US20050241737A1 - Cr steel for structural use and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Cr steel for structural use and method for producing the same Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050241737A1
US20050241737A1 US10/523,880 US52388005A US2005241737A1 US 20050241737 A1 US20050241737 A1 US 20050241737A1 US 52388005 A US52388005 A US 52388005A US 2005241737 A1 US2005241737 A1 US 2005241737A1
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steel
mass
structural
concentration
present
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Takumi Ujiro
Hiroki Ota
Osamu Furukimi
Takashi Shiokawa
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JFE Steel Corp
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JFE Steel Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/004—Very low carbon steels, i.e. having a carbon content of less than 0,01%
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
    • C21D8/0278—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips involving a particular surface treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2261/00—Machining or cutting being involved

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to structural Cr-containing steel, particularly to Cr-containing steel employed for freezing containers with excellent low-temperature toughness and impact toughness, with low costs as compared with austenitic stainless steel, and with sufficient corrosion resistance.
  • the performance required for the steel employed as a structural material for freezing containers which are mainly used for long distance transport of provisions, includes high corrosion resistance, high low-temperature toughness, and that in the event that the structural material suffers impact the structural material is not readily punctured, thereby preventing deterioration in thermal insulation.
  • the material employed for freezing containers are roughly classified into frame material, external-wall material, and internal-wall material.
  • the internal-wall material is formed of cold-rolled annealed steel without painting, and is preferably formed with low-temperature toughness, and accordingly, in many cases, SUS304, which is austenitic stainless steel, stipulated by JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard, which will be referred to as “JIS” hereafter) G 4305 as a steel member is employed.
  • JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
  • G 4305 as a steel member is employed.
  • the aforementioned SUS304 exhibits excellent low-temperature toughness, high elongation performance, small yield ratio (yield stress/tensile strength), and a high work hardening coefficient, thereby serving as stainless steel with excellent impact toughness which has the advantage that the member formed thereof is not readily punctured in the event that the member suffers impact.
  • SUS304 has the serious disadvantage of high costs.
  • the steel used for the frame material and the external-wall material are assumed to be painted.
  • the cold-rolled annealed steel is employed as the external-wall member, wherein while the SUS304, which is austenitic stainless steel, is employed for high-grade freezing containers, ferritic or martensitic stainless steel containing Cr of around 11% such as SUS410L or SUS410S stipulated by JIS G 4305 is also employed due to high costs of the aforementioned SUS304.
  • the frame material is formed of hot rolled annealed sheets, and particularly, in many cases, are formed of 11%-Cr martensitic stainless steel with reduced C and N.
  • martensitic stainless steel for welded structural materials is known as disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 51-13463, containing Cr of 10 to 18% by weight, Ni of 0.1 to 3.4%, Si of 1.0% by weight or less, and Mn of 4.0% by weight or less, and furthermore, reducing C to 0.03% by weight or less, and N to 0.02% by weight or less, so that massive martensitic structure is formed in a welded heat-affected zone, thereby improving ductility and toughness in the welded heat-affected zone.
  • structural martensitic stainless steel is known as disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No.
  • 57-28738 containing Cr of 10 to 13.5% by weight, Si of 0.5% by weight or less, and Mn of 1.0 to 3.5% by weight, reducing the concentration of C to 0.02% by weight or less, and the concentration of N to 0.02% by weight or less, and furthermore, suppressing Ni to less than 0.1% by weight, thereby exhibiting toughness and workability in a welded heat-affected zone without pre-heating and post-heating before and after welding.
  • the aforementioned steel is employed for various structural materials such as frame members of offshore containers and the like, as disclosed in JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY, Vol. 57 (1988), No. 6, p. 432.
  • Such 11%-Cr stainless steel is employed in frame members for container, or steel members for external-wall members, due to relatively low costs thereof. Accordingly, there is great demand for development of a technique for solving the problem of poor low-temperature and poor impact toughness as compared with the SUS304 which is austenitic stainless steel, and for enabling further reduction of costs thereof by reducing Cr-concentration, omission of annealing after hot rolling, and the like.
  • building-structural ferritic stainless steel is known as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 11-302795, containing Cr of 8 to 16% by weight, Si of 0.05 to 1.5% by weight, and Mn of 0.05 to 1.5% by weight, and furthermore, suppressing C to 0.005 to 0.1%, N to 0.05% by weight or less, and (C+N) to 0.1% by weight or less, wherein the components thereof are adjusted such that martensitic structure is formed with a volume ratio of 50% or more in a welded heat-affected zone.
  • the aforementioned steel disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 11-302795 does not exhibit sufficient low-temperature toughness required for freezing containers, and is to be used without any processing after hot rolling, or is to be used with heat treatment or pickling after hot rolling, and no consideration has been given to the poor corrosion resistance after painting.
  • Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-141462 (corresponding to European Patent No. 03015110.4, Filing Date: Jul. 3, 2003), which has been proposed by the present inventors, wherein steel containing Cr of 8 to 10% by mass, Si of 0.01 to 1.0% by mass, Mn of 0.01 to 0.30% by mass, Cu of 0.01 to 1.0% by mass, Ni of 0.01 to 1.0% by mass, and V of 0.01 to 0.20% by mass, is heated at 1100 to 1280° C., hot-rolling is completed under a temperature exceeding 930° C., coiling is made under a temperature exceeding 810° C., and cooling is performed with a cooling rate of 2° C.
