US20050183617A1 - Jacketed ammunition - Google Patents

Jacketed ammunition Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050183617A1
US20050183617A1 US10/783,032 US78303204A US2005183617A1 US 20050183617 A1 US20050183617 A1 US 20050183617A1 US 78303204 A US78303204 A US 78303204A US 2005183617 A1 US2005183617 A1 US 2005183617A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
projectile
core
jacket
lead
frusto
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/783,032
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English (en)
Inventor
John MacDougall
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
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Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US10/783,032 priority Critical patent/US20050183617A1/en
Priority to AU2005214465A priority patent/AU2005214465B2/en
Priority to DK05714484.2T priority patent/DK1718921T3/en
Priority to BRPI0507941-1A priority patent/BRPI0507941A/pt
Priority to ES05714484.2T priority patent/ES2550628T3/es
Priority to EP05714484.2A priority patent/EP1718921B1/en
Priority to PCT/CA2005/000242 priority patent/WO2005080910A1/en
Priority to JP2006553404A priority patent/JP4744454B2/ja
Priority to US10/590,461 priority patent/US7980180B2/en
Priority to CA2554491A priority patent/CA2554491C/en
Publication of US20050183617A1 publication Critical patent/US20050183617A1/en
Priority to IL177385A priority patent/IL177385A/en
Priority to NO20064294A priority patent/NO338077B1/no
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/04—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type
    • F42B12/06—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with hard or heavy core; Kinetic energy penetrators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing
    • F42B12/78—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing of jackets for smallarm bullets ; Jacketed bullets or projectiles

