US20090000186A1 - Nano-sized metal and metal oxide particles for more complete fuel combustion - Google Patents
Nano-sized metal and metal oxide particles for more complete fuel combustion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20090000186A1 US20090000186A1 US11/770,281 US77028107A US2009000186A1 US 20090000186 A1 US20090000186 A1 US 20090000186A1 US 77028107 A US77028107 A US 77028107A US 2009000186 A1 US2009000186 A1 US 2009000186A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- nano
- sized metal
- oxides
- particles
- oxide particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 172
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 147
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 145
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 144
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 144
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 101
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 101
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910003455 mixed metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000014692 zinc oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical class [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KZNMRPQBBZBTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Au]=O Chemical class [Au]=O KZNMRPQBBZBTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YJZATOSJMRIRIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ir]=O Chemical class [Ir]=O YJZATOSJMRIRIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ROZSPJBPUVWBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ru]=O Chemical class [Ru]=O ROZSPJBPUVWBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002065 alloy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CSSYLTMKCUORDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Ba+2] CSSYLTMKCUORDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical class [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ce+3].[Ce+3] DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical class [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001922 gold oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000457 iridium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000487 osmium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000643 oven drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical class [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JIWAALDUIFCBLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoosmium Chemical class [Os]=O JIWAALDUIFCBLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MUMZUERVLWJKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoplatinum Chemical class [Pt]=O MUMZUERVLWJKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SJLOMQIUPFZJAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxorhodium Chemical class [Rh]=O SJLOMQIUPFZJAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OTCVAHKKMMUFAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxosilver Chemical class [Ag]=O OTCVAHKKMMUFAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003445 palladium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003446 platinum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003450 rhodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium oxide Chemical class [O-2].[Sr+2] IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- RNWHGQJWIACOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Zn+2] RNWHGQJWIACOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims 2
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- -1 nickel-magnesium-aluminum Chemical compound 0.000 description 17
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 15
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 14
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 13
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 8
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002280 amphoteric surfactant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101100494773 Caenorhabditis elegans ctl-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101100112369 Fasciola hepatica Cat-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101100005271 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) cat-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-hexane Natural products CCCCCC(C)C JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one Chemical compound C=1C(OC)=CC(O)=C(C(C=2)=O)C=1OC=2C1=CC=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 125000005595 acetylacetonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960000686 benzalkonium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229960001950 benzethonium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- UREZNYTWGJKWBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzethonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(C(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C)=CC=C1OCCOCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 UREZNYTWGJKWBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960001927 cetylpyridinium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- YMKDRGPMQRFJGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M cetylpyridinium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 YMKDRGPMQRFJGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMVRDGHCVNAOIN-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;1-dodecoxydodecane;sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCCCCCCCCCCC SMVRDGHCVNAOIN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-KTKRTIGZSA-N (9Z)-octadecen-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCO ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NGCDGPPKVSZGRR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-stannaspiro[4.4]nonane-2,3,7,8-tetrone Chemical compound [Sn+4].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O NGCDGPPKVSZGRR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- BMFMTNROJASFBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(furan-2-ylmethylsulfinyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CS(=O)CC1=CC=CO1 BMFMTNROJASFBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZFQCFWRSIBGRFL-UHFFFAOYSA-B 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate;zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [Zr+4].[Zr+4].[Zr+4].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O ZFQCFWRSIBGRFL-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
- UVZMNGNFERVGRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-cyclohexylbutanoic acid Chemical class OC(=O)CCCC1CCCCC1 UVZMNGNFERVGRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DUFCMRCMPHIFTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-2-methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CN(C)S(=O)(=O)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C(C)O1 DUFCMRCMPHIFTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Aminoacetate Chemical compound NCC([O-])=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 101100361281 Caenorhabditis elegans rpm-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BCZXFFBUYPCTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium propionate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCC([O-])=O.CCC([O-])=O BCZXFFBUYPCTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OCUCCJIRFHNWBP-IYEMJOQQSA-L Copper gluconate Chemical class [Cu+2].OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O OCUCCJIRFHNWBP-IYEMJOQQSA-L 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic acid Chemical class CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LXXKJGXDEZDJOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe].[Mg].[Ca] Chemical compound [Fe].[Mg].[Ca] LXXKJGXDEZDJOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDSDWGANMORQCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe].[Mg].[Zn] Chemical compound [Fe].[Mg].[Zn] BDSDWGANMORQCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGTXKIZLOWULDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mg].[Zn] Chemical compound [Mg].[Zn] PGTXKIZLOWULDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAQXDZTWVWLKGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Al+3].[Fe+2] Chemical class [O-2].[Al+3].[Fe+2] JAQXDZTWVWLKGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMIUNHLPZYPMAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Al+3].[Mg+2].[Ni+2] Chemical class [O-2].[Al+3].[Mg+2].[Ni+2] DMIUNHLPZYPMAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RJDXXCCSORFWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Fe+2].[Zn+2].[Mg+2].[O-2].[O-2] Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2].[Zn+2].[Mg+2].[O-2].[O-2] RJDXXCCSORFWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XVYHFPMIBWTTLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Zn].[Mg].[Ca] Chemical compound [Zn].[Mg].[Ca] XVYHFPMIBWTTLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005211 alkyl trimethyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HIPVTVNIGFETDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum cerium Chemical compound [Al].[Ce] HIPVTVNIGFETDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYUOWZRAOZFACA-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum iron Chemical compound [Al].[Fe] CYUOWZRAOZFACA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GSWGDDYIUCWADU-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O--].[Mg++].[Al+3] GSWGDDYIUCWADU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJMNNXLGOUYVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum zinc Chemical compound [Al].[Zn] FJMNNXLGOUYVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JYMITAMFTJDTAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum zinc oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Al+3].[Zn+2] JYMITAMFTJDTAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTWUDWUVKKRQRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;cerium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Ce+3] NTWUDWUVKKRQRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BTBJBAZGXNKLQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium lauryl sulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O BTBJBAZGXNKLQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940063953 ammonium lauryl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940077388 benzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZOAIGCHJWKDIPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium acetate Chemical compound [Cs+].CC([O-])=O ZOAIGCHJWKDIPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ATZQZZAXOPPAAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium formate Chemical compound [Cs+].[O-]C=O ATZQZZAXOPPAAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960005069 calcium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FAPWYRCQGJNNSJ-UBKPKTQASA-L calcium D-pantothenic acid Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC([O-])=O.OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC([O-])=O FAPWYRCQGJNNSJ-UBKPKTQASA-L 0.000 description 1
- VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium acetate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001639 calcium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011092 calcium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005147 calcium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004227 calcium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013927 calcium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960004494 calcium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZFXVRMSLJDYJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Ca] ZFXVRMSLJDYJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MGJPDWLDSOWQBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium magnesium iron(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2].[Mg+2].[Ca+2].[O-2].[O-2] MGJPDWLDSOWQBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFAAYNUTSKDMEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium magnesium zinc oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Ca+2].[O-2].[Mg+2].[O-2].[Zn+2] WFAAYNUTSKDMEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXDMQSPYEZFLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium oxalate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O QXDMQSPYEZFLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229960002079 calcium pantothenate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004330 calcium propionate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010331 calcium propionate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HJZOVZBKGRJCRX-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;4-cyclohexylbutanoate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)CCCC1CCCCC1.[O-]C(=O)CCCC1CCCCC1 HJZOVZBKGRJCRX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KBQYSMODOBVJDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;ethyl hexanoate Chemical compound [Ca].CCCCCC(=O)OCC KBQYSMODOBVJDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLUIKWVQCKSMCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Mg+2].[Ca+2] YLUIKWVQCKSMCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001759 cerium oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZMZNLKYXLARXFY-UHFFFAOYSA-H cerium(3+);oxalate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[Ce+3].