  • the aforementioned steel member disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-141462 is to be used after pickling after hot rolling without painting, and furthermore, no method has been known for improving the surface properties by controlling pickling so as to improve corrosion resistance after painting, which is an essential component of the present invention.
  • the present inventors intensely researched the influence of additive elements upon the above-described properties of the Cr-containing steel, and as a result, it has been revealed that the Cr-containing steel with Cr-concentration of 6.0 to 10.0%, and with C-concentration of 0.02% or less and N-concentration of 0.02% or less, exhibits both sufficient corrosion resistance, toughness, and impact toughness, required for structural Cr-containing steel, particularly required for steel used for freezing containers, manufacturing can be made with low costs as compared with austenitic stainless steel, and furthermore, annealing for hot-rolled steel can be omitted, thereby enabling manufacturing with lower costs.
  • the method serves as important means for improving corrosion resistance after painting, wherein the removal amount of the steel surface layer in descaling of hot-rolled steel is controlled so as to exhibit both the sufficient steel-surface properties and the sufficient corrosion resistance after descaling.
  • the present invention has been made as follows based upon the above-described information.
  • structural Cr-containing steel according to the present invention comprises: 0.002 to 0.02% by mass of C; 0.002 to 0.02% by mass of N; 0.05 to 1.0% by mass of Si; 0.05 to 1.0% by mass of Mn; 0.04% by mass or less of P; 0.02% by mass or less of S; 0.001 to 0.1% by mass of Al; 6.0 to 10.0% by mass of Cr, and the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, and the Cr-concentration in the surface layer of the steel is equal to or more than the value wherein 1% by mass is subtracted from the Cr-concentration within the steel.
  • the present invention is structural Cr-containing steel which, in the above steel according to the invention, further comprises Cu of 0.1 to 1.0% by mass.
  • the present invention is structural Cr-containing steel which, in the above steel according to the invention, further comprises at least one of: 0.1 to 1.0% by mass of Ni; and 0.1 to 1.0% by mass of Mo.
  • the present invention is structural Cr-containing steel which, in the above steel according to the invention, further-comprises at least one of: 0.005 to 0.10% by mass of Nb; and 0.005 to 0.20% by mass of V.
  • the present invention is a manufacturing method for structural Cr-containing hot-rolled steel comprising: a step wherein a steel material comprising: 0.002 to 0.02% by mass of C; 0.002 to 0.02% by mass of N; 0.05 to 1.0% by mass of Si; 0.05 to 1.0% by mass of Mn; 0.04% by mass or less of P; 0.02% by mass or less of S; 0.001 to 0.1% by mass of Al; 6.0 to 10.0% by mass of Cr; and the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, is formed into a steel strip by hot rolling after reheating followed by a descaling process;
  • the present invention is a manufacturing method for structural Cr-containing cold-rolled steel, wherein following the descaling processing in the manufacturing method of the above steel according to the invention, cold rolling, annealing cold-rolled steel, and pickling are performed.
  • the present invention is a manufacturing method for structural Cr-containing steel which, in the manufacturing method for the above steel according to the invention, further comprises Cu of 0.1 to 1.0% by mass.
  • the present invention is a manufacturing method for structural Cr-containing steel which, in the manufacturing method for the above steel according to the invention, further comprises at least one of: 0.1 to 1.0% by mass of Ni; and 0.1 to 1.0% by mass of Mo.
  • the present invention is a manufacturing method for structural Cr-containing steel which, in the manufacturing method for the above steel according to the invention, further comprises at least one of: Nb of 0.005 to 0.10% by mass; and V of 0.005 to 0.20% by mass.
  • the present invention is structural Cr-containing steel wherein the above steel according to the invention is be employed for freezing containers.
  • the present invention is a manufacturing method for structural Cr-containing hot-rolled steel wherein, in the manufacturing method for the above steel according to the invention, the structural Cr-containing steel is employed for frame members of freezing containers.
  • the present invention is a manufacturing method for structural Cr-containing cold-rolled steel wherein, in the manufacturing method for the above steel according to the invention, the structural Cr-containing steel is employed for external-wall members of freezing containers.
  • the present invention is a freezing container which is formed of the above-described Cr-containing steel, wherein formation of the freezing container is made by forming and welding, and the steel surface is coated with dry-paint film thickness of 10 ⁇ m or more.
  • the present invention is Cr-containing steel wherein the above-described structural steel according to the invention is used for civil engineering and construction.
  • the present invention is a manufacturing method for structural Cr-containing hot-rolled steel, wherein the above-described steel according to the invention is used for civil engineering and construction.
  • the present invention is a manufacturing method for structural Cr-containing cold-rolled steel, wherein the above-described steel according to the invention is used for civil engineering and construction.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram which shows the relation between the removal depth of the steel surface layer and rust area ratio after SST (Salt Spray Testing).
  • FIG. 2A is a scanning electron micrograph which shows the surface of the steel subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of 8 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 2B is a scanning electron micrograph which shows the surface of the steel subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of 40 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 3A is a chart which shows concentration profiles of Fe and Cr for the steel subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of 8 ⁇ m, in the thickness direction from the surface of the steel by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy.
  • FIG. 3B is a chart which shows concentration profiles of Fe and Cr for the steel subjected to surface removal with the removal amount of 40 ⁇ m, in the thickness direction from the surface of the steel by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram which shows a scale/steel interface.
