Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
  • C10M137/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus having no phosphorus-to-carbon bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/10—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic phosphorus-containing compound
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
  • C10M125/24—Compounds containing phosphorus, arsenic or antimony
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
  • C10M125/26—Compounds containing silicon or boron, e.g. silica, sand
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16H—GEARING
  • F16H57/00—General details of gearing
  • F16H57/04—Features relating to lubrication or cooling or heating
  • F16H57/041—Coatings or solid lubricants, e.g. antiseize layers or pastes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/086—Imides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2060/00—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition
  • C10N2060/12—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition by phosphorus or a compound containing phosphorus, e.g. PxSy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2060/00—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition
  • C10N2060/14—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition by boron or a compound containing boron

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to a lubricant and a method for lubricating an automated dual clutch transmission having a plurality of wet clutches.
• Dual clutch transmissions also known as double clutch or twin clutch transmissions, of a variety of types are known. Dual clutch transmissions are known to employ either dry or wet clutches. Some dual clutch transmissions employing wet clutches include hydrodynamic torque converters.
• European publication EP 1 052 421 A, Nov. 15, 2000 discloses a multiple clutch system for a transmission, with two multi-disk clutches that are coaxial with each other, and each clutch is assigned to one of two shafts. The two clutches are arranged in a sealed chamber, which contains lubricating oil.
• DCT's have an automatic direct-shifting gearbox (DSG) provided with an integrated dual clutch. These DCT's are designed to provide better fuel economy. However, these DCT's differ from automated manual transmissions since the DCT's typically do not include a torque converter. Instead, coordination of manual transmission gears is achieved through the use of dual wet clutches. As a result, performance requirements for fluids for lubricating DCT's involve elements of both manual transmission lubricants, and elements of automatic transmission lubricants. One or more of synchronization, extreme pressure performance, steel-on-steel friction material performance and steel-on-paper friction durability may be important for these DCT's.
• DSG automatic direct-shifting gearbox
• EP 0 020 037 discloses a lubricating oil composition containing a friction-reducing amount of an additive selected from the group consisting of oil soluble aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted succinimide and succinamide and mixtures thereof wherein said hydrocarbon substituent contains about 12 to 36 carbon atoms. Similar friction modifiers are disclosed for use in automatic transmission fluids in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,171,466; 5,312,555; 5,328,619; 5,358,652; 5,464,549; 5,505,868; 5,652,201; and 5,817,605.
• the present disclosure relates to an additive composition for a transmission fluid for use in automated dual clutch transmissions.
• the additive contains at least a dispersant, a friction modifier, and a phosphonate. This additive is useful in automatic transmission fluids for meeting the performance requirements for use of such fluids in automated dual clutch transmissions.
• the additive composition may be combined with a base oil to provide an automatic transmission fluid useful for meeting performance requirements in automated dual clutch transmissions.
• the present disclosure relates to a method for increasing steel-on-steel friction, stabilizing steel-on-steel friction, and/or delivering good synchronizer performance by lubricating a transmission with a lubricating transmission composition including a major amount of a base oil and an additive composition as described herein.
• the present disclosure relates to a method of lubricating an automated dual clutch transmission with a lubricating composition including a major amount of a base oil and an additive composition as described herein.
• the present disclosure relates to an additive composition for use in transmission fluids.
• the additive contains at least a dispersant, a friction modifier and a phosphonate.
• This additive is useful in automatic transmission fluids for meeting the performance requirements for use of such fluids in, for example, dual clutch transmissions (DCT's).
• DCT's dual clutch transmissions
• Embodiments of the present disclosure may exhibit improved steel-on-steel friction as well as steel-on-paper friction performance capability, extreme pressure performance, and synchronizer performance.
• the present invention helps to deliver good synchronizer performance in synchronization systems employing, for example, sinter linings or carbon linings which may be used in dual clutch transmission systems.
• compositions of the present invention are substantially zinc-free.
• substantially zinc-free is meant that the compositions of the present invention may contain zinc as an impurity, and that these compositions are formulated without addition of metallic zinc or zinc compounds, other than zinc or zinc compounds which may be present as a minor impurity in one or more of the components of the compositions of the present invention.