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZMZNLKYXLARXFY-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- VGBWDOLBWVJTRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Ce+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VGBWDOLBWVJTRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229960000541 cetyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- MRUAUOIMASANKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cocamidopropyl betaine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O MRUAUOIMASANKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940073507 cocamidopropyl betaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WOQQAWHSKSSAGF-WXFJLFHKSA-N decyl beta-D-maltopyranoside Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](OCCCCCCCCCC)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 WOQQAWHSKSSAGF-WXFJLFHKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYELZBGXAIXKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)[O-] SYELZBGXAIXKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl hexanoate Chemical class CCCCCC(=O)OCC SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PERLSLNQWLZSLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl hexanoate;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CCCCCC(=O)OCC PERLSLNQWLZSLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H ferric oxalate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 238000010574 gas phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Fe+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- NPFOYSMITVOQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(III) citrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NPFOYSMITVOQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100001231 less toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- UEGPKNKPLBYCNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium acetate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UEGPKNKPLBYCNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000011285 magnesium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011654 magnesium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940069446 magnesium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001755 magnesium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015778 magnesium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003035 magnesium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ATTFYOXEMHAYAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nickel Chemical compound [Mg].[Ni] ATTFYOXEMHAYAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXNFVPMHMPQBRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O--].[O--].[Mg++].[Ni++] BXNFVPMHMPQBRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940091250 magnesium supplement Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IAKLPCRFBAZVRW-XRDLMGPZSA-L magnesium;(2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Mg+2].OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O IAKLPCRFBAZVRW-XRDLMGPZSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CHKVEDLTACTUAS-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;methyl carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].COC([O-])=O.COC([O-])=O CHKVEDLTACTUAS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PNHVEGMHOXTHMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;zinc;oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Mg+2].[Zn+2] PNHVEGMHOXTHMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- DVEKCXOJTLDBFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-dodecyl-n,n-dimethylglycinate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O DVEKCXOJTLDBFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002790 naphthalenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DVTHIMLUHWEZOM-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);octanoate Chemical compound [Ni+2].CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC([O-])=O DVTHIMLUHWEZOM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HEGSGKPQLMEBJL-RKQHYHRCSA-N octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O HEGSGKPQLMEBJL-RKQHYHRCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940055577 oleyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XMLQWXUVTXCDDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N oleyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCO XMLQWXUVTXCDDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019161 pantothenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940057950 sodium laureth sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SXHLENDCVBIJFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-[2-(2-dodecoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCOCCOCCOS([O-])(=O)=O SXHLENDCVBIJFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YJGJRYWNNHUESM-UHFFFAOYSA-J triacetyloxystannyl acetate Chemical compound [Sn+4].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJGJRYWNNHUESM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- VXYADVIJALMOEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K tris(lactato)aluminium Chemical compound CC(O)C(=O)O[Al](OC(=O)C(C)O)OC(=O)C(C)O VXYADVIJALMOEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KVSXXOUZYJZCPY-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;4-cyclohexylbutanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)CCCC1CCCCC1.[O-]C(=O)CCCC1CCCCC1 KVSXXOUZYJZCPY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002888 zwitterionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/103—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives stabilisation of anti-knock agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/12—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the cetane number
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1208—Inorganic compounds elements
Definitions
- nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles to facilitate fuel combustion and methods of improving fuel combustion.
- the subject invention provides nano-sized metal particles and nano-sized metal oxide particles that can be used to improve combustion, decrease harmful exhaust emissions, and increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel.
- One aspect of the invention relates to a fuel composition containing a liquid fuel and at least one of nano-sized metal particles, or nano-sized metal oxide particles, or combination thereof.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a fuel additive composition containing a carrier/organic solvent and at least one of nano-sized metal particles, or nano-sized metal oxide particles or combination thereof.
- Other aspects of the invention include methods of making fuel compositions, methods of improving combustion, and methods of increasing catalytic chemical oxidation of a fuel composition.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a bar graph demonstrating the hydrocarbon emissions from various fuels from various engines.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a bar graph demonstrating the octane ratings of various fuel compositions.
- Nano-sized metal particles and/or nano-sized metal oxide particles are combined with fuel to improve fuel combustion.
- the nano-sized metal particles may be present in a fuel additive composition which is combined (that is, either suspended or dispersed) with fuel to make a fuel composition, or present in a fuel composition.
- nano-sized metal particles when nano-sized metal particles are present in a liquid fuel composition which is oxidized in the combustion process, an added energy source is provided.
- the nano-sized metal particles may increase the catalytic chemical oxidation or combustion of hydrocarbon based fuels. Consequently, an increase in engine power is achieved.
- nano-sized metal or metal oxide particles or combinations thereof present in a liquid fuel composition provide a catalytic surface capable of supplying oxygen to the combustion process during transient reducing atmospheric episodes generated by the combustion process. Since the combustion process is more complete, an environmentally friendly internal combustion engine fuel is provided.
- the nano-sized metal or metal oxide particles or combination thereof may also be involved in other reactions that improve the combustion.
- the nano-sized metal oxide particles can sequester low levels of water which otherwise can contaminate fuels, especially those fuels containing oxygenates such as alcohol. It is believed that this sequestration with the presence of ethanol provides an added benefit by decreasing the sensitivity or difference between the RON and the MON levels for ethanol. The decrease in sensitivity increases the fuels performance when the engine is under load and can give rise to an increased octane rating for the fuel.
- the nano-sized metal or metal oxide particles may function to form a coating on metal parts within the internal combustion engine, thereby not only adding lubricity but also preventing carbon deposition on the internal engine parts. This reduces engine maintenance.
- Nano-sized metal or metal oxide particles or combination thereof are added to hydrocarbon based fuels to increase power output during combustion.
- Combustion processes oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels
- the invention thus provides nano sized solid catalyst having a significantly increased surface area needed for more complete combustion.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a size suitable to catalyze the combustion reaction of fuels, yet have 1) an ability to pass through fuel filters and 2) at least substantially combust themselves, or sublime, or otherwise be consumed so that particulate emissions are minimized and/or eliminated.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a size where at least about 90% by weight of the particles have a size from about 1 nm to about 990 nm. In this connection, size refers to average cross-section of a particle, such as diameter.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a size where at least about 90% by weight of the particles have a size from about 1 nm to about 75 nm.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a size where at least about 90% by weight of the particles have a size from about 1.5 nm to about 40 nm. In still yet embodiment, the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a size where at least about 90% by weight of the particles have a size from about 2 nm to about 20 nm. In still yet embodiment, the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a size where at least about 90% by weight of the particles have a size from about 1 nm to about 10 nm. In another embodiment, about 100% by weight of the particles have any of the sizes described above, including a size of less than about 20 nm.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a surface area suitable to catalyze the combustion reaction of fuels and to increase the rate of combustion compared to using the same amount of catalyst in bulk form. Increased surface area is often better achieved via small sized particles rather than particles with high porosity.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a surface area from about 50 m 2 /g to about 1,000 m 2 /g.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a surface area from about 100 m 2 /g to about 750 m 2 /g.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a surface area from about 150 m 2 /g to about 600 m 2 /g.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles have a morphology suitable to catalyze the combustion reaction of fuels, increase the rate of combustion compared to using the same amount of catalyst in bulk form, yet have an ability to pass through fuel filters.
- Examples of the one or more morphologies the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles may have include, spherical, substantially spherical, oval, popcorn-like, plate-like, cubic, pyramidal, cylindrical, and the like.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles may be crystalline, partially crystalline, or amorphous.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles contain any material suitable to catalyze the combustion reaction of fuels.
- materials of metal particles and/or metal oxide particles include one or more of the following (referring to Groups of the Periodic Table of Elements): Group IIa metals, Group IIa metal oxides, Group IIIa metals, Group IIIa metal oxides, Group IVa metals, Group IVa metal oxides, Group VIII metals, Group VIII metal oxides, Group Ib metals, Group Ib metal oxides, Group IIb metals, Group IIb metal oxides, Group IIIb metals, and Group IIIb metal oxides.
- metal particles and/or metal oxide particles include one or more of the following: magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, cerium, titanium, zirconium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, aluminum, mixed metal particles, alloy metal particles, calcium oxides, strontium oxides, barium oxides, cerium oxides, titanium oxides, zirconium oxides, iron oxides, ruthenium oxides, osmium oxides, cobalt oxides, rhodium oxides, iridium oxides, nickel oxides, palladium oxides, platinum oxides, copper oxides, silver oxides, gold oxides, zinc oxides, aluminum oxides, mixed metal oxide particles, and mixed metal-metal oxide particles.
