US20080317418A1 - Nonlinear optical fiber, nonlinear optical device, and optical signal processing apparatus - Google Patents

Nonlinear optical fiber, nonlinear optical device, and optical signal processing apparatus Download PDF

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US20080317418A1
US20080317418A1 US12/195,839 US19583908A US2008317418A1 US 20080317418 A1 US20080317418 A1 US 20080317418A1 US 19583908 A US19583908 A US 19583908A US 2008317418 A1 US2008317418 A1 US 2008317418A1
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optical fiber
refractive index
nonlinear optical
equal
core layer
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Yuki Taniguchi
Jiro Hiroishi
Masanori Takahashi
Ryuichi Sugizaki
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Furukawa Electric Co Ltd
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Furukawa Electric Co Ltd
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Assigned to THE FURUKAWA ELECTRIC CO., LTD. reassignment THE FURUKAWA ELECTRIC CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HIROISHI, JIRO, TANIGUCHI, YUKI, SUGIZAKI, RYUICHI, TAKAHASHI, MASANORI
Publication of US20080317418A1 publication Critical patent/US20080317418A1/en
Priority to US12/488,172 priority Critical patent/US7925132B2/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03688—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 5 or more layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
    • G02B6/02028—Small effective area or mode field radius, e.g. for allowing nonlinear effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
    • G02B6/02228—Dispersion flattened fibres, i.e. having a low dispersion variation over an extended wavelength range
    • G02B6/02238—Low dispersion slope fibres
    • G02B6/02242—Low dispersion slope fibres having a dispersion slope <0.06 ps/km/nm2
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0286—Combination of graded index in the central core segment and a graded index layer external to the central core segment
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
    • G02B6/03627—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - +
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03638—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
    • G02B6/03644—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - + -
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03638—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
    • G02B6/0365—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - - +
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03661—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only
    • G02B6/03672—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only arranged - - + -
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/365—Non-linear optics in an optical waveguide structure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
    • G02B6/02252—Negative dispersion fibres at 1550 nm
    • G02B6/02257—Non-zero dispersion shifted fibres, i.e. having a small negative dispersion at 1550 nm, e.g. ITU-T G.655 dispersion between - 1.0 to - 10 ps/nm.km for avoiding nonlinear effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
    • G02B6/02266—Positive dispersion fibres at 1550 nm
    • G02B6/02271—Non-zero dispersion shifted fibres, i.e. having a small positive dispersion at 1550 nm, e.g. ITU-T G.655 dispersion between 1.0 to 10 ps/nm.km for avoiding nonlinear effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0281—Graded index region forming part of the central core segment, e.g. alpha profile, triangular, trapezoidal core

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a nonlinear optical fiber, a nonlinear optical device employing the nonlinear optical fiber, and an optical processing apparatus employing the nonlinear optical fiber.
  • an all-optical signal processing technology in which an optical signal is processed as it is.
  • the optical signal is directly processed with an optical device without being converted into an electrical signal. Because the response speed of the optical device is even higher than the response speed of the electrical device, the all-optical signal processing technology can expedite the increase of the signal processing speed.
  • An example of the optical device used in the all-optical signal processing technology is a nonlinear optical device that uses a nonlinear optical phenomenon occurred in an optical fiber that transmits the optical signal.
  • the nonlinear optical device using the nonlinear optical phenomenon occurred in the optical fiber can process the optical signal in a high speed because the nonlinear optical phenomenon shown a high-speed response, and at the same time, can reduce loss of the optical signal because the optical fiber has a low transmission loss. For this reason, attention is particularly focused on the all-optical signal processing technology recently, and its application to an optical signal processing apparatus is presently being studied.
  • nonlinear optical phenomenon examples include four-wave mixing (FWM), self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS).
  • FWM four-wave mixing
  • SPM self-phase modulation
  • XPM cross-phase modulation
  • SBS stimulated Brillouin scattering
  • SRS stimulated Raman scattering
  • the FWM is used in a wavelength converter, an optical parametric amplifier (OPA), and the like.
  • OPA optical parametric amplifier
  • optical signal processing technologies such as a pulse compression, a waveform shaping, and the like using the SPM have already been reported (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2004-117590 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2005-301009).
  • a method of increasing the optical nonlinearity of the optical fiber is, for example, to decrease the effective core area A eff of the optical fiber by increasing the relative refractive index difference between the core and the cladding.
  • Examples of the nonlinear optical fiber having high optical nonlinearity are disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2002-207136 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2003-177266.
  • the FWM or the SPM In order to use the FWM or the SPM efficiently, it is necessary to use a nonlinear optical fiber not only having high optical nonlinearity but also having stable wavelength dispersion characteristics in a direction the optical signal propagates through the optical fiber, i.e., the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber. Especially when using the FWM, it is important that the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber should be small and stable to keep the efficiency of generating the FWM over a long distance.
  • the wavelength dispersion characteristics of the optical fiber are mainly determined by a structure of the core and the cladding and a refractive index profile of the optical fiber.
  • a nonlinear optical fiber including a core that includes a center core region, a core layer that is formed around the center core region and that has a refractive index lower than a refractive index of the center core layer, and at least one buffer core layer that is formed between the center core region and the core layer and that has a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the center core region and higher than the refractive index of the core layer; and a cladding that is formed around the core layer and that has a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the center core region and higher than the refractive index of the core layer.
  • An effective core area at a wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 18 ⁇ m 2 .
  • a nonlinear optical device including an optical input unit that inputs a light; an optical output unit that outputs a light; and a nonlinear optical fiber provided between the optical input unit and the optical output unit.
  • the nonlinear optical fiber includes a core including a center core region, a core layer that is formed around the center core region and that has a refractive index lower than a refractive index of the center core layer, and at least one buffer core layer that is formed between the center core region and the core layer and that has a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the center core region and higher than the refractive index of the core layer, and a cladding that is formed around the core layer and that has a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the center core region and higher than the refractive index of the core layer.
