US20050142640A1 - MUC-1 derived peptides - Google Patents

MUC-1 derived peptides Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050142640A1
US20050142640A1 US11/055,119 US5511905A US2005142640A1 US 20050142640 A1 US20050142640 A1 US 20050142640A1 US 5511905 A US5511905 A US 5511905A US 2005142640 A1 US2005142640 A1 US 2005142640A1
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Prior art keywords
polypeptide
cell
cells
analogue
binding
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US11/055,119
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English (en)
Inventor
Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou
Lukas Heukamp
Rienk Offringa
Cornelis Melief
Bruce Acres
Mireille Thomas
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Transgene SA
Cancer Research Horizons Ltd
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Transgene SA
Imperial Cancer Research Technology Ltd
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Priority claimed from GBGB9921242.5A external-priority patent/GB9921242D0/en
Application filed by Transgene SA, Imperial Cancer Research Technology Ltd filed Critical Transgene SA
Priority to US11/055,119 priority Critical patent/US20050142640A1/en
Publication of US20050142640A1 publication Critical patent/US20050142640A1/en
Priority to US12/042,196 priority patent/US20080227082A1/en
Priority to US12/578,499 priority patent/US7892828B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to MHC class I restricted epitopes and T cells which can be used to prevent or treat cancer or cause immunosuppression; and to the use of the epitopes to diagnose cancer.
  • the present invention relates to antigenic polypeptides of the MUC-1 protein which are able to activate Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) response and to nucleotide sequences encoding such polypeptides.
  • CTL Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
  • the present invention relates to vectors comprising such nucleotide sequences, host cells comprising the same and their use in the production of the antigenic polypeptides.
  • the present invention relates to compositions comprising the polypeptides, nucleotide sequences, vector or host cells of the present invention and to therapeutic and diagnostic uses of such compositions.
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • a cell-mediated immune response usually necessitates the cooperation of helper T lymphocytes and effector cells. This cooperation takes place, in particular, as a result of interleukin-2 and/or various other cytokines which are secreted by helper T lymphocytes after their activation by antigenic fragments presented by APC in association with MHC-II.
  • Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes CTL are activated, induced to proliferate and to exert their antigen-specific cytotoxic function upon exposure to antigenic polypeptides complexed with autologous MHC-I, co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of the APC and cytokines, often derived from helper T cells.
  • T cell derived cytokines can also trigger and drive the proliferation and antigen processing capacity of APC as well as activation and induction of proliferation in other cells, including other T cells.
  • cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognise epitopes bound to MHC class I molecules on the surface of cells. Recognition of such epitopes on the surface of target cells by CTL leads to the killing of the target cells by the CTL.
  • the epitopes which are displayed on the cell are fragments from proteins which have been processed in the class I antigen processing pathway of the cell. In this pathway proteins (generally from the cytoplasm) are broken down in the cytoplasm into small peptides. The small peptides are then transported through the endoplasmic reticulum (where they bind to the MHC molecules) to the surface of the cell.
  • MHC-I molecules Said antigen presentation by MHC-I molecules has been characterized (see for example Groettrup et al., 1996, Immunology Today 17, 429-435): a full-sized protein or glycoprotein antigen is digested into shorter antigenic polypeptides (of about 7 to 13 amino acids in length). Said polypeptides are associated with MHC-I molecules and ⁇ -2 microglobluin leading to a ternary complex which is further presented on the cell surface.
  • MHC-I specificity towards antigens can vary greatly depending on the considered MHC-I molecule (HLA-A, HLA-B, . . . ) and on the allele (HLA-A2, HLA-A3, HLA-A11, . . . ) since genes encoding the MHC molecules are greatly variable between individuals among a species (reviewed in George et al., 1995, Immunology Today, 16, 209-212).
  • tumor cells express antigens at their surface which differ either qualitatively or quantitatively from the antigens present at the surface of the corresponding normal cells. These antigens are specific when they are expressed only by tumor cells. When they are present on both normal and tumor cells, these antigens are said to be associated with the tumor; in this case, they are present either in larger amounts or in a different form in the tumor cells.
  • MUC-1 is a glycosylated mucin polypeptide found on the apical surface of mucin-secreting epithelial cells in various tissues, including breast, lung, pancreas, stomach, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and intestine (Peat et al., 1992, Cancer Res.
  • MHC major-histocompatibility-complex
  • T cells from breast and pancreatic cancer patients have also been reported (Jerome et al., 1991, Cancer Res. 51:2908-16) in addition to MHC restricted, MUC-1-specific CTL (Reddish et al., 1995, Int. J. Cancer 10:817-823).
  • proliferation of T cells to purified MUC-1 has been seen (Keydar et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1362-6).
  • MUC-1 may be an effective target antigen for active immunotherapy in breast, as well as other cancers. Hareuveni et al. (1991, Vaccine 9:618-27) expressed the MUC-1 antigen in vaccinia virus and showed that rat immunized with VV-MUC-1 rejected MUC-1-bearing tumor cells at a rate of 60-80% (Hareuveni et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:9498-502).