  • an arrangement with the concentration of C less than 0.002% exhibits shortage of strength
  • an arrangement with the concentration of C exceeding 0.02% exhibits shortage of toughness and ductility, leading to deterioration in impact toughness.
  • the steel according to the present invention it is important that the steel is formed with reduced concentration of C of 0.02% or less.
  • the steel is formed with the concentration of C of 0.02% or less, thereby enabling omission of annealing for hot-rolled steel.
  • the steel is formed with the concentration of C in a range of 0.002 to 0.02%.
  • the steel is preferably formed with the concentration of C in a range of 0.003 to 0.013%, is more preferably formed with the concentration of C in a range of 0.003 to 0.008%, and further preferably formed with the concentration of C in a range of 0.003 to 0.005%, from the perspective of improvement of corrosion resistance after painting.
  • the concentration of N is, the corrosion resistance after painting is more preferably improved, in the same way as with C.
  • an arrangement with the concentration of N less than 0.002% exhibits shortage of strength
  • an arrangement with the concentration of N exceeding 0.02% exhibits shortage of toughness and ductility, leading to deterioration in impact toughness.
  • the steel according to the present invention it is important that the steel is formed with reduced concentration of N of 0.02% or less.
  • the steel is formed with the concentration of N of 0.02% or less, thereby enabling omission of annealing for hot-rolled steel.
  • the steel is formed with the concentration of N in a range of 0.002 to 0.02%.
  • the steel is preferably formed with the concentration of N in a range of 0.0030 to 0.0060% from the perspective of improvement of corrosion resistance after painting.
  • the steel formed with the concentration of Si less than 0.05% does not exhibit sufficient deoxidation, and accordingly, the steel needs to be formed with the concentration of Si of 0.05% or more.
  • the steel with the concentration of Si exceeding 1.0% exhibits shortage of toughness and ductility, leading to deterioration in impact toughness.
  • the steel is formed with the concentration of Si in a range of 0.05 to 1.0%.
  • the steel is preferably formed with the concentration of Si in a range of 0.1 to 0.5% from the perspective of improvement of low-temperature toughness.
  • the steel formed with the concentration of Mn less than 0.05% does not exhibit sufficient deoxidation, and accordingly, the steel needs to be formed with the concentration of Mn of 0.05% or more.
  • the steel with the concentration of Mn exceeding 1.0% exhibits deterioration in corrosion resistance due to increased MnS-inclusion.
  • the steel is formed with the concentration of Mn in a range of 0.05 to 1.0%.
  • the steel is preferably formed with the concentration of Mn in a range of 0.10 to 0.30% from the perspective of improvement of corrosion resistance after painting.
  • the steel according to the present embodiment is formed with restricted concentration of P of 0.04% or less.
  • the steel required to exhibit high corrosion resistance after painting is preferably formed with the concentration of P of 0.02% or less.
  • S is combined with Mn to form MnS, leading to initial rust-formation portions.
  • S is an adverse-effect element which causes intergranular segregation thereof, leading to brittleness, and accordingly, the steel is preferably formed with the concentration of S as low as possible.
  • the steel with the concentration of S exceeding 0.02% exhibits marked adverse effects, and accordingly, the steel is formed with restricted concentration of S of 0.02% or less.
  • the steel required to exhibit high corrosion resistance after painting is preferably formed with the concentration of S of 0.006% or less.
  • the steel formed with the concentration of Al less than 0.001% does not exhibit the aforementioned sufficient advantage, and accordingly, the steel needs to be formed with the concentration of Al of 0.001% or more.
  • the steel with the concentration of Al exceeding 0.1% exhibits deterioration in corrosion resistance due to increased inclusions. Accordingly, the steel is formed with the concentration of Al in a range of 0.001 to 0.1%.
  • the steel containing excessive Al may cause formation of inclusions, leading to deterioration in mechanical properties, and accordingly, the steel is preferably formed with-the maximal concentration of 0.05% from the perspective of workability of hot-rolled steel.
  • Cr is a necessary element for maintaining corrosion resistance required for materials for freezing containers, which is the object of the present invention.
  • the external-wall members for the freezing containers are used with painting, and accordingly, is not required to exhibit high corrosion resistance as compared with SUS304, but the steel with the concentration of Cr less than 6.0% does not exhibit sufficient corrosion resistance.
  • the steel with the concentration of Cr exceeding 10.0% exhibits shortage of toughness and ductility, leading to deterioration in impact toughness.
  • the steel is formed with the concentration of Cr of 10.0% or less, thereby enabling omission of annealing for hot-rolled steel.
  • the steel is preferably formed with a concentration of Cr in a range of 6.0 to 9.5%.
  • the steel is more preferably formed with a concentration of Cr in a range of 6.0 to 9.0%.
  • Cu is an element which is effectively used for reducing corrosion rate, thereby improving corrosion resistance, and furthermore, has the advantage of suppressing crevice corrosion.
  • the steel needing to exhibit high corrosion resistance after painting is preferably formed with addition of Cu.
  • the steel with the concentration of Cu less than 0.1% does not exhibit the aforementioned sufficient advantages, and on the other hand, the steel with the concentration of Cu exceeding 1.0% readily causes deterioration in ductility and impact toughness, and furthermore, readily causes hot cracking during hot rolling.
