US20080269231A1 - Phenazine Compounds and Use Thereof in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disease - Google Patents

Phenazine Compounds and Use Thereof in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disease Download PDF

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US20080269231A1
US20080269231A1 US12/015,379 US1537908A US2008269231A1 US 20080269231 A1 US20080269231 A1 US 20080269231A1 US 1537908 A US1537908 A US 1537908A US 2008269231 A1 US2008269231 A1 US 2008269231A1
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compound
compounds
lower alkyl
cycloalkyl
arthritis
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Josefino B. Tunac
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JJ Pharma Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D241/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with hetero atoms directly attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D241/52—Oxygen atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel water-soluble phenazine compounds, and their use in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases.
  • RA Rheumatoid arthritis
  • HLA Human Leukocyte Antigen
  • Rheumatoid arthritis alone is estimated to affect 1% of the world's population and is twice as prevalent in women as in men.
  • the aging population of developed countries are presents a growing market for arthritis therapies.
  • arthritis and other rheumatic conditions affects about 15% of the population.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with the expression of certain HLA class II molecules. It is known that blockade of the interaction between a given class II molecule, peptide ligand, and T cell receptor inhibits specific T cell responses both in vitro and in vivo.
  • Tumor necrosis factor ⁇ TNF ⁇
  • an inflammation-promoting cytokine is found associated with multiple inflammatory events, including arthritis, and anti-TNF ⁇ therapeutics include Enbrel® (Etanercept), Humira® (Adalimumab), and Remicade® (Infliximab).
  • T cell determinants Other therapeutic strategies which are directed at the T cell, such as total lymphoid irradiation, thoracic duct drainage, cyclosporin A, anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, and other monoclonal antibodies directed at T cell determinants, result in some cases in clinical improvement of rheumatoid arthritis, but these therapies are also associated with side effects. For instance, conventional general immunosuppressives increase the risk of opportunistic infections and cancer.
  • novel phenazine compounds facilitate recovery in subjects suffering from autoimmune diseases.
  • the novel phenazine compounds are useful in the treatment and prevention of arthritis, RA, and other autoimmune diseases.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for treating or preventing the onset of autoimmune diseases, inflammation, inflammation diseases, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system, hematological diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases, gastroenterological diseases, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • the molecules and compositions of the invention can be delivered alone or in combination with additional agents, and are used as for the treatment or prevention of autoimmune diseases, inflammation diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.
  • the subject invention is directed to a method for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV:
  • X 1 and X 3 are independently selected to be O ⁇ or S ⁇ ;
  • X 2 and X 4 are independently selected to be O, S, NH, NR 5 or CHR 5 where R 5 can be a lower alkyl;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halo-lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkylsulfinyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkylamino, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected to be hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aryl
  • R 1 can be lower alkyl containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halo-lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkylamino, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl; and M + is Na + , K + , or any other positively charged species that forms a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • the invention thus provides methods for treating autoimmune disease in a mammalian subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV.
  • the invention provides compounds comprising Formula II:
  • R 1 is lower alkyl containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halo-lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkylamino, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, and M + is Na + , K + .
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises a compound of Formula II and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the excipient can be suitable for oral administration.
  • the composition may be in the form of a tablet, a capsule, or a soft-gel capsule.
  • the excipient can be liquid suited to intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous administration.
  • the excipient may be suited to transdermal administration, or buccal administration.
  • R 1 is lower alkyl containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halo-lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkylamino, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl; and M + is Na + or K + the method comprising growing Lysobacter antibioticus in agar culture medium (ACM) under favorable pH and temperature; inoculating a production culture medium (CPM) with the Lysobacter antibioticus and culturing under favorable pH and temperature with continuous agitation and aeration; extracting the compound from the CPM by using organic solvents; evaporating the organic solvent to provide crude intermediate; adding aqueous NaOH to an organic solution of crude intermediate; and recovering the compound by centrifugation.
  • ACM agar culture medium
  • CPM production culture medium
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the progression of disease in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice based on the number of involved paws.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the overall arthritis score assigned to the mice in the CIA model.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the anti-type II collagen antibody levels in CIA mice.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the total serum immunoglobulin levels in CIA mice.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the lymph node cell responses to the mitogens concanavalin A and LPS, and the antigen response to type II collagen in CIA mice.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the response of the spleen cells to the mitogens concanavalin A and LPS, and the antigen response to type II collagen in CIA mice.
  • agonist means a molecule such as a compound, a drug, an enzyme activator or a hormone that enhances the activity of another molecule or the activity of the a receptor site.
  • antagonist means a molecule such as a compound, a drug, an enzyme inhibitor, or a hormone, that diminishes or prevents the action of another molecule or the activity of the a receptor site.
  • Alkyl refers to a saturated or unsaturated, branched, straight-chain or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are not limited to methyl; ethyls such as ethanyl, ethenyl, ethynyl; propyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2yl, cyclopropan-1-yl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl (allyl), cycloprop-1-en-1yl, cycloprop-2-en-1yl, prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl, 2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, cyclobutan-1-yl, but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien
  • alkyl specifically intended to include radicals having any degree or level of saturation, i.e., groups having exclusively single carbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and groups having mixtures of single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds.
  • degree or level of saturation i.e., groups having exclusively single carbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and groups having mixtures of single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds.
  • alkanyl alkenyl
  • alkynyl are used.
  • an alkyl group comprises from 1-20 carbon atoms, more preferably, from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • Alkanyl refers to a saturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane.
  • Typical alkanyl groups include but are not limited to, methanyl; ethanyl; propanyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl (isopropyl), cyclopropan-1-yl, etc.; butanyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl (sec-butyl), 2-methyl-propan-1-yl (isobutyl), 2-methyl-propan-2-yl (t-butyl), cyclobutan-1-yl, etc.; and the like.
  • Alkenyl refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having at least one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkene.
  • the group may be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s).
  • Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl; propenyls such as prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl (allyl), prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-1-en-1-yl, cycloprop-2-en-1-yl; butenyls such as but-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien 1-yl, etc.; and the like.
  • Alkynyl refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkyne.
  • Typical alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl; propynyls such as prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butynyls such as but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like.
  • “Acyl” refers to a radical —C(O)R, where R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to formyl, acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl, benzoyl, benzylcarbonyl and the like.
  • Alkylamino means a radical —NHR where R represents an alkyl, or cycloalkyl group as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, 1-methylethylamino, cyclohexylamino and the like.
  • Alkoxy refers to a radical —OR where R represents an alkyl, or cycloalkyl group as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like.
  • Alkylsulfonyl refers to a radical —S(O) 2 R where R is an alkyl, or cycloalkyl group as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, propylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl, and the like.
  • Alkylsulfinyl refers to a radical —S(O)R where R is an alkyl, or cycloalkyl group as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, propylsulfinyl, butylsulfinyl, and the like.
  • Alkylthio refers to a radical —SR where R is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, and the like.
  • Amide or Acylamino refers to a radical —NR′C(O)R′′, where R′ and R′′ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, formylamino acetylamino, cyclohexylcarbonylamino, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl-amino, benzoylamino, benzylcarbonylamino and the like.
  • Amino refers to the radical —NH 2
  • Aryl refers to a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system.
  • Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorine, hexacene, hexaphene, hexylene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleidene, pyr
  • Carboxy means the radical —C(O)OH.
  • “Cyano” means the radical —CN.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic alkyl radical. Where a specific level of saturation is intended, the nomenclature “cycloalkanyl” or “cycloalkenyl” is used. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the cycloalkyl group is (C 3 -C 10 ) cycloalkyl, more preferably (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl.
  • “Cycloheteroalkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl radical in which one or more carbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms) are independently replaced with the same or different heteroatom. Typical heteroatoms to replace the carbon atom(s) include, but are not limited to, N, P, O, S, Si, etc. Where a specific level of saturation is intended, the nomenclature “cycloheteroalkanyl” or “cycloheteroalkenyl” is used.
  • Typical cycloheteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from epoxides, imidazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazolidine, pyrrolidine, quinuclidine, and the like.
  • Drug refers to a compound that exhibits therapeutic and/or prophylactic and/or diagnostic utility when administered in effective amounts to a patient or a mammal.
  • Ester refers to a radical —C(O)OR, where R is alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methyl ester (—C(O)OCH 3 ), cyclohexyl ester (—C(O)OC 6 H 11 ), phenyl ester (—C(O)OC 6 H 5 ), benzyl ester (—C(O)OCH 2 C 6 H 5 ), and the like.
  • “Ether” refers to a radical —OR, where R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • Halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a monovalent heteroaromatic radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single atom of a parent heteroaromatic ring system.
  • Typical heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from acridine, arsindole, carbazole, carboline, chromane, chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole, oxazole, perimidine, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine
  • the heteroaryl group is between 5-20 membered heteroaryl, with 5-10 membered heteroaryl being particularly preferred.
  • Preferred heteroaryl groups are those derived from thiophene, pyrrole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, indole, pyridine, quinoline, imidazole, oxazole and pyrazine.
  • Haldroxy means the radical —OH.
  • Oxo means the divalent radical ⁇ O.
  • the term “patient” or “subject” encompasses mammals and non-mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like.
  • non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, fish and the like. The term does not denote a particular age or gender.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved or approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. It can be material which is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • Such salts include:
  • acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid,
  • Acceptable organic bases include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.
  • a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are often formed during the process of crystallization. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol.
  • Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound.
  • Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. Various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or carrier with which a compound of the invention is administered.
  • the terms “effective amount” or “pharmaceutically effective amount” refer to a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the agent to provide the desired biological result. That result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising one or more phenazine compounds disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in autoimmune disease, such as those resulting from arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, or from an inflammatory disease.
  • An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
  • physiological pH or a “pH in the physiologically acceptable range” is meant a pH in the range of approximately 7.2 to 8.0 inclusive, more typically in the range of approximately 7.2 to 7.6 inclusive.
  • Preventing refers to a reduction in risk of acquiring a disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a patient that may be exposed to or preposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease).
  • Prodrug refers to a derivative of a drug molecule that requires a transformation within the body to release the active drug. Prodrugs are frequently (though not necessarily) pharmacologically inactive until converted to the parent drug.
  • Protecting group refers to a group of atoms that when attached to a reactive group in a molecule masks, reduces or prevents that reactivity. Examples of protecting groups can be found in Green et al., “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, (Wiley, 2 nd ed. 1991) and Harrison et al., “Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods”, vols. 1-8 (John Wiley and Sons, 1971-1996).
  • Representative amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl (“Boc”), trimethylsilyl (“TMS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl (“SES”), trityl and substituted trityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”), nitroveratryloxycarbonyl (“NVOC”) and the like.
  • Representative hydroxyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those where the hydroxyl group is either acylated or alkylated such as benzyl, and trialkylsilyl ethers and allyl ethers.
  • “Substituted” refers to a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with the same or different substituents(s).
  • Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —X, —R 54 , —O ⁇ , ⁇ O, —OR 54 , —SR 54 , —S, ⁇ S, —NR 54 R 55 , ⁇ NR 54 , —CX 3 , —CF 3 , —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO 2 , ⁇ N 2 , —N 3 , —S(O) 2 O ⁇ , —S(O) 2 OH, —S(O) 2 OR 54 , —OS(O) 2 O 31 , —OS(O) 2 R 54 , —P(O)(O—) 2 , —P(O)(OR 14 )(O 31 ), —OP(O)(OR 54 )(OR 55
  • “Sulfate” refers to a radical —OS(O)(O)OR, where R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • “Sulfonamide” refers to a radical —S(O)(O)NR′R′′, where R′ and R′′ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein or optionally R′ and R′′ together with the atom to which they are both attached form a cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring.