  • the inventors have now identified epitopes which can be used to induce a MHC class I restricted response which is protective against a tumor challenge.
  • the epitopes are from the MUC1 protein. Since activated T cells express MUC1, these epitopes can also be used to induce an immune response against such T cells or be used to obtain products which are capable of targeting activated T cells.
  • the present invention concerns immuno-reactive polypeptides identified from the MUC-1 polypeptide sequence and their uses in cancer therapy and diagnosis.
  • the invention could also be used to follow MUC-1 specific immune responses in patients during the course of disease and/or treatment.
  • the invention also concerns nucleotide sequences encoding these polypeptides, vectors useful for transferring and expressing said nucleotide sequences into target cells, and uses of said nucleotide sequences in cancer gene therapy vaccination and diagnosis.
  • the present invention relates to polypeptides consisting of or comprising at least one amino acid sequence of at most 20 consecutive amino-acids defined in SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said polypeptide is different from SEQ ID NO: 2 and is capable of binding with at least one MHC-I molecule.
  • “Capable of binding with” means that the considered polypeptide is capable to interact and to bind with MHC-I molecules. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, this binding results in cell surface presentation of these polypeptides by MHC class I molecules in order to elicit a specific immune response or for the detection of a specific immune response, eg, by Tetramer analysis (as described, e.g., in Altman et al., 1996, Science 274:94-96).
  • said amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3 to SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 65 and SEQ ID NO: 66. Data to explain why these sequences have been selected are shown in FIGS. 1 to 7 .
  • said polypeptide presents at least one of the following properties:
  • polypeptide is a peptide that comprises a MHC class I restricted T cell epitope, the epitope being contained in or represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 33, 65 or 66, preferably SEQ ID NO: 4, 3, or 5. These latter epitopes lie outside the immunogenic variable non tandem repeat (VNTR) region.
  • VNTR immunogenic variable non tandem repeat
  • the amino acid sequence present in the polypeptide of the invention may be any stretch of at most 20 contiguous amino acids (such a stretch is in the following referred to as “epitope”) of the sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably a sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 33, 65 or 66 below or the amino acid sequence of an epitope present within these sequences (such as the fragments of the sequences shown in the brackets shown below, e.g., for SEQ ID NO: 3 to 5 or for SEQ ID NO: 6, 65 and 66) SEQ ID NO: 3 -ALGSTAPPV (LGSTAPPV) SEQ ID NO: 4 -FLSFHISNL (LSFHISNL) SEQ ID NO: 5 -TLAPATEPA (LAPATEPA) SEQ ID NO: 6 -SLSYTNPAV (SLSYTNPA or LSYTNPAV) SEQ ID NO: 65 -LLLTVLTVV (LLLTVLTV or LLTVL
  • polypeptide of the invention has the same sequence as the “epitope”.
  • the peptide typically comprises 1, 2, 3 or more copies of each of 1, 2 or more, or all of the above defined “epitopes”.
  • a ‘linker’ sequence may or may not separate the “epitopes” and/or there may or may not be additional (non-“epitope”) sequences at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide.
  • the peptide comprises 1, 2, 3 or more linkers.
  • the linkers are typically 1, 2, 3, 4 or more amino acids in length and may comprise amino acid sequence encoded by a polynucleotide sequence that comprises enzyme restriction sites or amino acids that constitute proteosomal cleavage sites.
  • 1, 2 or more, or all of the “epitopes” may be contiguous with each other or separated from each other.
  • the “epitope” sequences may overlap with each other.
  • the polypeptide is typically 8 to 2000 amino acids in length, such as 9 to 1000, 10 to 500, 11 to 200, 12 to 100 or 15 to 50 amino acids.
  • the peptide may be a natural protein, a fragment thereof, a non-natural protein, or a fusion protein (typically) comprising sequences from different proteins.
  • the peptide may or may not comprise or be a fragment of MUC1, which fragment may or may not include the MUC1 VNTR. In a preferred embodiment such a fragment only comprises sequences from outside the VNTR.
  • FIG. 12 shows a representation of the MUC1 amino acid sequence in which only a single perfect copy of the tandem repeat sequence is shown by amino acids 129 to 148 inclusive.
  • the polypeptide of the invention comprises fragments of the MUC1 sequence shown in FIG. 12 or in SEQ ID NO: 2, which fragments do not include any sequence from amino acids 97 to 184, e.g. fragments which do not include sequence from amino acids 90 to 190 (as shown in FIG. 12 ).
  • SEQ ID NOs: 4, 3 and 5 can be seen at amino acid positions 264 to 272 (inclusive), 167 to 175 (inclusive) and 79 to 87 (inclusive) of FIG. 12 .
  • the polypeptide only contains a MUC1 sequence that lies close to the epitopes, such as only sequences from or within positions 258 to 276, 253 to 281, 161 to 179, 156 to 184, 72 to 91 or 67 to 96 of FIG. 12 .