  • the steel is preferably formed with the concentration of Cu in a range of 0.1 to 1.0%. Note that the steel is preferably formed with the maximal concentration of Cu of 0.7% from the perspective of prevention of hot cracking, and workability.
  • Ni is an element which is effectively used for reducing corrosion rate, thereby improving corrosion resistance, as well. Furthermore, Ni is a component which is effectively used for improving toughness.
  • the steel with the concentration of Ni less than 0.1% does not exhibit the aforementioned sufficient advantages, and on the other hand, Ni is an extremely high-cost material, and accordingly, the steel formed with the concentration of Ni exceeding 1.0% leads to high costs, and accordingly, the steel is preferably formed with the concentration of Ni in a range of 0.1% to 1.0%. Note that the steel is preferably formed with the maximal concentration of Ni of 0.5% from the perspective of prevention of excessive hardness and high costs.
  • Mo is an element which is effectively used for reducing corrosion rate, thereby improving corrosion resistance.
  • the steel with the concentration of Mo less than 0.1% does not exhibit the aforementioned sufficient advantages, and on the other hand, Mo is an extremely high-cost material as with Ni, and accordingly, the steel formed with the concentration of Mo exceeding 1.0% leads to high costs, and furthermore exhibits deterioration in ductility, and accordingly, the steel is preferably formed with the concentration of Mo in a range of 0.1% to 1.0%.
  • the steel is preferably formed with the concentration of Mo in a range of 0.1% to 0.5% from the perspective of balance between the corrosion resistance, and the strength and workability.
  • the steel required to exhibit high low-temperature toughness is preferably formed with addition of Nb.
  • the steel with the concentration of Nb less than 0.005% does not exhibit the aforementioned sufficient advantage, and on the other hand, the steel formed with the concentration of Nb exceeding 0.10% exhibits deterioration in toughness at a welded portion, and accordingly, addition of Nb is determined to be 0.005 to 0.10%.
  • the steel is preferably formed with the maximal concentration of Nb of 0.06% from the perspective of toughness at a welded portion.
  • V leads to precipitation of V-carbonitride or V 4 C 3 during hot rolling, and has the advantage of reducing the size of the grains in the steel after hot rolling, thereby exhibiting the advantage of improving low-temperature toughness of steel as with Nb, but the steel with the concentration of V less than 0.005% does not exhibit the aforementioned sufficient advantages, and on the other hand, the steel with the concentration of V exceeding 0.20% leads to the adverse effects of deterioration in toughness of a welded portion and base material.
  • the steel is formed with the concentration of V in a range of 0.005% to 0.20%.
  • the steel is formed with the maximal concentration of V of 0.15% from the perspective of improvement of toughness of the base material.
  • the components other than the aforementioned ones include Fe and unavoidable impurities.
  • the steel manufactured with the technique according to the present invention is substantially formed with a ferritic single phase microstructure. While the steel subjected to cooling after hot rolling may partially contain bainite, the steel subjected to cold rolling and annealing substantially exhibits a ferritic single phase microstructure.
  • the components thereof are designed such that the steel prior to processing, such as the steel after hot rolling, the steel after cold rolling and annealing, or the like, does not exhibit formation of a hard martensitic microstructure.
  • the components thereof are designed such that the welded portions thereof are formed with a low-carbon, low-nitrogen containing martensitic microstructure, thereby exhibiting an excellent property of sufficient low-temperature toughness even after assembly with welding.
  • smelting processing is performed with a smelting furnace such as a converter, an electric heating furnace, or the like, following which the molten steel is subjected to refining so as to adjust the components thereof to those according to the present invention with the VOD method, the AOD method, the RH method, or the like, and subsequently, the molten steel is formed into slabs with the continuous casting method, or the casting slabbing method. Subsequently, the slab is heated, and subjected to hot-rolling processing so as to form a hot-rolled steel.
  • a smelting furnace such as a converter, an electric heating furnace, or the like
  • an arrangement may be made wherein the slab after casting is inserted into a heating furnace prior to cooling to the room temperature, or an arrangement may be made wherein the slab after casting is directly subjected to hot rolling.
  • the slab-reheating temperature for hot rolling at the time of reheating the slab is not restricted to the particular one, the coiling temperature needs to be set to a high temperature in order to omit the annealing processing for the hot-rolled steel, and accordingly, the slab-reheating temperature is preferably set to 1050° C. or more.
  • processing performed under the reheating temperature exceeding 1250° C. leads to a problem of sagging of the slab, as well as a problem of loss due to oxidization of the surface of the slab.
  • the finishing temperature in hot rolling is set to 900° C. or more, and is preferably set to a temperature exceeding 930° C., from the perspective of enhancement of softening after coil-winding. With the present embodiment, the finishing temperature in hot rolling set to 900° C.
  • the coiling temperature in hot rolling is set to 800° C. or more, and is preferably set to 810° C. or more, from the perspective of softening after coiling. Furthermore, an arrangement may be made wherein annealing is performed for hot-rolled steel as necessary in the event that the steel needs to be subjected to adjustment of strength after hot rolling, or the like. Batch annealing or continuous annealing may be performed under temperature of 600° C. or more for the aforementioned annealing of the hot-rolled steel.
  • the annealing is preferably for one hour or more. Subsequently, a scale layer and the surface of the steel is removed by shot blasting, pickling, or the like.
  • An arrangement may be made wherein the steel after hot rolling, after hot rolling and hot annealing, or after descaling, is subjected to rolling process by skin pass rolling from the perspective of adjustment of the shape.