Definitions

  • This invention relates to spin stabilized projectiles fired from rifled gun barrels, and particularly to small arms ammunition.
  • Lead is an easy metal to form due to its' ease of malleability (very low Young's modulus) and projectile cores of this material readily deform under the high engraving stresses associated with a projectile being fired from a rifled gun barrel. Both of these material properties provide advantages for projectile design and permit good accuracy performance and low gun barrel wear.
  • lead has been shown to be a highly toxic substance and has been banned from use in gasoline and paints, to name but two commercial products previously containing lead.
  • many tons of lead have been entering the water system every year through the simple loss of lead fishing sinkers and these too have been prohibited in many localities due to the toxic effect on the environment and the food chain.
  • the manufacturing process may expose persons working in the environs of the projectile production equipment to lead and/or lead dust which is harmful to the health.
  • the first challenge is to find a suitable replacement material for lead.
  • Lead is an inexpensive and extremely soft, easily formed metal, almost ideal for manufacturing purposes.
  • Lead is also a high-density material, which is a great advantage to the ballistician. A heavier projectile for a given shape will travel farther and retain its velocity better at longer ranges.
  • any lead-free projectile should ideally have the same muzzle velocity and mass as the steel and lead containing ball projectile it seeks to replace.
  • the other obvious advantage of having a lead-free projectile of nearly identical mass relates to the requirement of retaining the same exterior ballistic performance. Otherwise all current weapon sighting systems would require replacement, re-working or extensive re-adjustment and existing ballistic firing tables would no longer be valid. This would place an unacceptable logistical burden on most military forces of any significant size in the world.
  • Bismuth metal possesses material properties similar to those of lead. Shotgun ammunition that utilizes bismuth shot is also commercially available, but the density of this metal is still only 86% of that of lead (9.8 versus 11.4 g/cm3), and again this creates concerns with regards to exterior ballistic performance.
  • Two other problems with bismuth are the high cost of the raw material and the relative scarcity of supply in the world.
  • the manufacturers of steel pellet shot shells recommend using a steel shot at least two sizes larger in diameter than lead for the same target and similar distances. This further diminishes effectiveness by decreasing pattern density (the number of pellets per shot), thus reducing the probability of hit on a moving target.
  • pattern density the number of pellets per shot
  • Tungsten and bismuth are two high-density materials that have been attempted in alloy form with varying degrees of success in various commercial and military projectile designs (Reference 2 refer to bismuth patents for shot shell pellets or similar here). High-density depleted uranium and tungsten alloys have both been used for long rod kinetic energy penetrators for tank ammunition. Tungsten-nylon and tungsten-tin are two well-known combinations (Reference 3 refer to U.S. patents here) that rely on advanced powder metallurgy techniques to achieve the desired form of a one-piece projectile core for small calibre projectiles.
  • the objective of the jacketed tungsten-nylon or tungsten-tin powder metallurgy one-piece core projectile designs is to create a new material with an actual density equivalent to the hybrid density of the steel and lead components they replace, in order to maintain the volume the two parts occupy.
  • This new single piece would fit inside a copper projectile jacket, as a “drop-in” replacement part and has the advantage of not requiring any changes whatsoever to existing high cadence projectile manufacturing or cartridge assembly machinery.
  • any replacement material for lead should be as abundant as possible to ensure a secure supply of raw materials and be as economical as possible to produce since infantry projectiles are practically considered a commodity nowadays.
  • the replacement component should preferably be made of a single piece to reduce manufacturing and projectile assembly costs.
  • the manufacturing process of the new core material should not require any post-manufacturing processes to ensure the current high production rate and capacity on existing projectile assembly equipment.
  • a great advantage of the one-piece steel core projectile is increased penetration performance in hard targets. Since the mass of the lead core has been replaced by an equivalent mass of steel, the penetration of the NATO standard steel plates is easily accomplished and at even greater ranges. This resolves the marginal penetration performance problem associated with conventional ball projectiles.
  • the contact surface of the projectile is called the “driving band”. This is the area of the projectile that is in direct contact with the rifling of the weapon and undergoes plastic deformation when fired through a gun barrel.
  • the lead core under the copper jacket is in the position of the driving band.
  • the soft copper jacket and malleable lead core are ideal materials for a driving band since they are readily plastically deformed and lengthen longitudinally under axial compression in accordance with Poisson's ratio for these metals.
  • Projectile stripping has been known to occur when the diameter of the rearward conical section of the short steel penetrator exceeds that of the forward cylindrical section of the lead core.
  • the effect is one of a generating a sharp cutting edge on the inside of the copper jacket, magnified during the projectile engraving process.
  • Stripping is not a concern for the one-piece, all-steel core projectile since there is no longer an internal interface to worry about, but it does generate other problems, since the hard steel core does not readily deform and causes greatly increased friction as the projectile travels down the bore which in turn creates excessive heating of the gun barrel. Therefore annealing is not required with the one-piece, all-steel core projectile, so penetration in hard targets is improved, even at lower temperatures.