  • the polypeptide may also comprise a sequence which aids the stimulation of a CTL response directed to the epitope.
  • sequence may act as adjuvant or may target the polypeptide to antigen presenting cells (APCs) or to compartments in the antigen processing pathway.
  • the sequence may stimulate a T helper response, such as a Th1 response, and thus may comprise a T helper (e.g. Th1) cell epitope.
  • T helper e.g. Th1 cell epitope.
  • the polypeptide may also comprise the sequence of any of the proteins mentioned herein.
  • the polypeptide may be free from modifications.
  • the polypeptide is modified, for example by a natural post-translational modification (e.g. glycosylation) or an artificial modification.
  • the sequence in the polypeptide may or may not comprise the modification(s) that are present when the sequence is expressed in a normal or cancer cell.
  • the polypeptide may comprise the modifications that occur when it is expressed in a eukaryotic (e.g. human) or prokaryotic (e.g. E. coli ) cell.
  • the polypeptide lacks glycosylation.
  • the modification may provide a chemical moiety (typically by substitution of a hydrogen, e.g. the hydrogen of a C—H bond), such as an amino, acetyl, hydroxy or halogen (e.g. fluorine) group or carbohydrate group. Typically the modification is present on the N or C terminus.
  • a chemical moiety typically by substitution of a hydrogen, e.g. the hydrogen of a C—H bond
  • halogen e.g. fluorine
  • the present invention also relates to analogues of the polypeptides of the invention which are capable of inhibiting the binding of the polypeptide or of an epitope contained in said polypeptide to a T cell receptor either by directly binding to the same T cell receptor or by binding to the same T cell receptor after being processed.
  • the analogue of the invention is capable of inhibiting the binding of any of the above-mentioned polypeptides (epitopes) to a T cell receptor, either directly or after the analogue is processed. Therefore, certain analogues of the invention can be processed to provide other analogues (that can bind the T cell receptor directly).
  • the term ‘analogue’ as used here includes both of these types of analogue.
  • processed refers to being processed by the class I antigen presentation pathway (generally this will be hydrolysis, e.g. proteolysis).
  • the amount of polypeptide (epitope) which can bind the T cell receptor in the presence of the analogue is decreased. This is because the analogue is able to bind the T cell receptor and therefore competes with the epitope for binding to the T cell receptor.
  • the binding of the analogue to the T cell receptor is a specific binding.
  • the polypeptide (epitope) or analogue is bound to an MHC class I molecule, such as HLA-A*0201.
  • T cell receptor used binds specifically to the polypeptide (epitope).
  • T cells with such receptors can be produced by stimulating antigen naive T cells with any of the polypeptides (epitopes) of the invention, for example using the stimulation protocol described in Plebanski et al. (Eur. J. Immunol. 25 (1995), 1783-1787).
  • an analogue is capable of causing antigen specific functional activation of a T cell which recognises the polypeptide (epitope) (which can be measured using any of the techniques discussed herein).
  • the analogue causes such activation when it is presented to the T cell associated with an MHC class I molecule, such as HLA-A*0201 (for example on the surface of a cell).
  • the analogue is typically capable of stimulating a MHC class I restricted T cell response directed to the polypeptide (epitope), for example when administered to a human or animal (such as in any of the forms or with any of the adjuvants mentioned herein). Such a response may be protective against a tumor challenge in an animal model or of therapeutic benefit in a human patient.
  • the analogue typically has a shape, size, flexibility or electronic configuration which is substantially similar to the polypeptide of the invention. It is typically a derivative of the polypeptide.
  • the analogue may also be able to bind other specific binding agents that bind the polypeptide (epitope).
  • an agent may be HLA-A*0201.
  • the analogue typically binds to antibodies specific for the polypeptide and, thus, inhibits binding of the polypeptide to such an antibody.
  • the analogue is either a peptide or non-peptide or may comprise both peptide and non-peptide portions. Such a peptide or peptide portion may have homology with the polypeptide of the invention.
  • the analogue may be at least 30% homologous to the polypeptide, preferably at least 50, 70, 80 or 90% and more preferably at least 95%, 97% or 99% homologous thereto, for example over a region of about 20, preferably at least 30, for instance at least 40, 60 or 100 or more contiguous amino acids.
  • Methods of measuring protein homology are well known in the art and it will be understood by those skilled in the art that in the present context, homology is calculated on the basis of amino acid identity (sometimes referred to as “hard homology”).
  • the UWGCG Package provides the BESTFIT program which can be used (e.g. on its default setting) to calculate homology (Devereux et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984), 387-395).
  • the homologous peptide typically differs from the epitope present in the polypeptide of the present invention by substitution, insertion or deletion, for example from 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substitutions and/or 1, 2, 3, 4 or more deletions and/or 1, 2, 3, 4 or more insertions over its length.