  • Representative examples include but not limited to azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, 4-(NR′′′)-piperazinyl or imidazolyl group wherein said group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • R′′′ hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • “Sulfonate” refers to a radical —S(O)(O)OR, where R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • “Thio” means the radical —SH.
  • Thioether refers to a radical —SR, where R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein that may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • the terms “treat” or “treatment” are used interchangeably and are meant to indicate a postponement of development of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or inflammatory disease and/or a reduction in the severity of such symptoms that will or are expected to develop.
  • the terms further include ameliorating existing symptoms of arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, preventing additional symptoms, and ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms.
  • the term “subject” encompasses mammals and non-mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like.
  • non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, fish and the like. The term does not denote a particular age or gender.
  • the term “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
  • the phrase “optionally another drug” means that the patient may or may not be given a drug other than the phenazine compounds of the invention.
  • “Another drug” as used herein is meant any chemical material or compound suitable for administration to a mammalian, preferably human, which induces a desired local or systemic effect
  • the compounds of the invention include compounds having the structure of Formula I:
  • X 1 and X 3 are independently selected to be O ⁇ or S ⁇ ;
  • X 2 and X 4 are independently selected to be O, S, NH, NR 5 or CHR 5 where R 5 can be a lower alkyl;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halo-lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkylsulfinyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkylamino, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected to be hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aryl
  • the compounds of the invention include compounds having the structure of Formula II:
  • R 1 is lower alkyl containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halo-lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkylamino, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl; and M + is Na + , K ⁇ , or any other positively charged species that forms a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • R 1 is methyl, ethyl, n propyl, or n butyl, more preferably methyl.
  • the phenazine compounds are preferably of the structure of Formulae III or IV:
  • the phenazine compounds of the invention do not include the compounds illustrated by the following structures:
  • rational drug design based upon structural studies of the molecular shapes of the compounds of Formulae II, III and IV identified above, and known ligands or analogs can be used to identify compounds whose three-dimensional structure is complementary to that of compounds of Formulae II, III and IV and could thus have the same activity.
  • additional compounds can be determined by a variety of techniques, including molecular mechanics calculations, molecular dynamics calculations, constrained molecular dynamics calculations in which the constraints are determined by NMR spectroscopy, distance geometry in which the distance matrix is partially determined by NMR spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, or neutron diffraction techniques.
  • Computer programs for use in rational drug design include but are not limited to AMBER (available from University of California, San Francisco), CHARMM (Chemistry at HARvard Molecular Mechanics, available from Harvard University), MM2, SYBYL (Trypos Inc.), CHEMX (Chemical Design), MACROMODEL, GRID (Molecular Discovery Ltd), and Insight II (Accelry).
  • AMBER available from University of California, San Francisco
  • CHARMM Choemistry at HARvard Molecular Mechanics, available from Harvard University
  • MM2 SYBYL (Trypos Inc.)
  • CHEMX Chemical Design
  • MACROMODEL MACROMODEL
  • GRID Molecular Discovery Ltd
  • Insight II Insight II
  • Such programs are contemplated as being useful for the determination of the chemical interaction between two molecules, either isolated, or surrounded by solvent molecules, such as water molecules, or using calculations that approximate the effect of solvating the interacting molecules.
  • Other methods for identifying compounds of Formulae I-IV involve the use of techniques such as UV/VIS spectroscopy, polarimetry, CD or ORD spectroscopy, IR or Raman spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, HPLC, gel electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, dialysis, refractometry, conductometry, atomic force microscopy, polarography, dielectometry, calorimetry, solubility, EPR, surface plasmon resonance, or mass spectroscopy.
  • techniques such as UV/VIS spectroscopy, polarimetry, CD or ORD spectroscopy, IR or Raman spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, HPLC, gel electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, dialysis, refractometry, conductometry, atomic force microscopy, polarography, dielectometry, calorimetry, solubility, EPR
  • the compounds of Formulae I-IV thus identified or designed can be subsequently tested for their ability to treat and/or prevent autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases.
  • the computer based methods discussed above are used.
  • the compounds are tested for their ability to treat and/or prevent autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases.
  • Lead compounds identified during these screens can serve as the basis for the synthesis of more active analogs.
  • Lead compounds and/or active analogs generated therefrom can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions effective in treating and/or preventing autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases.
  • the phenazine compounds can be biosynthesized using a variety of organisms, such as mold, algae, and bacteria.
  • organisms the biosynthesis of the phenazine compounds branches off the shikimic acid pathway subsequent to chorismic acid. Two molecules of the chorismate-derived intermediate are brought together in a diagonally-symmetrical fashion to form the basic phenazine scaffold. Sequential modifications then lead to a variety of phenazines with differing biological activities.
  • an organism is either selected or created using known biotechnology methods and protocols such that the organism can modify the basic phenazine scaffold to the particular compounds of interest.
  • the fermentation medium consists of sources of carbon, nitrogen, minerals, and growth factors.
  • suitable carbon sources include glycerol and various simple sugars such as glucose, mannose, fructose, xylose, ribose, and other carbohydrate-containing materials such as dextrin, starch, cornmeal, and whey, and cellulose containing medium including papers and newspaper.
  • the quantity of carbon source materials in the fermentation medium varies from about 0.1 to about 10 percent by weight.
  • Suitable nitrogen sources in the fermentation medium include organic, inorganic, and mixed inorganic-organic nitrogen-containing materials.
  • Such materials are cottonseed meal, soybean meal, corn germ flour, corn steep liquor, distillers dry solubles, peanut meal, peptonized milk, caseins and various ammonium salts.
  • suitable minerals and growth factors include potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, calcium carbonate, cobaltous chloride, zinc sulfate, and various yeast and milk products.
  • the product can be isolated from the aqueous layer using an organic solvent, where the organic solvents can be benzene, hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, dichloromethane, other organic solvents and extraction buffers.