  • Chromium is chosen for its excellent hardness and resistance to mechanical wear. Chromium has the additional advantage of providing a smooth surface for the travel of copper-jacketed projectiles since copper is not soluble in chromium. Chromium is soluble in steel however, due to the atomic affinity of copper and iron, so if mechanical friction increases to such a level that the chromium gun barrel coating is compromised, coppering will begin to occur rapidly on the exposed steel surface.
  • Ballistic gelatine is a material commonly used as a simulation for human tissue to establish terminal ballistic performance.
  • Hague convention IV 1907
  • An example of a prohibited projectile is the now infamous Dum-Dum projectile which was judged to cause excessive suffering.
  • Projectile fragmentation in the human tissue is the result of overly rapid transfer of kinetic energy from the projectile to the target and the resulting excessive bending moment acting on the already stressed projectile.
  • the projectile leaves the air and enters a much higher density medium, such as human tissue, its stability is immediately compromised and it begins to tumble rapidly. This is a good means of transferring kinetic energy to the target, but is considered as causing excessive injury to the opponent if the tumbling projectile does not remain intact, as is often the case with the conventional three-piece projectile (ball) ammunition.
  • the projectile Since the interior of the conventional ball projectile comprises one steel and one lead component, the projectile normally bends at this steel/lead interface and shears the copper alloy jacket there. This interface acts as a hinge that bends until it breaks and then allows the lead to disperse in human tissue as tiny fragments that are very difficult to remove from the soldier after the battle.
  • a jacketed, one-piece steel core projectile is not sensitive to high bending moments, since there is no “hinge” upon which the bending moment may act. As a one-piece steel core projectile tumbles in tissue, it remains intact and thus does not violate the Geneva or Hague conventions since it is relatively easy to locate and remove after the battle. It also does a good job of transferring energy quickly and incapacitating the opponent in a more humane manner since the longer projectile will commence tumbling faster without breaking into numerous small fragments.
  • the projectile fails to spin properly inside the rifling of the gun barrel, it may exhibit balloting (uncontrolled yawing motion inside the barrel) and damage the barrel lands and grooves. Once this happens, the gun barrel is no longer serviceable and must be replaced since accuracy is degraded and jacket stripping may occur.
  • a one-piece all-steel core needs to be longer than the conventional steel penetrator and lead core it replaces since steel is considerably lower in density than lead. It is essential to achieve the same projectile mass to retain the required level of muzzle kinetic energy for equivalent terminal ballistic performance on the target.
  • FIG. 1 shows an image of all lead projectile which has no jacket like 0.22
  • FIG. 2 shows an image of an M193 type projectile.
  • FIG. 3 shows an image of an SS109 type projectile.
  • FIG. 4 is the same as FIG. 3 , but different hatching for different core materials.
  • FIG. 5 shows an image of a longer C78 tracer projectile.
  • FIG. 6 shows an image of solid cylinder under axial compression and how it gets longer.
  • FIG. 7 shows an image of the penetrator and core with stresses acting on the jacket.
  • FIG. 8 shows an image of a dum-dum projectile.
  • FIG. 9 shows an image of broken projectile therein, (refer to DREV report).
  • FIG. 10 shows an image of the IP core design.
  • FIG. 11 shows an image of the IP projectile.
  • FIG. 11A is a side section view of a solid core projectile.
  • FIG. 12 is a partial side section view of an all-steel core projectile with the various portions of the core in evidence.
  • FIG. 12A is a side section view of an all-steel core projectile with the various portions of the core in evidence.
  • FIG. 13 is a more detailed sketch showing one embodiment of the geometry of the steel core in the projectile jacket.
  • FIG. 14 is a sketch illustrating the gap present between the projectile core and jacket.
  • This invention relates to non-toxic, improved performance, small calibre all-steel core jacketed projectiles in general, particularly those up to 12.7 mm calibre.
  • Non-toxic projectiles do not contain lead, a soft metal. Replacing lead presents many manufacturing and performance-related challenges, like excessive gun barrel wear.
  • the design of the all-steel core must be made in such a way that the accuracy, chamber pressure and projectile engraving forces are similar to those found in conventional lead core ball projectiles in order to meet barrel wear performance requirements.
  • the choice of steel as a core material is also important in maintaining a cost efficient projectile while increasing penetration of hard targets.
  • an all-steel core projectile is made of a copper alloy or gilding metal jacket 11 and an all-steel core 12 .
  • a frusto-conical portion of the all-steel core, 14 extends rearwardly from the ogival front end 15 , the frusto-conical portion having a small angle of approximately 0.85°, whereby the junction of the ogival front end and the frusto-conical portion provides a relatively smooth blended junction.
  • a short cylindrical section of the core, 16 extends rearwardly from the frusto-conical portion of the core and serves as the principle driving band.
  • Rearwardly of the short cylindrical section 16 is a short rearwardly tapering end section, 13 with a conical angle of approximately 83°.
  • the forward portion of the all-steel core has an ogival shaped front end followed by frusto-conical portion with a small conical angle, whereby the exterior surface of the frusto-conical portion of the core is not in continuous contact with the interior surface of the projectile jacket.
  • the gap between the jacket and the core is filled with air.
  • the frusto-conical section merges into a short cylindrical section, followed by a final tapered section that extends backwards from the rear end of the short cylindrical section.
  • the ogival section of the projectile is essential in facilitating projectile feeding from weapon magazines and/or belts.
  • An ogive presents a smooth surface with no angles to get caught on weapon components during feeding to the chamber.
