Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
  • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4166—1,3-Diazoles having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. phenytoin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/4858—Organic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D487/14—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to formulations containing cationic compounds, and preferably substituted 5-amino-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine A 2a receptor antagonists. These formulations are useful in the treatment of, inter alia, Parkinson's disease
• Adenosine is known to be an endogenous modulator of a number of physiological functions. At the cardiovascular system level, adenosine is a strong vasodilator and a cardiac depressor. On the central nervous system, adenosine induces sedative, anxiolytic and antiepileptic effects. On the respiratory system, adenosine induces bronchoconstriction. At the kidney level, it exerts a biphasic action, inducing vasoconstriction at low concentrations and vasodilation at high doses. Adenosine acts as a lipolysis inhibitor on fat cells and as an antiaggregant on platelets.
• Adenosine action is mediated by the interaction with different membrane specific receptors which belong to the family of receptors coupled with G proteins.
• Biochemical and pharmacological studies, together with advances in molecular biology, have allowed the identification of at least four subtypes of adenosine receptors: A 1 , A 2a , A 2b and A 3 .
• a 1 and A 3 are high-affinity, inhibiting the activity of the enzyme adenylate cyclase, and A 2a and A 2b are low-affinity, stimulating the activity of the same enzyme.
• Analogs of adenosine able to interact as antagonists with the A 1 , A 2a , A 2b and A 3 receptors have also been identified.
• a 2a antagonists for the A 2a receptor are of pharmacological interest because of their reduced level of side affects.
• a 2a antagonists can have antidepressant properties and stimulate cognitive functions.
• data has shown that A 2a receptors are present in high density in the basal ganglia, known to be important in the control of movement.
• a 2a antagonists can improve motor impairment due to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, senile dementia as in Alzheimer's disease, and psychoses of organic origin.
• aqueous solubility of any pharmaceutically active ingredient is recognized as a critical parameter in both liquid and solid dosage forms.
• solubility of the drug substance in water will limit the concentration that can be achieved in the aqueous formulation.
• rate and the extent of dissolution can be affected by the aqueous solubility of the active ingredient. This in turn can affect the rate and extent of absorption of the active ingredient from the gastrointestinal tract.
• dosage form selection and concentration can be limited by the non-aqueous solubility of a drug substance, e.g., in an emulsion, lipid and/or cosolvent based formulations.
• Non-aqueous formulations may generally be referred to as either lipid based formulations which may consist of pure oil or oils or as co-solvent based formulations which may consist of water soluble organic materials such as ethanol, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols (PEG).
• Ionic surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate and docusate sodium and non-ionic surfactants such as poloxamers (pluronic) and polysorbates (Tweens) may also be included.
• lipid formulations make up the hydrophobic phase of emulsions, microemulsions and self emulsifying systems. Improvement in the solubility in non-aqueous systems can also lead to improved oral absorption.
• active ingredients that have poor solubility in either aqueous or non-aqueous based formulations or, as in the case of A 2a receptor antagonists described above or other certain active ingredients, may have poor solubility in both aqueous and non-aqueous based formulations. Poor aqueous solubility limits potential, viable formulations and may lead to poor dissolution and/or precipitation and low and/or variable oral absorption. Poor non-aqueous solubility also limits potential, viable formulations and may lead to low and/or variable oral absorption.
• formulations which can provide either improved aqueous or non-aqueous solubility for compounds such as the as A 2a receptor antagonist compounds described above, among others, which have neither aqueous nor non-aqueous solubility. It is most preferable to provide formulations which can provide both improved aqueous and non-aqueous solubility for compounds such as A 2a receptor antagonist compounds described above, among others, in order to allow for the widest selection of liquid or solid formulations and/or optimize dissolution and improve the absorption profile.
• composition comprising:
• composition comprising: a) a compound having the structure according to Formula I
• liquid carrier at least one pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous liquid carrier, wherein the liquid carrier is immiscible with an aqueous carrier; c) at least one anionic surfactant; and d) at least one acidifying agent.
• composition comprising: a) compounds having the structural formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
• R is R 1 -furanyl, R 1 -thienyl, R 1 -pyridyl, R 1 -pyridyl N-oxide, R 1 -oxazolyl, R 10 -phenyl, R 1 -pyrrolyl or C 4 -C 6 cycloalkenyl;
• X is C 2 -C 6 alkylene or —C(O)CH 2 —;
• Y is —N(R 2 )CH 2 CH 2 N(R 3 )—, —OCH 2 CH 2 N(R 2 )—, —O—, —S—, —CH 2 S—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —NH—, or and
• Z is R 5 -phenyl, R 5 -phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 5 -heteroaryl, diphenylmethyl, R 6 —C(O)—, R 6 —SO 2 —, R 6 —OC(O)—, R 7 —N(R 8 )—C(O)—, R 7 —N(R 8 )—C(S)—, phenyl-CH(OH)—, or phenyl-C( ⁇ NOR 2 )—; or when Q is Z is also phenylamino or pyridylamino; or
• R 1 is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, —CF 3 , halogen, —NO 2 , —NR 12 R 13 , C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, and C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl;
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• R 4 is 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or two R 4 substituents on the same carbon can form ⁇ O;
• R 5 is 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —CN, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , acetyl, —NO 2 , hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, di-((C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy)(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxycarbonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 3
• R 6 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 5 -phenyl, R 5 -phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, thienyl, pyridyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-OC(O)—NH—(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)aminomethyl, or
• R 7 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 5 -phenyl or R 5 -phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 8 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or R 7 and R 8 together are —(CH 2 ) p -A-(CH 2 ) q , wherein p and q are independently 2 or 3 and A is a bond, —CH 2 —, —S— or —O—, and form a ring with the nitrogen to which they are attached;
• R 9 is 1-2 groups independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, halogen, —CF 3 and (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
• R 10 is 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —CN, —NH 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 and —S(O) 0-2 (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 11 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, pyrrolidinyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or piperidino(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 12 is H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• R 13 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-C(O)— or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-SO 2 —
• composition comprising: a) compounds having the structural formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
• R is R 1 -furanyl, R 1 -thienyl, R 1 -pyridyl, R 1 -pyridyl N-oxide, R 1 -oxazolyl, R 10 -phenyl, R 1 -pyrrolyl or C 4 -C 6 cycloalkenyl;
• X is C 2 -C 6 alkylene or —C(O)CH 2 —;
• Y is —N(R 2 )CH 2 CH 2 N(R 3 )—, —OCH 2 CH 2 N(R 2 )—, —O—, —S—, —CH 2 S—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —NH—, or and
• Z is R 5 -phenyl, R 5 -phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 5 -heteroaryl, diphenylmethyl, R 6 —C(O)—, R 6 —SO 2 —, R 6 —OC(O)—, R 7 —N(R 8 )—C(O)—, R 7 —N(R 8 )—C(S)—, phenyl-CH(OH)—, or phenyl-C( ⁇ NOR 2 )—; or when Q is Z is also phenylamino or pyridylamino; or
• R 1 is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, —CF 3 , halogen, —NO 2 , —NR 12 R 13 , C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, and C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl;
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• R 4 is 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or two R 4 substituents on the same carbon can form ⁇ O;
• R 5 is 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —CN, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , acetyl, —NO 2 , hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, di-((C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy)(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxycarbonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 3
• R 6 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 5 -phenyl, R 5 -phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, thienyl, pyridyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-OC(O)—NH—(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)aminomethyl, or
• R 7 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 5 -phenyl or R 5 -phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 8 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or R 7 and R 8 together are —(CH 2 ) p -A-(CH 2 ) q , wherein p and q are independently 2 or 3 and A is a bond, —CH 2 —, —S— or —O—, and form a ring with the nitrogen to which they are attached;
• R 9 is 1-2 groups independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, halogen, —CF 3 and (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
• R 10 is 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —CN, —NH 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 and —S(O) 0-2 (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 11 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, pyrrolidinyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or piperidino(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 12 is H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• R 13 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-C(O)— or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-SO 2 —
• liquid carrier at least one pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous liquid carrier, wherein the liquid carrier is immiscible with an aqueous carrier; c) at least one anionic surfactant; and d) at least one acidifying agent.
• This compound is useful for treating central nervous system diseases such as depression, cognitive diseases and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, senile dementia or psychoses of organic origin, and stroke in a patient in need of such treatment.
• the compound is useful for treating Parkinson's disease.
• the compound may exist as a free base or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. All such acid and base salts are intended to be pharmaceutically acceptable salts within the scope of the invention and all acid and base salts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the corresponding compounds for purposes of the invention.
• This compound is virtually insoluble in aqueous media at neutral pH.
• the compound is a weak base with three pKa's of 1.72 (calculated), 2.25 (calculated) and 6.87 (titrated) and it therefore becomes increasingly positively charged as the pH is decreased.
• solubility improves with ionization.
• the aqueous solubility remains poor, e.g., at pH 4 the solubility is ⁇ 2 ⁇ g/mL.
• the average charge will be +2 but, the solubility for this strongly charged compound is only 1 mg/mL.
• this compound will have an average charge of +3 and the solubility might be expected to increase further.
• no further increase in solubility has been achieved, i.e., at pH 1.0 (0.1 N HCL) the solubility of this compound decreases to ⁇ 1 mg/mL. This type of decrease in solubility is consistent with the formation of insoluble chloride salts.
• anionic surfactants are those that will be negatively charged under acidic conditions such as at a pH of 2 to a pH of 3.
• the surfactant would contain a sulfate group such as is the case with docusate sodium or SLS.
• Useful anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, the water-soluble salts, preferably the alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts, of organic sulfuric acid reaction products having in their molecular structure of alkyl group containing from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms and a sulfonic acid or sulfuric acid ester group.
• alkyl is the alkyl portion of acyl groups.
• this group of synthetic surfactants are the sodium and potassium alkyl sulfates, especially those obtained by sulfating the higher alcohols (C 8 -C 18 carbon atoms) such as those produced by reducing the glycerides of tallow or coconut oil; and the sodium and potassium alkylbenzenesulfonates in which the alkyl group contains from about 9 to about 15 carbon atoms in straight chain or branched chain configuration.
• anionic surfactants suitable for use herein are the sodium alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates, especially those ethers of higher alcohols derived from tallow and coconut oil; sodium coconut oil fatty acid monoglyceride sulfonates and sulfates; sodium or potassium salts of alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates containing from about 1 to about 10 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and from about 8 to about 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; and sodium or potassium salts of alkyl ethylene oxide ether sulfates containing from about 1 to about 25 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.
• water-soluble salts including the sodium, potassium, ammonium and ethanolammonium salts of linear C 8 -C 16 alkyl benzene sulfonates; C 10 -C 20 paraffin sulfonates, alpha olefin sulfonates containing about 10-24 carbon atoms and C 8 -C 18 alkyl sulfates and mixtures thereof.
• the paraffin sulfonates may be monosulfonates or di-sulfonates and usually are mixtures thereof, obtained by sulfonating paraffins of 10 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Preferred paraffin sulfonates are those of C 12-18 carbon atoms chains, and more preferably they are of C 14-17 chains.
• Others include Paraffin sulfonates that have the sulfonate group(s) distributed along the paraffin chain. Such compounds may be made to specifications and desirably the content of paraffin sulfonates outside the C 14-17 range will be minor and will be minimized, as will be any contents of di- or poly-sulfonates.
• Suitable sulfonated anionic detergents are the well known higher alkyl mononuclear aromatic sulfonates, such as the higher alkylbenzene sulfonates containing 9 to 18 or preferably 9 to 16 carbon atoms in the higher alkyl group in a straight or branched chain, or C 8-15 alkyl toluene sulfonates.
• Other useful anionic surfactants include the water-soluble salts of esters of alpha-sulfonated fatty acids containing from about 6 to 20 carbon atoms in the fatty acid group and from about 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ester group; water-soluble salts of 2-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonic acids containing from about 9 to about 23 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and from about 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the moiety.
• Preferred anionic surfactants useful in the practice of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of negatively charged sulfate groups such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Sulfobutanedioc acid bis[2-ethyl-hexyl ester]dioctyl sulfosuccinate (Docusate sodium).
• SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
• Docusate sodium Sulfobutanedioc acid bis[2-ethyl-hexyl ester]dioctyl sulfosuccinate
• bile acid salts sodium salts of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid
• Bile acids such as taurocholic-, taurodeoxycholic-, taurochenodeoxycholic-, glycocholic acids and sodium glycocholate and cholic acid may also be used.
• the anionic surfactant is present in the composition of the present invention at levels of 0.005 to 10%, preferably 0.01 to 5.0% by weight in liquid formulations or for solid formulations, it may be present in 1 to 20 times the active compound concentration on a mole to mole basis.
• surfactants such sodium docusate are typically added to improve aqueous solubility.
• sodium docusate actually decreases the aqueous solubility of 7-[2-[4-[4-(methoxyethoxy)phenyl]1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2-(2-furanyl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine under acidic conditions.
• Tween 80 a non-ionic surfactant, amongst others, can be used to improve the aqueous solubility of hydrophobic compounds, and has been found to minimize the precipitation of the compound of Formula I by sodium docusate described above. This effect is assumed to result from solubilization of the compound of Formula I: docusate complex and is consistent with the proposed formation of a hydrophobic ion pair.
• Non-ionic surfactant refers to a surfactant which lacks a net ionic charge and does not dissociate to an appreciable extent in aqueous media.
• the properties of non-ionic surfactants are largely dependent upon the proportions of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in the molecule.
• Hydrophilic groups include the oxyethylene group (—OCH 2 CH 2 —) and the hydroxy group. By varying the number of these groups in a hydrophobic molecule, such as an ester of a fatty acid, substances are obtained which range from strongly hydrophobic and water insoluble compounds, such as glyceryl monostearate, to strongly hydrophilic and water-soluble compounds, such as the macrogols.
• hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups are more evenly balanced, such as the macrogol esters and ethers and sorbitan derivatives.
• Suitable non-ionic surfactants may be found in Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 28th Edition, 1982, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, Great Britain, pp. 370 to 379.
• Such suitable non-ionic surfactants include block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, glycol or glyceryl esters of saturated or unsaturated C 8 to C 20 acids, preferably, polyoxyethylene esters of saturated or unsaturated C 8 to C 20 acids, polyoxyethylene ethers of saturated or unsaturated C 8 to C 20 acids, and polyvinylalcohols or sorbitan esters of saturated or unsaturated C 10 to C 20 acids.
• the non-ionic surfactant is a sorbitan ester of a saturated or unsaturated C 10 to C 20 acid, and more preferably the sorbitan ester is a fatty acid ester of sorbitan selected from sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate and sorbitan tristearate, or mixtures thereof.
• Suitable sorbitan esters include, e.g. Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 40, Polysorbate 60, Polysorbate 65, Polysorbate 80, Polysorbate 85, Sorbitan Monolaurate, Sorbitan Mono-oleate, Sorbitan Monopalmitate, Sorbitan Monostearate, Sorbitan Sesquioleate, Sorbitan Trioleate and Sorbitan Tristearate.
• the most preferred non-ionic surfactant is Polysorbate 80, available from ICI Americas under the tradename Tween 80 which is a mixture of oleate esters of sorbitol and sorbitol anhydrides, consisting predominantly of the monoester, condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide.
• Suitable block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide generically called “Poloxamers” and include those represented by the following chemical structure I: wherein a is an integer ranging from about 10 to about 110, preferably from about 12 to 101; more preferably from about 12 to 80; and
• b is an integer ranging from about 20 to about 60, more preferably from about 20 to about 56; also from about 20 to 27.
• Suitable glycol and glyceryl esters of fatty acids include glyceryl monooleate and similar water soluble derivatives
• Suitable polyoxyethylene esters of fatty acids include polyoxyethylene castor oil and hydrogenated castor oil derivatives;
• Suitable polyoxyethylene ethers of fatty acids include Cetomacrogel 1000, Lauromacrogols (a series of lauryl ethers of macrogols of differing chain lengths), e.g. Laureth 4, Laureth 9 and Lauromacrogol 400. Additional non-ionic surfactants may be used to improve the solubility of the ion pair which may be formed between cationic active agents and naturally bile acids in vivo to change the absorption profile of the active agent.
• the amount of non-ionic surfactant will vary depending on the concentration required to reach the critical micelle concentration (CMC).
• the non-ionic surfactant can range from concentrations equal or greater than the CMC concentration in liquid formulations. In solid formulations the non-ionic surfactant will be present at concentrations equal or greater to the CMC concentration that will be achieved upon dilution.
• the expected dilution volume will be the volume required for either reconstitution or a biologically relevant volume such as 250 to 900 mL.
• anionic surfactants can also be used to replace or partially replace non ionic surfactants.
• the anionic surfactant is added in an amount equal to that necessary to achieve the CMC.
• the ion pair formed between the active compound and the anionic surfactant is then solubilized within a micelle that is formed by either the additional anionic surfactant or a mixture of anionic surfactant and nonionic surfactant.
• the formulations of the present invention may be administered orally as either a liquid or a solid.
• the compound of Formula 1 may be present in an amount of about 0.5 to 100 mg, preferably about 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 55 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 70 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 85 mg, 90 mg, 95 mg or 100 mg.
• Liquid oral formulations may be desirable for improving bioavailability and can include solutions, syrups, elixirs or solutions filled into soft or hard capsules.
• an aqueous/organic oral solution can be prepared using a co-solvents, e.g., an alcohol such as ethanol or a glycol such as polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol and/or amphiphilic compounds such as mono, di and triglycerides, suitable agents for pH adjustment, e.g., hydrochloric acid or citric acid, and a suitable biocompatible anionic surfactant, e.g., sodium docusate. If greater aqueous solubility is required in order to decrease precipitation of Formula 1 upon dilution of the formulation with gastric or intestinal fluids, additional amounts of the anionic surfactant and/or a non-ionic surfactant such as Tween—80 can be added.
• a co-solvents e.g., an alcohol such as ethanol or a glycol such as polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol and/or amphiphilic compounds such as mono, di and triglycerides
• suitable agents for pH adjustment e.
• oil based oral solutions can be prepared by solubilizing the active principle with a suitable anionic surfactant, e.g., sodium docusate, an acidifying agent and a substantially non-aqueous carrier (excipient).
• a suitable anionic surfactant e.g., sodium docusate
• an acidifying agent can be any biocompatible substance that is soluble in the hydrophobic formulation and which provides sufficient acidity for the Formula 1 compound to ionize and form a complex with the anionic surfactant.
• the non-aqueous carrier can be any substance that is biocompatible and will be in a liquid or will be liquefied in the formulation
• the carrier is usually hydrophobic and commonly organic, e.g., an oil or fat of vegetable, animal, mineral or synthetic origin or derivation.
• the carrier includes at least one chemical moiety of the kind that typifies “fatty” compounds, e.g., fatty acids, alcohols, esters, etc., i.e., a hydrocarbon chain, an ester linkage, or both.
• “Fatty” acids in this context include acetic, propionic and butyric acids, through straight- or branched-chain organic acids containing up to 30 or more carbon atoms.
• the carrier is immiscible in water and/or soluble in the substances commonly known as fat solvents.
• the carrier can correspond to a reaction product of such a “fatty” compound or compounds with a hydroxy compound, e.g., a mono-hydric, di-hydric, trihydric or other polyhydric alcohol, e.g., glycerol, propanediol, lauryl alcohol, polyethylene or -propylene glycol, etc.
• a hydroxy compound e.g., a mono-hydric, di-hydric, trihydric or other polyhydric alcohol, e.g., glycerol, propanediol, lauryl alcohol, polyethylene or -propylene glycol, etc.
• these compounds include the fat-soluble vitamins, e.g., tocopherols and their esters, e.g., acetates sometimes produced to stabilize tocopherols.
• the carrier may preferably comprise a natural, unmodified vegetable oil such as sesame oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, palm oil, or an unmodified fat.
• aqueous/organic oral solutions if greater aqueous solubility is required in order to decrease precipitation of Formula 1 upon dilution of the formulation in vivo, e.g., with gastric or intestinal fluids, additional amounts of the anionic surfactant and/or a non-ionic surfactant can be added.
• the additional anionic surfactant and/or the non-ionic surfactant in hydrophobic solutions can be any biocompatible surfactants that have sufficient solubility in the substantially non-aqueous carrier.
• anionic and/or non-ionic surfactants surfactant are to solubilize Formula 1 via micelles in aqueous media, they must also have sufficient solubility or dispersibility in aqueous media, e.g., docusate and polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives (cremophors), respectively.
• Solid oral formulations of Formula 1 can also be prepared using a suitable biocompatible anionic surfactant and excipients so that, upon dilution in vivo with gastric or intestinal fluids, an ion pair between Formula 1 and the anionic surfactant is formed, e.g. Formula 1 with sufficient sodium docusate to form an ion pair, i.e., docusate concentration 1 to 20 times the Formula 1 concentration on a mole:mole basis, additional sodium docusate or non-ionic surfactant, i.e., poloxamer 188, to solubilize the Formula 1: anionic surfactant ion pair, required acidifiers, and any fillers, dispersants, flavor agents etc. required for processing and formulating the solid dosage form, i.e., tablets, hard or soft filled capsules.
• a suitable biocompatible anionic surfactant and excipients so that, upon dilution in vivo with gastric or intestinal fluids, an ion pair between Formula 1 and the
• the formulations of the present invention may also be administered by parenteral routes such as intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection or intramuscular injection in similar amounts.
• parenteral routes such as intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection or intramuscular injection in similar amounts.
• a co-solvent e.g., an alcohol such as ethanol or a glycol such as polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol
• a suitable agent for pH adjustment e.g., hydrochloric acid or citric acid
• a suitable biocompatible anionic surfactant e.g., a phospholipid.
• aqueous solubility is required in order to decrease precipitation upon dilution, i.e., as can occur during dilution in the blood stream or when combined with vehicles for infusion, additional amounts of the anionic surfactant can be added and/or a non-ionic surfactant such as Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) can be added.
• Oily, injectable solutions can be similarly prepared by solubilizing the active principle with a suitable anionic surfactant, an acidifying agent and a hydrophobic or non-aqueous carrier.
• the acidifying agent can be any biocompatible substance which is soluble in the hydrophobic formulation and which provides sufficient acidity for the Formula 1 compound to ionize and form a complex with the anionic surfactant.
• Formula 1 anionic surfactant ion pair before addition to the pharmaceutical compositions listed above. In this case, the addition of an acidifying agent or agents to the final pharmaceutical composition would not be required.
• a procedure for obtaining Formula 1: anionic surfactant complexes is described in Example 1.
• This invention also includes solubilization of Formula 1 through the use of acidified cosolvents without the use of anionic surfactants. This result would not be predicted due to the fact that the uncharged or neutral active compound is more hydrophobic than the ionized compound and would, therefore, be expected to have greater solubility as the percentage of cosolvent is increased.
• the solubility of the neutral compound in propylene glycol is about 0.03 mg/mL, (Table 1), whereas, when the solution is acidified in order to increase the concentration of ionized active compound, the concentration increases to more than 9 mg/mL (Table 2).
• soybean oil was used to determine the effect of a hydrophobic media on solubility (soybean oil is significantly more hydrophobic than propylene glycol and is non-miscible with water). For this solubility determination the active compound was first added in excess to stock solutions 1-3 and then, each solution was extracted with soybean oil. As can be seen in Table 2, only the solution containing docusate led to significant extraction of the active compound into soybean oil.
• inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid.
• Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and methods of manufacture for various compositions may be found in A. Gennaro (ed.), Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20 th Edition, (2000), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.
• Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection or liquid carriers with the addition of sweeteners and opacifiers for oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.
• Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as an inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.
• solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration.
• liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
• the compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally.
• the transdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.
• the compound is administered orally.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form.
• the preparations subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.
• the actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill in the art. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day as required.
• the amount and frequency of administration of the compounds of the invention and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof will be regulated according to the judgment of the attending clinician considering such factors as age, condition and size of the patient as well as severity of the symptoms being treated.
• active compounds for use in the present invention include compounds having the structural formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
• R is R 1 -furanyl, R 1 -thienyl, R 1 -pyridyl, R 1 -pyridyl N-oxide, R 1 -oxazolyl, R 10 -phenyl, R 1 -pyrrolyl or C 4 -C 6 cycloalkenyl;
• X is C 2 -C 6 alkylene or —C(O)CH 2 —;
• Y is —N(R 2 )CH 2 CH 2 N(R 3 )—, —OCH 2 CH 2 N(R 2 )—, —O—, —S—, —CH 2 S—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —NH—, or and
• Z is R 5 -phenyl, R 5 -phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 5 -heteroaryl, diphenylmethyl, R 6 —C(O)—, R 6 —SO 2 —, R 6 —OC(O)—, R 7 —N(R 8 )—C(O)—, R 7 —N(R 8 )—C(S)—, phenyl-CH(OH)—, or phenyl-C( ⁇ NOR 2 )—; or when Q is Z is also phenylamino or pyridylamino; or
• R 1 is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, —CF 3 , halogen, —NO 2 , —NR 12 R 13 , C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfinyl, and C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl;
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• R 4 is 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or two R 4 substituents on the same carbon can form ⁇ O;
• R 5 is 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —CN, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , acetyl, —NO 2 , hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, di-((C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy)(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxycarbonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 3
• R 6 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 5 -phenyl, R 5 -phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, thienyl, pyridyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-OC(O)—NH—(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)aminomethyl, or
• R 7 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 5 -phenyl or R 5 -phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 8 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or R 7 and R 8 together are —(CH 2 ) p -A-(CH 2 ) q , wherein p and q are independently 2 or 3 and A is a bond, —CH 2 —, —S— or —O—, and form a ring with the nitrogen to which they are attached;
• R 9 is 1-2 groups independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, halogen, —CF 3 and (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
• R 10 is 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —CN, —NH 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 and —S(O) 0-2 (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 11 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, di-((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, pyrrolidinyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or piperidino(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
• R 12 is H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• R 13 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-C(O)— or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-SO 2 —
• formulations of the present invention can affect salt selection of 7-[2-[4-[4-(methoxyethoxy)phenyl]1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2-(2-furanyl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine and other active compounds which may be extended to include non-aqueous solubility profiles.
• ionic compounds such as surfactants or other active compounds may be complexed similarly to 7-[2-[4-[4-(methoxyethoxy)phenyl]1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2-(2-furanyl)-7-H-pyrazolo[4,3-e]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine to improve solubility/dissolution/absorption of the formulation.
• the formulations of the present invention may be administered to patients as a non-aqueous or aqueous solution for oral administration, or by intravenous or intramuscular injection and the like.
• this technology may be applied to other forms of delivering pharmaceutically active compounds that have poor aqueous solubility and carry a sufficient positive charge at a neutral pH.
• the compounds may be taste masked when used with another component such as an anionic surfactant like Docusate Sodium that is negatively charged at a pH of 7.
• Taste masking is understood as a perceived reduction of an undesirable taste that would otherwise be there.
• the mouth is, for the most part, a neutral environment where the pH is about 7.
• the pharmaceutically active compound When taken orally, the pharmaceutically active compound would immediately dissolve in the acidic pH environment in the stomach.
• a non-aqueous embodiment of the formulations of the present invention was prepared as set forth by the following procedure.
• a first solution was prepared by adding 100 mg of the compound of Formula I above to 500 mL of 0.01 N HCL.
• a second Solution was prepared by adding 20 grams of sodium docusate to 500 mL of 0.01 N HCL.
• These two solutions were mixed and a complex of the compound of Formula I and docusate sodium was precipitated from solution. The precipitate was thereafter separated by centrifuging the mixture, decanting the supernatant and then drying the residue complex.
• the dried residue was then dissolved in a small quantity of propylene glycol and the concentration of the compound of Formula I in this solution was determined to be 2.5 mg/mL.
• the solubility of the compound of Formula I was more than 80 fold greater than the solubility of SCH alone in propylene glycol.
• solution 2 which contained the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80, was similar to that achieved with solution 1. This further indicates that the solubility effects seen with anionic surfactants such as docusate are due to ion pairing, rather than typical surfactant solubility effects as would be seen by either an ionic or non-ionic surfactants.
• the increased solubility in acidified co-solvent solutions is dependent on the pH. As the pH decreases the active compound will become more ionized and therefore more molecules, as well as more sites on the molecule, will be positively charged and available for either self-association and or ion pairing. Therefore, the highest solubility in non-aqueous solutions, will be achieved at lower pH values.

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