  • An effective core area at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers is equal to or smaller than 18 ⁇ m 2 .
  • the nonlinear optical fiber causes a nonlinear optical phenomenon to be generated by the light input from the optical input unit and outputting a light obtained by the nonlinear optical phenomenon to the optical output unit.
  • an optical signal processing apparatus including an optical signal input unit that inputs an optical signal; an optical signal processing unit that includes a nonlinear optical fiber, and performs a signal processing of the optical signal input from the optical signal input unit by using a nonlinear optical phenomenon generated in the nonlinear optical fiber; and an optical signal output unit that outputs the optical signal that is signal processed.
  • the nonlinear optical fiber includes a core including a center core region, a core layer that is formed around the center core region and that has a refractive index lower than a refractive index of the center core layer, and at least one buffer core layer that is formed between the center core region and the core layer and that has a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the center core region and higher than the refractive index of the core layer, and a cladding that is formed around the core layer and that has a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the center core region and higher than the refractive index of the core layer.
  • An effective core area at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers is equal to or smaller than 18 ⁇ m 2 .
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the cross section of a nonlinear optical fiber according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the refractive index profile of the nonlinear optical fiber according to the first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a table of a result of calculating wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D, wavelength dispersion slope S, effective core area A eff , and cutoff wavelength ⁇ C when the outer diameter of a core layer is changed by 1% near a point where wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km;
  • FIG. 4 is a table of a result of calculating wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D, wavelength dispersion slope S, effective core area A eff , and cutoff wavelength ⁇ c when the outer diameter of a core layer is changed by 1% near a point where wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km;
  • FIG. 5 is a table of a result of comparing values of wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D 0 when Ra 11 and Ra 12 are changed with parameters other than the Ra 11 and the Ra 12 fixed, where ⁇ 11 is set to 3.0;
  • FIG. 6 is a table of a result of comparing values of wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D 0 when Ra 11 and Ra 12 are changed with parameters other than the Ra 11 and the Ra 12 fixed, where ⁇ 11 is set to 2.4;
  • FIG. 7 is a table of a result of comparing values of wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D 0 when Ra 11 and Ra 12 are changed with parameters other than the Ra 11 and the Ra 12 fixed, where ⁇ 11 is set to 1.8;
  • FIG. 8 is a table of a result of a case where ⁇ 12 is different from that used the case shown in FIG. 6 ;
  • FIG. 9 is a table of a result of a case where ⁇ 12 is different from that used the case shown in FIG. 6 ;
  • FIG. 10 is a table of a result of a case where ⁇ 14 is changed in the case shown in FIG. 5 ;
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the refractive index profile of a conventional-type nonlinear optical fiber
  • FIG. 12 is a table of a result of calculating wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D, wavelength dispersion slope S, effective core area A eff , and cutoff wavelength ⁇ c when the outer diameter of a core layer is changed by 1% near a point where wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km;
  • FIG. 13 is a table of a result of calculating wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D, wavelength dispersion slope S, effective core area A eff , and cutoff wavelength ⁇ c when the outer diameter of a core layer is changed by 1% near a point where wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km;
  • FIG. 14 is a table of characteristics of nonlinear optical fibers according to embodiment examples 1 to 6 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing a result of measuring variation of wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber, where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents wavelength dispersion;
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing a result of measuring variation of zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber, where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents zero dispersion wavelength;
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of the cross section of a nonlinear optical fiber according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of the refractive index profile of the nonlinear optical fiber according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 19 is a table of a result of calculating wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D, wavelength dispersion slope S, effective core area A eff , and cutoff wavelength ⁇ c when the outer diameter of a core layer is changed by 1% near a point where wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km;
  • FIG. 20 is a table of a result of calculating wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D, wavelength dispersion slope S, effective core area A eff , and cutoff wavelength ⁇ c when the outer diameter of a core layer is changed by 1% near a point where wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km;
  • FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of the refractive index profile of a conventional-type nonlinear optical fiber
  • FIG. 22 is a table of a result of calculating wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D, wavelength dispersion slope S, effective core area A eff , and cutoff wavelength ⁇ c when the outer diameter of a core layer is changed by 1% near a point where wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km;
  • FIG. 23 is a table of a result of calculating wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D, wavelength dispersion slope S, effective core area A eff , and cutoff wavelength ⁇ c when the outer diameter of a core layer is changed by 1% near a point where wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km;
  • FIG. 24 is a table showing characteristics of nonlinear optical fibers according to embodiment examples 7 to 9 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 25 is a graph showing a result of measuring variation of wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber, where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents wavelength dispersion;
  • FIG. 26 is a graph showing a result of measuring variation of zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber, where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents zero dispersion wavelength;
  • FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram of the cross section of a nonlinear optical fiber according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of the refractive index profile of the nonlinear optical fiber according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 29 is a table showing characteristics of nonlinear optical fibers according to embodiment examples 10 to 12 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 30 is a graph showing a result of measuring variation of wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber, where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents wavelength dispersion;
  • FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram of a nonlinear optical device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 32 is a schematic diagram of an optical signal processing apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the cross section of a nonlinear optical fiber 10 according to the first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the refractive index profile of the nonlinear optical fiber 10 .
  • the nonlinear optical fiber 10 according to the first embodiment of the present invention includes a core 15 and a cladding 16 .
  • the core 15 includes a center core region 11 , a core layer 12 that is formed around the center core region 11 and that has a refractive index lower than a refractive index of the center core region 11 , and a buffer core layer 14 that is formed between the center core region 11 and the core layer 12 and that has a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the center core region 11 and higher than the refractive index of the core layer 12 .
  • the cladding 16 is formed around the core layer 12 , having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the center core region 11 and higher than the refractive index of the core layer 12 .