  • the projectile core is preferably made of hardened AISI 1038 steel, or other hard material with a Rockwell hardness of 45 or greater on the “C” scale to ensure improved penetration of hard targets.
  • the jacket of the projectile is preferably made of a ductile copper/zinc alloy or gilding metal containing approximately 90% copper and 10% zinc.
  • the thickness of the jacket is also helpful in meeting the barrel wear criterion.
  • the jacket thickness of the preferred embodiment is slightly thicker than conventional ball projectile jackets.
  • a thicker copper alloy jacket requires no additional special coatings or other special treatment to reduce friction and acts as a friction reducing medium between the hard steel core and the gun barrel.
  • the projectile is assembled such that the jacket is in direct contact with the one-piece core on the ogival front end, the short cylindrical section and the rearwardly tapering end portion. There is a small air gap between the projectile jacket and the frusto-conical portion of the core.
  • the gap is generated due to the slight angle of the frusto-conical portion of the core.
  • the angle of this section is preferably 0.85°, but may range between 0.7° and 1.0°.
  • This gap allows the copper jacket material to flow plastically during engraving and compensate for the unyielding hard steel core underneath.
  • the deformation of the jacket must be sufficient to maintain acceptable chamber pressure values, but not so great as to hinder the transfer of projectile spin and thus stability. This narrow range of angle is very important to ensuring the accuracy of the projectile in flight, but is not the only factor involved.
  • the value of the angle of the frusto-conical portion of the core is critical since too large an angle will result in an undersized ogival front end and the projectile will not be properly supported in the barrel. This will lead to an increase in projectile yaw and reduced accuracy on the target.
  • the angle of the frusto-conical portion of the core is too small, the gap will be too small, the cylindrical parallel portion will be too long and increase projectile engraving forces.
  • the length of the cylindrical parallel portion must be much less than the length of the frusto-conical portion.
  • the ratio of the length of the short cylindrical section (driving band) of the core to the longer frusto-conical section is very important for maintaining stability of the projectile in flight. This ratio should be preferably less than 0.3, but may range between 0.3 and 0.1, with best results obtained at a ratio of 0.2. If the cylindrical parallel portion is too long, excessive chamber pressure and barrel wear will result. If this portion is too short, the projectile will slip in the gun barrel rifling and diminish in stability in flight, thus affecting accuracy.
  • the section of jacketed projectile that acts as the driving band is in continuous contact with the rifling, while the frusto-conical section is only partially and progressively in contact with the rifling.
  • This tapered gap between the jacket and the frusto-conical portion of the core is key to the invention, since it allows the projectile to have acceptable internal and external ballistic performance characteristics, with greatly enhanced terminal ballistic properties due to the hard steel core.
  • the taper allows for gradual engraving to ensure acceptable stresses while maintaining good precision on the target. Other designs were tried, whereby the gap was cylindrical or other non-conical shapes and the target accuracy always suffered greatly.
  • the jacketed projectile starts advancing down the barrel rifling from its starting position in the forcing cone of the rifling, it gradually and progressively engraves in the lands and grooves of the rifling.
  • the exact initiation point of engraving occurs somewhere along the length of the frusto-conical section of the core and is fully complete when it is in full contact with the short cylindrical section. This feature is very important since the various small calibre weapon platforms have different land and groove diameters, and can be found in various states of wear and in this way these differences can be accommodated.
  • the gap were to be filled with another material, it would have to be inexpensive, easy to manufacture, very easily compressible and not have any deleterious affect on the projectile jacket during the compressive action of engraving. Otherwise it could potentially cause the jacket to rupture when it is being deformed through engraving. This could be a second, less cost-effective variant however.
  • the radius at the junction of the rear face of the rearwardly tapering section must be sufficiently large to allow adequate mating of the copper alloy jacket over the base of the core. If the radius is too small, the jacket material does not adhere, or close properly. This may result in high pressure propellant gasses infiltrating between the two components (core and jacket) and cause projectile stripping the moment the projectile leaves the barrel and is no longer supported by the rifling of the gun barrel.
US10/783,032 2004-02-23 2004-02-23 Jacketed ammunition Abandoned US20050183617A1 (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/783,032 US20050183617A1 (en) 2004-02-23 2004-02-23 Jacketed ammunition
EP05714484.2A EP1718921B1 (en) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 Jacketed one-piece core ammunition
DK05714484.2T DK1718921T3 (en) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 WITH CAPE PROVIDED NUCLEAR AMUNITY OUT IN ONE PIECE
BRPI0507941-1A BRPI0507941A (pt) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 munição encamisada com núcleo de uma peça
ES05714484.2T ES2550628T3 (es) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 Munición de núcleo de una pieza recubierto
AU2005214465A AU2005214465B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 Jacketed one-piece core ammunition
PCT/CA2005/000242 WO2005080910A1 (en) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 Jacketed one-piece core ammunition
JP2006553404A JP4744454B2 (ja) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 ジャケット付きワンピース型コア弾薬
US10/590,461 US7980180B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 Jacketed one piece core ammunition
CA2554491A CA2554491C (en) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 Jacketed one-piece core ammunition
IL177385A IL177385A (en) 2004-02-23 2006-08-09 A wrapped ammunition with a core made as one division
NO20064294A NO338077B1 (no) 2004-02-23 2006-09-22 Enhetlig mantlet kjerneammunisjon