  • the substitutions are preferably ‘conservative’. These are defined according to the following Table.
  • Amino acids in the same block in the second column and preferably in the same line in the third column may be substituted for each other: TABLE 1 ALIPHATIC Non-polar G A P I L V Polar - uncharged C S T M N Q Polar - charged D E K R AROMATIC H F W Y
  • amino acids in an analogue which has homology with the polypeptide which are equivalent to amino acids in the epitope sequence are the same or are conservatively substituted.
  • amino acid in position 2 (based on the numbering used for epitopes bound to MHC molecules) is a L or M and/or the amino acid in position 6 is a V and/or the amino acid in position 9 is V or L.
  • the analogue may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4 more non-natural amino acids, for example amino acids with a side chain different from natural amino acids.
  • the non-natural amino acid will have an N terminus and/or a C terminus.
  • the non-natural amino acid may be an L-amino acid.
  • the analogue is a peptide which comprises one or more modifications.
  • the sequence of the peptide may be the same as the epitope or homologous peptide discussed above.
  • the modification may be any of the modifications mentioned above which can be present on the polypeptide of the invention.
  • the modification can be present on any of the amino acids of the polypeptide, such as any of the the amino acids responsible for binding the MHC molecule or which contact the T cell receptor during recognition by a T cell.
  • the analogue is typically designed or selected by computational means and then synthesised using methods known in the art.
  • the analogue can be selected from a library of compounds.
  • the library may comprise peptides which have an HLA-A*0201 binding motif.
  • the library may be a combinatorial library or a display library, such as a phage display library.
  • the library of compounds may be expressed in the display library in the form of being bound to a MHC class I molecule, such as HLA-A*0201.
  • Analogues can be selected from the library based on any of the characteristics mentioned above, such as their ability to mimic the binding characteristics of the original epitopes. Thus, they may be selected based on the ability to bind a T cell receptor, HLA-A*0201 or antibody which recognises the epitope. They may be selected based on their ability to cause antigen specific functional activity of a T cell that recognises the epitope (for example using any of the techniques or methods of the invention mentioned herein, e.g. CTL assays, ELISPOT assays or by measuring the production of cytokines inside the T cell).
  • the analogue which is capable of inhibiting the binding of the polypeptide (epitope) to the T cell receptor after being processed is capable of being processed in the class I antigen processing pathway of a cell to provide a second analogue which can directly inhibit the binding of the polypeptide (epitope) to the T cell receptor.
  • Such a cell is typically a mammalian or avian cell, such as a human or rodent (e.g. mouse or rat cell).
  • the cell may be a muscle cell or a professional APC (such as a dendritic cell, macrophage, Langerhans cell or B cell).
  • the cell will provide the epitope or analogue on its surface bound to a MHC class I molecule.
  • the invention also relates to polynucleotides comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one polypeptide or analogue of the present invention. Based on the amino acid sequences provided with in the present application and by using the genetic code those skilled in the art can easily identify said nucleic acid sequences. According to a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34 to SEQ ID NO: 64, and their complementary sequences.
  • polynucleotide as used in the scope of the present invention means a DNA and/or RNA fragment, single or double-stranded, linear or circular, natural or synthetic, modified or not (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,711, U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,955, U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,608 or EP-A-0 302 175 for modification examples) defining a fragment or a portion of a nucleic acid, without size limitation. It may be, inter alia, a genomic DNA, a cDNA, an mRNA. “Polynucleotides” and “nucleic acids” are synonyms with regard to the present invention.
  • the nucleic acid may be in the form of a linear polynucleotide, and preferably in the form of a plasmid.
  • plasmids A wide range of plasmids is commercially available and well known by one skilled in the art. These available plasmids are easily modified by the molecular biology techniques (Sambrook et al., 1989, Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).
  • Plasmids derived from pBR322 (Gibco BRL), pUC (Gibco BRL), pBluescript (Stratagene), pREP4, pCEP4 (Invitrogen) and also p Poly (Lathe et al., 1987, Gene 57, 193-201) are illustrative of these modifications.
  • the nucleic acid can be a naked polynucleotide (Wolff et al., Science 247 (1990), 1465-1468) or is formulated with at least one compound such as a polypeptide, preferably viral polypeptides, oligonucleotides or cationic lipids, or cationic polymers which can participate in the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells (see Ledley, Human Gene Therapy 6 (1995), 1129-1144 for a review) or a protic polar compound (examples are provided below in the present specification or in EP-A-0 890362).
  • a polypeptide preferably viral polypeptides, oligonucleotides or cationic lipids, or cationic polymers which can participate in the uptake of the nucleic acid into the cells
  • a protic polar compound examples are provided below in the present specification or in EP-A-0 890362.
  • Polynucleotide also designates nucleic acid of viral origin (viral vector) which encodes at least for the polypeptide of the invention.