  • the effective core area at a wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 18 ⁇ m 2 .
  • the nonlinear optical fiber 10 further includes a coating 17 that is formed around the cladding 16 .
  • the core 15 and the cladding 16 are formed with SiO 2 glass-based material.
  • a desired shape of the refractive index profile can be obtained by controlling a doping amount of a dopant for adjusting the refractive index, such as GeO 2 or F element, and a distribution of the doping amount in radial direction.
  • the refractive index can be increased by doping GeO 2 , and decreased by doping F element.
  • the cladding 16 it is formed substantially with the pure SiO 2 glass; however, a predetermined refractive index still can be obtained by doping a dopant for adjusting the refractive index, such as GeO 2 or F element.
  • the coating 17 is formed with two-layer ultraviolet-curable resin.
  • the outer diameter of the cladding 16 is typically 125 ⁇ m; however, it can be reduced to equal to or smaller than 100 ⁇ m. In this case, a roll diameter can be reduced when winding the nonlinear optical fiber 10 on a bobbin and the like.
  • the outer diameter of the coating 17 is typically 250 ⁇ m; however, it can be reduced to equal to or smaller than 150 ⁇ m by reducing the outer diameter of the cladding. In this case, the volume of the nonlinear optical fiber 10 can be reduced. Therefore, a compact-sized nonlinear optical device can be realized by winding the nonlinear optical fiber 10 on a small-diameter bobbin and packing them in a case.
  • the center core region 11 has a diameter d 11 , a refractive index profile 11 a , and a maximum refractive index nc 11 .
  • the core layer 12 has an outer diameter d 12 , a refractive index profile 12 a , and a minimum refractive index nc 12 .
  • the buffer core layer 14 has an outer diameter d 14 , a refractive index profile 14 a , and a minimum refractive index nc 14 .
  • the cladding 16 has a refractive index profile 16 a and a refractive index nC 110 In this figure, ng is the refractive index of the pure SiO 2 glass.
  • the profile parameters characterizing the refractive index profile of the nonlinear optical fiber 10 will be defined. Firstly, a ratio d 11 /d 12 of the diameter d 11 of the center core region 11 to the outer diameter d 12 of the core layer 12 is defined as Ra 11 , and a ratio d 14 /d 12 of the diameter d 14 of the buffer core layer 14 to the outer diameter d 12 of the core layer 12 is defined as Ra 12 .
  • the maximum relative refractive index difference between the center core region 11 and the cladding 16 is defined as ⁇ 11
  • the minimum relative refractive index difference between the core layer 12 and the cladding 16 is defined as ⁇ 12
  • the maximum relative refractive index difference between the buffer core layer 14 and the cladding 16 is defined as ⁇ 14
  • the maximum relative refractive index difference of the cladding with respect to the refractive index of the substantially pure SiO 2 glass is defined as ⁇ clad. If the cladding is formed substantially with the SiO 2 glass, ⁇ clad is 0%.
  • ⁇ 11 , ⁇ 12 , ⁇ 14 , and ⁇ clad are defined by Equations (1) to (4).
  • ⁇ clad [( nc 110 ⁇ ng )/ nc 110] ⁇ 100(%) (4)
  • the ratio of the outer diameter of the buffer core layer 14 with respect to the diameter of the center core region 11 is equal to or larger than 1.2 and equal to or smaller than 2.0.
  • the value of ⁇ 11 is equal to or larger than 1.8%, and more preferably, equal to or larger than 2.2%.
  • the ratio of the outer diameter of the core layer 12 with respect to the diameter of the center core region 11 i.e., d 12 /d 11 , is equal to or larger than 2.5, and more preferably, equal to or larger than 3.0.
  • the value of ⁇ 12 is equal to or larger than ⁇ 1.2% and equal to or smaller than ⁇ 0.2%, and more preferably, equal to or larger than ⁇ 1.2% and equal to or smaller than ⁇ 0.4%.
  • the value of ⁇ 14 is equal to or larger than 0.1% and equal to or smaller than 0.6%, and more preferably, equal to or larger than 0.3% and equal to or smaller than 0.6%.
  • the center core region 11 and the buffer core layer 14 have so-called ⁇ -type refractive index profiles with ⁇ values of ⁇ 11 and ⁇ 14 , respectively.
  • the ⁇ value is an index representing the shape of the refractive index, which is defined by Equations (5) and (6). As the ⁇ value increases, the center portion of the refractive index profile of the core becomes round, i.e., it shifts from a triangular shape to a rectangular shape.
  • n 2 ( r ) nc 11 2 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2( ⁇ 11/100) ⁇ (2 r/d 11) ⁇ circumflex over ( 0 ) ⁇ 11 ⁇ (5)
  • n 2 ( r ) nc 14 2 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2( ⁇ 14/100) ⁇ (( r ⁇ r 14max)/( d 14/2 ⁇ r 14max)) ⁇ circumflex over ( 0 ) ⁇ 14 ⁇ (6)
  • r is a position from the center of the optical fiber in the radial direction.
  • n(r) is the refractive index at the point r, and the symbol “ ⁇ circumflex over ( 0 ) ⁇ ” is a symbol representing an exponential.
  • the cutoff wavelength is set to be shorter than 1500 nm in order to transmit a signal light of a wavelength equal to or longer than 1500 nm in single mode. Because the variation range of zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction is equal to or narrower than 30 nm per a length of 1 km, and the variation range of wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 1 ps/nm/km per a length of 1 km, the wavelength dispersion characteristic is kept stable even when the length of the optical fiber is increased, so that the nonlinear optical phenomena can be used with high efficiency.
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 5 ps/nm/km, and more preferably, equal to or smaller than 1 ps/nm/km, the generation efficiency of the nonlinear optical phenomena such as the FWM is high.