• One component of the additive composition of the present disclosure may be one or more conventional ashless dispersants.
• Suitable ashless dispersants are those having basic nitrogen and/or at least one hydroxyl group in the molecule, such as a succinimide dispersant, a succinamide dispersant, a succinic ester dispersant, a succinic ester-amide dispersant, a Mannich base dispersant, or a hydrocarbyl amine or polyamine dispersant.
• the ashless dispersant may comprise one or more alkenyl succinimides of an amine having at least one primary amino group capable of forming an imide group.
• the alkenyl succinimides may be formed by conventional methods such as by heating an alkenyl succinic anhydride, acid, acid-ester, acid halide, or lower alkyl ester with an amine containing at least one primary amino group.
• the alkenyl succinic anhydride may be made readily by heating a mixture of polyolefin and maleic anhydride to about 180°-220° C.
• the polyolefin may be a polymer or copolymer of a lower monoolefin such as ethylene, propylene, isobutene, and the like, having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 900 to about 3000 as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
• GPC gel permeation chromatography
• Amines which may be employed in forming the ashless dispersant include any that have at least one primary amino group which can react to form an imide group and at least one additional primary or secondary amino group and/or at least one hydroxyl group.
• a few representative examples are: N-methyl-propanediamine, N-dodecylpropanediamine, N-aminopropyl-piperazine, ethanolamine, N-ethanol-ethylenediamine, and the like.
• Suitable amines may include alkylene polyamines, such as propylene diamine, dipropylene triamine, di-(1,2-butylene)triamine, and tetra-(1,2-propylene)pentamine.
• alkylene polyamines such as propylene diamine, dipropylene triamine, di-(1,2-butylene)triamine, and tetra-(1,2-propylene)pentamine.
• a further example includes the ethylene polyamines which can be depicted by the formula H 2 N(CH 2 CH 2 NH) n H, wherein n may be an integer from about one to about ten. These include: ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine, and the like, including mixtures thereof in which case n is the average value of the mixture.
• ethylene polyamines have a primary amine group at each end so they may form mono-alkenylsuccinimides and bis-alkenylsuccinimides.
• Commercially available ethylene polyamine mixtures may contain minor amounts of branched species and cyclic species such as N-aminoethyl piperazine, N,N′-bis(aminoethyl)piperazine, N,N′-bis(piperazinyl)ethane, and like compounds.
• the commercial mixtures may have approximate overall compositions falling in the range corresponding to diethylene triamine to tetraethylene pentamine.
• the molar ratio of polyalkenyl succinic anhydride to polyalkylene polyamines may be from about 1:1 to about 2.4:1.
• the Mannich base ashless dispersants may be formed by condensing about one molar proportion of long chain hydrocarbon-substituted phenol with from about 1 to about 2.5 moles of formaldehyde and from about 0.5 to about 2 moles of polyalkylene polyamine.
• the ashless dispersant may comprise the products of the reaction of a polyethylene polyamine, e.g. triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine, with a hydrocarbon substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride made by reaction of a polyolefin, such as polyisobutene, of suitable molecular weight, with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, e.g., maleic anhydride, maleic acid, fumaric acid, or the like, including mixtures of two or more such substances.
• a polyethylene polyamine e.g. triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine
• a hydrocarbon substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride made by reaction of a polyolefin, such as polyisobutene, of suitable molecular weight
• an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride e.g., maleic anhydride, maleic acid, fumaric acid, or the like, including mixtures
• the dispersant may be present in an amount of from about 1% to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating composition. As a further example, the dispersant may be present in an amount of about 2 wt % to about 4 wt % in the lubricating composition (or finished fluid). The dispersant may be present in an amount of about 10 wt % to about 60 wt % in the additive composition.
• the additive composition may comprise at least one boron-containing dispersant, wherein the boron-containing dispersant is free of phosphorus.
• the boron-containing dispersant may be formed by boronating (borating) an ashless dispersant having basic nitrogen and/or at least one hydroxyl group in the molecule, such as a succinimide dispersant, succinamide dispersant, succinic ester dispersant, succinic ester-amide dispersant, Mannich base dispersant, or hydrocarbyl amine or polyamine dispersant.