  • organic solvents can be benzene, hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, dichloromethane, other organic solvents and extraction buffers.
  • the bioactive compounds of the invention can be produced by solid-state fermentation of the microorganism.
  • the phenazine compounds of the present invention, and other related compounds having different substituents identified by any of the methods described above can be chemically synthesized using techniques and materials known to those of skill in the art, such as described, for example, in March, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4 th Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey and Sundberg, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3 rd Ed., Vols. A and B (Plenum 1992), and Green and Wuts, PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 2 nd Ed. (Wiley 1991).
  • Starting materials for the compounds of the invention may be obtained using standard techniques and commercially available precursor materials, such as those available from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.), Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.), Lancaster Synthesis (Windham, N.H.), Apin Chemicals, Ltd. (New Brunswick, N.J.), Ryan Scientific (Columbia, S.C.), Maybridge (Cornwall, England) and Trans World Chemicals (Rockville, Md.).
  • the procedures described herein for synthesizing the compounds of the invention may include one or more steps of protection and deprotection (e.g., the formation and removal of acetal groups).
  • the synthetic procedures disclosed below can include various purifications, such as column chromatography, flash chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), recrystallization, distillation, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the like.
  • various techniques well known in the chemical arts for the identification and quantification of chemical reaction products such as proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H and 13 C NMR), infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy (IR and UV), X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis (EA), HPLC and mass spectroscopy (MS) can be used as well.
  • Methods of protection and deprotection, purification and identification and quantification are well known in the chemical arts.
  • Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein.
  • a discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems (1987) 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, (1987) Edward B. Roche, ed., American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press.
  • the transformation a compound (e.g, a drug precursor) in vivo to yield a compound of Formulae I-IV can occur by various mechanisms (e.g., by metabolic or chemical processes), such as, for example, through hydrolysis in blood.
  • a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a group such as, for example, (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, lower alkanoyloxymethyl, (C 4 -C 10 )1-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl, (C 5 -C 10 )1-methyl-1-(alkanoyloxy)-ethyl, (C 3 -C 10 )alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl, (C 4 -C 8 )1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl, (C 5 -C 10 )1-methyl-1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl, and the like.
  • a group such as, for example, (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, lower alkanoyloxymethyl, (C 4 -C 10 )1-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl, (C 5 -C 10 )1-methyl-1-(
  • the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of Formula I-IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, or tautomer thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention is directed to a method of treating a disease or disorder in a patient, such as metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system, hematological diseases, cancer, inflammation, respiratory diseases, gastroenterological diseases, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • the method comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula I-IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, or tautomer thereof.
  • Preferred diseases that may be treated by the methods include inflammatory or immunological disease, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or multiple sclerosis.
  • Additional preferred diseases that may be treated by the methods include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, including coronary heart disease, cancer or proliferative disease
  • compositions comprising the molecules described above, where the molecule is preferably Formula I, II, II, or IV described in detail above, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or vehicles, and optionally other therapeutic and/or prophylactic ingredients.
  • excipients include liquids such as water, saline, glycerol, polyethyleneglycol, hyaluronic acid, ethanol, etc. Suitable excipients for non-liquid formulations are also known to those of skill in the art.
  • compositions of the present invention include, for example, mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like.
  • mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, and the like
  • organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like.
  • a biological buffer can be any solution which is pharmacologically acceptable and which provides the formulation with the desired pH, i.e., a pH in the physiologically acceptable range.
  • buffer solutions include saline, phosphate buffered saline, Tris buffered saline, Hank's buffered saline, and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage forms, such as, for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, capsules, powders, liquids, suspensions, creams, ointments, lotions or the like, preferably in unit dosage form suitable for single administration of a precise dosage.
  • the compositions will include an effective amount of the selected drug in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, in addition, may include other pharmaceutical agents, adjuvants, diluents, buffers, etc.
  • the invention includes a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present invention including isomers, racemic or non-racemic mixtures of isomers, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and optionally other therapeutic and/or prophylactic ingredients.
  • the compounds of this invention will be administered in a therapeutically effective amount by any of the accepted modes of administration. Suitable dosage ranges depend upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used, the route and form of administration, the indication towards which the administration is directed, and the preferences and experience of the medical practitioner involved.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art of treating such diseases will be able, without undue experimentation and in reliance upon personal knowledge and the disclosure of this application, to ascertain a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of this invention for a given disease.
  • the compounds of this invention can be administered as pharmaceutical formulations including those suitable for oral (including buccal and sub-lingual), rectal, nasal, topical, pulmonary, vaginal or parenteral (including intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, subcutaneous and intravenous) administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
  • oral including buccal and sub-lingual
  • rectal including nasal, topical, pulmonary, vaginal or parenteral (including intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, subcutaneous and intravenous) administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
  • parenteral including intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, subcutaneous and intravenous administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
  • the preferred manner of administration is intravenous or oral using a convenient daily dosage regimen which can be adjusted according to the degree of affliction.
  • conventional nontoxic solid carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talc, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
  • Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc., an active compound as described herein and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in an excipient, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension.
  • the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
  • auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
  • the composition will generally take the form of a tablet, capsule, a softgel capsule or can be an aqueous or nonaqueous solution, suspension or syrup. Tablets and capsules are preferred oral administration forms. Tablets and capsules for oral use can include one or more commonly used carriers such as lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • the compounds of the invention can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like.
  • suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like.
  • Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like.
  • Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum, and the like.
  • capsules can be prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 100 mg of the compounds of the invention, 100 mg of cellulose and 10 mg of magnesium stearate.
  • a large number of unit capsules may also prepared by filling standard two-piece hard gelatin capsules each with 100 mg of powdered active ingredient, 150 mg of lactose, 50 mg of cellulose, and 10 mg magnesium stearate.
  • tablets may be prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 100 mg of the compounds of the invention, 150 mg of lactose, 50 mg of cellulose and 10 mg of magnesium stearate.