  • the variation of the wavelength dispersion at the wavelength of 1550 nm when the outer diameter of the core layer 12 is changed by 1% is equal to or smaller than 0.7 ps/nm/km in a range where the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 5 ps/nm/km, the optical fiber has a small absolute value of the wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction with stability.
  • the optical fiber has a small absolute value of the wavelength dispersion across a broad wavelength bandwidth. Furthermore, because the transmission loss at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 1.5 dB/km, the optical loss is small and the generation efficiency of the nonlinear optical phenomena is high.
  • the polarization mode dispersion at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 0.2 ps/km 1/2 , even when the signal light is a short optical pulse, the degradation of the pulse waveform is suppressed during propagating through the optical fiber.
  • the nonlinear coefficient at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or larger than 40 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 /W, the generation efficiency of the nonlinear optical phenomena is high.
  • the cutoff wavelength ( ⁇ c ) means the fiber cutoff wavelength defined in the ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector) G. 650.1. Other terminologies not specifically defined in the specification comply with the definitions and the measurement methods in the ITU-T G. 650.1.
  • the nonlinear coefficient (n 2 /A eff ) used in the specification is a value measured by the XPM method.
  • the characteristics of the nonlinear optical fiber 10 according to the first embodiment will be explained with a simulation result.
  • the first thing to be explained is a relationship between the refractive index profile of the nonlinear optical fiber and wavelength dispersion stability in the longitudinal direction.
  • the wavelength dispersion stability in the longitudinal direction means how much the wavelength dispersion changes when the diameter of the core changes in the longitudinal direction, and it can be estimated by a change of the wavelength dispersion with respect to a change of the diameter of the core.
  • a change of the wavelength dispersion with the change of the diameter of the core 15 is calculated by simulation from the electric field distribution of a propagating light.
  • the diameter of the core 15 is changed by changing the outer diameter d 12 of the core layer 12 while fixing Ra 11 and Ra 12 , which are the ratio of the diameter d 11 of the center core region 11 to the outer diameter d 12 of the core layer 12 and the ratio of the outer diameter d 14 of the buffer core layer 14 to the outer diameter d 12 of the core layer 12 , respectively.
  • Equation (7) The change of the wavelength dispersion when the outer diameter d 12 of the core layer 12 is changed by 1%, ⁇ D [ps/nm/km], is defined by Equation (7).
  • ⁇ D (( D +1 ⁇ D ⁇ 1 )/( d 12 +1 ⁇ d 12 ⁇ 1 )) ⁇ d 12/100 (7)
  • the parameter 6 is a change amount of the outer diameter of the core layer 12 .
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion D is minimized when the outer diameter d 12 of the core layer 12 is 20.6 ⁇ m, and at this time, the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D is 0.52 [(ps/nm/km)/%], which is a small enough value compared to a value of a conventional nonlinear optical fiber that will be described later.
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion D is minimized when the outer diameter d 12 of the core layer 12 is 10.6 ⁇ m, and at this time, the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D is 0.47 [(ps/nm/km)/%], which is a small enough value compared to the value of the conventional nonlinear optical fiber that will be described later.
  • the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D is calculated from the wavelength dispersion at each diameter by changing the diameter of the core with a step of 0.1 ⁇ m using various profile parameters, and wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D 0 at a diameter with which the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion is minimized is compared for each case.
  • FIGS. 5 to 9 are tables of a result of comparing values of the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D 0 when Ra 11 and Ra 12 are changed with parameters other than the Ra 11 and the Ra 12 fixed.
  • FIGS. 5 to 7 show cases where ⁇ 11 is set to 3.0, 2.4, and 1.8, respectively; and FIGS. 8 and 9 show cases where ⁇ 12 is different from the case shown in FIG. 6 .
  • FIG. 10 is a table of a result of a case where ⁇ 14 is changed in the case shown in FIG. 5 .
  • ⁇ D 0 is changed depending on a ratio of Ra 12 and Ra 11 , i.e., the ratio d 14 /d 11 of the outer diameter d 14 of the buffer core layer 14 and the diameter d 11 of the center core region 11 , and in a range where d 14 /d 11 is equal to or smaller than 2.0, ⁇ D 0 decreases as d 14 /d 11 increases.
  • d 14 /d 11 is equal to or larger than 1.2 and equal to or smaller than 2.0; and therefore, ⁇ D 0 is small enough and the wavelength dispersion characteristics are stable in the longitudinal direction, the cutoff wavelength becomes short, and the effective core area is equal to or smaller than 18 ⁇ m 2 , which leads to a high nonlinearity.
  • d 14 /d 11 when ⁇ 11 is 3.0% and ⁇ 12 is ⁇ 0.6%, if d 14 /d 11 is larger than 1.4, the cutoff wavelength becomes equal to or longer than 1500 nm; and therefore, it is preferable to set d 14 /d 11 to equal to or larger than 1.2 and equal to or smaller than 1.4.
  • ⁇ D 0 increases as ⁇ 11 decreases or Ra 11 increases
  • d 14 /d 11 in a range where ⁇ D 0 becomes small enough with respect to predetermined ⁇ 11 and Ra 11 .
  • ⁇ 11 is 2.4%
  • ⁇ 12 is ⁇ 0.6%
  • Ra 11 is 0.4
  • the cutoff wavelength becomes equal to or longer than 1500 nm if d 14 /d 11 is larger than 1.7
  • ⁇ D 0 becomes larger than 0.7 [(ps/nm/km)/%] if d 14 /d 11 is smaller than 1.3. Therefore, it is preferable to set d 14 /d 11 to equal to or larger than 1.3 and equal to or smaller than 1.7.
  • ⁇ 11 is smaller than 1.8%, not only ⁇ D 0 increase but also it is difficult to keep the effective core area to equal to or smaller than 18 ⁇ m 2 .
  • ⁇ 11 is equal to or larger than 1.8%, ⁇ D 0 is small enough and the wavelength dispersion characteristics become stable in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber.