- the nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles do not contain health hazardous and environmentally non-friendly (by current or future standards) metals and metal oxides.
- the nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles do not contain lead and/or lead oxide.
- the nano-sized metal particles contains mixed metal particles and/or mixed metal oxide particles containing at least two metals/metal oxides, at least three metals/metal oxides, or at least four metals/ metal oxides.
- mixed metal particles and mixed metal oxide particles include one or more of the following: aluminum-magnesium, aluminum-iron, aluminum-zinc, zinc-magnesium, zinc-magnesium-iron, calcium-magnesium, calcium-magnesium-zinc, calcium-magnesium-iron, nickel-magnesium, aluminum-nickel, nickel-magnesium-aluminum, aluminum-cerium, aluminum-magnesium oxides, aluminum-iron oxides, aluminum-zinc oxides, zinc-magnesium oxides, zinc-magnesium-iron oxides, calcium-magnesium oxides, calcium-magnesium-zinc oxides, calcium-magnesium-iron oxides, nickel-magnesium oxides, aluminum-nickel oxides, nickel-magnesium-aluminum oxides, aluminum-cerium oxides, zinc-
- metal oxides can be made by converting a metal salt to its corresponding metal or metal oxide by methods known in the art. The conversion can take place in an inert atmosphere or in air via heating, such as calcining in an inert or atmospheric environment or heating in solution.
- a metal salt is dissolved in a liquid and subjected to ultrasound irradiation followed by its conversion to metal or metal oxide.
- Metal salts include metal carboxylates, metal halides, and metal acetylacetonates. That is, metal carboxylates, metal halides, and metal acetylacetonates may be used to make metal oxides.
- Metal carboxylates include metal acetates, metal ethylhexanoates, metal gluconates, metal oxalates, metal propionates, metal pantothenates, metal cyclohexanebutyrates, metal bis(ammonium lacto)dihydroxides, metal citrates, and metal methacrylates.
- metal carboxylates include aluminum lactate, calcium acetate, calcium ethylhexanoate, calcium gluconate, calcium oxalate, calcium propionate, calcium pantothenate, calcium cyclohexanebutyrate, cerium acetate, cerium oxalate, cesium acetate, cesium formate, iron acetate, iron citrate, iron oxalate, magnesium acetate, magnesium methylcarbonate, magnesium gluconate, nickel acetate, nickel ethylhexanoate, nickel octanoate, tin acetate, tin oxalate, titanium bis(ammonium lacto)dihydroxide, zinc acetate, zinc methacrylate, zinc stearate, zinc cyclohexanebutyrate, zirconium acetate, zirconium citrate.
- Two or more metal salts may be used to form mixed metal oxides.
- Mixed metal oxides contain at least two different metal oxides.
- Mixed metal oxides contain at least three different metal oxides.
- mixed metal oxides contain at least four different metal oxides.
- Any suitable liquid can be used to convert a metal salt such as a metal carboxylate to a metal oxide.
- suitable liquids include water and organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, alkanes, aromatics, and the like.
- an absolute alcohol such as absolute ethanol
- the alcohol complexes with water that may be liberated during the conversion process.
- the nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles may contain or have coated thereon one or more surfactants.
- Surfactants can facilitate one or more of suspending the particles within the fuel composition, preventing agglomeration, promoting compatibility between the particles and liquid fuel, and the like.
- Any suitable surfactant can be employed including ionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and nonionic surfactants.
- anionic (typically based on sulfate, sulfonate or carboxylate anions) surfactants include sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ammonium lauryl sulfate, and other alkyl sulfate salts, sodium laureth sulfate, also known as sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), alkyl benzene sulfonate, soaps, or fatty acid salts (see acid salts).
- cationic (typically based on quaternary ammonium cations) surfactants include cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) a.k.a. hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and other alkyltrimethylammonium salts, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), and benzethonium chloride (BZT).
- CPC cetyl trimethylammonium bromide
- POEA polyethoxylated tallow amine
- BAC benzalkonium chloride
- BZT benzethonium chloride
- zwitterionic surfactants or amphoteric surfactants examples include dodecyl betaine, dodecyl dimethylamine oxide, cocamidopropyl betaine, and coco ampho glycinate.
- nonionic surfactants include alkyl poly(ethylene oxide); alkyl polyglucosides, such as octyl glucoside, and decyl maltoside; fatty alcohols such as cetyl alcohol and oleyl alcohol; cocamide MEA, cocamide DEA, and cocamide TEA.
- the fuel composition contains from about 0.001% to about 1% by weight of one or more surfactants. In another embodiment, the fuel composition contains from about 0.01% to about 0.1% by weight of one or more surfactants.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles can be at least partially suspended, but typically suspended, in a liquid fuel composition in any suitable manner.
- the relatively small size of the nano-size particles contributes to the inherent ability to remain suspended over a longer period of time compared to relatively larger particles (larger than a micron), even though the density and/or specific gravity of the nano-size particles may be several times greater than the corresponding density and/or specific gravity of the liquid fuel.
- the longer suspension times mean that the liquid fuel containing the nano-size particles entering the engine over time contains a more uniform and/or consistent dispersion of the nano-size particles.
- a suspension contains the nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles and a carrier fluid that is compatible with the fuel.
- a carrier fluid that is compatible with the fuel.
- the resulting suspension can be added directly to pump gasoline.
- another carrier fluid which is more of a cetane enhancer can be employed.
- the use of one or more suitable surfactants with a carrier fluid that is compatible with the fuel can enhance the suspension of the nanoparticles.
- the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles can be in dry powder form.
- the powdered form may be prepared by spray drying a suspension of the nano-sized metal particles and metal oxide particles.
- An inert gas such as nitrogen can be used to spray dry the particles.
- the coated powder can then be added to fuel or an engine as a powder or made into a fuel compatible paste.
- the powder can be directly added into the air intake of an engine instead of adding the powder to the fuel.
- the uniformity of dispersion and/or duration of suspension can also be established or facilitated by the use of one or more suitable surfactants.
- suitable surfactants include amphoteric surfactants, ionic surfactants, and non-ionic surfactants.
- the surfactant does not contain sulfur atoms.
- the surfactant does not contain halide atoms.
- the surfactant can be added to the liquid fuel composition before, during, or after the nano-size particles are combined with the fuel.
- the nano-size particles may be contacted or coated with the surfactant before addition to the fuel.
- the powdered form can be prepared by spray drying a suspension of the nano-sized metal particles or metal oxide particles containing one or more suitable surfactants. Alternatively, oven drying or vacuum drying may be employed to form the surfactant coated particles. To be safe during spray drying, an inert gas such as nitrogen can be used to spray dry the particles with surfactant.
- the powder coated with surfactant can then be added to fuel.
- the uniformity of dispersion and/or duration of suspension can also be established or facilitated by mixing, stirring, blending, shaking, sonicating, or otherwise agitating the liquid fuel composition containing the nano-size particles.
- the liquid fuel composition contains a suitable amount of at least partially suspended nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles to catalyze the combustion reaction of fuels.
- the liquid fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and from about 0.01 ppm to about 500 ppm of suspended nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles.
- the liquid fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and from about 0.05 ppm to about 250 ppm of suspended nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles.
- the liquid fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and from about 0.1 ppm to about 100 ppm of suspended nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles.
- the liquid fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and from about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm of suspended nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles.
- a fuel additive composition provides an efficient means to store and transport the nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles prior to the addition with a liquid fuel.
- the fuel additive composition is simply a dry powder coated with one or more suitable surfactants. Or in another embodiment, no surfactant is used.
- the fuel additive composition is a paste containing from about 10% by weight to about 95% by weight of the nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles and from about 5% by weight to about 90% by weight of a fuel compatible organic solvent and from about 5% by weight to about 10% by weight of one or more suitable surfactants.