  • a large number of tablets may also be prepared by conventional procedures such that the dosage unit was 100 mg of the compounds of the invention, and other ingredients can be 0.2 mg of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 mg of magnesium stearate, 250 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 10 mg of starch and 100 mg of lactose. Appropriate coatings may be applied to increase palatability or delay absorption.
  • the active agent can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like and with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, flavoring, coloring and/or sweetening agents may be added as well.
  • suitable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like
  • flavoring, coloring and/or sweetening agents may be added as well.
  • Other optional components for incorporation into an oral formulation herein include, but are not limited to, preservatives, suspending agents, thickening agents, and the like.
  • Parenteral formulations can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solubilization or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.
  • sterile injectable suspensions are formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable carriers, dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable formulation may also be a sterile injectable solution or a suspension in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils, fatty esters or polyols are conventionally employed as solvents or suspending media.
  • parenteral administration may involve the use of a slow release or sustained release system such that a constant level of dosage is maintained.
  • Parenteral administration includes intraarticular, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes, and include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.
  • aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions which can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient
  • aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.
  • Administration via certain parenteral routes can involve introducing the formulations of the present invention into the body of a patient through a needle or a catheter, propelled by a sterile syringe or some other mechanical device such as an continuous infusion system.
  • a formulation provided by the present invention can be administered using a syringe, injector, pump, or any other device recognized in the art for parenteral administration.
  • sterile injectable suspensions are formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable carriers, dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable formulation can also be a sterile injectable solution or a suspension in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils, fatty esters or polyols are conventionally employed as solvents or suspending media.
  • parenteral administration can involve the use of a slow release or sustained release system such that a constant level of dosage is maintained.
  • Preparations according to this invention for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, or emulsions.
  • non-aqueous solvents or vehicles are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, such as olive oil and corn oil, gelatin, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Such dosage forms can also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispersing agents. They can be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria retaining filter, by incorporating sterilizing agents into the compositions, by irradiating the compositions, or by heating the compositions. They can also be manufactured using sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium, immediately before use.
  • the formulations can optionally contain an isotonicity agent.
  • the formulations preferably contain an isotonicity agent, and glycerin is the most preferred isotonicity agent.
  • concentration of glycerin, when it is used, is in the range known in the art, such as, for example, about 1 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL.
  • the pH of the parenteral formulations can be controlled by a buffering agent, such as phosphate, acetate, TRIS or L-arginine.
  • concentration of the buffering agent is preferably adequate to provide buffering of the pH during storage to maintain the pH at a target pH ⁇ 0.2 pH unit.
  • the preferred pH is between about 7 and about 8 when measured at room temperature.
  • additives such as a pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizers like Tween 20® (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), Tween 40® (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate), Tween 80® (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), Pluronic F68® (polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers), and PEG (polyethylene glycol) can optionally be added to the formulation, and may be useful if the formulations will contact plastic materials.
  • the parenteral formulations can contain various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating one or more of the compounds of the invention in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • a parenteral composition suitable for administration by injection is prepared by stirring 1.5% by weight of active ingredient in 10% by volume propylene glycol and water. The solution is made isotonic with sodium chloride and sterilized.
  • compositions of the invention can be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
  • suppositories for rectal administration.
  • suppositories can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable nonirritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable nonirritating excipient include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • compositions of the invention can also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
  • Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, propellants such as fluorocarbons or nitrogen, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
  • Ointments are semisolid preparations which are typically based on petrolatum or other petroleum derivatives.
  • Creams containing the selected active agent are, as known in the art, viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions, either oil-in-water or water-in-oil.
  • Cream bases are water-washable, and contain an oil phase, an emulsifier and an aqueous phase.
  • the oil phase also sometimes called the “internal” phase, is generally comprised of petrolatum and a fatty alcohol such as cetyl or stearyl alcohol; the aqueous phase usually, although not necessarily, exceeds the oil phase in volume, and generally contains a humectant.
  • the emulsifier in a cream formulation is generally a nonionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactant.
  • the specific ointment or cream base to be used is one that will provide for optimum drug delivery.
  • an ointment base should be inert, stable, nonirritating and nonsensitizing.
  • Formulations for buccal administration include tablets, lozenges, gels and the like.
  • buccal administration can be effected using a transmucosal delivery system as known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds of the invention may also be delivered through the skin or mucosal tissue using conventional transdermal drug delivery systems, i.e., transdermal “patches” wherein the agent is typically contained within a laminated structure that serves as a drug delivery device to be affixed to the body surface.
  • the drug composition is typically contained in a layer, or “reservoir,” underlying an upper backing layer.
  • the laminated device may contain a single reservoir, or it may contain multiple reservoirs.
  • the reservoir comprises a polymeric matrix of a pharmaceutically acceptable contact adhesive material that serves to affix the system to the skin during drug delivery.
  • suitable skin contact adhesive materials include, but are not limited to, polyethylenes, polysiloxanes, polyisobutylenes, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, and the like.
  • the drug-containing reservoir and skin contact adhesive are present as separate and distinct layers, with the adhesive underlying the reservoir which, in this case, may be either a polymeric matrix as described above, or it may be a liquid or gel reservoir, or may take some other form.
  • the backing layer in these laminates which serves as the upper surface of the device, functions as the primary structural element of the laminated structure and provides the device with much of its flexibility.
  • the material selected for the backing layer should be substantially impermeable to the active agent and any other materials that are present.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be formulated for aerosol administration, particularly to the respiratory tract and including intranasal administration.
  • the compound will generally have a small particle size for example of the order of 5 microns or less. Such a particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example by micronization.
  • the active ingredient is provided in a pressurized pack with a suitable propellant such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) for example dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, or dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • CFC chlorofluorocarbon
  • the aerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin.
  • the dose of drug may be controlled by a metered valve.
  • the active ingredients may be provided in a form of a dry powder, for example a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP).
  • a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP).