  • a scale layer 5 is generally formed of iron oxide and chromium oxide on the surface of the steel after hot rolling, or after hot rolling and annealing, wherein a spinel structure phase generally formed of Fe serves as the outer layer thereof, and a spinel structure phase generally formed of Fe and Cr serves as the inner layer thereof.
  • the remaining Cr depleted layer 4 on the surface of the steel after descaling causes marked deterioration in corrosion resistance, and accordingly, it is important for the descaling processing to completely remove the Cr depleted layer 4 on the surface of the steel.
  • a fine-structured layer generally formed of Cr 2 O 3 serves as a continuous further-inner layer as to the aforementioned spinel layer, leading to suppression of diffusion of oxygen from the outside toward the inside of the steel. Accordingly, the Cr depleted layer 4 is formed with the thickness from the scale/steel interface being less than 10 ⁇ m at most.
  • the Cr 2 O 3 layer is not continuously formed, leading to marked diffusion of oxygen from the outside, and leading to formation of the so-called internal oxidized layer 3 as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the internal oxide layer 3 is formed due to elements with high oxygen affinity such as Cr, Si, or the like, being dominantly oxidized, which can be confirmed by observing dominant oxidation 6 in the grain-boundary of the steel or oxide formation 7 inside the grains on the cross-sectional sample of the steel.
  • the processing is an important factor, wherein both the internal oxide layer 3 formed on the inner side of the scale/steel interface 2 , and the Cr depleted layer 4 formed due to formation of the aforementioned internal oxide layer 3 , are removed by descaling processing, thereby drastically improving corrosion resistance after painting.
  • the present inventors have performed intense study from the perspective of painting adhesion. As a result, it has been revealed that the steel subjected to descaling by pickling after hot rolling may suffer marked grain boundary erosion, leading to deterioration in painting adhesion to the steel since sufficient paint cannot flow into the eroded grain boundary portion due to poor wettability of the high-viscosity paint.
  • the amount of Cr in the grain boundary is readily reduced in the portion containing the Cr depleted layer as described above, readily leading to grain boundary erosion in this portion. Reduction of painting adhesion readily causes formation of the crevice structure between the paint film and the steel, leading to deterioration in corrosion resistance after painting.
  • FIG. 1 and Table 1 show an-example of evaluated results of the corrosion resistance of the steel and corrosion resistance after painting over the removal amount of the steel surface, wherein 9%-Cr-containing hot-rolled steel manufactured in a plant is employed as a sample, and is subjected to descaling by shot blasting and pickling with sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid/nitric acid in a laboratory.
  • the steel containing Cr of 6.0 to 10.0%
  • removal of the steel surface of 10 ⁇ m or more in the descaling step improves painting adhesion and corrosion resistance after painting, as well as improving corrosion resistance of the steel.
  • the difference in Cr concentration i.e., (Cr-concentration within the steel) ⁇ (Cr-concentration in the surface layer of the steel)
  • the Cr-concentration within the steel means the Cr-concentration near the middle portion in the thickness direction of the steel, which is not affected by the Cr depleted layer, or the Cr-concentration of the inside portion at the depth exceeding 200 ⁇ m from the surface thereof in a case of hot-rolled steel or hot-rolled annealed steel.
  • the Cr-concentration within the steel means the Cr-concentration at the portion at the depth of t/4 or more, wherein t denotes the thickness of the steel.
  • the Cr-concentration can be measured with a method such as EPMA, EDX, the analysis method using fluorescent X-ray or the like, the solid emission spectroscopic analysis method, the method wherein chemical solution of the steel is subjected to quantitative analysis with the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission (which will be referred to as “ICP method” hereafter) or the titrimetric analysis, or the like.
  • a method such as EPMA, EDX, the analysis method using fluorescent X-ray or the like, the solid emission spectroscopic analysis method, the method wherein chemical solution of the steel is subjected to quantitative analysis with the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission (which will be referred to as “ICP method” hereafter) or the titrimetric analysis, or the like.
  • ICP method Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission
  • titrimetric analysis or the like.
  • FIG. 2 shows results obtained by observing the surface of the steel subjected to the surface removal with the removal depth of the steel surface of 8 ⁇ m and 40 ⁇ m using a scanning electron microscope.
  • the grain boundary where dominant and marked erosion has occurred was observed.
  • the grain boundary where marked erosion has occurred was not observed.
  • FIG. 3 shows measurement results of the concentration profiles of Fe and Cr in the thickness direction from the surface of the steel by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDS). While with the steel subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of the steel surface of 8 ⁇ m, the remaining Cr depleted layer was observed near the surface of the steel, with the steel subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of the steel surface of 40 ⁇ m, the remaining Cr depleted layer was not observed.
  • GDS glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy
  • the whiteness of the surface of the steel stipulated by JIS Z 8715 while 8- ⁇ m-layer-removed steel exhibits the whiteness index of approximately 62, 40- ⁇ m-layer-removed steel exhibits the whiteness index of 68.
  • the hot-rolled steel with the whiteness index of 65 or more does not contain marked erosion of the grain boundary, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the steel after painting.
  • the whiteness was measured using a spectrophotometer, wherein the CM-1000 manufactured by Minolta Corporation was employed.