- the fuel additive composition is a combination of a carrier liquid and the nano-sized metal particles and/or metal oxide particles and one or more suitable surfactants.
- the fuel composition or fuel additive composition may optionally contain a bicyclic aromatic compound.
- bicyclic aromatic compounds include naphthalene, substituted naphthalenes, biphenyl compounds, biphenyl compound derivatives, and mixtures thereof.
- the fuel composition contains from about 0.01 ppm to about 1000 ppm while the fuel additive composition contains from about 0.1% by weight to about 10% by weight of one or more bicyclic aromatic compounds.
- the fuel composition contains from about 0.1 ppm to about 500 ppm while the fuel additive composition contains from about 0.5% by weight to about 5% by weight of one or more bicyclic aromatic compounds.
- the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles and the optional bicyclic aromatic compound in the fuel additive composition can be dispersed in a carrier liquid to form a fuel additive composition.
- a carrier liquid has a flash point of at least 100° F. and an auto-ignition temperature of at least 400° F. or is a C1-C3 alcohol.
- carrier liquids include one or more of toluene, xylenes, kerosene and C1-C3 monohydric, dihydric or polyhydric aliphatic alcohols.
- Examples of aliphatic alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and the like.
- the fuel additive composition contains at least 90% by weight of a carrier liquid and no more than 10% by weight of the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- Some fuels and fuel additives contain relatively large or small quantities of ketones, such as acetone, or ethers, such MTBE.
- a relatively large or small quantity of a ketone or ether is not necessary in the fuel compositions and fuel additive compositions.
- a relatively large quantity (more than 5% by volume) of a ketone or ether is not present in the fuel compositions and/or fuel additive compositions because ketones and ethers may decrease the solubility of the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles and undesirably reduce the flash point of the resultant fuel composition.
- Fuel compositions are made by combining the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles and a liquid fuel.
- liquid fuels include hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, reformulated gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, marine fuel, kerosene, biofuels such as biodiesel, bioalcohols such as bioethanol, and the like.
- Gasoline contains one or more of the following components that may, by themselves, constitute liquid fuel: straight-run products, reformate, cracked gasoline, high octant stock, isomerate, polymerization stock, alkylate stock, hydrotreated feedstocks, desulfurization feedstocks, alcohol, and the like.
- the fuel additive composition or the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles coated with or without one or more suitable surfactants is/are added to the liquid fuel in an amount sufficient to provide decrease of at least about 10% in hydrocarbon and/or carbon monoxide emissions from the exhaust system as compared to the corresponding emissions from use of the liquid fuel without inclusion of the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- the fuel additive composition or the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles coated with or without one or more suitable surfactants is/are added to the liquid fuel in an amount sufficient to provide decrease of at least about 25% in hydrocarbon and/or carbon monoxide and/or nitrogen oxides emissions from the exhaust system as compared to the corresponding emissions from use of the liquid fuel without inclusion of the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- the fuel additive composition or the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles coated with or without one or more suitable surfactants is/are added to the liquid fuel in an amount sufficient to provide a decrease of at least 5% in the amount of the liquid fuel consumed by the internal combustion engine when compared with the corresponding amount of liquid fuel consumed by the engine when the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles are not included.
- the fuel additive composition or the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles is/are added to the liquid fuel in an amount sufficient to provide a decrease of at least 10% in the amount of the liquid fuel consumed by the internal combustion engine when compared with the corresponding amount of liquid fuel consumed by the engine when the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles are not included.
- the quality of a fuel such as gasoline can be determined by octane.
- Octane is measured relative to a mixture of isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane, an isomer of octane) and n-heptane.
- an 87-octane gasoline has the same octane rating as a mixture of 87 vol-% isooctane and 13 vol-% n-heptane.
- a low octane rating is undesirable in a gasoline engine.
- the most common type of octane rating worldwide is the Research Octane Number (RON).
- RON is determined by running the fuel through a specific test engine with a variable compression ratio under controlled conditions, and comparing these results with those for mixtures of isooctane and n-heptane.
- RON can be determined using the procedure set forth in ASTM D 2699, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- Another type of octane rating, called Motor Octane Number (MON) which is in some instances a better measure of how the fuel behaves when under load.
- MON testing uses a similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, a higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock resistance.
- Cetane number or CN a measure of the combustion quality of diesel fuel under compression, one measure of fuel quality. CN is actually a measure of a diesel fuel's ignition delay; the time period between the start of injection and start of combustion (ignition) of the fuel.
- a fuel composition containing a liquid fuel and the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles has a higher RON, MON, and/or CN than a RON, MON, and/or CN for a fuel composition with the same ingredients except without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- a fuel composition containing a liquid fuel and the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles can have less than about 5% higher RON, MON, and/or CN than a RON, MON, and/or CN for a fuel composition with the same ingredients except without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- a fuel composition containing a liquid fuel and the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles has can have less than 10% higher RON, MON, and/or CN than a RON, MON, and/or CN for a fuel composition with the same ingredients except without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- the fuel composition can be effectively used in both fuel-injected and non fuel-injected engines.
- the fuel composition can be effectively used in two-stroke engines, four-stroke engines, and vehicle engines such as automobile engines, motorcycle engines, jet engines, marine engines, truck/bus engines, and the like.
- the fuel composition can be effectively used in any type of internal combustion engine including an Otto-cycle engine, a diesel engine, a rotary engine, and a gas turbine engine.
- the fuel composition can be effectively used in an intermittent internal combustion engine or a continuous internal combustion engine.
- the fuel composition can supply to the fuel chamber the liquid fuel and the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles as a mixture, or the liquid fuel and the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles can be supplied to the fuel chamber separately.
- the fuel compositions are tailored to reduce the percentages of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and molecular oxygen in motor vehicle exhaust emissions. Use of the fuel compositions may also result in a desirable increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide in combustion exhaust emissions. Thus, the fuel compositions, when used to fuel internal combustion engines, lead to efficient operation and the resultant emissions meet or exceed E.P.A. standards.
- the fuel compositions are also tailored to have more effective combustion thereby reducing little or less deposition of carbon residue in the internal chamber of the combustion engine.
- Table 1 reports hydrocarbon emissions in parts per million (ppm) from three different engines at idle and at 2000 rpm using a fuel without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles and a fuel with the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- the base fuel is regular unleaded gasoline having an octane rating of 87.
- the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles are present at a level of about 50 ppm and are zinc oxide particles having a size from 1 nm to 20 nm.
- Engine 1 is a year 2002 Ford F-150 pick-up V-8; engine 2 is a year 2000 Dodge Ram pick-up V-8; and engine 3 is a 1999 Audi A8 V-8.
- Hydrocarbon emissions are measured using a five gas analyzer with a tailpipe probe (Model 5002 Exhaust Gas Analyzer made by Emission Systems Inc.).
- FIG. 1 is a bar graph for hydrocarbon readings to facilitate visual comparisons of emissions reported in Table 1.
- the first set of bars (idle w/o cat) shows the hydrocarbon emissions from three engines at idle using a fuel without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- the second set of bars (idle w cat) shows hydrocarbon emissions from the same three engines at idle using a fuel with the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- the final two sets of bars 2000 rpm w/o cat and 2000 rpm w cat shows the hydrocarbon emissions either without or with the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles from the same three engines, but with the engine turning at 2000 rpm (a typical turn rate for highway travel). For both idle and cruising engine turning rates, the reduction in hydrocarbon emissions is substantial.
- Table 2 reports nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in parts per million (ppm) from two different engines at idle and at 2000 rpm using a fuel without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles and a fuel with the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles. For both idle and cruising engine turning rates, the reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions is substantial.
- the base fuel is regular unleaded gasoline having an octane rating of 87.
- the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles are present at a level of about 50 ppm and are zinc oxide particles having a size from 1 nm to 20 nm.
- Engine 1 is a year 2002 Ford F-150 pick-up V-8 and engine 3 is a 1999 Audi A8 V-8. Nitrogen oxide emissions are measured using a five gas analyzer with a tailpipe probe (Model 5002 Exhaust Gas Analyzer made by Emission Systems Inc.).