  • the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example in capsules or cartridges of e.g., gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.
  • a pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective amount of the composition will be delivered to the subject.
  • the precise effective amount will vary from subject to subject and will depend upon the species, age, the subject's size and health, the nature and extent of the condition being treated, recommendations of the treating physician, and the therapeutics or combination of therapeutics selected for administration.
  • the effective amount for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation.
  • a therapeutic amount will be in the range of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, in at least one dose.
  • the indicated daily dosage can be from about 1 mg to 300 mg, one or more times per day, more preferably in the range of about 10 mg to 200 mg.
  • the subject may be administered as many doses as is required to reduce and/or alleviate the signs, symptoms, or causes of the disorder in question, or bring about any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • formulations can be prepared with enteric coatings adapted for sustained or controlled release administration of the active ingredient.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms.
  • the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component.
  • the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
  • the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.
  • the compounds of Formula I-IV, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or esters thereof can also be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents.
  • one or more compounds of Formula I-IV or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or esters thereof can be administered with one or more additional active ingredients selected from the group consisting of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor compounds, HMG CoA synthetase inhibitors, squalene synthesis inhibitors, squalene epoxidase inhibitors, sterol biosynthesis inhibitors, nicotinic acid derivatives, bile acid sequestrants, AcylCoA:Cholesterol O-acyltransferase inhibitors, cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, fish oils containing Omega 3 fatty acids, plant stanols and/or fatty acid esters of plant stanols, anti-oxidants, PPAR agonists, FXR receptor modulators, LXR receptor agonists, lipoprotein synthesis inhibitors
  • the additional active agent can be, but is not limited to, an estrogen, an IGF, osteoprotegrin (OPG), a calcitonin, a bisphosphonate, vitamin D 3 or an analogue thereof, a statin, an androgen, a fluoride salt, a vitamin, a mineral supplement, a nutritional supplement, and combinations thereof.
  • the additional agent also may be an antibiotic such as gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and/or others. This additional active agent can be administered to the subject prior to, concurrently with or subsequently to administration of the compounds of Formula I-IV of this invention.
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids
  • antiviral drugs including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention.
  • the additional agent(s) can be selected from the group consisting of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (such as diclofenac, diflunisal, ibuprofen, naproxen and the like), a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (such as celecoxib, rofecoxib and the like), a corticosteroid (such as prednisone, methylprednisone and the like) or other immunosuppressive agent (such as methotrexate, leflunomide, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine and the like), a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) (such as injectable gold, penicilliamine, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine and the like), a TNF-alpha inhibitor (such as etanercept, infliximab and
  • NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
  • such additional agent(s) can be selected from the group consisting of insulin or an insulin mimetic, a sulfonylurea (such as acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, tolbutamide and the like) or other insulin secretagogue (such as nateglinide, repaglinide and the like), a thiazolidinedione (such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and the like) or other peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, a fibrate (such as bezafibrate, clofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozol and the like), a biguanide (such as metformin), a statin (such as fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin and the like) or
  • HMG CoA reductase inhibitor compounds useful in combination with the compounds of Formula I-IV of the present invention are lovastatin (for example MEVACOR® which is available from Merck & Co.), simvastatin (for example ZOCOR® which is available from Merck & Co.), pravastatin (for example PRAVACHOL® which is available from Bristol Meyers Squibb), atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, CI-981, rivastatin (sodium 7-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-methoxymethylpyridin-3-yl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptanoate), rosuvastatin calcium (CRESTOR® from AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals), pitavastatin (such as NK-104 of Negma Kowa of Japan), and the like.
  • lovastatin for example MEVACOR® which is available from Merck & Co.
  • a non-limiting example of a HMG CoA synthetase inhibitor useful in combination with the compounds of Formula I-IV of the present invention is, for example, L-659,699 ((E,E)-11-[3′R-(hydroxy-methyl)-4′-oxo-2′R-oxetanyl]-3,5,7R-trimethyl-2,4-undecadienoic acid), and the like.
  • the compounds of the invention were synthesized using microorganisms, particularly a subisolate from Lysobacter antibioticus ATCC(r) 9311 (29479), and designated MC-4.
  • MC-4 was isolated by growing Lysobacter antibioticus ATCC(r) 9311 (29479) in an SD-38 an agar plate (Table 1) (0.3% casein; 0.25% brewers yeast; 0.13% CaCl2) fermentation medium, shaken for 24 hrs.
  • MC-4 was transferred to an agar slant of the same medium composition and incubated at 28° C. After 24 hrs of cultivation, 10 ml of the fermentation broth was mixed with 5 ml of methylene chloride and allowed to settle into phases. The mixture was allowed to incubate for 3 days at room temperature (lab bench). The upper aqueous phase showed noticeable growth, and was subsequently spread plated on to SD-38 agar plate, and allowed to incubate for 7 days at 28 C. Several colonies were isolated including MC-4 (brown colony with black dot in center; colony produces dark heavy pigment). The Fermentative Production of the bioactive compound The compound of Formula III or IV was produced using aerobic fermentation of MC-4 subisolate under controlled conditions.
  • the fermentation medium was prepared by dissolving or suspending the ingredients in water and subsequently sterilizing the resulting medium by autoclaving or by steam heating.
  • the sterilized medium was cooled to a temperature of between 16° C. and 45° C., inoculated with the microorganism, and thereafter fermentation was carried out with aeration and agitation using either shake-flasks or stationary tank fermentors. In shake-flasks, aeration is achieved by agitating the flasks to bring about intimate mixing of the inoculated medium with air.
  • agitation is provided by impellers, which may take the form of disc turbines, vaned discs, or open turbine or marine propellers. Aeration is accomplished by sparging air or oxygen into the agitated mixture. The fermentation was allowed to proceed for a period of from 10-48 hrs.
  • Shake-Flask Fermentation A portion of the microbial growth from the agar slant (above) was used to inoculate an 18-mm. ⁇ 150-mm seed tube containing 5 ml of seed medium SCM (Table 2).