  • the removal depth of the steel surface does not reach 10 ⁇ m, the internal oxide layer 3 and the Cr depleted layer 4 are not completely removed, leading to deterioration in painting adhesion due to erosion of the grain boundary, and leading to deterioration in corrosion resistance after painting, as well as leading to insufficient corrosion resistance of the steel.
  • surface removal with the removal depth of the steel surface exceeding 200 ⁇ m may lead to problems of deterioration in corrosion resistance and deterioration in the appearance of the steel, due to formation of so-called smut adhered to the surface of the steel during pickling, as well as leading to increased costs due to excessive loss by descaling.
  • the removal depth of the steel surface is more preferably determined to 15 ⁇ m or more, and is further preferably determined to 20 ⁇ m or more.
  • the steel is preferably subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of 10 ⁇ m or more, is more preferably subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of 15 ⁇ m or more, and is further preferably subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of 20 ⁇ m or more, while maintaining the Cr-concentration in the surface layer of the steel of the value of (Cr-concentration within the steel ⁇ 1% by mass) or more, thereby markedly improving corrosion resistance after painting.
  • the corrosion resistance of the steel shown in Table 1 was evaluated with the rust area ratio after 4-hours salt spray test stipulated by JIS Z 2371, wherein a sample exhibiting a rust area ratio of 20% or less is determined as a sample exhibiting excellent corrosion resistance.
  • the corrosion resistance after painting was evaluated with the method wherein a steel sample is coated with acrylic resin paint with an intended dry film thickness of 50 ⁇ m, is subjected to formation of cross-cuts on the surface thereof, following which the steel sample is subjected to 1000-hour salt spray testing stipulated by JIS Z 2371, and the steel sample wherein marked outflow rust such as formation of a rust pool at the lower portion of the sample, is not observed, is determined as a steel sample with excellent corrosion resistance after painting.
  • the specific measurement method for obtaining the removal depth of the steel surface is that the weight and size of the sample following mechanical removal of the scale by shot blasting, and the weight thereof after pickling, are measured, the difference in weight therebetween is divided by the surface area of the sample so as to calculate the removal amount of the steel (g/cm 2 ), following which the removal thickness (depth) ( ⁇ m) of the steel is calculated using the density of the steel (7.8g/cm 3 ).
  • the descaling method for hot-rolled steel employed in the present invention is not restricted to a particular one.
  • Various known methods which may be employed in the present invention include mechanical removal methods by shot blasting, brushing, or using a small-diameter roller, chemical removal methods using hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrofluoric/nitric acid, ferric chloride solution, and the like.
  • the steel after descaling described above may be employed as the steel according to the present invention.
  • an arrangement may be employed as the steel according to the present invention, wherein the steel after the aforementioned descaling is subjected to cold rolling so as to be formed with a predetermined thickness, following which the cold-rolled steel is subjected to annealing and pickling.
  • the surface of the cold-rolled annealed steel is sufficiently smooth, and accordingly, it is assumed that deterioration in corrosion resistance does not occur due to poor painting adhesion described above, but in the event that insufficient descaling has been performed after hot rolling, the steel does not exhibit sufficient corrosion resistance after cold rolling, as well.
  • the internal oxide layer 3 and the Cr depleted layer 4 immediately underneath the scale are completely removed by descaling for hot-rolled steel, thereby exhibiting sufficient corrosion resistance even after cold rolling and annealing.
  • Cold rolling is preferably performed with rolling reduction of 30% or more.
  • the steel after cold rolling is preferably subjected to annealing in order to soften the steel under annealing temperature of 600° C. or more.
  • the steel after cold rolling and annealing is subjected to pickling or similar processing, following which various finishing processing may be performed stipulated by JIS Z 4305. Giving consideration to the corrosion resistance after painting, No. 2B finishing is preferably employed.
  • Paint is made by spray painting, brush painting, or the like, using various kinds of paints stipulated by JIS K 5500, such as an acrylic resin paint, phthalic resin paint, epoxy resin paint, polyurethane resin paint, or the like.
  • the steel may be coated with various kinds of primers prior to painting for preventing initial rusting.
  • the steel is subjected to under-coating or middle coating using various kinds of rust resisting paints or resin paints, as necessary.
  • the steel according to the present invention exhibits excellent adhesion between the surface thereof and a top coating paint, as well as exhibiting the high corrosion resistance of the steel itself as compared with common steel, thereby enabling omission of primer coating, under-coating, and middle coating, and thereby enabling directly coating of the steel with high-viscosity top-coating paint.
  • the paint-film thickness 10 ⁇ m or more for obtaining sufficient corrosion resistance.
  • painting can be omitted, depending upon the use thereof, e.g., use for residential structural materials, and particularly for members which are not required to exhibit high corrosion resistance.
  • the steel is required to exhibit a Charpy impact value of 50 J/cm2 or more at ⁇ 25° C. serving as an index value of the toughness.
  • the steel is preferably formed with a Charpy impact value of 80 J/cm 2 or more at ⁇ 25° C.
  • the steel is preferably formed so as to exhibit as great an elongation value as possible in the tensile test, the steel is required to exhibit the aforementioned elongation value of 30% or more to be formed in various kinds of shapes. Furthermore, while the steel is preferably formed so as to exhibit yield ratio as low as possible, wherein the yield ratio serves as an index value representing the degree of difficulty in workability and earthquake performance in a case of being employed as a housing material, the steel is required to exhibit the aforementioned yield ratio of 80% or less, and is preferably formed with the yield ratio of 75% or less, in a case of being employed as a structural material.