- Table 3 reports carbon dioxide emissions in parts per million (ppm) from three different engines at idle and at 2000 rpm using a fuel without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles and a fuel with the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- the base fuel is regular unleaded gasoline having an octane rating of 87.
- the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles are present at a level of about 50 ppm and are zinc oxide particles having a size from 1 nm to 20 nm.
- Engine 1 is a year 2002 Ford F-150 pick-up V-8 and engine 2 is a year 2000 Dodge Ram pick-up V-8.
- Carbon dioxide emissions are measured using a five gas analyzer with a tailpipe probe (Model 5002 Exhaust Gas Analyzer made by Emission Systems Inc.).
- Table 4 reports octane ratings from five different fuel compositions; one without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles additive and four with varying amounts of the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles additive.
- Each of the five different fuel compositions contains Murphy's USA regular unleaded fuel having an octane rating of 87 with or without an additive.
- the additive is a different amount of 1 nm to 20 nm zinc oxide particles.
- the octane number is measured using an IR scanner (Model ZX-101XL portable octane and fuel analyzer made by Zeltex Inc.).
- FIG. 2 is a bar graph for octane readings to facilitate visual comparisons of the fuel compositions reported in Table 4.
- the first bar shows the octane reading from a fuel composition without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles while the second to fifth bars show fuel compositions with varying amounts of the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles. All of the fuel compositions with varying amounts of the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles have higher octane readings than the fuel composition without the nano-sized metal and/or metal oxide particles.
- Table 5 illustrates that NOx emissions from diesel fuel with catalyst were reduced from 125 ppm level to 58 ppm level: approximately a 53% reduction.
- Each of the two different diesel fuel compositions contains Phillips's USA diesel fuel with or without an additive.
- the additive is 1 nm to 20 nm zinc oxide particles.
- Nitrogen oxide emissions are measured using a five gas analyzer with a tailpipe probe (Model 5002 Exhaust Gas Analyzer made by Emission Systems Inc.).
- the data were calculated from averaged where multiple readings were taken at two engine speeds: 1) Idle and 2) 2,000 rpm. As shown in Table 5, a two different fuel compositions were used; 1) diesel fuel only and 2) diesel with catalyst. These two fuels were run sequentially with an initial pump diesel base line followed by testing with diesel/catalyst.
- a figure or a parameter from one range may be combined with another figure or a parameter from a different range for the same characteristic to generate a numerical range.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/770,281 US20090000186A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2007-06-28 | Nano-sized metal and metal oxide particles for more complete fuel combustion |
MX2010000215A MX2010000215A (es) | 2007-06-28 | 2008-06-06 | Particulas de metal y de oxido de metal de tamaño nanometrico para combustion mas completa de combustible. |
PCT/US2008/066016 WO2009005944A1 (fr) | 2007-06-28 | 2008-06-06 | Nanoparticules de métal et d'oxyde métallique pour une combustion du carburant plus complète |
CA002691890A CA2691890A1 (fr) | 2007-06-28 | 2008-06-06 | Nanoparticules de metal et d'oxyde metallique pour une combustion du carburant plus complete |
EP08770260A EP2164932A4 (fr) | 2007-06-28 | 2008-06-06 | Nanoparticules de métal et d'oxyde métallique pour une combustion du carburant plus complète |
KR1020080061904A KR20090004601A (ko) | 2007-06-28 | 2008-06-27 | 보다 완전한 연료 연소를 위한 나노크기 금속 및금속산화물 입자 |
CNA2008101376098A CN101333467A (zh) | 2007-06-28 | 2008-06-30 | 用于使燃料更完全燃烧的纳米金属颗粒和纳米金属氧化物颗粒 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/770,281 US20090000186A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2007-06-28 | Nano-sized metal and metal oxide particles for more complete fuel combustion |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20090000186A1 true US20090000186A1 (en) | 2009-01-01 |
Family
ID=40158760
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/770,281 Abandoned US20090000186A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2007-06-28 | Nano-sized metal and metal oxide particles for more complete fuel combustion |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20090000186A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2164932A4 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20090004601A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101333467A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2691890A1 (fr) |
MX (1) | MX2010000215A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2009005944A1 (fr) |
Cited By (31)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100242350A1 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2010-09-30 | James Kenneth Sanders | Catalyst component for aviation and jet fuels |
WO2010099033A3 (fr) * | 2009-02-26 | 2011-01-27 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Modulation de vitesses de combustion dans des carburants |
US20110061291A1 (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2011-03-17 | Mills John C | Fuel Additive and Method for Use for Combustion Enhancement and Emission Reduction |
EP2620486A1 (fr) * | 2010-09-24 | 2013-07-31 | Marinex Corporation | Combustible mélangé avec de l'eau et son procédé de production |
EP2700699A1 (fr) * | 2012-08-23 | 2014-02-26 | Glob Investment Sp. z o.o. | Procédé de production de combustible et combustible |
EP2700700A1 (fr) * | 2012-08-23 | 2014-02-26 | Glob Investment Sp. z o.o. | Procédé de production de combustible et combustible |
US20150210947A1 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2015-07-30 | Efficient Fuel Solutions, Llc | Body of Molecular Sized Fuel Additive |
US20160083665A1 (en) * | 2014-09-23 | 2016-03-24 | Attostat, Inc. | Fuel additive composition and related methods |
EP3045710A1 (fr) * | 2015-08-14 | 2016-07-20 | Awad Rasheed Suleiman Mansour | Système contenant des nanoparticules et des composants de magnétisation combinés à un atomiseur à ultrasons servant à sauvegarder du diesel dans un moteur à combustion interne |
US20160237958A1 (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2016-08-18 | Awad Rasheed Suleiman Mansour | Magnetic Filter Containing Nanoparticles Used for Saving Fuel in a Combustion Chamber |
US20170021700A1 (en) * | 2015-07-23 | 2017-01-26 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method of preventing damage to a compressor in a vehicle |
WO2017064711A1 (fr) * | 2015-10-13 | 2017-04-20 | Newrocket Ltd. | Système hypergolique |
US9822320B1 (en) | 2015-03-31 | 2017-11-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Hybrid metallized organic fuels |
US9839652B2 (en) | 2015-04-01 | 2017-12-12 | Attostat, Inc. | Nanoparticle compositions and methods for treating or preventing tissue infections and diseases |