  • viral vector preferably derives from a virus selected among poxvirus (vaccine virus, MVA, canarypox . . . ), adenovirus, retrovirus, herpes virus, alpha virus, foamy virus or adeno associated virus. Said viral vectors and their uses are widely disclosed in gene therapy literature.
  • said nucleic acid includes at least one therapeutically useful gene sequence that can be transcribed and translated to generate a polypeptide of interest and the elements enabling its expression.
  • the genetic information necessary for expression by a target cell comprises all the elements required for transcription of DNA into RNA and, if necessary, for translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
  • Transcriptional promoters suitable for use in various vertebrate systems are well known.
  • suitable promoters include viral promoters like RSV, MPSV, SV40, CMV or 7.5k, vaccinia promoter, inducible promoters, tissue specific promoters, synthetic promoters, etc or combination thereof.
  • the nucleic acid can also include intron sequences, targeting sequences, transport sequences, sequences involved in replication or integration. Said sequences have been reported in the literature and can be readily obtained by those skilled in the art.
  • the nucleic acid can also be modified in order to be stabilized with specific components as spermine.
  • the polynucleotide of the invention is capable of expressing 1, 2, 3 or more (different) compounds, each of which is a polypeptide or analogue of the invention (for example any combination of a polypeptide and an analogue).
  • the polynucleotide is typically DNA or RNA, and is single or double stranded.
  • the polynucleotide generally comprises 1, 2, 3 or more coding sequences which may be the same or different. At least one of the coding sequences encodes a polypeptide or an analogue of the invention.
  • the coding sequence is typically operably linked to a control sequence capable of providing for expression of the polynucleotide.
  • the polynucleotide comprises 5′ and 3′ to the coding sequence sequences which aid expression, such as aiding transcription and/or translation of the coding sequence.
  • the polynucleotide comprises a promoter, enhancer, transcription terminator, polyadenylation signal, polyA tail, intron, translation initiation codon or translation stop codon.
  • the polynucleotide may in particular be capable of expressing a polypeptide or analogue of the invention in a mammalian or avian cell, such as in any of the cells discussed herein.
  • the polynucleotide may furthermore be capable of expressing the polypeptide or analogue in the cellular vector discussed below.
  • the polynucleotide may form or be part of a vector, such as a plasmid or cosmid vector.
  • the polynucleotide is present in a virus or cellular vector, such as a virus which is capable of stimulating a MHC class I restricted T cell response (e.g. a vaccinia virus).
  • Intraduction or transfer means that the polynucleotide is transferred into the cell and is located, at the end of the process, inside said cell or within or on its membrane. It is also called “transfection” or “infection” depending of the nature of the vector.
  • the invention is therefore further directed to a vector, e.g. of viral or plasmid origin, comprising at least a nucleic acid sequence of the invention.
  • a vector e.g. of viral or plasmid origin
  • the vector of the invention comprises one or more nucleotide sequences selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present invention relates to host cells comprising at least one polynucleotide or at least one vector according to the invention.
  • a host cell is a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell, more preferably an animal cell, most preferably a mammalian cell.
  • the present invention also relates to a composition (iv) that comprises two or more different compounds wherein each of the compounds is (i) a polypeptide or (ii) an analogue or (iii) a polynucleotide of the invention as defined above.
  • composition (iv) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different compounds may be present, wherein each of these compounds is (i), (ii) or (iii).
  • the composition may comprise all the epitopes of the invention (present in the form of the polypeptide of the invention), or instead of any of these epitopes the equivalent analogue.
  • the composition may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more polynucleotides which together are capable of being expressed to provide 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different epitopes, analogues or polypeptides of the invention, or all the epitopes (or instead of any of the epitopes the equivalent analogue) of the invention (e.g. in the form of polypeptide of the invention).
  • (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) are provided for use in a method of vaccination against cancer or for use in a method of immunosuppression.
  • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more different epitopes of the invention may be used (or instead of any of these epitopes the equivalent analogue).
  • the combination of epitopes/analogues may be present in the form of the polypeptide of the invention or in the form of the composition of the invention.
  • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different polynucleotides may be used which together are capable of being expressed to provide any of the combinations of epitopes, analogues, polypeptides or compositions mentioned herein.
  • each epitope/analogue or one or more groups of epitopes/analogues within the combination are administered to the host separately or sequentially.
  • the epitopes/analogues in each group are typically together in the form of a single peptide of the invention or in the form of the composition of the invention.
  • different polypeptides or polynucleotides of the invention may be administered separately or sequentially, for example polynucleotides capable of expressing individual or groups of epitopes and/or polypeptides and/or analogues and/or compositions.
  • the invention provides a combination of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different epitopes and/or analogues and/or polypeptides and/or compositions and/or polynucleotides of the invention for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy, for example in a method of vaccination against cancer or in a method of immunosuppression.
  • the method of vaccination against cancer or the method of immunosuppression typically leads to a MHC class I restricted T cell response, the T cells of which are specific for an epitope of the invention.