  • the steel for freezing containers is subjected to various kinds of painting of the surface thereof from the perspective of improvement of corrosion resistance, and particularly from the perspective of appearance. Accordingly, the corrosion resistance after painting is an important factor.
  • the present inventors performed a detailed comparative study with regard to results of the corrosion resistance after painting of the steel which has been used in actuality, and the results obtained from the accelerated test by salt spraying, and as a result, it has been revealed that in the event that the sample of the steel subjected to painting, formation of cross-cuts, and 1000-hour salt spray testing, in that order, does not exhibit marked outflow rust, the steel exhibits sufficient corrosion resistance in practical use thereof. Accordingly, corrosion resistance after painting was evaluated based upon the results obtained from the 1000-hour salt spray testing.
  • the steel materials were subjected to casting with the chemical composition shown in Table 2 so as to form a steel ingot of 50 kg by vacuum melting, heated up to 1200° C., and held under this temperature for one hour, following which the steel was subjected to hot rolling into hot-rolled steel with the thickness of 4 mm.
  • the half of the samples of the hot-rolled steel were subjected to homogenizing annealing (hot-rolling annealing) under 650° C. for ten hours.
  • the hot-rolled steel without the subsequent processing and the hot-rolled annealed steel were subjected to descaling by shot blasting and subsequent pickling using mixed acid such as mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid so as to remove the steel surface by approximately 15 ⁇ m.
  • the measurement method for obtaining the removal amount of the steel surface is that the weight and size of the sample following mechanical removal of the scale by shot blasting, and the weight thereof after pickling, are measured, the difference in weight therebetween is divided by the surface area of the sample so as to calculate the removal amount of the steel (g/cm 2 ), following which the removal thickness (depth) ( ⁇ m) of the steel is calculated using the density of the steel (7.8 g/cm 3 ).
  • the steel was subjected to pickling using mixed acid formed of hydrofluoric acid solution of 1 to 2% by mass and nitric acid solution of 13 to 15% by mass under temperature of 40 to 60° C., and was repeatedly picked up for measuring the weight thereof following pickling every 30 seconds, thereby obtaining desired removal depth of the steel surface.
  • the samples with various kinds of the removal depth of the steel surface were prepared as comparative examples.
  • the Cr-concentration in the surface layer of the steel was obtained for these samples by making EPMA analysis.
  • the aforementioned EPMA was performed with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. It is assumed that the information obtained under the aforementioned conditions is generally reflected in the concentration in the depth range between the surface thereof and a depth of 0.5 ⁇ m.
  • the steel denoted by No. 1 the steel was subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of the steel surface of 500 ⁇ m, following which the steel sample was subjected to quantitative analysis using the ICP method, whereby the concentration was determined to be 9.1% by mass.
  • Table 3 shows the results of Cr-concentration measurement for other steel samples under the same conditions.
  • the steel sample subjected to surface removal with the removal depth of the steel surface of 15 ⁇ m exhibited Cr-concentration equal to or more than the (Cr-concentration within the steel ⁇ 1)%.
  • the dry film thickness of the paint film was measured by using an electromagnetic film thickness monitor and by observing the cross-section with microscope.
  • the measured dry film thickness was approximately 50 ⁇ m.
  • both surfaces of the steel sheet was ground by 0.75 mm so as to obtain the thickness of 2.5 mm, then Charpy-impact test samples of a sub-size wherein a V-shaped notch was formed with a depth of 2 mm perpendicular to the rolling direction, were obtained stipulated by JIS Z 2202, and the Charpy-impact value (J/cm 2 ) was measured under ⁇ 25° C. stipulated by JIS Z 2242.
  • the results are shown in Table 3.
  • the Charpy-impact value cannot be measured for a cold-rolled steel sheet with a thickness of 2 mm or less using a normal method, in general, the smaller the thickness of the steel is, the greater the toughness thereof is (for example, see JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY, Vol. 61, No. 8 (1992), p. 636), and since the cold-rolled steel has the advantage for Charpy-impact value as compared with the hot-rolled steel from the point of the microstructure, the cold-rolled steel exhibits Charpy-impact value under ⁇ 25° C. equal to or greater than that of the hot-rolled steel.
  • the aforementioned hot-rolled steel subjected to pickling was subjected to cold rolling so as to be formed with thickness of 0.7 mm, following which the steel was subjected to annealing under 750° C. for one minute, and subsequently, the steel was subjected to descaling by electro-pickling in a neutral salt solution and nitric acid, whereby cold-rolled steel products were obtained.
  • the aforementioned electro-pickling in a neutral salt solution was performed in a 20%-Na 2 SO 4 solution under temperature of 70 to 80° C. with the charge amount of 100 to 200 C/dm 2 .
  • the aforementioned electro-pickling in a nitric acid was performed in a 10%-HNO 3 solution under temperature of 50 to 60° C. with the charge amount of 20 to 40 C/dm 2 .