US9849512B2 (en) | 2011-07-01 | 2017-12-26 | Attostat, Inc. | Method and apparatus for production of uniformly sized nanoparticles |
US9883670B2 (en) | 2014-09-23 | 2018-02-06 | Attostat, Inc. | Compositions and methods for treating plant diseases |
US9919363B2 (en) | 2014-09-23 | 2018-03-20 | Attostat, Inc. | System and method for making non-spherical nanoparticles and nanoparticle compositions made thereby |
US20180345216A1 (en) * | 2015-11-13 | 2018-12-06 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Fluid for carrying out pollution control in heat engines, and methods for preparing said fluids by producing a homogeneous solution |
US10190253B2 (en) | 2014-09-23 | 2019-01-29 | Attostat, Inc | Nanoparticle treated fabrics, fibers, filaments, and yarns and related methods |
US10201571B2 (en) | 2016-01-25 | 2019-02-12 | Attostat, Inc. | Nanoparticle compositions and methods for treating onychomychosis |
US10538713B1 (en) * | 2017-05-19 | 2020-01-21 | United Technologies Corporation | Process and chemistry for formulating magnesium treated boron powder into a combustible slurry fuel |
US10774429B2 (en) | 2015-04-13 | 2020-09-15 | Attostat, Inc. | Anti-corrosion nanoparticle compositions |
CN112226253A (zh) * | 2020-10-12 | 2021-01-15 | 速马力(广州)环保研究院有限责任公司 | 一种纳米燃油添加剂及其制备方法 |
US11018376B2 (en) | 2017-11-28 | 2021-05-25 | Attostat, Inc. | Nanoparticle compositions and methods for enhancing lead-acid batteries |
WO2021198848A1 (fr) | 2020-03-31 | 2021-10-07 | King Abdullah University Of Science And Technology | Nanomatériau à base de carbone fonctionnalisé avec un hydrocarbure et procédé |
US11473202B2 (en) | 2015-04-13 | 2022-10-18 | Attostat, Inc. | Anti-corrosion nanoparticle compositions |
CN115725358A (zh) * | 2022-12-08 | 2023-03-03 | 青州亮杰节能科技有限公司 | 一种发动机保护剂并缸内镀膜催化燃烧工艺 |
US11646453B2 (en) | 2017-11-28 | 2023-05-09 | Attostat, Inc. | Nanoparticle compositions and methods for enhancing lead-acid batteries |
EP4180505A1 (fr) * | 2021-11-15 | 2023-05-17 | Infineum International Limited | Ameliorations apportees a des carburants marins |
CN117264669A (zh) * | 2023-11-22 | 2023-12-22 | 山东新蓝环保科技有限公司 | 一种清洁燃油系统中沉积物的燃油添加剂及其制备方法 |
US11976247B1 (en) * | 2022-11-15 | 2024-05-07 | Unique Equipment Solutions Llc | Fuel mixture for internal combustion engines with reduced CO2 emissions and method for manufacturing the same |
Families Citing this family (42)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101619250B (zh) * | 2009-07-15 | 2013-04-24 | 占小玲 | 一种甲醇汽油热值剂 |
KR101003787B1 (ko) * | 2010-06-18 | 2010-12-23 | 군산대학교산학협력단 | 내연기관용 연료 전처리모듈 |
CN102851100B (zh) * | 2011-07-01 | 2015-08-26 | 晟通科技集团有限公司 | 一种锅炉除焦剂 |
CN102433174A (zh) * | 2011-10-19 | 2012-05-02 | 周志平 | 一种燃油催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
RU2529035C1 (ru) * | 2013-03-25 | 2014-09-27 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Центральный институт авиационного моторостроения имени П.И. Баранова" | Нанокомпонентная энергетическая добавка и жидкое углеводородное топливо |
CN103275774B (zh) * | 2013-05-27 | 2015-05-20 | 王政银 | 车用燃料油环保型添加剂 |
CN103265983A (zh) * | 2013-06-08 | 2013-08-28 | 江苏大学 | 一种高效纳米燃油 |
CN104788269B (zh) * | 2014-01-21 | 2018-05-08 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 一种气体发生剂组合物及其制备方法、安全气囊 |
CN103789052B (zh) * | 2014-01-27 | 2016-03-16 | 中首盛世(北京)能源科技有限公司 | 燃料优化改性剂 |
CN104974801B (zh) * | 2014-04-11 | 2017-02-08 | 中国石化扬子石油化工有限公司 | 一种改性煤油组合物 |
CN104099145A (zh) * | 2014-07-28 | 2014-10-15 | 周晓兰 | 纳米焊割气 |
CN104099147A (zh) * | 2014-07-28 | 2014-10-15 | 周晓兰 | 一种新型纳米焊割气 |
CN104099146A (zh) * | 2014-07-28 | 2014-10-15 | 周晓兰 | 新型纳米焊割气 |
CN104479764B (zh) * | 2014-11-06 | 2016-03-16 | 金景达(北京)环保热力科技有限公司 | 一种非金属纳米量子点复合添加剂及其改性高效环保甲醇燃料 |
CN104388134B (zh) * | 2014-12-12 | 2016-05-25 | 李可文 | 燃油添加剂、制备方法、应用及含有该燃油添加剂的燃油 |
CN104974800A (zh) * | 2015-07-06 | 2015-10-14 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种军用飞机涡轮发动机燃料 |
CN105623755B (zh) * | 2015-12-31 | 2017-07-18 | 佛山市南海区巨人化学品制造有限公司 | 一种高效汽油添加剂及其制备方法 |
CN106281495A (zh) * | 2016-08-08 | 2017-01-04 | 桂林市晟博科技服务有限公司 | 一种高效节能净化剂及其制备方法 |
CN106281498A (zh) * | 2016-08-18 | 2017-01-04 | 钟磊 | 一种汽油添加剂 |
CN106318492A (zh) * | 2016-08-23 | 2017-01-11 | 黄云鸿 | 一种高效节能净化剂及其制备方法 |
CN106221833A (zh) * | 2016-08-25 | 2016-12-14 | 桂林市味美园餐饮管理有限公司 | 一种纳米柴油添加剂 |
CN106350125A (zh) * | 2016-09-30 | 2017-01-25 | 广西东奇能源技术有限公司 | 一种高热值醇基燃料 |
CN106753602B (zh) * | 2016-12-05 | 2019-06-07 | 江苏晨日环保科技有限公司 | 一种低碳清洁燃料及其制备方法 |
CN106753601B (zh) * | 2016-12-05 | 2019-04-19 | 张家界钲浩新能源有限责任公司 | 一种低碳高清洁燃料及其制备方法 |
CN108219869B (zh) * | 2016-12-22 | 2020-04-24 | 郝德厚 | 一种低碳高清洁柴油车用燃料及其制备方法 |
CN107892956A (zh) * | 2017-11-23 | 2018-04-10 | 陆克 | 一种节能甲醇汽油 |
CN107723037A (zh) * | 2017-11-23 | 2018-02-23 | 陆克 | 一种高效甲醇汽油 |
CN107903961A (zh) * | 2017-11-23 | 2018-04-13 | 陆克 | 一种环保甲醇汽油复合添加剂 |
CN107760396A (zh) * | 2017-11-23 | 2018-03-06 | 陆克 | 一种低损耗甲醇汽油 |
CN107699297A (zh) * | 2017-11-23 | 2018-02-16 | 陆克 | 一种环保甲醇汽油 |
CN107937066A (zh) * | 2017-11-24 | 2018-04-20 | 杨彬 | 一种低损耗甲醇汽油复合添加剂 |
CN107937056A (zh) * | 2017-11-24 | 2018-04-20 | 杨彬 | 一种节能甲醇汽油复合添加剂 |
CN107723039A (zh) * | 2017-11-24 | 2018-02-23 | 杨彬 | 一种高效甲醇汽油复合添加剂 |
CN108707487A (zh) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-10-26 | 桐乡市五轮工贸有限公司 | 一种新能源水及其加工方法 |
CN111321018A (zh) * | 2018-12-13 | 2020-06-23 | 上海超美化工有限公司 | 一种燃料油添加剂及其制备方法 |
CN110028992A (zh) * | 2019-03-27 | 2019-07-19 | 上海海事大学 | 一种混合稀土燃油添加剂的合成方法 |
KR102172765B1 (ko) * | 2019-04-10 | 2020-11-02 | 박강철 | 금속 입자를 함유한 엔진오일 첨가제 제조방법, 그 방법으로 제조된 엔진오일 첨가제, 첨가제가 함유된 엔진오일 |
CN110129104A (zh) * | 2019-05-20 | 2019-08-16 | 陈荣钦 | 一种纳米流体柴油抗磨剂的制备方法 |
CN110804470B (zh) * | 2019-11-18 | 2021-09-24 | 广州市科瑨材料科技有限公司 | 一种纳米燃油添加剂及其制备方法 |
TWI762986B (zh) * | 2020-08-04 | 2022-05-01 | 張文禮 | 含奈米貴金屬以提高汽柴油燃燒效率的濃縮劑及其添加劑與製法 |
KR102247821B1 (ko) * | 2021-03-18 | 2021-05-06 | (주)와이앤피홀딩스 | 기능성 석탄첨가제 및 석탄첨가제 제조방법 |
KR102688050B1 (ko) * | 2021-05-26 | 2024-07-24 | 한양대학교 에리카산학협력단 | 산화세륨 나노입자, 그 제조방법과 이를 포함하는 치료용 약학적 조성물 |
Citations (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2216138A (en) * | 1988-03-01 | 1989-10-04 | Dietrol Limited | An inorganic fuel additive |
US5266082A (en) * | 1992-04-16 | 1993-11-30 | Sanders James K | Fuel additive |
US5433756A (en) * | 1990-11-02 | 1995-07-18 | Gonzalez; Frank | Chemical clean combustion promoter compositions for liquid fuels used in compression ignition engines and spark ignition engines |
US5525316A (en) * | 1992-02-25 | 1996-06-11 | Blue Planet Technologies Co. L.P. | Method for converting automotive emissions with catalytic solution |
WO1996023573A1 (fr) * | 1995-02-02 | 1996-08-08 | University Court Of The University Of Dundee | Catalyseur |
US5823758A (en) * | 1996-10-24 | 1998-10-20 | Lack; Lloyd | Fuel combustion enhancing catalytic composition and methods of formulating and utilizing same |
WO1999021941A1 (fr) * | 1997-10-29 | 1999-05-06 | James Kenneth Sanders | Catalyseur de combustion et carburants catalyses avec rendement de combustion et kilometrage ameliores |
US5951722A (en) * | 1997-10-29 | 1999-09-14 | Sanders; James K. | Catalyzed lower alcohols-water based fuels |
US6110237A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 2000-08-29 | Leonard Bloom | Emergency fuel for use in an internal combustion engine |
US6113660A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 2000-09-05 | Leonard Bloom | Emergency fuel for use in an internal combustion engine and a method of packaging the fuel |