  • the vaccine of the invention may comprise one or more components (for example, as discussed herein in relation to the vaccine of the invention) in addition to (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv).
  • the components of the vaccine may be administered simultaneously, separately or sequentially to the host.
  • the invention also provides a vaccine comprising (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv), which vaccine is capable of stimulating a MHC class I restricted T cell response directed to an epitope (polypeptide) of the invention.
  • a vaccine comprises an adjuvant or delivery system which stimulates a MHC class I restricted T cell response.
  • the adjuvant may be capable of causing or augmenting a MHC class II restricted T cell (typically CD4) reponse which is favourable to the production of a MHC class I restricted T cell response, such as a Th1 response.
  • the adjuvant may comprise a MHC class II restricted T cell epitope (or a precursor which can be processed in vivo to provide such an epitope).
  • the adjuvant may be a cytokine, such as a cytokine which stimulates a MHC class I restricted T cell response or favourable MHC class II restricted T cell response (e.g. IL-2, IL-7, IL-12 or IFN- ⁇ ).
  • the adjuvant may be, for example, CFA (Golding and Scott, Ann. N.Y.
  • a muramyl dipeptide e.g. of a mycobacterial cell wall
  • monophosphoryl lipid A lipopolysaccharide
  • liposomes SAF-1 (Golding and Scott, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 754 (1995), 126-137)
  • saponin e.g. Quil A
  • keyhole limpet hemocyanin yeast TY particle
  • beta 2-microglobulin or mannan e.g. oxidised mannan
  • the delivery system is typically capable of providing (i), (ii), (iv) or an epitope or analogue expressed from (iii) or (iv) to an APC, such as a professional APC.
  • the particular route of administration used may aid the stimulating of a MHC class I restricted T cell response and, thus, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) or the vaccine of the invention may be provided in a form suitable for administering by such a route.
  • Intraperitoneal or intravenous routes are preferred. In one embodiment these substances are delivered by biolistic means.
  • a low dose of antigen favours the development of a MHC class I restricted T cell response.
  • a suitable low dose of a compound of the invention can be given.
  • the vaccine may be provided in an amount and concentration that is suitable for administering to provide an appropriate low dose.
  • (iv) is administered in the form of “naked DNA”.
  • the invention also relates to a composition, preferably a pharmaceutical composition, which is particularly useful for the delivery of polynucleotides of the invention to cells or tissues of a subject in the scope of a gene therapeutic method, especially in case of cancer treatment.
  • the term “gene therapy method” is preferably understood as a method for the introduction of a polynucleotide into cells either in vivo or by introduction into cells in vitro followed by re-implantation into a subject. “Gene therapy” in particular concerns the case where the polynucleotide is expressed in a target tissue, especially tissue comprising cell expressing MHC-I molecules.
  • the composition in particular pharmaceutical composition, furthermore comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the carrier or diluent is non toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed.
  • Representative examples of carrier or diluent for injectable solutions include water, isotonic saline solutions which are preferably buffered at the physiological pH (such as phosphate buffered saline or Tris-buffered saline), mannitol, dextrose, glycerol and ethanol, as well as polypeptides or protein such as human serum albumin.
  • This carrier or diluent is preferably isotonic, hypotonic or weakly hypertonic and has a relatively low ionic strength.
  • it may contain any relevant solvents, aqueous or partly aqueous liquid carriers comprising sterile, pyrogen-free water, dispersion media, coatings, and equivalents.
  • the pH of the pharmaceutical preparation is suitably adjusted and buffered.
  • the invention more particularly pertains to a composition, in particular pharmaceutical composition, comprising at least one of the complexes described above and also incorporating at least one adjuvant capable of improving the transfection capacity of said complex.
  • Adjuvants may be selected from the group consisting of a chloroquine, protic polar compounds such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, EtOH, 1-methyl L-2-pyrolidine or their derivatives, or aprotic polar compounds such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), diethylsulfoxide, di-n-propylsulfoxide, dimethylsulfone, sulfolane, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetramethylurea, acetonitrile and their derivatives.
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • di-n-propylsulfoxide dimethylsulfone
  • sulfolane dimethylformamide
  • the polynucleotide which is contained in the composition is a DNA.
  • concentration of polynucleotide in such a composition is from about 0.1 ⁇ g/ml to about 20 mg/ml.
  • composition in particular pharmaceutical composition, in accordance with the present invention can be administered into a vertebrate tissue.
  • This administration may be made by intradermal, subdermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, intracerebral, intratracheal, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intravesical, intrapleural, intracoronary or intratumoral injection, by means of a syringe or other devices.
  • Transdermal administration is also contemplated, as are inhalation, aerosol routes, instillation or topical application.
  • the composition in particular pharmaceutical composition, can be administered into target tissues of the vertebrate body including those of muscle, skin, brain, lung, liver, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, heart, lymph, bone, cartilage, pancreas, kidney, gall bladder, stomach, intestine, testis, ovary, uterus, rectum, nervous system, eye, gland, connective tissue, blood, etc.