  • the effective core area can be easily set to equal to or smaller than 18 ⁇ m 2 , it is possible to maintain the high nonlinearity.
  • the effective core area can be set to equal to or smaller than 15 ⁇ m 2 , and it is possible to maintain even higher nonlinearity, which makes it possible to increase the generation efficiency of the nonlinear optical phenomena.
  • Ra 11 i.e., d 11 /d 12
  • d 12 /d 11 is equal to or larger than 2.5, and more preferably, equal to or larger than 3.0
  • Ra 11 becomes equal to or smaller than 0.4; and therefore, ⁇ D 0 is small enough and the wavelength dispersion characteristics become stable in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber.
  • the effective core area can be kept small, so that it is possible to maintain the high nonlinearity.
  • ⁇ 12 increases, not only the cutoff wavelength increases but also the effective core area increases.
  • ⁇ 12 is larger than ⁇ 0.2%, it is difficult to keep the cutoff wavelength shorter than 1500 nm.
  • ⁇ 12 it is difficult to set ⁇ 12 to smaller than ⁇ 1.2% in manufacturing the optical fiber.
  • the cutoff wavelength can be easily set to shorter than 1500 nm, the fabrication becomes easy, too.
  • the effective core area can be kept small, so that it is possible to maintain the high nonlinearity.
  • ⁇ D 0 decreases as ⁇ 14 increases, if ⁇ 14 becomes larger than 0.6%, an air bubble is apt to be generated in the buffer core layer 14 at the time of manufacturing the optical fiber, which degrades the productivity.
  • ⁇ 14 is smaller than 0.1%, the effect of reducing ⁇ D 0 by the buffer core layer 14 cannot be obtained.
  • ⁇ 14 is equal to or larger than 0.1% and equal to or smaller than 0.6%, and more preferably, equal to or larger than 0.3% and equal to or smaller than 0.6%, a high productivity can be achieved and the effect of reducing ⁇ D 0 can be obtained significantly.
  • a change of wavelength dispersion is calculated by simulation from electric field distribution of a light in a conventional-type nonlinear optical fiber that does not have a buffer core layer near a point where the wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km when the outer diameter of the core layer is changed. As shown in FIG.
  • the conventional-type nonlinear optical fiber includes a core and a cladding:
  • the core includes a center core region that has a diameter d 11 ′, an ⁇ -type refractive index profile 11 a ′ and a maximum refractive index nc 11 ′ and a core layer that is formed around the center core region and that has a refractive index lower than a refractive index of the center core region, an outer diameter d 12 ′, a refractive index profile 12 a ′, and a minimum refractive index nc 12 ′; and the cladding is formed around the core layer, having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the center core region and higher than the refractive index of the core layer, a refractive index profile 16 a ′ and a refractive index nc 110 ′.
  • the diameter of the core is changed by changing the outer diameter d 12 ′ of the core layer, while fixing Ra 11 ′, which is a ratio of the diameter dill of the center core region (also referred to as “a center core”) to the outer diameter d 12 ′ of the core layer (also referred to as “a depressed core”).
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion D is minimized when the outer diameter d 12 ′ of the core layer is 21.1 ⁇ m, and at this time, the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D is 0.68 [(ps/nm/km)/%]. This value is larger than 0.52 [(ps/nm/km)/%] that is the value of ⁇ D in the nonlinear optical fiber 10 according to the first embodiment including the buffer core layer 14 shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion D is minimized when the outer diameter d 12 ′ of the core layer is 10.6 ⁇ m, and at this time, the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D is 0.70 [(ps/nm/km)/%]. This value is larger than 0.47 [(ps/nm/km)/%] that is the value of ⁇ D in the nonlinear optical fiber 10 according to the first embodiment including the buffer core layer 14 shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the nonlinear optical fiber 10 even when the diameter of the core varies in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber due to a fluctuation of the manufacturing conditions at the time of manufacturing the nonlinear optical fiber, a variation of the wavelength dispersion characteristics due to the variation of the diameter of the core in the longitudinal direction can be reduced because the nonlinear optical fiber includes at least one buffer core layer formed between the center core region and the core layer, which has refractive index lower than that of the center core region and higher than that of the core layer. Therefore, it is possible to realize a nonlinear optical fiber having stable wavelength dispersion characteristics in the longitudinal direction so that the nonlinear optical phenomena can be used with high efficiency.
  • Embodiment examples of the nonlinear optical fiber according to the present invention will be explained in detail below based on an actual measurement result of each characteristic value.
  • nonlinear optical fibers 101 to 106 are fabricated.
  • the outer diameter d 12 of the core layer is changed to change the characteristics such as the wavelength dispersion by changing the outer diameter of the cladding.
  • FIG. 14 is a table of measured characteristics of the nonlinear optical fibers 101 to 106 according to the embodiment examples 1 to 6. Values of wavelength dispersion, dispersion slope, loss, effective core area, nonlinear coefficient, and polarization mode dispersion in the table indicate values at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Values of effective core area, cutoff wavelength, outer diameter of core layer, outer diameter of cladding, and outer diameter of coating in the table indicate average values of measured values at both facets of fabricated nonlinear optical fibers.
  • the cutoff wavelengths of all of the nonlinear optical fibers 101 to 106 are shorter than 1500 nm. Furthermore, the characteristics of all of the nonlinear optical fibers 101 to 106 at the wavelength of 1550 nm show the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion equal to or smaller than 5 ps/nm/km, the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion slope equal to or larger than 0.02 ps/nm 2 /km and equal to or smaller than 0.06 ps/nm 2 /km, the nonlinear coefficient equal to or larger than 40 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 /W, the transmission loss equal to or smaller than 1.5 dB/km, and the polarization mode dispersion equal to or smaller than 0.2 ps/km 1/2 .