• a boron-containing dispersant may comprise, for example, a boronated polyisobutylene succinimide or bis-succinimide or a mixture thereof.
• the polyisobutylene may have a molecular weight from about 210 to about 1300 amu, as a further example from about 900 to 1300 amu, and as an even further example from about 1200 to about 1300 amu.
• a boron-containing dispersant may comprise from about 0.1 wt % to about 0.7 wt % of boron.
• a boron-containing dispersant may comprise from about 0.25 wt % to about 0.7 wt % of boron.
• the additive composition may comprise at least one phosphorus-containing dispersant e.g., a phosphorylated dispersant.
• the phosphorus-containing dispersant may be prepared by phosphorylating either a non-boronated dispersant or a boronated dispersant.
• the phosphorus- and boron-containing dispersant may comprise, a phosphorylated and boronated polyisobutylene succinimide or bis-succinimide or a mixture thereof.
• the phosphorus- and boron-containing dispersant may comprise a polyisobutylene having a molecular weight of about 900 amu.
• the phosphorus- and boron-containing dispersant may comprise the reaction product of a polyisobutylene succinimide with a boric acid (i.e., B(OH) 3 ) and a phosphorus acid (i.e., H 3 PO 3 ).
• the boron and phosphorus may be present in an amount of, for example, about 200 ppm or more of total boron and phosphorus in the lubricating composition (or finished fluid). As a further example, the boron and phosphorus may be present in an amount of, for example, about 400 ppm or more of total boron and phosphorus in the lubricating composition.
• the additive composition and/or lubricating composition may contain a friction-improving amount of a friction modifier, such as an amount that improves steel-on-steel friction, steel-on-paper friction, and/or synchronization performance.
• a friction modifier such as an amount that improves steel-on-steel friction, steel-on-paper friction, and/or synchronization performance.
• Friction modifiers suitable for use in the present invention include such compounds as aliphatic fatty amines or alkoxylated aliphatic fatty amines, alkoxylated aliphatic ether amines, aliphatic carboxylic acids, aliphatic fatty acid amides, alkoxylated aliphatic fatty acid amides, aliphatic fatty imidazolines, and aliphatic fatty tertiary amines, wherein the aliphatic group usually contains above about eight carbon atoms so as to render the compound suitably oil soluble.
• Friction modifiers suitable for use in the present invention are described in the following U.S. patents, incorporated herein by reference for their disclosures relating to friction modifiers: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,344,579; 5,372,735 and 5,441,656.
• a suitable friction modifier may be selected from one or more of oil soluble aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted succinimides and mixtures thereof wherein said hydrocarbon substituent contains about 12 to 36 carbon atoms.
• the aliphatic substituent on the succinic group can be any aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing about 12 to 36 carbon atoms including alkyl, alkenyl and polyunsaturated hydrocarbon groups.
• friction modifiers examples include:
• the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be bonded to the succinic group at a secondary carbon atom.
• These compounds have the formula: wherein n is a small integer from about 2 to about 4 and Z is the group: wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of branched and straight chain hydrocarbon groups containing about 1 to about 34 carbon atoms such that the total number of carbon atoms in R 1 and R 2 is about 11 to about 35.
• R 1 and R 2 may be straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbon groups. These friction modifiers have improved solubility in lubricating oil. Examples of these friction modifiers are:
• the above friction modifiers may be made from linear ⁇ -olefins containing about 12 to about 36 carbon atoms by isomerizing the ⁇ -olefins to form a mixture of internal olefins and reacting this mixture of internal olefins with maleic acid, anhydride or ester forming an intermediate and reacting the intermediate with ammonia to form amide, imide, or mixtures thereof.
• Friction modifiers made from isomerized linear ⁇ -olefins have greatly improved oil solubility compared with friction modifiers made with linear ⁇ -olefins.
• Isomerization of the linear ⁇ -olefin can be carried out using conventional methods.
• One suitable method is to heat the linear ⁇ -olefin with an acidic catalyst.
• acid catalysts are the sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers.