US6152972A (en) * | 1993-03-29 | 2000-11-28 | Blue Planet Technologies Co., L.P. | Gasoline additives for catalytic control of emissions from combustion engines |
US6312480B1 (en) * | 1998-02-06 | 2001-11-06 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Solid fuel additive |
US20030235526A1 (en) * | 2002-03-28 | 2003-12-25 | Vanderspurt Thomas Henry | Ceria-based mixed-metal oxide structure, including method of making and use |
WO2004065529A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-23 | 2004-08-05 | Oxonica Limited | Nanoparticles d'oxyde de cerium utilisees en tant qu'additifs pour carburant |
US6866010B2 (en) * | 2001-07-11 | 2005-03-15 | Sfa International, Inc. | Method of reducing smoke and particulate emissions from compression-ignited reciprocating engines operating on liquid petroleum fuels |
US20060025301A1 (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2006-02-02 | Reddy Benjaram M | Process for preparing nanosized, thermally stable, and high surface area multi-component metal oxides |
US7229482B2 (en) * | 2001-07-11 | 2007-06-12 | Sfa International, Inc. | Method of reducing smoke and particulate emissions from steam boilers and heaters operating on solid fossil fuels |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
MXPA02012584A (es) * | 2000-06-29 | 2004-05-17 | Neuftec Ltd | Aditivo de combustible. |
-
2007
- 2007-06-28 US US11/770,281 patent/US20090000186A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2008
- 2008-06-06 CA CA002691890A patent/CA2691890A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2008-06-06 WO PCT/US2008/066016 patent/WO2009005944A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2008-06-06 EP EP08770260A patent/EP2164932A4/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-06-06 MX MX2010000215A patent/MX2010000215A/es unknown
- 2008-06-27 KR KR1020080061904A patent/KR20090004601A/ko active Search and Examination
- 2008-06-30 CN CNA2008101376098A patent/CN101333467A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2216138A (en) * | 1988-03-01 | 1989-10-04 | Dietrol Limited | An inorganic fuel additive |
US5433756A (en) * | 1990-11-02 | 1995-07-18 | Gonzalez; Frank | Chemical clean combustion promoter compositions for liquid fuels used in compression ignition engines and spark ignition engines |
US5525316A (en) * | 1992-02-25 | 1996-06-11 | Blue Planet Technologies Co. L.P. | Method for converting automotive emissions with catalytic solution |
US5266082A (en) * | 1992-04-16 | 1993-11-30 | Sanders James K | Fuel additive |
US6152972A (en) * | 1993-03-29 | 2000-11-28 | Blue Planet Technologies Co., L.P. | Gasoline additives for catalytic control of emissions from combustion engines |
WO1996023573A1 (fr) * | 1995-02-02 | 1996-08-08 | University Court Of The University Of Dundee | Catalyseur |
US6110237A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 2000-08-29 | Leonard Bloom | Emergency fuel for use in an internal combustion engine |
US6113660A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 2000-09-05 | Leonard Bloom | Emergency fuel for use in an internal combustion engine and a method of packaging the fuel |
US5823758A (en) * | 1996-10-24 | 1998-10-20 | Lack; Lloyd | Fuel combustion enhancing catalytic composition and methods of formulating and utilizing same |
US5951722A (en) * | 1997-10-29 | 1999-09-14 | Sanders; James K. | Catalyzed lower alcohols-water based fuels |
WO1999021941A1 (fr) * | 1997-10-29 | 1999-05-06 | James Kenneth Sanders | Catalyseur de combustion et carburants catalyses avec rendement de combustion et kilometrage ameliores |
US6312480B1 (en) * | 1998-02-06 | 2001-11-06 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Solid fuel additive |
US6866010B2 (en) * | 2001-07-11 | 2005-03-15 | Sfa International, Inc. | Method of reducing smoke and particulate emissions from compression-ignited reciprocating engines operating on liquid petroleum fuels |
US7229482B2 (en) * | 2001-07-11 | 2007-06-12 | Sfa International, Inc. | Method of reducing smoke and particulate emissions from steam boilers and heaters operating on solid fossil fuels |
US20030235526A1 (en) * | 2002-03-28 | 2003-12-25 | Vanderspurt Thomas Henry | Ceria-based mixed-metal oxide structure, including method of making and use |
WO2004065529A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-23 | 2004-08-05 | Oxonica Limited | Nanoparticles d'oxyde de cerium utilisees en tant qu'additifs pour carburant |
US20060254130A1 (en) * | 2003-01-23 | 2006-11-16 | Oxonica Limited | Cerium oxide nanoparticles as fuel additives |
US20060025301A1 (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2006-02-02 | Reddy Benjaram M | Process for preparing nanosized, thermally stable, and high surface area multi-component metal oxides |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
Diane Stirling, The Sulfur Probem Cleaning up Industrial Feedstocks, the Royal Society of Chemistry, 2000, pp 39 * |
Didier Jezequel, Jean Guenot, Noureddine, Jouini, and Fernand Fievet, Submicrometer zinc oxide particles: elaboration in polyol medium and morphological characateristics. 1995, Journal of Mater. Res. Vol 10, No 1, pp 77-83 * |
Cited By (49)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20110061291A1 (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2011-03-17 | Mills John C | Fuel Additive and Method for Use for Combustion Enhancement and Emission Reduction |
US8163044B2 (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2012-04-24 | Mills John C | Fuel additive and method for use for combustion enhancement and emission reduction |
US20120174472A1 (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2012-07-12 | Mills John C | Fuel Additive and Method for Use for Combustion Enhancement and Emission Reduction |
WO2010099033A3 (fr) * | 2009-02-26 | 2011-01-27 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Modulation de vitesses de combustion dans des carburants |
US8545577B2 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2013-10-01 | James K. And Mary A. Sanders Family Llc | Catalyst component for aviation and jet fuels |
US20100242350A1 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2010-09-30 | James Kenneth Sanders | Catalyst component for aviation and jet fuels |
EP2620486A1 (fr) * | 2010-09-24 | 2013-07-31 | Marinex Corporation | Combustible mélangé avec de l'eau et son procédé de production |
EP2620486A4 (fr) * | 2010-09-24 | 2014-03-19 | Marinex Corp | Combustible mélangé avec de l'eau et son procédé de production |
US10610934B2 (en) | 2011-07-01 | 2020-04-07 | Attostat, Inc. | Method and apparatus for production of uniformly sized nanoparticles |
US10137503B2 (en) | 2011-07-01 | 2018-11-27 | Attostat, Inc. | Method and apparatus for production of uniformly sized nanoparticles |
US9849512B2 (en) | 2011-07-01 | 2017-12-26 | Attostat, Inc. | Method and apparatus for production of uniformly sized nanoparticles |
AU2017251764B2 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2019-06-13 | Efficient Fuel Solutions, Llc | Body of molecular sized fuel additive |
US20150210947A1 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2015-07-30 | Efficient Fuel Solutions, Llc | Body of Molecular Sized Fuel Additive |