  • the outer diameters of the claddings of the nonlinear optical fibers 103 to 106 are equal to or smaller than 100 ⁇ m with the outer diameters of the coatings equal to or smaller than 150 ⁇ m.
  • the values are equal to or smaller than 0.7 [(ps/nm/km)/%] in all the optical fibers.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing a result of measuring the variation of the wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber 106 , where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents wavelength dispersion. As shown in FIG.
  • the variation range of the wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 0.6 ps/nm/km per a length of 1 km at the largest.
  • a variation of the zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber is calculated from the measurement result shown in FIG. 15 .
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing a result of measuring the variation of the zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber 106 , where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents zero dispersion wavelength.
  • the variation range of the zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber is equal to or smaller than 15 nm per a length of 1 km at the largest.
  • the nonlinear optical fiber according to the second embodiment is different from the nonlinear optical fiber according to the first embodiment in that the core further includes an additional core layer that is formed between the core layer and the cladding and that has a refractive index higher than the refractive index of the cladding.
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of the cross section of a nonlinear optical fiber 20 according to the second embodiment; and FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of the refractive index profile of the nonlinear optical fiber 20 .
  • the nonlinear optical fiber 20 according to the second embodiment has the same structure as the nonlinear optical fiber 10 according to the first embodiment, except for that a core 25 further includes an additional core layer 23 that is formed between a core layer 22 and a cladding 26 and that has a refractive index higher than a refractive index of the cladding 26 and an outer diameter d 23 .
  • the additional core layer 23 has the outer diameter d 23 and a refractive index profile 23 a with a maximum refractive index nc 23 .
  • a ratio d 21 /d 22 is defined as Ra 21
  • a ratio d 24 /d 22 is defined as Ra 22
  • the maximum relative refractive index difference between a center core region 21 and the cladding 26 is defined as ⁇ 21
  • the minimum relative refractive index difference between the core layer 22 and the cladding 26 is defined as ⁇ 22
  • the maximum relative refractive index difference between a buffer core layer 24 and the cladding 26 is defined as ⁇ 24 .
  • a ratio d 23 /d 22 of the outer diameter d 23 of the additional core layer 23 to the outer diameter d 22 of the core layer 22 is defined as Ra 23
  • the maximum relative refractive index difference between the additional core layer 23 and the cladding 26 is defined as ⁇ 23 .
  • equations similar to Equations (1) to (3) can be applied in the similar manner to ⁇ 11 , ⁇ 12 , and ⁇ 14 .
  • ⁇ 23 is expressed by Equation (8).
  • ⁇ 23 [( nc 23 ⁇ nc 120)/ nc 23] ⁇ 100(%) (8)
  • d 24 /d 21 is equal to or larger than 1.2 and equal to or smaller than 2.0 as the nonlinear optical fiber 10 .
  • ⁇ 21 is equal to or larger than 1.8%, and more preferably, equal to or larger than 2.2%.
  • d 22 /d 21 is equal to or larger than 2.5, and more preferably, equal to or larger than 3.0.
  • ⁇ 22 is equal to or larger than ⁇ 1.2% and equal to or smaller than ⁇ 0.2%, and more preferably, equal to or larger than ⁇ 1.2% and equal to or smaller than ⁇ 0.4%.
  • ⁇ 24 is equal to or larger than 0.1% and equal to or smaller than 0.6%, and more preferably, equal to or larger than 0.3% and equal to or smaller than 0.6%.
  • Ra 23 i.e., d 23 /d 22 , is equal to or smaller than 1.2, and ⁇ 23 is equal to or smaller than 0.3%. Therefore, because the area of the additional core layer is small, the cutoff wavelength can easily be set to a predetermined wavelength shorter than the signal light wavelength.
  • the cutoff wavelength is set to be shorter than 1500 nm in order to transmit a signal light of a wavelength equal to or longer than 1500 nm in single mode in the same manner as the nonlinear optical fiber 10 .
  • the variation range of zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction is equal to or narrower than 30 nm per a length of 1 km.
  • the variation range of wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction is equal to or smaller than 1 ps/nm/km per a length of 1 km
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion is equal to or smaller than 5 ps/nm/km, and more preferably, equal to or smaller than 1 ps/nm/km.
  • the variation of the wavelength dispersion at the wavelength of 1550 nm when the outer diameter of the core layer 22 is changed by 1% is equal to or smaller than 0.7 ps/nm/km in a range where the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion is equal to or smaller than 5 ps/nm/km.
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion slope is equal to or larger than 0.02 ps/nm 2 /km and equal to or smaller than 0.06 ps/nm 2 /km
  • the transmission loss is equal to or smaller than 1.5 dB/km
  • the polarization mode dispersion is equal to or smaller than 0.2 ps/km 1/2 .
  • the nonlinear coefficient at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or larger than 40 ⁇ ⁇ 10 /W.
  • the characteristics of the nonlinear optical fiber 20 according to the second embodiment will be explained with a simulation result.
  • the first thing to be explained is a relationship between the refractive index profile of the nonlinear optical fiber and wavelength dispersion stability in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber.
  • a change of the wavelength dispersion with the change of the diameter of the core 25 is calculated by simulation from the electric field distribution of a light propagating through the nonlinear optical fiber 20 having the refractive index profile shown in FIG. 18 .
  • the diameter of the core 25 is changed by changing the outer diameter d 22 of the core layer 22 while fixing Ra 21 , Ra 22 , and Ra 23 , which are the ratio of the diameter d 21 of the center core region 21 to the outer diameter d 22 of the core layer 22 , the ratio of the outer diameter d 24 of the buffer core layer 24 to the outer diameter d 22 of the core layer 22 , and the ratio of the outer diameter d 23 of the additional core layer 23 to the outer diameter d 22 of the core layer 22 , respectively.