  • said composition will be administered into tumor.
  • composition of the invention is particularly suitable for the treatment or prevention of MUC-1-expressing cancers, such as breast cancer, ovary cancer, pancreas or lung cancer.
  • compositions of the present invention i.e. containing polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences of the instant invention (see above), is suitable for the treatment or prevention of MUC1-expressing cancers, wherein said treatment or prevention comprises:
  • both administration steps a) and b) can be made independently of each other or in the same time.
  • This special embodiment can result in boosting the immune response developed by the treated patient.
  • the term “cells” includes prokaryote cells and eukaryote cells, yeast cells, plant cells, human or animal cells, in particular mammalian cells.
  • cancer cells should be mentioned.
  • the invention can be applied in vivo to the interstitial or luminal space of tissues in the lungs, the trachea, the skin, the muscles, the brain, the liver, the heart, the spleen, the bone marrow, the thymus, the bladder, the lymphatic system, the blood, the pancreas, the stomach, the kidneys, the ovaries, the testicles, the rectum, the peripheral or central nervous system, the eyes, the lymphoid organs, the cartilage, the endothelium.
  • the cell will be a muscle cell, a haematopoietic system stem cell or an airways cell, a tracheal or pulmonary cell, or a tumor cell.
  • the present invention also relates to a process for transferring a nucleic acid into cells wherein said process comprises contacting said cells with at least one polynucleotide according to the invention.
  • This process may be applied by direct administration of said polynucleotide to cells of the animal in vivo, or by in vitro treatment of cells which were recovered from the animal and then re-introduced into the animal body (ex vivo process).
  • in vitro application cells cultivated on an appropriate medium are placed in contact with a suspension consisting of polynucleotide of the invention. After an incubation time, the cells are washed and recovered. Introduction of the polynucleotide can be verified (eventually after lysis of the cells) by any appropriate method.
  • the patient in order to improve the transfection rate, the patient may undergo a macrophage depletion treatment prior to administration of the pharmaceutical preparations described above.
  • a macrophage depletion treatment prior to administration of the pharmaceutical preparations described above.
  • the present invention further concerns the use of a polypeptide or analogue or a polynucleotide, a vector or a host cell as defined above for the preparation of a composition intended for diagnostic, curative, preventive or vaccination treatment of man or animals, and more specifically for the treatment of cancer.
  • the present invention relates to a diagnostic composition
  • a diagnostic composition comprising at least one polypeptide as defined above.
  • the use of a polypeptide of the invention in a diagnostic composition is illustrated by the following processes:
  • compositions, uses of the invention can be used for the treatment of all kinds of cancer the treatment and/or diagnostic of which being related to or dependent on the immune properties of the polypeptides of the invention.
  • the compositions, and uses of the present invention may be desirably employed in humans, although animal treatment is also encompassed by the uses described herein.
  • the present invention also relates to a T cell receptor which recognizes a polypeptide (epitope) of the invention or a fragment thereof which can recognize the polypeptide (epitope).
  • the T cell receptor of the invention recognises a polypeptide (epitope) of the invention.
  • the fragment of the T cell receptor typically comprises the extracellular domain.
  • the fragment may be a soluble fragment or a fragment capable of binding to a cell membrane.
  • the T cell receptor or fragment may be modified, such as by any of the modifications described herein in relation to the polypeptide of the invention.
  • the T cell receptor or fragment may be part of a fusion protein.
  • the T cell receptor or fragment is able to bind an MHC molecule (e.g. HLA-A*0201) that comprises the polypeptide (epitope) in its peptide binding groove.
  • MHC molecule e.g. HLA-A*0201
  • the MHC molecule will be present on the surface of a cell.
  • the T cell receptor or fragment may or may not be able to cause antigen specific functional activity of a T cell upon which they are present. This activity may include cytotoxic activity (such as the killing of the cell that bears the MHC/epitope complex which is recognised) or the secretion of substance (such as IFN- ⁇ ) from the T cell.
  • the activity may be measured by CTL assay, ELISPOT assay or by measuring the production of cytokine inside the T cell.
  • the T cell receptor may be present in a population (or composition) which comprises 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different T cell receptors of the invention which together recognise any of the combinations of a polypeptide or analogue of the invention.
  • the present invention relates to a T cell which comprises a T cell receptor according to the invention.
  • Such a T cell is preferably a MHC class I restricted cell, and is typically a CD8 T cell, although in one embodiment it is a MHC class I restricted CD4 cell.
  • the T cell receptor of the T cell recognises the epitope antigen specific functional activity of the cell occurs (such as the functional activity mentioned above).
  • the T cell may be an antigen naive or antigen experienced T cell.
  • the T cell may be of a cell line, such as an immortalised cell line.
  • the T cell may have been fused with another cell, which may or may not be a T cell.
  • the T cell is typically obtained from a host, such as a naive host, a host that has cancer or a host that has been immunised with a MUC1 based immunogen, such as any of the polypeptides, analogues or polynucleotides mentioned herein.