• Such catalysts are commercially available and are conventionally used as cation exchange resins. In the present method they are used in their acid form. Use of such resins for isomerizing linear ⁇ -olefins is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,108,889, incorporated herein by reference.
• compositions of the present invention may include mixtures of two or more friction modifiers.
• a mixture of one or more succinimide friction modifiers with one or more amine friction modifiers may be employed.
• the additive composition of the present disclosure may contain one or more phosphonates having the formula: wherein R 1 is an alkyl or alkenyl group containing about 12 to about 30 carbon atoms and wherein R 2 and R 3 are each independently hydrogen, an alkyl, or an alkenyl group.
• suitable alkyl groups may include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, or any combination thereof.
• Examples of these phosphonates are dimethyl triacontylphosphonate, dimethyl triacontenylphosphonate, dimethyl eicosylphosphonate, dimethyl hexadecylphosphonate, dimethyl hexadecenylphosphonate, dimethyl tetracontenylphosphonate, dimethyl hexacontylphosphonate, dimethyl dodecylphosphonate, dimethyl dodecenylphosphonate, and the like.
• R 1 is an alkyl or alkenyl group containing about 16 to about 20 carbon atoms.
• these phosphonates are dimethyl hexadecylphosphonate, dimethyl hexadecenylphosphonate, dimethyl octadecylphosphonate, dimethyl octadecenylphosphonate, dimethyl eicosylphosphonate, and the like.
• the phosphonates are added to the lubricating composition in an amount which improves friction performance, such as an amount that improves steel-on-steel friction, steel-on-paper friction, and/or synchronization performance.
• a suitable concentration may be from about 0.05 to about 3 wt %.
• a suitable concentration may be from about 0.10 wt % to about 0.6 wt %.
• the additive composition may also comprise a detergent.
• the detergent may comprise an overbased detergent, a borated detergent, and/or a borated overbased detergent.
• the detergent may comprise a sulfonate or a phenate.
• the detergent may comprise a calcium-containing, a magnesium-containing, or a sodium-containing compound.
• the detergent may comprise, for example, a calcium sulfonate, a magnesium sulfonate, a sodium sulfonate, and/or a calcium phenate.
• a calcium sulfonate detergent may comprise from about 1.5 wt % to about 20 wt % calcium, or as a further example from about 12 wt % to about 15 wt % calcium.
• a calcium sulfonate detergent may comprise a total base number (TBN) of from about 3 mgKOH/g to about 450 mgKOH/g, as a further example of from about 250 mgKOH/g to about 400 mgKOH/g, and as an even further example of from about 250 mgKOH/g to about 350 mgKOH/g.
• TBN total base number
• a calcium phenate detergent may comprise from about 2.5 wt % to about 8.5 wt % calcium, or for example about 5 wt % calcium.
• a calcium phenate detergent may comprise a TBN of from about 50 mgKOH/g to about 300 mgKOH/g, or for example, about 150 mgKOH/g.
• Embodiments may contain alkali metal detergents and/or alkaline-earth metal detergents in addition or in the alternative to the detergents described above.
• Suitable alkali and alkaline-earth metal detergents may include oil-soluble neutral or overbased salts of alkali and alkaline-earth metals with one or more of the following acidic substances (or mixtures thereof): sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, salicylic acids, alkyl phenols, and sulfurized alkyl phenols.
• Oil-soluble neutral alkali and alkaline-earth metal-containing detergents are those detergents that contain stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of alkali and alkaline-earth metal in relation to the amount of acidic moieties present in the detergent.
• the neutral alkali and alkaline-earth metal detergents will have a low basicity when compared to their overbased counterparts.
• Methods of preparation of overbased alkali and alkaline-earth metal-containing detergents are known in the art and there are numerous commercially available overbased detergents on the market.
• the alkali and alkaline-earth metal detergents include, but are not limited to, neutral and overbased sodium sulfonates, sodium carboxylates, sodium salicylates, sodium phenates, sulfurized sodium phenates, calcium sulfonates, calcium carboxylates, calcium salicylates, calcium phenates, sulfurized calcium phenates, lithium sulfonates, lithium carboxylates, lithium salicylates, lithium phenates, sulfurized lithium phenates, magnesium sulfonates, magnesium carboxylates, magnesium salicylates, magnesium phenates, sulfurized magnesium phenates, potassium sulfonates, potassium carboxylates, potassium salicylates, potassium phenates, and sulfurized potassium phenates.