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion D is minimized when the outer diameter d 22 of the core layer 22 is 20.2 ⁇ m, and at this time, the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D is 0.53 [(ps/nm/km)/%], which is a small enough value compared to the value of the conventional nonlinear optical fiber that will be described later.
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion D is minimized when the outer diameter d 22 of the core layer 22 is 10.4 ⁇ m, and at this time, the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D is 0.48 [(ps/nm/km)/%], which is a small enough value compared to the value of the conventional nonlinear optical fiber that will be described later.
  • a change of wavelength dispersion is calculated by simulation from electric field distribution of a light in a conventional-type nonlinear optical fiber that does not have a buffer core layer near a point where the wavelength dispersion D is 0 ps/nm/km when the outer diameter of the core layer is changed.
  • the conventional-type nonlinear optical fiber has a refractive index profile of the same structure as the conventional-type nonlinear optical fiber shown in FIG.
  • the core further includes an additional core layer that is formed between the core layer and the cladding and has a refractive index higher than the refractive index of the cladding, an outer diameter d 23 ′, a refractive index profile 23 a ′, and a maximum refractive index nc 23 ′.
  • the diameter of the core is changed by changing the outer diameter d 22 ′ of the core layer, while fixing Ra 21 ′, which is a ratio of the diameter d 21 ′ of the center core region to the outer diameter d 22 ′ of the core layer and Ra 23 ′, which is a ratio of the diameter d 23 ′ of the additional core layer to the outer diameter d 22 ′ of the core layer.
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion D is minimized when the outer diameter d 22 ′ of the core layer is 21.1 ⁇ m, and at this time, the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D is 0.69 [(ps/nm/km)/%]. This value is larger than 0.53 [(ps/nm/km)/%] that is the value of ⁇ D in the nonlinear optical fiber 20 according to the second embodiment including the buffer core layer shown in FIG. 19 .
  • the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion D is minimized when the outer diameter d 22 ′ of the core layer is 10.6 ⁇ m, and at this time, the wavelength dispersion change ⁇ D is 0.71 [(ps/nm/km)/%]. This value is larger than 0.48 [(ps/nm/km)/%] that is the value of ⁇ D in the nonlinear optical fiber 20 according to the second embodiment including the buffer core layer 14 shown in FIG. 20 .
  • nonlinear optical fiber 20 according to the second embodiment it is possible to realize a nonlinear optical fiber having stable wavelength dispersion characteristics in the longitudinal direction so that the nonlinear optical phenomena can be used with high efficiency as in the same manner as the nonlinear optical fiber 10 according to the first embodiment.
  • nonlinear optical fibers 201 to 203 are fabricated.
  • the outer diameter d 22 of the core layer is changed to change the characteristics such as the wavelength dispersion by changing the outer diameter of the cladding.
  • FIG. 24 is a table of measured characteristics of the nonlinear optical fibers 201 to 203 according to the embodiment examples 7 to 9. Values of wavelength dispersion, dispersion slope, loss, effective core area, nonlinear coefficient, and polarization mode dispersion in the table indicate values at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Values of effective core area, cutoff wavelength, outer diameter of core layer, outer diameter of cladding, and outer diameter of coating in the table indicate average values of measured values at both facets of fabricated nonlinear optical fibers.
  • the cutoff wavelengths of all of the nonlinear optical fibers 201 to 203 are shorter than 1500 nm. Furthermore, the characteristics of all of the nonlinear optical fibers 201 to 203 at the wavelength of 1550 nm show the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion equal to or smaller than 5 ps/nm/km, the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion slope equal to or larger than 0.02 ps/nm 2 /km and equal to or smaller than 0.06 ps/nm 2 /km, the nonlinear coefficient equal to or larger than 40 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 /W, the transmission loss equal to or smaller than 1.5 dB/km, and the polarization mode dispersion equal to or smaller than 0.2 ps/km 1/2 .
  • the values are equal to or smaller than 0.7 [(ps/nm/km)/%] in all the optical fibers.
  • FIG. 25 is a graph showing a result of measuring the variation of the wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber 203 , where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents wavelength dispersion. As shown in FIG.
  • the variation range of the wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 0.1 ps/nm/km per a length of 1 km at the largest.
  • a variation of the zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber is calculated from the measurement result shown in FIG. 25 .
  • FIG. 26 is a graph showing a result of measuring the variation of the zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber 203 , where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents zero dispersion wavelength.
  • the variation range of the zero dispersion wavelength in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber is equal to or smaller than 2.5 nm per a length of 1 km at the largest.
  • the nonlinear optical fiber according to the third embodiment is different from the nonlinear optical fiber according to the second embodiment in that a stress applying member is provided on both sides of the cladding across the center core region.
  • FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram of the cross section of a nonlinear optical fiber 30 according to the third embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of the refractive index profile of the nonlinear optical fiber 30 .
  • the nonlinear optical fiber 30 according to the third embodiment has the same structure as the nonlinear optical fiber 20 according to the second embodiment, except for that a stress applying member (stress applying preform) 38 having a diameter R is provided with a distance r on both sides of a cladding 36 across a center core region 31 .
  • a stress applying member 38 With the stress applying member 38 provided, a stress is applied to a core 35 in a direction in which the stress applying member 38 is provided, so that the nonlinear optical fiber 30 becomes a polarization maintaining optical fiber.
  • the stress applying member 38 is formed with boron-doped silica glass. Because the boron-doped silica glass has a larger thermal expansion coefficient compared with the pure silica glass, a tensile stress occurs in the stress applying member 38 when drawing the optical fiber preform to fabricate the optical fiber. Therefore, a stress is applied to the core 35 in the direction in which the stress applying member 38 is provided by the tensile stress.
  • ⁇ B is defined by Equation (9) using a refractive nc 130 of the cladding 36 and a minimum or a maximum refractive index ncB of the stress applying member 38 .
