-06-08 柳州市潮林机械有限公司 一种双相不锈钢管材
CN104451455A (zh) * 2014-11-15 2015-03-25 柳州市潮林机械有限公司 一种双相不锈钢管材
CN105648351A (zh) * 2016-04-15 2016-06-08 万宝力不锈钢制品（东莞）有限公司 一种高寿命环保不锈钢咖啡壶材料及其制备方法
CN107058906B (zh) * 2017-02-21 2018-11-16 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 不锈钢、圆珠笔头用不锈钢线材及其制备方法
CN108119363A (zh) * 2017-12-19 2018-06-05 南京蒙福液压机械有限公司 一种叶片泵用合金材料
CN112795848B (zh) * 2021-03-22 2021-06-25 北京科技大学 一种易切削耐腐蚀钢及其制备方法
CN114182177B (zh) * 2021-12-08 2023-03-17 浙江青山钢铁有限公司 一种含硫含碲易切削铁素体不锈钢及其制造方法

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9499889B2 (en) 2014-02-24 2016-11-22 Honeywell International Inc. Stainless steel alloys, turbocharger turbine housings formed from the stainless steel alloys, and methods for manufacturing the same
US10400320B2 (en) 2015-05-15 2019-09-03 Nucor Corporation Lead free steel and method of manufacturing
US11697867B2 (en) 2015-05-15 2023-07-11 Nucor Corporation Lead free steel
US11492690B2 (en) 2020-07-01 2022-11-08 Garrett Transportation I Inc Ferritic stainless steel alloys and turbocharger kinematic components formed from stainless steel alloys

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WO2006004486A1 (en) 2006-01-12
SE528680C2 (sv) 2007-01-23
JP2008505247A (ja) 2008-02-21
SE0401686D0 (sv) 2004-06-30
CN1977062A (zh) 2007-06-06
KR20070026683A (ko) 2007-03-08
EP1774051A1 (en) 2007-04-18

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