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/783,032 US20050183617A1 (en) 2004-02-23 2004-02-23 Jacketed ammunition

Related Child Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/590,461 Continuation-In-Part US7980180B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 Jacketed one piece core ammunition
US11/590,461 Continuation-In-Part US20070045115A1 (en) 2003-03-28 2006-10-31 Dual electrode injection of analyte into a capillary electrophoretic device

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US20050183617A1 true US20050183617A1 (en) 2005-08-25

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Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/783,032 Abandoned US20050183617A1 (en) 2004-02-23 2004-02-23 Jacketed ammunition
US10/590,461 Active 2027-01-02 US7980180B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 Jacketed one piece core ammunition

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/590,461 Active 2027-01-02 US7980180B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2005-02-23 Jacketed one piece core ammunition

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (2) US20050183617A1 (es)
EP (1) EP1718921B1 (es)
JP (1) JP4744454B2 (es)
AU (1) AU2005214465B2 (es)
BR (1) BRPI0507941A (es)
CA (1) CA2554491C (es)
DK (1) DK1718921T3 (es)
ES (1) ES2550628T3 (es)
IL (1) IL177385A (es)
NO (1) NO338077B1 (es)
WO (1) WO2005080910A1 (es)

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US20190323805A1 (en) * 2015-04-21 2019-10-24 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Optimized subsonic projectiles
US10317178B2 (en) * 2015-04-21 2019-06-11 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Optimized subsonic projectiles and related methods
US11549789B2 (en) * 2015-04-21 2023-01-10 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Optimized subsonic projectiles
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US11408717B2 (en) 2020-04-29 2022-08-09 Barnes Bullets, Llc Low drag, high density core projectile
US11940254B2 (en) 2020-04-29 2024-03-26 Barnes Bullets, Llc Low drag, high density core projectile
US11421971B2 (en) * 2020-06-02 2022-08-23 The United States of America as represented by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice Rounded projectiles for target disruption
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US11898830B2 (en) * 2020-06-02 2024-02-13 The United States of America as represented by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice Rounded projectiles for target disruption

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NO338077B1 (no) 2016-07-25
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CA2554491A1 (en) 2005-09-01
CA2554491C (en) 2012-09-18
EP1718921A1 (en) 2006-11-08
JP2007523313A (ja) 2007-08-16
EP1718921B1 (en) 2015-08-05
DK1718921T3 (en) 2015-11-02
US20070163459A1 (en) 2007-07-19
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IL177385A (en) 2011-04-28
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AU2005214465A1 (en) 2005-09-01
US7980180B2 (en) 2011-07-19

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