US9879196B2 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2018-01-30 | Efficient Fuel Solutions, Llc | Body of molecular sized fuel additive |
EP2700700A1 (fr) * | 2012-08-23 | 2014-02-26 | Glob Investment Sp. z o.o. | Procédé de production de combustible et combustible |
EP2700699A1 (fr) * | 2012-08-23 | 2014-02-26 | Glob Investment Sp. z o.o. | Procédé de production de combustible et combustible |
EP3197985A4 (fr) * | 2014-09-23 | 2018-10-10 | Attostat, Inc. | Composition d'additif pour carburant et procédé associé |
US20160083665A1 (en) * | 2014-09-23 | 2016-03-24 | Attostat, Inc. | Fuel additive composition and related methods |
WO2016049138A1 (fr) | 2014-09-23 | 2016-03-31 | Attostat, Inc. | Composition d'additif pour carburant et procédé associé |
US10190253B2 (en) | 2014-09-23 | 2019-01-29 | Attostat, Inc | Nanoparticle treated fabrics, fibers, filaments, and yarns and related methods |
US9883670B2 (en) | 2014-09-23 | 2018-02-06 | Attostat, Inc. | Compositions and methods for treating plant diseases |
US9885001B2 (en) * | 2014-09-23 | 2018-02-06 | Attostat, Inc. | Fuel additive composition and related methods |
US9919363B2 (en) | 2014-09-23 | 2018-03-20 | Attostat, Inc. | System and method for making non-spherical nanoparticles and nanoparticle compositions made thereby |
US20160237958A1 (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2016-08-18 | Awad Rasheed Suleiman Mansour | Magnetic Filter Containing Nanoparticles Used for Saving Fuel in a Combustion Chamber |
US10208264B1 (en) | 2015-03-31 | 2019-02-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Hybrid metallized organic fuels |
US9822320B1 (en) | 2015-03-31 | 2017-11-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Hybrid metallized organic fuels |
US10953043B2 (en) | 2015-04-01 | 2021-03-23 | Attostat, Inc. | Nanoparticle compositions and methods for treating or preventing tissue infections and diseases |
US9839652B2 (en) | 2015-04-01 | 2017-12-12 | Attostat, Inc. | Nanoparticle compositions and methods for treating or preventing tissue infections and diseases |
US10774429B2 (en) | 2015-04-13 | 2020-09-15 | Attostat, Inc. | Anti-corrosion nanoparticle compositions |
US11473202B2 (en) | 2015-04-13 | 2022-10-18 | Attostat, Inc. | Anti-corrosion nanoparticle compositions |
US20170021700A1 (en) * | 2015-07-23 | 2017-01-26 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method of preventing damage to a compressor in a vehicle |
EP3045710A1 (fr) * | 2015-08-14 | 2016-07-20 | Awad Rasheed Suleiman Mansour | Système contenant des nanoparticules et des composants de magnétisation combinés à un atomiseur à ultrasons servant à sauvegarder du diesel dans un moteur à combustion interne |
US11242295B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2022-02-08 | Newrocket Ltd. | Hypergolic system |
US11572320B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2023-02-07 | Newrocket Ltd. | Hypergolic system |
WO2017064711A1 (fr) * | 2015-10-13 | 2017-04-20 | Newrocket Ltd. | Système hypergolique |
US20180345216A1 (en) * | 2015-11-13 | 2018-12-06 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Fluid for carrying out pollution control in heat engines, and methods for preparing said fluids by producing a homogeneous solution |
US11014045B2 (en) * | 2015-11-13 | 2021-05-25 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Fluid for carrying out pollution control in heat engines, and methods for preparing said fluids by producing a homogeneous solution |
US10201571B2 (en) | 2016-01-25 | 2019-02-12 | Attostat, Inc. | Nanoparticle compositions and methods for treating onychomychosis |
US10538713B1 (en) * | 2017-05-19 | 2020-01-21 | United Technologies Corporation | Process and chemistry for formulating magnesium treated boron powder into a combustible slurry fuel |
US11018376B2 (en) | 2017-11-28 | 2021-05-25 | Attostat, Inc. | Nanoparticle compositions and methods for enhancing lead-acid batteries |
US11646453B2 (en) | 2017-11-28 | 2023-05-09 | Attostat, Inc. | Nanoparticle compositions and methods for enhancing lead-acid batteries |
WO2021198848A1 (fr) | 2020-03-31 | 2021-10-07 | King Abdullah University Of Science And Technology | Nanomatériau à base de carbone fonctionnalisé avec un hydrocarbure et procédé |
US11999918B2 (en) | 2020-03-31 | 2024-06-04 | King Abdullah University Of Science And Technology | Hydrocarbon functionalized carbon-based nanomaterial and method |
CN112226253A (zh) * | 2020-10-12 | 2021-01-15 | 速马力(广州)环保研究院有限责任公司 | 一种纳米燃油添加剂及其制备方法 |
EP4180505A1 (fr) * | 2021-11-15 | 2023-05-17 | Infineum International Limited | Ameliorations apportees a des carburants marins |
US12031099B2 (en) * | 2021-11-15 | 2024-07-09 | Infineum International Limited | Marine fuels |
US11976247B1 (en) * | 2022-11-15 | 2024-05-07 | Unique Equipment Solutions Llc | Fuel mixture for internal combustion engines with reduced CO2 emissions and method for manufacturing the same |
CN115725358A (zh) * | 2022-12-08 | 2023-03-03 | 青州亮杰节能科技有限公司 | 一种发动机保护剂并缸内镀膜催化燃烧工艺 |
CN117264669A (zh) * | 2023-11-22 | 2023-12-22 | 山东新蓝环保科技有限公司 | 一种清洁燃油系统中沉积物的燃油添加剂及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20090004601A (ko) | 2009-01-12 |
EP2164932A1 (fr) | 2010-03-24 |
CN101333467A (zh) | 2008-12-31 |
CA2691890A1 (fr) | 2009-01-08 |
MX2010000215A (es) | 2010-07-06 |
WO2009005944A1 (fr) | 2009-01-08 |
EP2164932A4 (fr) | 2012-01-04 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20090000186A1 (en) | Nano-sized metal and metal oxide particles for more complete fuel combustion | |
US9315747B2 (en) | Nano-sized zinc oxide particles for fuel | |
KR101537423B1 (ko) | 디젤 엔진 배기구의 미립자 트랩으로의 철 공급 방법 | |
US20110265372A1 (en) | Nanoalloy fuel composition | |
JP2005502764A (ja) | ディーゼル燃料、その製造及び使用方法 | |
MX2007008819A (es) | Limpiador que quema combustible diesel. | |
JP2006028493A (ja) | 予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料油組成物 | |
JP5963770B2 (ja) | 鉄粒子分散体の燃料添加剤としての使用 | |
EP2655573B1 (fr) | Additif carburant à base d'une dispersion de particules de fer et d'un détergent polyester ammonium. | |
JP2004507567A (ja) | ディーゼル燃料組成物 | |
US8323362B2 (en) | Combustion modifier and method for improving fuel combustion | |
US9267088B2 (en) | Fuels for cold start conditions | |
EP2052060A1 (fr) | Biocarburant | |
US11846218B2 (en) | Process for commissioning an exhaust particulate filter | |
JP2005520926A (ja) | 減少した放出物のためのディーゼル燃料の配合 | |
Rao et al. | Effects of Cerium Oxide Nano Particles Addition in Diesel and Bio Diesel on the Performance and Emission Analysis of CI Engine | |
US20130185990A1 (en) | Combustion Modifier and Method for Improving Fuel Combustion | |
WO2008127395A2 (fr) | Agent lubrifiant céramique à haute température |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: SANDERS, JAMES KENNETH, TEXAS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TOCK, RICHARD WILLIAM;YANG, DUCK JOO;REEL/FRAME:019571/0686;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070706 TO 20070707 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: JAMES K. AND MARY A. SANDERS FAMILY LLC, TEXAS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SANDERS, JAMES KENNETH;REEL/FRAME:028912/0872 Effective date: 20120726 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |