US20050288521A1 - Semi-synthetic conversion of paclitaxel to docetaxel - Google Patents

Semi-synthetic conversion of paclitaxel to docetaxel Download PDF

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US20050288521A1
US20050288521A1 US10/881,711 US88171104A US2005288521A1 US 20050288521 A1 US20050288521 A1 US 20050288521A1 US 88171104 A US88171104 A US 88171104A US 2005288521 A1 US2005288521 A1 US 2005288521A1
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taxane
hydroxy
protecting
group
paclitaxel
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Ragina Naidu
Samuel Foo
BaoYu Xue
Bo Fan
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Phytogen Life Sciences Inc
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Phytogen Life Sciences Inc
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Priority to US10/881,711 priority Critical patent/US20050288521A1/en
Assigned to PHYTOGEN LIFE SCIENCES INC. reassignment PHYTOGEN LIFE SCIENCES INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FAN, BO, XUE, BAO YU, FOO, SAMUEL SIANG KIANG, NAIDU, RAGINA
Priority to CNA2005800219412A priority patent/CN101048394A/zh
Priority to PCT/US2005/023224 priority patent/WO2006004898A2/fr
Priority to CA2572315A priority patent/CA2572315C/fr
Priority to US11/631,466 priority patent/US7906661B2/en
Priority to EP05763687A priority patent/EP1797058B1/fr
Publication of US20050288521A1 publication Critical patent/US20050288521A1/en
Priority to US11/377,939 priority patent/US20070027332A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D305/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D305/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems

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  • the present invention relates to a semi-synthesis of taxane derivatives useful in the preparation of docetaxel, from pure or crude paclitaxel or related taxane starting material, in particular, the semi-synthesis of protected taxane derivatives in a one pot reaction and its conversion to docetaxel.
  • Taxotere a semi-synthetic analog
  • Taxol paclitaxel
  • Taxus brevifolia a complex diterpene isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree
  • paclitaxel has been found to have activity against different forms of leukemia and against solid tumors in the breast, ovary, brain, and lung in humans.
  • paclitaxel can be obtained from the yew tree or semi-synthetically, only the latter option is currently available for the formation of non-natural docetaxel.
  • the partial synthesis of this important compound has generally been accomplished through esterification of a derivative of the (2R, 3S) phenylisoserine side chain with a protected form of 10-deacetylbaccatin III, a comparatively abundant natural product also present in the yew tree.
  • Taxotere has been found to have very good anti-tumor activity and better bio-availability than paclitaxel. Taxotere is similar in structure to paclitaxel, having t-butoxycarbonyl instead of benzoyl on the amino group at the 3′ position, and a hydroxy group instead of the acetoxy group at the C-10 position.
  • Docetaxel and paclitaxel may be prepared semi-synthetically from 10-deacetylbaccatin III or baccatin III as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,924,011 and 4,924,012, by the reaction of a ⁇ -lactam and a suitably protected 10-deacetylbaccatin III or baccatin III derivative as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,315, by a method using an oxazoline compound as set forth in International Patent Kokai No. Hei 7-504444, by a method using thioester compound as set forth in International Patent Kokai No.
  • docetaxel and paclitaxel may also be prepared semi-synthetically from 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III.
  • the present invention provides a simple process for conversion of paclitaxel or a paclitaxel-containing material to its synthetic analog—docetaxel. Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention provides a process for producing a taxane intermediate under mild conditions using a pure or partially purified paclitaxel or a paclitaxel analog as a starting material, the taxane intermediate can later be used as a precursor to docetaxel.
  • the process comprises protecting a compound of Formula (I): wherein, R 1 is alkyl, alkenyl or aryl; and X, Y and Z are the same or different and independently hydroxy or protected hydroxy.
  • the process comprises: protecting one or more hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions of the taxane; and introducing a t-Boc group at the nitrogen of the amide group at the C-3′ position of the taxane to provide a C-2′, C-7, C-10 and N-t-Boc protected paclitaxel derivative, wherein the steps of protecting one or more hydroxy groups and introducing the t-Boc group comprises combining, in a one pot reaction, the taxane with a hydroxy protecting group and a t-Boc agent.
  • the hydroxy protecting groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions can be the same or different.
  • the step of protecting one or more hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions of the taxane is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the step of protecting one or more hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions of the taxane is carried out in the presence of an acid.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention provides a process for preparing docetaxel from a taxane of Formula (I): wherein, R 1 is alkyl, alkenyl or aryl; and X, Y and Z are the same or different and independently hydroxy or protected hydroxy, the process comprising: protecting one or more hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions of the taxane; introducing a t-Boc group at the nitrogen of the amide group at the C-3′ position of the taxane to provide a protected paclitaxel derivative having an urea linkage at the C-3′ position; selectively removing the —C(O)R 1 group from the urea linkage to provide a protected docetaxel; and converting the protected docetaxel to docetaxel by removing the hydroxy-protecting groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions, wherein the step of protecting one or more hydroxy groups at C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions, and introducing the t
  • the hydroxy protecting groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions can be the same or different.
  • the step of protecting one or more hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions of the taxane is carried out in the presence of a second base.
  • the step of protecting one or more hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions of the taxane is carried out in the presence of an acid.
  • the present invention provides a simplified and efficient process for preparing docetaxel from an initial mixture of taxanes, wherein the initial mixture comprises paclitaxel and at least one additional taxane selected from the group of 10-deacetylbaccatin III, 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, cephalomannine, 10-deacetyl taxol, 7-xylosyl taxol and 10-deacetyl-7-xylosyl taxol, the process comprising the steps of: protecting the hydroxy groups at the C-2′ and C-7 positions of paclitaxel; introducing a t-Boc group at the nitrogen of the amide group at the C-3′ position of paclitaxel to provide a protected paclitaxel derivative having an urea linkage at the C-3′ position; selectively removing the benzoyl group from the urea linkage to provide a protected docetaxel; and converting the protected docetaxel to docet
  • the step of protecting the hydroxy group at the C-2′ and C-7 position of paclitaxel further comprises protecting one or more hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions of each taxane in the initial mixture having a hydroxy group at these positions.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention provides a process of converting a taxane of Formula (I) wherein, R 1 is alkyl, alkenyl or aryl, and X, Y and Z are the same or different and independently hydroxy or protected hydroxy, to docetaxel, via a primary amine intermediate.
  • the process comprises: introducing a nitroso group (—NO) at the nitrogen of the amide group at the C-3′ position of the taxane to provide a N-nitrosoamide intermediate; hydrolyzing the N-nitrosoamide intermediate to provide a N-nitrosoamine intermediate; reducing the N-nitrosoamine intermediate to provide a primary amine intermediate; and converting the primary amine derivative to docetaxel,
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a chemical route for the preparation of a protected taxane derivative from paclitaxel or paclitaxel containing material, and the conversion of such derivative to docetaxel according to the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to processes for converting paclitaxel, paclitaxel containing material or other paclitaxel derivatives to docetaxel.
  • “Silica matrix” is a solid media containing a silicate which is used as an adsorbent or column material in chromatographic separations, including (but not limited to) ordinary silica, Florisil, porous silica gels or any physical formulation of a silicate for use in chromatographic procedures.
  • Tuxane-containing material refers to selected parts of a plant, plant tissues, cell cultures, microorganisms or extracts with extractable taxanes, including paclitaxel, 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB), baccatin III (BACC III), 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III (9-DHB), cephalomannine, 10-deacetyl taxol (10-DAT), 7-xylosyl taxol and 10-deacetyl-7-xylosyl taxol.
  • “Crude taxane extract” refers to a composition obtained from a taxane-containing material by treating the taxane-containing material with at least one solvent.
  • Partially purified taxane extract refers to a paclitaxel enriched composition obtained from the chromatographic separation and/or recrystallization of a crude or partially purified taxane extract.
  • “Waste stream fractions” refers to fractions collected following the chromatographic separation and collection of paclitaxel enriched fractions from a crude or partially purified taxane extract by, for example, the process of U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,989.
  • “Waste mother liquors” refers to mother liquors collected following the recrystallization of a crude or partially purified taxane extract by, for example, the process of U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,989.
  • “Hydroxy-protecting group” refers to any derivative of a hydroxy group known in the art which can be used to mask the hydroxy group during a chemical transformation and later removed under conditions resulting in the hydroxy group being recovered without other undesired effects on the remainder of the molecule. Many esters, acetals, ketals and silyl ethers are suitable protecting groups.
  • hydroxy-protecting groups include, without limitation, formyl, acetyl (Ac), benzyl (PhCH 2 ), 1-ethoxyethyl (EE), methoxymethyl (MOM), (methoxyethoxy)methyl (MEM), (p-methoxyphenyl)methoxymethyl (MPM), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS), tert-butyidiphenylsilyl (TBPS), tert-butoxycarbonyl (tBoc, t-Boc, tBOC, t-BOC), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), triphenylmethyl (Trityl, Tr), 2-methoxy-2-methylpropyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), dichloroacetyl, trichloroacetyl (OCCCl 3 ), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc), benzyloxymethyl (BOM
  • protected hydroxy group refers to a hydroxy group that is bonded to a hydroxy-protecting group.
  • protected hydroxy groups include, without limitation, —O-alkyl, —O-acyl, acetal, and —O-ethoxyethyl (OEE), where some specific protected hydroxy groups include, formyloxy, acetoxy, propionyloxy, chloroacetoxy, bromoacetoxy, dichloroacetoxy, trichloroacetoxy, trifluoroacetoxy, methoxyacetoxy, phenoxyacetoxy, benzoyloxy, benzoylformoxy, p-nitro benzoyloxy, ethoxycarbonyloxy, methoxycarbonyloxy, propoxycarbonyloxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyloxy, benzyloxycarbonyloxy, tert-butoxycarbonyloxy, 1-cyclopropylethoxy, ethoxycarbonyloxy, methoxycarbony
  • hydroxy protecting agent refers to a reagent that introduces a hydroxy protecting group to a free hydroxy functionality.
  • a hydroxy protecting agent comprises a hydroxy protecting group as those listed above and a leaving group, such as a halide or a triflate.
  • the hydroxy protecting group is an alkyl
  • the hydroxy protecting agent is referred herein as an alkylating agent.
  • the alkyl moiety of the alkylating agent can be optionally substituted by aryl, alkoxy, or aryloxy.
  • Suitable alkylating agent includes benzyl bromide, benzyl chloride, methoxymethyl chloride, ethyl vinyl ether, and benzyloxymethyl chloride.
  • the hydroxy protecting agent when the hydroxy protecting group is an acyl or silyl, the hydroxy protecting agent can be referred herein as an acylating agent or silylating agent, respectively.
  • Suitable acylating agent includes, but not limited to, Boc 2 O and acetoxyacetyl chloride.
  • Suitable silylating agents includes TMSCI (trimethylsilyl chloride), TESCI (triethylsilyl chloride), etc. More exemplary hydroxy-protecting groups and hydroxy protecting agents are described in, e.g., C. B. Reese and E. Haslam, “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry,” J. G. W.
  • Thiol-protecting group refers to any derivative of a thiol group known in the art which can be used to mask the thiol group during a chemical transformation and later removed under conditions resulting in the thiol group being recovered without other undesired effects on the remainder of the molecule.
  • thiol-protecting groups include, without limitation, triphenylmethyl (trityl, Trt), acetamidomethyl (Acm), benzamidomethyl, 1-ethoxyethyl, benzoyl, and the like.
  • the related term “protected thiol group” refers to a thiol group that is bonded to a thiol-protecting group.
  • protected thiol groups include, without limitation, —S-alkyl (alkylthio, e.g., C 1 -C 10 alkylthio), —S-acyl (acylthio), thioacetal, —S-aralkyl (aralkylthio, e.g., aryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkylthio), where some specific protected thiols groups include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, pentylthio, isopentylthio, neopentylthio, hexylthio, heptylthio, nonylthio, cyclobutylthio, cyclopentylthio and cyclohexylthio, benzylthio
  • Thiol-protecting groups and protected thiol groups are described in, e.g., C. B. Reese and E. Haslam, “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry,” J. G. W. McOmie, Ed., Plenum Press, New York, N.Y., 1973, Chapters 3 and 4, respectively, and T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1991, Chapters 2 and 3.
  • Alkyl refers to an optionally substituted hydrocarbon structure, containing no saturation, wherein the carbons are arranged in a linear, branched or cyclic manner, including combinations thereof.
  • Lower alkyl refers to alkyl groups of 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, s- and t-butyl and the like.
  • Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes mono or bi-cyclic hydrocarbon groups of from 3 to 13 carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, norbornyl, adamantyl and the like.
  • alkyl residue having a specific number of carbons is named, all geometric isomers having that number of carbons are intended to be encompassed; thus, for example, “butyl” is meant to include n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl; propyl includes n-propyl and isopropyl.
  • Alkenyl refers to an optionally substituted alkyl group having at least one site of unsaturation, i.e., at least one double bond.
  • Alkynyl refers to an optionally substituted alkyl group having at least one triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms.
  • Alkoxy refers to a radical of the formula —O-alkyl. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like. Lower-alkoxy refers to groups containing one to five carbons.
  • Alkoxycarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)-alkoxy, wherein alkoxy is as defined herein.
  • Aryl refers to optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl.
  • exemplary substituents for aryl include one or more of halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio, cyano, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl where the alkoxy portion contains 1 to 15 carbons, aryloxycarbonyl where the aryloxy portion contains 6 to 20 carbon, or heteroarylcarbonyl where the heteroaryl portion contains 3 to 15 carbon atoms.
  • Aryloxy refers to a radical of the formula —O-aryl, wherein aryl is defined as above. Representative aryloxy includes phenoxy.
  • Aryloxycarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)-aryloxy, wherein aryloxy is as defined herein.
  • Heteroaryl refers to an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N or S; a bicyclic 9- or 10-membered heteroaromatic ring system containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N or S; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered heteroaromatic ring system containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N or S.
  • Exemplary aromatic heterocyclic rings include, e.g., imidazole, pyridine, indole, thiophene, benzopyranone, thiazole, furan, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.
  • Heterocycle means a 5- to 7-membered monocyclic, or 7- to 10-membered bicyclic, heterocyclic ring which is either saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, and which contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may be optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may be optionally quaternized, including bicyclic rings in which any of the above heterocycles are fused to a benzene ring.
  • the heterocycle may be optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents.
  • the heterocycle may be attached via any heteroatom or carbon atom.
  • Heterocycles include heteroaryls as defined above.
  • heterocycles also include morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydroprimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.
  • acyl refers to a radical of the formula —C( ⁇ O)—R, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heterocycle or heteroaryl, where alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heterocycle and heteroaryl are as defined herein.
  • Representative acyl groups include acetyl, benzoyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, t-butoxycarbonyl, and the like. Lower-acyl refers to groups containing one to five carbons.
  • leaving group refers to a chemical moiety that may be displaced during a substitution or elimination reaction.
  • exemplary leaving groups include halogen (e.g., bromide and chloride), triflate and tosyl.
  • Halogen refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • Oxo refers to ⁇ O.
  • Hydrocarbonyl refers to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl.
  • Metal alkoxide refers to a base of a general formula MO-alkyl, wherein M is a Group I, II, III or transition metal.
  • Representative metal alkoxides are lithium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, potassium t-butoxide, calcium methoxide, lithium methoxide.
  • Metal hydroxide refers to a base of a general formula M-OH, wherein M is a Group I, II, III or transition metal.
  • Representative metal hydroxide are lithium hydroxide (LiOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ).
  • substituted means any of the above groups (e.g., alkyl, alkoxy, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle) wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced with a substituent.
  • substituents e.g., alkyl, alkoxy, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle
  • ⁇ O oxo substituent
  • Substituents include halogen, hydroxy, oxo, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, mercapto, cyano, alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —NR a R b , —NR a C( ⁇ O)R b , —NR c C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —NR a C( ⁇ O)OR b , —NR a SO 2 R b , —C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —OC( ⁇ O)R a , —OC( ⁇ O)OR a , —OC( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R b or a radical of the formula —Y-Z-R a where Y is alkanediyl, substituted alkanediyl or a direct bond, alkane
  • one pot reaction refers to a multi-step chemical reaction carried out in a reaction vessel.
  • a reaction intermediate is generated in an initial step of reaction, the intermediate is then reacted in situ with other component(s) present in or introduced to the same vessel.
  • the reaction intermediate generated is not isolated but serves directly as a reactant in a next step of reaction.
  • one or more free hydroxy groups of a taxane are protected, the protected taxane intermediate is not isolated and is used directly in a next step of N-acylation whereby a t-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc) group is attached to the nitrogen of the amide group at the C-3′ position.
  • a taxane e.g., paclitaxel
  • the present invention relates to a semi-synthesis of paclitaxel derivatives useful in the preparation of docetaxel.
  • one embodiment of the present invention provides a process comprising protecting one or more of the free hydroxy groups at any of the C-7, C-10 and C-2′ positions, and introducing a t-Boc group at the nitrogen of the amide group at the C-3′ position of a compound of Formula (I) to provide a protected paclitaxel derivative having an urea linkage therein.
  • One embodiment provides a process of protecting the hydroxy group(s) and introducing the t-Boc group, the process comprising, in one reaction vessel, combining a compound of Formula (I) with a base, a hydroxy protecting agent and a t-Boc agent.
  • t-Boc agent refers to a reagent that introduces a t-Boc group to the nitrogen of the amide group at the C-3′ position, in other words, the t-Boc agent further acylates the nitrogen of the amide group.
  • Suitable “t-Boc agent” can be the same as those hydroxy protecting agents having a t-Boc moiety, for example, Boc 2 O.
  • the t-Boc agent is selected to react with the amide group in the presence of a base after the reactive hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 positions have been protected. Reaction Scheme 1 is shown below to illustrate this process: wherein,
  • the protecting step provides protection to one or more reactive hydroxy groups in a compound of Formula (I).
  • the protection step comprises protecting the hydroxy groups at both the C-7 and C-2′ positions.
  • X, Y and Z are all free hydroxy groups, as in 10-DAT (7)
  • the protection step comprises protecting all three hydroxy groups at C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions.
  • X and Y are free hydroxy, and Z is already a protected hydroxy, as in 10-deacetyl-7-xylosyl taxol (9), the protection step comprises protecting the free hydroxy groups at C-2′ and C-10 positions.
  • the same hydroxy protecting agent is used to protect all the available reactive hydroxy groups.
  • different hydroxy protecting agents can be used to protect the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 positions.
  • the free hydroxy group at the C-2′ position is more reactive than the hydroxy group at the C-7, which is in turn more reactive than the hydroxy group at the C-10 positions. This leads to the preferential protection whereby the hydroxy group at C-2′ will be protected first, followed by those at the C-7 and C-10 positions.
  • the hydroxy protecting step comprises sequential steps of protecting the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions, with a different protecting agent for each step.
  • C-2′ can be protected, using about one equivalent of a first hydroxy protecting agent, followed by the protection of the C-7 position using a second hydroxy protecting agent and, if necessary, followed by the protection of the C-10 position using a third protecting agent.
  • the reaction can be carried out in the same reaction vessel without isolating any of the protected intermediates.
  • the hydroxy protecting agent is the same as the t-Boc agent.
  • Boc 2 O can be employed as a hydroxy protecting agent to protect, where appropriate, one or more of the reactive hydroxy groups at any of the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions. After the protection is completed, without isolating the protected taxane intermediate, Boc 2 O can be used to introduce a t-Boc group to the nitrogen of the amide group at the C-3′ position in the presence of a base.
  • hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 positions of a taxane of Formula (I) can be selectively protected using any of a variety of hydroxy protecting agents, such as silylating, acylating, alkylating agents and those agents forming acetal and ketal with the hydroxy group.
  • the hydroxy protecting step can be carried out in the presence of a base or an acid, depending on the hydroxy protecting agent(s) used.
  • One embodiment of the present invention provides the protection of one or more hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 in the presence of a base.
  • Formula (I) is: wherein,
  • the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 hydroxy group may be silylated using any of a variety of common silylating agents including, but not limited to, tri(hydrocarbonyl)silyl halides and tri(hydrocarbonyl)silyl triflates.
  • the hydrocarbonyl moieties of these compounds may be optionally substituted and preferably are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl.
  • Representative silylating agents include, tribenzylsilyl chloride, trimethylsilyl chloride, triethylsilyl chloride, dimethylisopropylsilyl chloride, dimethylphenylsilyl chloride and the like.
  • selective acylation of the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 hydroxy group can be achieved using any of a variety of common acylating agents, but not limited to substituted and unsubstituted carboxylic acid derivatives, e.g., carboxylic acid halides, anhydrides, dicarbonates, isocyanates and haloformates.
  • Representative acylating agents include, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc 2 O), dibenzyl dicarbonate, diallyl dicarbonate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate, benzyl chloroformate, dichloroacetyl chloride, acetyl chloride or another common acylating agent.
  • selective alkylation of the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 hydroxy group can be achieved using any of a variety of common alkylating agents, such as benzyl chloride and benzyl bromide.
  • the protecting step is carried out in the presence of a base, such as, for example, DMAP, pyridine, TEA, LiOH, Li-t-OBu, n-BuLi, LiH, LiHMDS, KHMDS, K-t-OBu, NaH, NaHMDS, Na-t-OBu and mixtures of any two or more of the foregoing, such as a mixture of n-BuLi/Li-t-OBu, and the hydroxy-protecting group is an alkylating agent, silylating agent or acylating agent.
  • a base such as, for example, DMAP, pyridine, TEA, LiOH, Li-t-OBu, n-BuLi, LiH, LiHMDS, KHMDS, K-t-OBu, NaH, NaHMDS, Na-t-OBu and mixtures of any two or more of the foregoing, such as a mixture of n-BuLi/Li-t-OBu, and the hydroxy-protecting
  • Exemplary reaction conditions are as follows: a taxane of Formula (I), or a mixture of taxanes, is dissolved in an organic solvent, such as anhydrous DCM (dichloromethane) or THF (tetrahydrofuran) or DMF (dimethyl formamide) or DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or acetonitrile under an argon atmosphere at low to around room temperature.
  • an organic solvent such as anhydrous DCM (dichloromethane) or THF (tetrahydrofuran) or DMF (dimethyl formamide) or DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or acetonitrile under an argon atmosphere at low to around room temperature.
  • DMAP dimethylaminopyridine
  • any of the lithium, sodium or potassium base such as Li-t-OBu, K-t-OBu, n-BuLi, a mixture of n-BuLi/K-t-OBu or LiOH
  • an hydroxy protecting agent such as an acylating agent (e.g., di-tert-butyl dicarbonate), or an silylating agent (e.g., triethyl silyl chloride) or any other hydroxy-protecting agents as described herein.
  • Low temperature refers to temperature between ⁇ 78° C. to room temperature.
  • the protecting step can be carried out using the same hydroxy protecting agent for all the available reactive hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 positions, or using different hydroxy protecting agent for each of the hydroxy groups to be protected.
  • different hydroxy protecting agent for each of the hydroxy groups to be protected.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention provides the protection of one or more hydroxy groups at the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 in the presence of a catalytic amount of an acid.
  • Formula (I) is: wherein,
  • the C-2′, C-7 and/or C-10 hydroxy group may be alkylated with an alkylating agent such as ethyl vinyl ether and methoxymethyl chloride.
  • Suitable acid includes p-toluenesulfonic acid and other protic acid.
  • Protic acid refers to an acid that yields an H + ion. Only catalytic amount of the acid is needed to initiate the protecting step. Typically, less than 1 equivalent of the acid is used, more typically, less than 0.5 equivalent of the acid is used, more typically, less than 0.2 equivalent of the acid is used.
  • C-2′ paclitaxel can be first protected using about one equivalent of ethyl vinyl ether in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • a base and another hydroxy protecting agent are added.
  • the amount of the base used is selected with the expectation that some of it will be consumed by the acid that might still be present in the reaction mixture.
  • all the reactive hydroxy groups of a taxane of Formula (I) are to be protected by the same or different hydroxy protecting groups.
  • the introduction of a t-Boc group at the nitrogen of the amide group of the taxane may be performed in the same vessel without isolating the product of the hydroxy-protecting step according to the following method.
  • N-acylation step The introduction of a tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc) to the above protected taxane is also referred herein as a N-acylation step, whereby a t-Boc group replaces the hydrogen of the —NHC(O)R 1 group to provide a taxane intermediate having an urea linkage at the C-3′ position, as represented by Formula (II) in Reaction Scheme 1.
  • the N-acylation step is carried out in a combined step by adding to the hydroxy-protected taxane in the same reaction vessel, a base and a t-Boc agent.
  • Representative bases include DMAP, TEA, LiOH, n-BuLi, LiH, LiHMDS, KHMDS, NaH, NaHMDS or a mixture of any two or more of the foregoing.
  • the combined step may further comprise combining the taxane with a metal alkoxide, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Group I, II and III metals and transition metals.
  • Representative metal alkoxide includes, but is not limited to Li-t-Bu, Na-t-Bu and K-t-Bu.
  • Representative t-Boc agent includes, but is not limited to, Boc 2 O.
  • An exemplary reaction condition for introducing the t-Boc group includes, dissolving a C-7, C-2′ and/or C-10 protected taxane or a mixture of C-7, C-2′ and/or C-10 protected taxanes in an organic solvent under an argon atmosphere at low to around room temperature.
  • a base such as DMAP, TEA, LiOH, Li-t-OBu, n-BuLi, LiH, LiHMDS, KHMDS, K-t-OBu, NaH, NaHMDS, Na-t-Bu or a mixture of any two or more of the foregoing, followed by addition of a t-Boc agent.
  • the mixture is left to react at low to room temperature until complete consumption of the starting material, as visualized by TLC.
  • a solution of an acid, such as AcOH, in an organic solvent is added to the mixture, and the mixture is partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and mixtures of DCM and ethyl acetate.
  • the combined organic extracts are dried and evaporated to give the crude protected taxane derivative, which can be further purified by column chromatography or crystallized from a suitable solvent.
  • Representative taxanes of Formula (I) include paclitaxel (2), cephalomannine (6), 10-deacetyl taxol (7), 7-xylosyl taxol (8) and 10-deacetyl-7-xylosyl taxol (9).
  • other taxanes may also be present in the taxane starting material without affecting the conversion of Formula (I) to Formula (III), as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 1.
  • taxanes of Formula (I) are a plurality of compounds of a generic tetracyclic baccatin molecular framework as represented by Formula (IV): wherein R A , R B , R C and R D represent substituents which vary between the taxanes. More specifically, R A is —OH, R B is —OH or —OAc, R C is ⁇ O, and R D is —OH or xylosyl.
  • R A is —OH
  • R B is —OH
  • R C is ⁇ O and R D is —OH
  • the foregoing structure represents 10 deacetylbaccatin III (3)
  • R A is —OH
  • R B is —OAc
  • R C is ⁇ O
  • R D is —OH
  • the foregoing structure represents baccatin III (4)
  • R A is —OAc
  • R B is —OAc
  • R C is —OH
  • R D is —OH
  • the forgoing structure represents 9-DHB (5).
  • the t-Boc agent for acylating the amide group is less likely to be consumed by any reactive free hydroxy group.
  • the taxanes utilized in the processes of the present invention may be pure, purified or partially purified taxanes.
  • Such purified and partially purified taxanes may be obtained by any of a number of different methods well known in the art.
  • paclitaxel can be obtained by the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,989 to Foo et al. and references incorporated therein.
  • the mixture of taxane utilized in the processes of the present invention may be a plurality of taxanes present in a crude taxane extract or in a waste taxane solution or from synthesis.
  • the disclosed processes may be utilized for high yield and large scale conversion of taxanes present in a waste taxane solution into protected taxane derivatives, which can be used to further synthesize docetaxel.
  • waste taxane solutions may comprise (1) pooled waste stream fractions collected following the chromatographic separation and collection of paclitaxel enriched fractions from a crude or partially purified taxane extract, and/or (2) pooled waste mother liquors collected following the recrystallization of a crude or partially purified taxane extract of paclitaxel.
  • Representative waste taxane solutions may be obtained by a number of different methods, such as, for example, the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,989 to Foo et al., and other references cited therein, which patent is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/831,648, which application is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a representative method of obtaining a waste taxane solution which comprises pooled waste stream fractions, comprises the following extraction and column chromatography steps.
  • a suitable taxane-containing material is any tissue that contains a high taxane content.
  • suitable taxane-containing material include tissues from various species of Yew plants comprising the genus Taxus, most preferably the roots and needles of ornamental Yew plants such as T. canadensis, T. x media spp Hicksii, T. x dark green spreader and Hill., T. chinensis, T. wallichiana, T. cuspidata, T. globosa, T. sumatrana, T. marei and T. floridana , and the bark of T. brevifolia or T. yunnanensis .
  • Other suitable material include cultures of plant tissues obtained from a Taxus species.
  • the taxane-containing material is either pulverized, chipped or otherwise ground into small pieces so as to increase efficiency of a solvent extraction.
  • the taxane-containing material may also optionally be dried. Taxane-containing cell culture, cells, microorganisms and fermentation broths will typically be concentrated prior to solvent extraction. Cells and microorganisms can be processed as whole cells or cell paste or pulver.
  • the taxane-containing material may be initially extracted by contacting the material with an organic solvent, usually for a prolonged period of at least 8 hours and typically for about 3 days with or without physical agitation to promote formation of a crude organic extract containing a plurality of taxanes.
  • the extraction may employ any of the solvent systems that are known to be used for the extraction of paclitaxel, including but not limited to, acetone, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, chloroform, mixtures thereof, and mixtures containing an aqueous component of up to 60%. These solvents are typically added in an amount of about 4-20 liter per kg of the taxane-containing material to prepare the crude organic extract.
  • the organic solvent is a polar organic solvent, typically an alcohol.
  • methanol is preferred because of its low cost, ease of removal and efficiency of taxane extraction.
  • about 6-15 liters of methanol is added for every kg of taxane-containing material to be extracted.
  • the extraction is accelerated by agitating the taxane-containing material, for example, by stirring or percolating the methanol with the taxane-containing material for about 1-5 days at a temperature between room temperature and about 60° C., most typically at about 40° C.
  • methanol extraction for three days as described above recovers at least 90% of the available paclitaxel from the taxane-containing material, in addition to a plurality of other taxanes, to form a crude methanol extract containing about 0.1-0.5% paclitaxel and having an overall solid content of about 0.5-5% (w/v).
  • the large volume of methanol extract thus obtained is optionally concentrated, typically about 10-30 fold by evaporation to obtain a methanol extract concentrate having a solid content of about 100-400 g/L.
  • the crude organic extract may be subsequently enriched for taxanes by performing 1-3 liquid-liquid extractions by mixing the organic extract with a non-miscible, organic solvent to form a two phase system wherein one phase contains the plurality of taxanes.
  • the two phase system includes a polar phase.
  • the taxane-containing phase is selected and concentrated by evaporation to form a concentrated extract having a solid content of about 100-400 g/L and a paclitaxel purity of about 1-4%.
  • water is included to help remove preferentially water soluble materials and the less polar solvent is selected to remove undesirable compounds such as waxes, lipids, pigments, and sterols that are found in different amounts depending on the taxane-containing material used.
  • Typical solvents for liquid-liquid partitioning include hexane, and methylene chloride. Methylene chloride has generally been found to be suitable for liquid-liquid extraction of taxane-containing material especially when the solvent used for the crude organic extract is an alcohol.
  • the concentrated extract obtained is optionally evaporated and the residue is re-dissolved in a solvent for loading onto a silica chromatography matrix.
  • liquid-liquid extraction may be omitted altogether when a plant extract containing high taxane levels is obtained by other methods such as for example, by intervening precipitation, crystallization or chromatography steps.
  • WO 98/07712 by Zamir et al, which uses a precipitation step immediately after obtaining an initial organic extract to obtain a paclitaxel fraction that may be about 1% or higher.
  • the concentrated extract may be further purified by normal phase silica chromatography.
  • silica chromatography generally refers to the process of contacting a sample dissolved in a feed solvent with a silica matrix then eluting the silica matrix with an eluting solvent to obtain a fraction enriched with a desired component.
  • the dimensions of the first silica column are selected according to the quantity and purity of the solids to be separated.
  • a pilot scale process about 250 grams of solids are dissolved in about 0.75 liters of feed solvent which is then chromatographed over a Silica column of about 1.5-inches ⁇ 10-feet.
  • about 40-50 kg of solids are dissolved in about 100-200 liters of feed solvent, and chromatographed over a Silica column of about 18-inches ⁇ 10-feet.
  • the optimal eluting solvent for the Silica column should be a hexane/acetone mixture at a ratio of about 3:1 or a DCM/ethyl acetate mixture at a ratio of about 7:3.
  • the ‘heart cut’ fractions containing at least 2% paclitaxel are pooled and further purified, for example, according to the process set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,989.
  • the remaining waste stream fractions which contain a plurality of taxanes, including, paclitaxel, 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB), baccatin III (BACC III), 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III (9-DHB), cephalomannine, 10-deacetyl taxol (10-DAT), 7-xylosyl taxol and 10-deacetyl-7-xylosyl taxol are pooled into a waste taxane solution for further processing according to the present invention.
  • the paclitaxel enriched ‘heart cut’ fractions obtained from the foregoing chromatography step may be further purified through one or more additional chromatographic or recrystallization steps. Any waste stream fractions or waste mother liquors collected during such additional purification steps may also be pooled and added to the waste taxane solution for further processing according to the present invention.
  • a protected taxane of Formula (II) having an urea linkage at the C-3′ position further undergoes a N-deacylation step to remove the —C(O)R 1 group in the presence of a base.
  • a protected docetaxel, as represented by Formula (III) is thus provided: wherein,
  • R 1 is phenyl.
  • R 1 is 2-(2-butenyl).
  • compound of Formula (II) is a protected cephalomannine, whose subsequent conversion to docetaxel has been described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/790,622 (hereafter referred as the '622 application).
  • the '622 application is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Suitable base includes metal hydroxide and metal alkoxide.
  • Exemplary base can be, but are not limited to, LiOH, NaOH, Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 , or NaOCH 3 .
  • the base is used in excess in order to avoid hydrolyzing any of the protected hydroxy group.
  • the base is LiOH, two or more equivalents of LiOH is used. Typically, 5 or more equivalents of LiOH is used, and more typically, 10 or more equivalents of LiOH is used.
  • a peroxide can be used in conjunction with the base in the N-deacylation step.
  • Representative peroxide includes, but is not limited to, H 2 O 2 , t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHB) and peroxy acid such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA).
  • TBHB t-butyl hydroperoxide
  • mCPBA m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
  • An exemplary N-deacylation condition includes the use of 20 equivalents of 30% H 2 O 2 with 10 equivalents of LiOH.
  • the present invention provides an overall process for preparing docetaxel from paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivative or paclitaxel containing material, the process comprising:
  • the present invention provides an overall process for preparing docetaxel from an initial mixture of taxanes, wherein the initial mixture comprises paclitaxel, and at least one additional taxane selected from 10 deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, cephalomannine, 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III, 10-deacetyl taxol, 7-xylosyl taxol and 10-deacetyl-7-xylosyl taxol, the process comprising:
  • the step of protecting the hydroxy groups of paclitaxel further comprises protecting one or more hydroxy groups of each taxanes in the mixture having free hydroxy groups at any of the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions.
  • the C-7, C-2′ and C-10 protected docetaxel derivatives may be converted to docetaxel by a number of different deprotection methods, such as, for example, the methods disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/683,865 and 10/790,622, which applications are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,365,750 and 6,307,071, and the references cited therein, which patents and references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • the present invention also provides a process for preparing docetaxel via an intermediate of primary amine derivative of paclitaxel.
  • the process can be illustrated in Reaction Scheme 3.
  • a paclitaxel or a derivative thereof as represented by Formula (I) is subjected to nitrosation condition whereby the amide group at the C-3′ position is converted to a N-nitrosoamide intermediate, as represented by Formula (V).
  • Suitable nitrosation reagent includes, but is not limited to, NaNO 2 , LiNO 2 , KNO 2 and other like metal nitrites.
  • an acid such as acetic acid, is present in the nitrosation step.
  • N 2 O 4 gas can be used to provide the N-nitrosoamide intermediate.
  • a N-nitrosoamine intermediate is obtained, as represented by Formula (VI).
  • Representative metal hydroxide includes, but not limited to LiOH and NaOH.
  • Representative peroxide includes, but is not limited to, H 2 O 2 , t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHB) and peroxy acid such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mPCBA).
  • TBHB t-butyl hydroperoxide
  • mPCBA m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
  • LiOH is used.
  • a mixture of LiOH and H 2 O 2 are used.
  • Typical reduction condition includes, but is not limited to Raney nickel, palladium on carbon or platinum on carbon in the presence of hydrogen gas.
  • Direct conversion of the primary amine derivative of paclitaxel to docetexel can be accomplished according the process as described in the '622 application.
  • the present invention further provides an alternative overall process of converting a paclitaxel or a derivative thereof to docetaxel comprising:
  • the present invention provides an overall process for preparing docetaxel from an initial mixture of taxanes, wherein the initial mixture comprises a compound of Formula (I), in particularly, paclitaxel, and at least one additional taxane selected from 10 deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, cephalomannine, 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III, 10-deacetyl taxol, 7-xylosyl taxol and 10-deacetyl-7-xylosyl taxol, the process comprising:
  • a hydroxy-protecting agent such as Boc 2 O, dichloroacetyl chloride, acetyl chloride, TESCI or like reagents in the presence of a base, such as 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine or n-BuLi or a mixture of n-BuLi/Li-t-OBu or like bases.
  • a base such as 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine or n-BuLi or a mixture of n-BuLi/Li-t-OBu or like bases.
  • paclitaxel or paclitaxel containing material in an organic solvent, such as THF, at around low to room temperature under an argon atmosphere can be treated with a hydroxy-protecting agent such as ethyl vinyl ether, in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • organic solvent such as THF
  • reaction mixture after the protecting step is used directly in the next step of N-acylation without isolating any of the reaction intermediate.
  • paclitaxel N-t-Boc derivative a crude paclitaxel derivative having an urea linkage, i.e., a paclitaxel N-t-Boc derivative, which could be further purified by either column chromatography or crystallization to yield a pure protected paclitaxel derivative or used directly for the next step in the synthesis.
  • C-2′, C-7 and C-10 protected docetaxel was hydrolyzed using formic acid to remove the C-7 and/or C-10 t-Boc protecting group and then with a mixture of NaHCO 3 /Na 2 CO 3 /H 2 O 2 to deprotect the C-2′ and/or C-10 acetate groups to yield docetaxel.
  • the C-2′ protecting group is ethoxyethyl
  • the deprotection is carried out under acidic condition, such as in the presence of acetic acid.
  • Detailed description of deprotection at the C-2′, C-7 and C-10 positions are described in U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 10/790,622, which application is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the above hydrolyzed product can then be dissolved in ethanol at room temperature and Raney-Nickel is added in one portion to the stirred solution.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at this temperature and treated with hydrogen, until the complete consumption of the starting material.
  • the reaction mixture can be filtered and the filtrate evaporated.
  • the residue is then dissolved in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane and worked up as usual.
  • the crude product can be purified by column chromatography using mixtures of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate to afford the pure primary amine derivative of paclitaxel.
  • the primary amine derivative of paclitaxel (0.091 mmol) can be dissolved in ethyl acetate (9.1 ml) and a saturated solution of NaHCO 3 (9.1 ml) was added.
  • Boc 2 O (0.18 mmol) can be added. The mixture is stirred for 12 h at room temperature and TLC showed complete consumption of the starting material.
  • the reaction can be worked up as usual and the residue purified by column chromatography using mixtures of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate or acetone to give docetaxel.

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US11/631,466 US7906661B2 (en) 2004-06-29 2005-06-29 Semi-synthetic conversion of paclitaxel to docetaxel
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US7906661B2 (en) 2011-03-15
WO2006004898A3 (fr) 2006-03-09
EP1797058B1 (fr) 2012-08-15
US20080051590A1 (en) 2008-02-28
EP1797058A2 (fr) 2007-06-20
CN101048394A (zh) 2007-10-03
US20070027332A1 (en) 2007-02-01

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