• the additive composition may be combined with a base oil to provide a power transmitting fluid.
• a power transmitting fluid may comprise a finished fluid.
• an automatic transmission fluid may comprise an additive composition disclosed herein.
• the fluid may be suitable for an automated dual clutch transmission such as a DCT that employs at least two wet clutches.
• the transmission fluid may be used in a DCT does not include a torque converter.
• a method of increasing steel-on-steel friction, stabilizing steel-on-paper friction and/or delivering good synchronizer performance may comprise lubricating a transmission with a lubricating composition comprising a major amount of a base oil and an additive composition as described herein.
• a lubricating fluid may include other additives, such as, for example, one or more of an antiwear agent; an antioxidant or an antioxidant system, such as an amine antioxidant or phenolic antioxidant; a corrosion inhibitor or a corrosion inhibitor system; a metal deactivator; an anti-rust agent; one or more additional friction modifiers; a dye; a seal swell agent; an anti-foam agent; a surfactant; a viscosity index improver; a perfume or odor mask; and any suitable combinations thereof.
• an antiwear agent an antioxidant or an antioxidant system, such as an amine antioxidant or phenolic antioxidant; a corrosion inhibitor or a corrosion inhibitor system; a metal deactivator; an anti-rust agent; one or more additional friction modifiers; a dye; a seal swell agent; an anti-foam agent; a surfactant; a viscosity index improver; a perfume or odor mask; and any suitable combinations thereof.
• an antiwear agent such as an amine antioxidant or phenolic antioxidant;
• the additive composition may also comprise one or more sulfur-containing components.
• the additive composition may comprise a thiadiazole and/or a sulfurized fatty acid ester.
• Suitable thiadiazoles include dialkyl thiadiazoles, including but not limited to an ashless dialkyl thiadiazole.
• Dialkyl thiadiazoles suitable for the practice of the present invention may be of the general formula (I): wherein R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different hydrocarbyl groups, and/or one of R 1 and R 2 may be hydrogen, and x and y independently may be integers from 0 to 8.
• R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different, linear, branched, or aromatic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group having from about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, particularly from about 8 to about 12 carbon atoms, and x and y each may be 0 or 1.
• Suitable dialkyl thiadiazoles include 2,5-bis(hydrocarbyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
• Examples of other suitable dialkyl thiadiazoles include, for example, 2,5-bis(hydrocarbylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2-(tert-hydrocarbyldithio)-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, and bis-tert-dodecylthiothiadiazole.
• Suitable dialkyl thiadiazoles also include those such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,719,125, 2,719,126, 3,087,932, 4,149,982, 4,591,645, and 6,528,458, and which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference. Mixtures of dialkyl thiadiazoles of formula (I) with monoalkyl thiadiazoles may also be used within the scope of the present invention.
• hydrocarbyl group or “hydrocarbyl” is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of a molecule and having a predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include:
• hydrocarbon substituents that is, aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, and aromatic-, aliphatic-, and alicyclic-substituted aromatic substituents, as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form an alicyclic radical);
• aliphatic e.g., alkyl or alkenyl
• alicyclic e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl
• aromatic-, aliphatic-, and alicyclic-substituted aromatic substituents as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form an alicyclic radical);
• substituted hydrocarbon substituents that is, substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of the description herein, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon substituent (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulfoxy);
• hetero-substituents that is, substituents which, while having a predominantly hydrocarbon character, in the context of this description, contain other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms.
• Hetero-atoms include sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and encompass substituents such as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, and imidazolyl.
• substituents such as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, and imidazolyl.
• no more than two, or as a further example, no more than one, non-hydrocarbon substituent will be present for every ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group; typically, there will be no non-hydrocarbon substituent in the hydrocarbyl group.
• sulfurized fatty acid esters such as linear C 14 -C 18 saturated or unsaturated chain monocarboxylic acid esters which are cross-linked by sulfur moieties in the forms of mono-, di- and poly-sulfides, may be employed.