  • the biological activity of the fermentation broths was assayed by the agar diffusion assay involving Saccharomyces cerevisiae (RSY) and Aspergillus terreus (MEVS). 25-Gal Stirred-Jar Fermentation
  • a cryogenic vial containing approximately 1 ml of a suspension of the culture was used to inoculate 100 ml of seed culture medium (SCM) in a 300-ml Tunair Ful-Baf shake flask.
  • SCM seed culture medium
  • the inoculated flask was incubated for about 16-24 hours at 28° C. for 16-24 hrs shaking (180 rpm gyratory shaker, 5-cm throw).
  • Fermentation was carried out for about 20 hrs., stirred at 155 rpm, and sparged with air at 1 CFM air. A silicone-based antifoam was used to control foaming as needed.
  • Chemical Isolation of the compound The fermentation broth (80 liters) prepared as described above was transferred to a holding tank containing 30 L of methylene chloride and stirred intermittently. Extraction of the compound was allowed overnight. After allowing the mixture to separate, the lower organic layer was removed. The methylene chloride extract was concentrated to slurry, and then filter aid was added. The air dried crude sample was allowed to air dry, then charged to a silica gel column: 1 part sample and 10 parts silica gel (200-300 mesh, Natland, N.C.).
  • Type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice is an accepted experimental model of arthritis with a number of pathological, immunological and genetic features in common with rheumatoid arthritis. This disease is induced by immunization of susceptible strains of mice with type II collagen, the major component of joint cartilage. A progressive, inflammatory arthritis develops in the majority of immunized animals, which is characterized clinically by erythema and edema, with affected paw width increases of typically 100%. A clinical scoring index has been developed to assess disease progression to joint distortion and spondylitis. Histopathology of affected joints reveals synovitis, pannus formation, and cartilage and bone erosion, which may also be represented by an index. Immunological laboratory findings include high antibody levels to type II collagen and hypergammaglobulinemia.
  • This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of compound of Formula III using the CIA model by observing changes in immune parameters due to treatment.
  • the animals were administered oral corticosteroid, Enbrel, an injectable TNF inhibitor, and compound of Formula III using both oral and parenteral delivery.
  • Seventy-five DBA/1 LacJ mice 8-10 weeks of age were obtained from Jackson Labs and quarantined in our facility for 10 days prior to experimentation. All mice weighed >16 grams at the start of the experiment. Mice were pre-bled by retro-orbital puncture, and injected with 100 ⁇ g Bovine type II collagen in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) intradermally at the base of the tail. Mice were monitored by daily examination for the onset of disease.
  • FCA Freund's complete adjuvant
  • mice that developed CIA between 20 days post immunization and 42 days post immunization were assigned to one of five treatment groups on a rotational basis (to normalize onset date), and ten mice were assigned to each group.
  • compound of Formula III was solubilized in sterile saline.
  • carboxymethylcellulose was added to a final concentration of 4% in all gavage solutions.
  • Compounds were administered according to the following schedule:
  • mice were weighed weekly, and overall health status noted. Arthritic animals were clinically assessed by visual inspection five times per week, and paw swelling quantified by caliper measurements made three times per week, until seven weeks after the initial onset of arthritis. All animals were assessed individually from the time of disease onset, and the appropriate findings were entered into clinical report forms.
  • mice All mice were pre-bled prior to the start of the trial, subsequently at onset of arthritis and at the completion of the trial. Sera were separated and stored at ⁇ 80° C. ELISA assays were performed to determine anti-type II collagen antibody levels and total immunoglobulin levels.
  • ELISA plates (Nunc-Immuno plates, Denmark) were coated with 100 ⁇ l of coating buffer (0.4M phosphate buffer ph7.6) containing 5 ⁇ g of type II collagen, at 4° C. overnight. Plates were washed 3 times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and non specific binding was blocked by PBS containing 5% non fat milk overnight at 4° C. Mouse sera diluted to 1/100 in 5% milk/PBS was added to each well and incubated overnight at 4° C.
  • the plates were washed six times in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 and incubated with alkaline phosphatase conjugated goat anti-mouse Ig (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Birmingham, Ala.) at 37° C. for 1 hour. Plates were washed 6 times again and developed for 40 minutes in the dark, using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) as a chromatogen substrate. The resulting optical density was measured at 405 nm by using a UV max spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices, CA). Negative pre-bleed control sera and a standard mouse anti-CII antiserum were titered on each plate to ensure uniformity of the assay. Antibody binding was expressed as OD 405 units-blank.
  • Serum Ig levels was assessed using an ELISA assay.
  • Dynatech Immulon 196 well ELISA plates were coated with a 1/250 dilution of rabbit anti-mouse IgG (Axell) in PBS overnight at 4° C. Plates were washed ⁇ 3 with PBS containing 0.05% Tween, and blocked by the addition of 5% BSA in PBS. Serum samples diluted 1/400 in PBS/BSA was dispensed in triplicate, and a reference curve constructed by a doubling dilution titer of mouse Ig reference serum (Miles) from 1/500 to 1/256,000. The plate was incubated overnight at room temperature, and washed ⁇ 3 with PBS/Tween.
  • Terminal serum cytokines were assayed using commercial kits (R&D Systems, MN). Briefly, ELISA plates were coated with monoclonal anti-IL-1, anti-IL-6, or anti-TNF ⁇ . Plates were washed 3 times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). 50 ⁇ l of serum dilute 1:200 in PBS was then added and incubated overnight at 4° C. Subsequently, the plates were washed six times in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 and incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody at 37° C. for 1 hour. Plates were washed 6 times and streptavidin-APK was added and incubated at room temperature for 40 minutes.
  • the plates were then washed 6 times and developed for 40 minutes in the dark, using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) as a chromatogen substrate.