  • Tensile test samples were cut off from these cold-rolled steel products in the rolling direction stipulated by JIS13B, and tensile test was performed for these samples stipulated by JIS Z 2241, whereby the elongation and the yield ratio thereof were measured. Furthermore, plate samples of the size of (the thickness ⁇ 50 ⁇ 100 (mm)) were cut off from these cold-rolled steel products, were coated with acrylic-silicone resin paint (top coat with SILICOTECT AC manufactured by Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.) with intended dry paint thickness of 50 ⁇ m by surface spray painting, X-shaped cross-cuts were formed on the top layer including the aforementioned paint film, the prepared samples were subjected to the 1000-hour salt spray testing stipulated by JIS Z 2371 (5%-NaCl solution, 35° C., and pH 6.5 to 7.2), and the time was measured wherein marked outflow rust is generated, e.g., a rust pool is generated at the lower portion of the sample. Note that the dry film thickness of the paint film was measured
  • the steel samples 1 through 10, and the steel samples 18 and 19, according to the present invention exhibit toughness (Charpy impact value) of 50 J/cm 2 or more, elongation of 33% or more, and the yield ratio of 75% or less, regardless of whether or not annealing has been performed for the hot-rolled steel. Furthermore, these samples exhibit excellent corrosion resistance wherein outflow rust is not generated after the 1000-hour salt spray testing. On the other hand, with the steel samples 11 through 17 serving as comparative examples having the steel composition out of the scope of the present invention, at least one of the toughness, elongation, yield ratio, and corrosion resistance, does not reach the sufficient level, regardless of whether or not annealing has been performed for the hot-rolled steel.
  • the steel according to the present invention also has the great advantage of relatively low costs.
  • the steel according to the present invention is formed with low concentration of Cr, C, and N, as compared with SUS304 or 11%-Cr-containing stainless steel, which enables omission of annealing after hot rolling, thereby enabling further cost reduction.
  • the steel according to the present invention may be applied to various kinds of structural materials such as building materials due to excellent mechanical properties and low costs thereof, and particularly, the steel according to the present invention has the advantage of use in the cold region.
  • the present invention provides cr-containing steel for freezing containers, having the excellent advantages of sufficient low-temperature toughness, impact toughness, and corrosion resistance, and furthermore, has the advantage of low costs as compared with stainless steel.

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US20080149047A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2008-06-26 Martin Becker Shot-blasted steam boiler members, steam boiler assemblies or power station components
US20130142691A1 (en) * 2010-08-24 2013-06-06 Kitz Corporation METHOD FOR PREVENTING ELUTION OF Bi FROM COPPER ALLOY
US20140226870A1 (en) * 2011-07-29 2014-08-14 Moba Group B.V. Device for Treating and Processing Food Products and Food Components
EP3556888A4 (en) * 2016-12-13 2019-10-23 Posco FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL HAVING EXCELLENT STRIKING PROPERTIES AND EXCELLENT SURFACE QUALITY, AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
US11299799B2 (en) * 2016-12-23 2022-04-12 Posco Austenitic stainless steel product having excellent surface properties and manufacturing method of the same

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JP4959937B2 (ja) * 2004-12-27 2012-06-27 株式会社日立産機システム 腐食診断部品を設けてなる配電用変圧器
KR101889193B1 (ko) * 2016-12-22 2018-08-16 주식회사 포스코 내식성 및 가공성이 우수한 냉연강판 및 그 제조방법
CN111349850B (zh) * 2018-12-24 2022-03-18 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 一种高耐蚀耐候钢及其制造方法
KR20230096890A (ko) * 2021-12-22 2023-06-30 주식회사 포스코 무방향성 전기강판, 그 제조 방법 및 그를 포함하는 모터 코어

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US20010000580A1 (en) * 1996-12-05 2001-05-03 Nisshin Steel Co., And Sony Corporation Steel sheet for use as an electrode-supporting frame member of a color picture tube and manufacturing method thereof

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JPH08143959A (ja) * 1994-11-24 1996-06-04 Nippon Steel Corp 高温特性の優れた鋼管の製造方法
JPH10147848A (ja) * 1996-11-19 1998-06-02 Nisshin Steel Co Ltd 高温強度及び高温酸化特性に優れたエンジン排ガス経路部材用フェライト系高Ｃｒ鋼
JP2002161312A (ja) * 2000-11-21 2002-06-04 Nkk Corp 高靭性高クロム鋼板の製造方法
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US20010000580A1 (en) * 1996-12-05 2001-05-03 Nisshin Steel Co., And Sony Corporation Steel sheet for use as an electrode-supporting frame member of a color picture tube and manufacturing method thereof
US6217679B1 (en) * 1997-03-27 2001-04-17 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Method for producing chromium-containing hot rolled steel strip

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080149047A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2008-06-26 Martin Becker Shot-blasted steam boiler members, steam boiler assemblies or power station components
US20130142691A1 (en) * 2010-08-24 2013-06-06 Kitz Corporation METHOD FOR PREVENTING ELUTION OF Bi FROM COPPER ALLOY
US10000854B2 (en) * 2010-08-24 2018-06-19 Kitz Corporation Method for preventing elution of Bi from copper alloy
US20140226870A1 (en) * 2011-07-29 2014-08-14 Moba Group B.V. Device for Treating and Processing Food Products and Food Components
US10022020B2 (en) * 2011-07-29 2018-07-17 Moba Group B.V. Device and method for treating and processing food products and food components
EP3556888A4 (en) * 2016-12-13 2019-10-23 Posco FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL HAVING EXCELLENT STRIKING PROPERTIES AND EXCELLENT SURFACE QUALITY, AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
US11299799B2 (en) * 2016-12-23 2022-04-12 Posco Austenitic stainless steel product having excellent surface properties and manufacturing method of the same

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