• the relative fraction of the different sulfur bridges depends on reaction conditions and the relative amount of sulfur employed.
• the details of sulfurization of fatty acids are found in several references such as Organic Sulfur Compounds by L. Bateman and C. G. Moore, and Mechanism of Sulfur Reaction by W. A. Pryor.
• One exemplary material is sulfurized oleic acid with a sulfur concentration of about 5 to about 15% of the total weight of the sulfurized oleic acid ester, incorporated as the mono- and di-sulfides.
• the amount of the thiadiazole or sulfurized fatty acid ester is selected to add sulfur to the composition in the amount of about 0.0075 to about 0.5 weight percent sulfur, based on the total weight of the composition.
• Embodiments of the lubricating fluid may comprise a major amount of a base oil.
• Base or lubricating oils contemplated in preparing the power transmission fluids of the present disclosure may be derived from natural lubricating oils, synthetic lubricating oils, and mixtures thereof. Further, the base oil may comprise any suitable base oil or mixture of base oils for a particular application.
• additives may be provided in an additive package concentrate. Further, some embodiments may comprise a diluent, e.g., a diluent oil.
• a diluent may be included to ease blending, solubilizing, and transporting the additive package.
• the diluent may be compatible with a base oil and/or the additive package.
• the diluent may be present in any suitable amount in the concentrate.
• a suitable diluent may comprise a process oil of lubricating viscosity.
• the additive combinations can be incorporated in a wide variety of base oils in effective amounts to provide suitable active ingredient concentrations.
• the base oils not only can be hydrocarbon oils of lubricating viscosity derived from petroleum (or tar sands, coal, shale, etc.), but also can be natural oils of suitable viscosities such as rapeseed oil, etc., and synthetic oils such as hydrogenated polyolefin oils; poly- ⁇ -olefins (e.g., hydrogenated or unhydrogenated ⁇ -olefin oligomers such as hydrogenated poly-1-decene); alkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids; complex esters of dicarboxylic acid, polyglycol and alcohol; alkyl esters of carbonic or phosphoric acids; polysilicones; fluorohydrocarbon oils; and mixtures of mineral, natural and/or synthetic oils in any proportion.
• base oil for this disclosure includes all the foregoing.
• the additive combinations can thus be used in compositions, in which the base oil of lubricating viscosity is a mineral oil, a synthetic oil, a natural oil such as a vegetable oil, or a mixture thereof, e.g. a mixture of a mineral oil and a synthetic oil.
• Suitable mineral oils include those of appropriate viscosity refined from crude oil of any source including Gulf Coast, Mid-continent, Pennsylvania, California, Alaska, Middle East, North Sea, and the like. Standard refinery operations may be used in processing the mineral oil.
• suitable petroleum oils are solvent neutrals, bright stocks, cylinder stocks, residual oils, hydrocracked base stocks, paraffin oils including pale oils, and solvent extracted naphthenic oils. Such oils and blends of them are produced by a number of conventional techniques which are widely known by those skilled in the art.
• the base oil can consist essentially of or comprise a portion of one or more synthetic oils.
• suitable synthetic oils are homo- and inter-polymers of about C 2 to about C 12 olefins, carboxylic acid esters of both monoalcohols and polyols, polyethers, silicones, polyglycols, silicates, alkylated aromatics, carbonates, thiocarbonates, orthoformates, phosphates and phosphites, borates and halogenated hydrocarbons.
• oils are homo- and interpolymers of about C 2 to about C 12 monoolefinic hydrocarbons, alkylated benzenes (e.g., dodecyl benzenes, didodecyl benzenes, tetradecyl benzenes, dinonyl benzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes, wax-alkylated naphthalenes); and polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls).
• alkylated benzenes e.g., dodecyl benzenes, didodecyl benzenes, tetradecyl benzenes, dinonyl benzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes, wax-alkylated naphthalenes
• polyphenyls e.g., bipheny
• Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, and the like constitute another class of synthetic oils. These are exemplified by the oils prepared through polymerization of alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, and the alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl polyisopropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of about 1000, diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 500 to about 1000, diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 1500) or mono- and poly-carboxylic esters thereof, for example, the acetic acid ester, mixed about C 3 to about C 6 fatty acid esters, or the C 13 Oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.
• alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide
• Another suitable class of synthetic oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol).
• dicarboxylic acids e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer
• alcohols e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol.
• esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, didodecyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate, dilauryl sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, di(eicosyl)sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
• Esters which may be used as synthetic oils also include those made from about C 3 to about C 12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol. Trimethylol propane tripelargonate and pentaerythritol tetracaproate serve as examples.
• Silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy-, or polyaryloxy-siloxane oils and silicate oils comprise another class of synthetic lubricants (e.g., tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butylphenyl) silicate, poly(methyl)siloxanes, and poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes.
• synthetic lubricants e.g., tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butylphenyl) silicate, poly(methyl)siloxanes, and poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes.
• Other synthetic lubricating oils include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphite, and diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid.
• liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphite, and diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid.
• Also useful as base oils or as components of base oils are hydrogenated or unhydrogenated liquid oligomers of about C 6 to about C 16 ⁇ -olefins, such as hydrogenated or unhydrogenated oligomers formed from 1-decene.
• Methods for the production of such liquid oligomeric 1-alkene hydrocarbons are known and reported in the literature. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,749,560; 3,763,244; 3,780,128; 4,172,855; 4,218,330; and 4,950,822; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Blends of such materials can also be used in order to adjust the viscometrics of the given base oil.
• hydrogenated oligomers of this type contain little, if any, residual ethylenic unsaturation.
• Suitable oligomers may be formed by use of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst (especially boron trifluoride promoted with water or a about C 1 to about C 20 alkanol) followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the oligomer so formed using procedures such as are described in the foregoing U.S. patents.
• a Friedel-Crafts catalyst especially boron trifluoride promoted with water or a about C 1 to about C 20 alkanol
• catalyst systems which can be used to form oligomers of 1-alkene hydrocarbons, which, on hydrogenation, provide suitable oleaginous liquids include Ziegler catalysts such as ethyl aluminum sesquichloride with titanium tetrachloride, aluminum alkyl catalysts, chromium oxide catalysts on silica or alumina supports and a system in which a boron trifluoride catalyst oligomerization is followed by treatment with an organic peroxide.
• Ziegler catalysts such as ethyl aluminum sesquichloride with titanium tetrachloride, aluminum alkyl catalysts, chromium oxide catalysts on silica or alumina supports and a system in which a boron trifluoride catalyst oligomerization is followed by treatment with an organic peroxide.
• the base oil may be an oil derived from Fischer-Tropsch synthesized hydrocarbons, a gas-to-liquid stock, and/or a mixture thereof.
• Fischer-Tropsch synthesized hydrocarbons are made from synthesis gas containing H 2 and CO using a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.
• Such hydrocarbons typically require further processing in order to be useful as the base oil.
• the hydrocarbons may be hydroisomerized using processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,099 or 6,180,575; hydrocracked and hydroisomerized using processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,672 or 6,096,940; dewaxed using processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,505; or hydroisomerized and dewaxed using processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,171; 6,080,301; or 6,165,949.
• Typical natural oils that may be used as base oils or as components of the base oils include castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, hemp oil, linseed oil, tung oil, oiticica oil, jojoba oil, and the like. Such oils may be partially or fully hydrogenated, if desired.
• the base oils used in the compositions of this disclosure may be composed of (i) one or more mineral oils, (ii) one or more synthetic oils, (iii) one or more natural oils, or (iv) a blend of (i) and (ii), or (i) and (iii), or (ii) and (iii), or (i), (ii) and (iii) does not mean that these various types of oils are necessarily equivalents of each other.
• Certain types of base oils may be used in certain compositions for the specific properties they possess such as high temperature stability, nonflammability or lack of corrosivity towards specific metals (e.g. silver or cadmium). In other compositions, other types of base oils may be suitable for reasons of availability or low cost.
• the skilled artisan will recognize that while the various types of base oils discussed above may be used in the various embodiments, they are not necessarily functional equivalents of each other in every instance.
• the additive compositions and/or lubricating fluids of the present disclosure may be employed in a method for lubricating an automatic transmission, and, more specifically, in a method for lubricating a DCT, such as, a DCT that utilizes plural wet clutches and no torque converter.