  • the resulting optical density was measured at 405 nm by using a UV max spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices, CA). Cytokine levels were determined by regression analysis against the standard curve provided by the manufacturer.
  • Spleen and lymph nodes were removed at sacrifice, and mitogen responses to Con A and LPS, and antigen proliferative responses to type II collagen were determined using standard techniques. Lymph nodes and spleens were harvested and 1 ml of cell suspension (2.5 ⁇ 10 6 /ml) cultured in 12-well tissue culture plates (Costar, Corning, N.Y.) with various stimuli in complete RPMI-1640 medium. Cells were incubated for 3 days at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere in the presence of mitogen or antigen. 20 ⁇ l of MTT (a mitochondrial enzyme substrate) solution (5 mg/ml; Sigma, St Louis, Mo.) was added per well.
  • MTT mitochondrial enzyme substrate
  • mice were assessed for the progression of disease based upon the number of involved paws ( FIG. 1 ) and the overall arthritis score ( FIG. 2 ). A significant effect was observed for most compounds in this trial when compared with control (saline-treated) animals.
  • Treatment with the compound of Formula III via i.p. administration achieved a significant reduction (p ⁇ 0.02) in arthritis score from Day 23 post the start of therapy, and this effect was highly significant (p ⁇ 0.007) at Day 24. A significant reduction in arthritis score was sustained from Day 23 until the end of the trial.
  • mice prior to experimentation The levels of anti-CII antibody levels in mice prior to experimentation, at the onset of disease (commencement of dosing), and at the termination of the study are shown in FIG. 3 .
  • No mice exhibited any detectable levels of anti-CII antibody prior to injection with type II collagen, and all mice developed a strong antibody response following immunization.
  • At the time of the initiation of drug treatment there was no significant difference in antibody titers between all five groups, indicating equivalence in anti-CII response.
  • mice treated with saline exhibited elevated terminal anti-CII levels when compared with the levels seen at disease onset.
  • two compounds exerted a suppressive effect on the increase of anti-CII titers.
  • Prednisolone caused a minor decrease in anti-CII levels compared with the titers assayed at disease onset, and the compound of Formula III administered via i.p. resulted in maintenance of titers equivalent to the levels at onset.
  • the total serum Ig levels assayed in prebleed, onset and terminal blood samples are shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the induction of collagen arthritis was accompanied by a marked elevation of total serum Ig levels.
  • serum Ig continued to rise and was assayed at very high levels at the conclusion of the trial.
  • these titers were highly variable among the individual mice in the experiment.
  • IL-1 ⁇ , IL-6, and TNF ⁇ produced universally low levels, and revealed no variations attributable to the therapy.
  • the standards for all the cytokines assayed yielded consistent and sensitive curves, suggesting that the assay was accurate.
  • previous data has indicated that inflammatory cytokines are typically elevated in collagen arthritis, although these levels can be variable. Further study will be required to establish whether the compound of Formula III exerts an anti-arthritic effect via modulation of specific inflammatory cytokines.
  • Lymph node cell responses to the mitogens Concanavalin A and LPS, and the antigen response to type II collagen are shown in FIG. 5 .
  • Spleen cell responses to the mitogens Concanavalin A and LPS, and the antigen response to type II collagen are shown in FIG. 6 . No significant effects of any of the compounds administered were observed on the mitogen or antigen responses in spleen cells.
  • Plasma total cholesterol, HCL-C, nonHDL-C, and triglycerides were then measured at day 8 (prior to gavage that day) and at day 15 (24 hr after last gavage) following and overnight fast (16 hr).
  • Hamsters were maintained in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Care Committee at the University of Massachusetts-Lowell Research Foundation and the guidelines prepared by the Committee on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council (DHEW publication no 85-23, revised 1985). Hamsters were housed in an environmentally controlled room with an alternating 12-h light/dark cycle and given ad libitum access to food and water except when food is withheld for the experimental protocols.
  • the compounds of the invention are useful for the reduction of lipid profiles of patients.
  • the compound of Formula III (10.0 g) is mixed with lactose (85.5 g), hydroxypropyl cellulose HPC-SL (2.0 g), hydroxypropyl cellulose L-HPC, LH-22 (2.0 g) and purified water (9.0 g), the resulting mixture is subjected to granulation, drying and grading, and the thus obtained granules are mixed with magnesium stearate (0.5 g) and subjected to tablet making, thereby obtaining tablets containing 10 mg per tablet of the compound of Formula III.
  • the tablet prepared in Example 5 is provided to a subject at time 0. One tablet every 24 h is provided for a period of one week. After administration of the third tablet, the subject is exposed to a neurodegenerative event. The treated subject exhibits symptoms of neurological disorder that are less severe compared to the subject that was not treated.

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CN104974100A (zh) * 2015-07-07 2015-10-14 江苏省农业科学院 来源于抗生素溶杆菌oh13的吩嗪类化合物及其制备方法与应用
US11958842B2 (en) 2016-12-16 2024-04-16 Adjutec Pharma As Substituted phenazines and methods of treating cancer and bacterial diseases

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CN102282457A (zh) * 2009-01-21 2011-12-14 拜康有限公司 确定西罗莫司稳定性的方法和制备其稳定形式的工艺
GB201319363D0 (en) 2013-11-01 2013-12-18 Uni I Oslo Compounds
CN103667136A (zh) * 2013-12-10 2014-03-26 南京农业大学 一株拮抗植物病原细菌的抗生素溶杆菌oh13的分离鉴定
KR101937660B1 (ko) 2016-11-25 2019-01-14 연세대학교 산학협력단 인플라마좀 매개 염증성 질환의 예방 또는 치료용 약학 조성물

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CN104974100A (zh) * 2015-07-07 2015-10-14 江苏省农业科学院 来源于抗生素溶杆菌oh13的吩嗪类化合物及其制备方法与应用
US11958842B2 (en) 2016-12-16 2024-04-16 Adjutec Pharma As Substituted phenazines and methods of treating cancer and bacterial diseases

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