  • ⁇ B is larger than ⁇ 0.1% and smaller than 0.1%, it is hard to recognize optically the position of the stress applying member 38 because the refractive index difference between the stress applying member 38 and the cladding 36 is too small.
  • the nonlinear optical fiber 30 according to the third embodiment has ⁇ B equal to or smaller than ⁇ 0.1% or equal to or larger than 0.1%, and more preferably, equal to or larger than ⁇ 0.8% and equal to or smaller than ⁇ 0.2%.
  • the nonlinear optical fiber 30 has a polarization crosstalk at the wavelength of 1550 nm equal to or smaller than ⁇ 20 dB per a distance of 100 m, it shows good polarization maintaining characteristic.
  • nonlinear optical fibers 301 to 303 are fabricated.
  • the outer diameter d 32 of the core is changed to change the characteristics such as the wavelength dispersion by changing the outer diameter of the cladding.
  • FIG. 29 is a table of measured characteristics of the nonlinear optical fibers 301 to 303 according to the embodiment examples 10 to 12.
  • Values of wavelength dispersion, dispersion slope, loss, effective core area, nonlinear coefficient, and polarization mode dispersion in the table indicate values at the wavelength of 1550 nm.
  • the crosstalk is a value converted from the measured value into a value per a distance of 100 m.
  • Values of effective core area, cutoff wavelength, outer diameter of core layer, outer diameter of cladding, and outer diameter of coating in the table indicate average values of measured values at both facets of fabricated nonlinear optical fibers.
  • the cutoff wavelengths of all of the nonlinear optical fibers 301 to 303 are shorter than 1500 nm. Furthermore, the characteristics of all of the nonlinear optical fibers 301 to 303 at the wavelength of 1550 nm show the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion equal to or smaller than 5 ps/nm/km, the absolute value of the wavelength dispersion slope equal to or larger than 0.02 ps/nm 2 /km and equal to or smaller than 0.06 ps/nm 2 /km, the nonlinear coefficient equal to or larger than 40 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 /W, the transmission loss equal to or smaller than 1.5 dB/km, and the polarization crosstalk is equal to or smaller than ⁇ 20 dB per a distance of 100 m.
  • the values are equal to or smaller than 0.7 [(ps/nm/km)/%] in all the optical fibers.
  • FIG. 30 is a graph showing a result of measuring the variation of the wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the nonlinear optical fiber 303 , where the horizontal axis represents position from a facet of the optical fiber and the vertical axis represents wavelength dispersion.
  • the variation range of the wavelength dispersion in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber at the wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or smaller than 0.13 ps/nm/km per a length of 1 km at the largest.
  • FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram of a nonlinear optical device 40 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • the nonlinear optical device 40 according to the fourth embodiment is a waveform shaping device as the one disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2004-117590, and includes a light input unit 41 , a light output unit 42 , and nonlinear optical fibers 43 a to 43 e according to the present invention installed between the light input unit 41 and the light output unit 42 .
  • the nonlinear optical fibers 43 a to 43 e cause the SPM by an optical pulse input from the light input unit 41 to convert the optical pulse to a soliton, and output a waveform-shaped soliton light to the light output unit 42 .
  • optical fibers 44 a to 44 e having low optical nonlinearity which are used in an ordinary optical transmission line, are installed alternately with the nonlinear optical fibers 43 a to 43 e . Lengths of the optical fibers are adjusted to balance the nonlinearity and the wavelength dispersion, so that a waveform shaping function using the soliton conversion is realized.
  • the nonlinear optical device 40 employs the nonlinear optical fibers 43 a to 43 e according to the present invention, which have stable wavelength dispersion characteristic in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber, the SPM is generated efficiently; and therefore, the waveform shaping can be performed with high efficiency even if the length of the nonlinear optical fiber is short.
  • FIG. 32 is a schematic diagram of an optical signal processing apparatus 50 according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
  • the optical signal processing apparatus 50 according to the fifth embodiment is a wavelength converting apparatus as the one disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2005-301009, and includes an optical signal input unit 51 , an optical signal processing unit 56 , and an optical signal output unit 52 .
  • the optical signal processing unit 56 includes a nonlinear optical fiber 53 according to the present invention, a pumping light source 55 that outputs a pumping light, and an optical coupler 54 that combines the pumping light and a signal light and input the coupled light to the nonlinear optical fiber.
  • the signal light input from the optical signal input unit 51 is input to the optical signal processing unit 56 .
  • the signal light is combined with the pumping light by the optical coupler 54 , and the combined light is input to the nonlinear optical fiber 53 .
  • the wavelength of the signal light is converted to a different wavelength by the FWM generated in the nonlinear optical fiber 53 by the pumping light, and the wavelength-converted signal light is output from the optical signal output unit 52 . Because the optical signal processing apparatus 50 employs the nonlinear optical fiber 53 according to the present invention, which have stable wavelength dispersion characteristic in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber, it can perform the wavelength conversion with high efficiency even if the length of the nonlinear optical fiber is short.
  • nonlinear optical fibers according to the first to the third embodiments includes single buffer core layers 14 to 34 , respectively, two or more buffer core layers can be formed in each optical fiber.
  • the center core region and the buffer core layer have the ⁇ -type refractive index profiles in the description, the step-index-type refractive index profiles can also be used instead.
  • the nonlinear optical fiber includes at least one buffer core layer formed between the center core region and the core layer, which has refractive index lower than that of the center core region and higher than that of the core layer. Therefore, it is possible to realize a nonlinear optical fiber having stable wavelength dispersion characteristics in the longitudinal direction so that the nonlinear optical phenomena can be used with high efficiency.

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EP1988411A1 (fr) 2008-11-05
JP2007225734A (ja) 2007-09-06
EP1988411A4 (fr) 2012-07-04
US7925132B2 (en) 2011-04-12
WO2007097337A1 (fr) 2007-08-30
EP1988411B1 (fr) 2014-05-14

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