• the method of the present disclosure involves lubricating a transmission with a lubricating fluid comprising:
• Fluids for testing were prepared in targeted basestocks.
• the fully formulated fluids were prepared by adding components together in proportions shown below: TABLE 1 Antiwear/Extreme Pressure 0.05-1.0% Agents Antioxidants 0.1-0.6% Rust Inhibitors 0.01-0.2% DMOP 0.10-0.6% Antifoam agents 0.01-0.1% Friction Modifier 0.3-1.0% Dispersant A 1-6% Seal Swell Agents 0-10% Polymethacrylate VII 3-25% Basestock 60-90% Diluent Oil 2-5% Dispersants used are succinimide dispersants that may or may not contain boron and/or phosphorus. The friction modifier was a succinimide having a C 18 -C 24 alkenyl group. DMOP is dimethyl octadecylphosphonate. Additional friction modifiers may be used to tailor friction requirements.
• Dispersant and friction modifiers provide appropriate torque capacity. Fluid compositions containing dispersant and succinimide friction modifiers have been developed to provide good friction durability.
• FIG. 1 is a comparison of the friction characteristics of Fluid A (Table 2) containing succinimide dispersant and succinimide friction modifier with friction characteristics before and after thermal aging.
• Thermal aging was carried out by heating the fluid in a round bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer at 160° C. for 192 hours. It may be seen that the fluid is able to withstand thermal stress as the thermally stressed fluid displays good friction durability and maintains both friction level and slope characteristics that are comparable to fresh fluid.
• the detergent employed in the composition was an overbased C 14 -C 24 ⁇ -olefin calcium sulfonate detergent.
• the friction modifier was a succinimide having a C 18 -C 24 alkenyl group.
• DMOP is dimethyl octadecylphosphonate. The friction modifier in combination with DMOP gives excellent synchronizer performance.
• a matrix of fluids (Table 3) comprising two types of antiwear, dispersant, friction modifier and basestock showed that the same friction modifier/DMOP combination in a synthetic fluid can give excellent synchronizer performance giving 100,000 cycles in the SSP-180 synchronizer test using brass cones.
• the SSP-180 test stand was developed in the Gear Research Institute at the Technical University of Kunststoff. It allows mounting and testing of a complete synchronizer device (up to 180 mm in diameter) from a manual transmission of choice. Load conditions associated with normal transmission use are simulated during the test.
• the test stand consists of an electric motor, two flywheels, actuating hydraulics, an oil heating and circulation system, and a test box.
• the large main flywheel is connected to the electric motor via a belt-and-pulley combination to ensure a constant and stable speed source.
• the small flywheel is the load that the synchronizers either bring to zero speed (shift to “A” position) or accelerate to a constant speed (shift to “B” position).
• the two ring-and-cone synchronizers mounted in the test box.
• the rear unit accelerates the load flywheel to synchronous speed, while the forward unit decelerates the flywheel to zero speed.
• the actuating hydraulics move a shift fork that engages one unit and disengages the other. During shifting, heated lubricant is sprayed onto both synchronizer units.
• DMOP In addition to contributing to good synchronizer performance and antiwear protection in the synchronizer test, DMOP also provided excellent extreme pressure performance as measured using the Falex EP (Extreme Pressure) and 4-Ball EP tests according to ASTM D-3233 and D-2783 respectively.
• ASTM D-3233 performance is measured by determining the threshold load at which the test surfaces seize due to the applied load at a given temperature.
• ASTM D-2783 measures the Weld point of a steel ball rotated against 3 stationary balls. Table 4 shows improved performance at 0.25% of DMOP compared to a similar composition without DMOP. TABLE 4 Falex EP D-3233 Falex EP D-3233 Fail load (lbs) Fail load (lbs) 4-Ball EP DMOP (wt. %) @ 100° C. @ 150° C.
• ASTM D-2783 0.25 2125 2000 260 Kg Weld 0.00 1250 1000 210 Kg Weld

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• 2005
  • 2005-05-20 US US11/133,553 patent/US20060264340A1/en not_active Abandoned
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