  • the T cell may be replicated in vitro in an antigen specific (typically by contacting with an epitope or analogue of the invention) or a non-antigen specific manner.
  • the invention provides a T cell of the invention that has been produced by replication in vitro.
  • the invention also provides a product that selectively binds a T cell receptor of the invention, typically in a reversible manner.
  • a product is generally able to inhibit the binding of a polypeptide (epitope) of the invention (e.g. bound to an MHC molecule) to the T cell receptor.
  • the product is typically able to cause antigen specific functional activity of a T cell with the T cell receptor of the invention.
  • the product typically comprises (a) an MHC molecule, or fragment thereof, comprising a polypeptide (epitope) or analogue of the invention in its peptide binding groove, or (b) an analogue of (a) which is capable of inhibiting the binding of (a) to a T cell receptor of the invention.
  • the MHC molecule of (a) is generally a class I molecule (e.g. HLA-A*0201). Such molecules comprise an ⁇ chain and a ⁇ chain. The fragment may comprise only the extracellular domain of the MHC molecule. The fragment may or may not be capable of binding a cell membrane.
  • (b) may comprise a protein which has homology with a naturally occurring ⁇ chain (or a fragment thereof) and/or a protein which has homology with a naturally occurring ⁇ chain (or a fragment thereof). The naturally occurring ⁇ or ⁇ chain may be of an HLA-A molecule (e.g. HLA-A*0201). Any of the above homologous proteins or fragments may be present as part of fusion proteins.
  • (b) is typically a derivative of (a) and, thus, may be made by modifying (a) by any of the modifications mentioned herein.
  • the product may be designed, made or identified using methods known in the art.
  • the invention provides use of a polypeptide (epitope or epitope sequence) of the invention to design or identify the product.
  • the product may be designed by computational means or may be identified from a library of compounds.
  • the invention also provides a method of identifying a product of the invention comprising contacting a candidate substance with a T cell receptor or fragment of the invention and determining whether the candidate substance binds to the T cell receptor or fragment, the binding of the candidate substance to the T cell receptor or fragment indicating that the substance is such a product.
  • the product may be present on the surface of a cell, such as a professional APC.
  • the binding may be measured by contacting the candidate substance with a T cell of the invention and determining whether the candidate substance causes antigen specific functional activity of the T cell (such as by any means mentioned herein).
  • the product may be linked to a cytotoxic agent.
  • the product is an antibody.
  • 2, 3, 4 or more products are linked together in a multimer and, thus, the invention provides a multimer comprising 2 or more products of the invention.
  • Such a multimer may be used in the same manner as the product is used in the different aspects of the invention and, thus, the term ‘product’ as used in the context of the other aspects of the invention includes the multimer.
  • the products in the multimer may be linked by a covalent bond or by non-covalent means.
  • the products are linked by a streptavidin-biotin interaction and, thus, typically the products comprise a biotin portion (typically chemically linked to or in a fusion protein with the product) which allows the products to be linked together by streptavidin.
  • the multimer generally has a higher binding affinity to the T cell receptor of the invention than the product, and in one embodiment is able to cause more antigen specific functional activity than the product.
  • the multimer may also comprise a detectable label, such as a radioactive or a light detectable (e.g. fluorescent) label. The label may allow the multimer to be sorted by flow cytometry (e.g. when the multimer is bound to a T cell receptor which is present on a T cell of the invention).
  • the multimer may be a soluble multimer or may be capable of associating with a cell membrane.
  • the multimer is attached to a solid support, such as a microtitre plate.
  • the invention also provides a cell comprising a product of the invention.
  • the cell may be any of the types of cells mentioned herein, such as a professional APC or T cell.
  • the cell may be capable of stimulating antigen specific functional activation of a T cell of the invention.
  • the cell may be used to stimulate a MHC class I restricted T cell response in vitro or in vivo, which response is directed to a polypeptide (epitope) of the invention.
  • the cell may, therefore, be used in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy, particularly in a method of treating or preventing cancer.
  • the cell may be made by providing a polypeptide, analogue, polynucleotide or composition of the invention to a cell which is able to process the polypeptide, analogue, polynucleotide or composition and present them on its surface (under conditions in which such processing occurs).
  • the invention furthermore provides a method of causing the replication of MHC class I restricted T cells which are specific for a cancer epitope comprising contacting a population of cells which comprises MHC class I restricted T cells with a polypeptide or analogue of the invention under conditions in which the polypeptide or analogue are presented to T cells in the population, or with a product or cell of the invention.
  • the invention includes use of a T cell of the invention (including a T cell replicated by the above method) in vitro or in vivo to kill a cell which presents the polypeptide (epitope) of the invention.
  • a cell is typically a cancer cell, but in one embodiment is a T cell (typically a MUC1 expressing activated T cell).
  • the invention provides a T cell of the invention, or a cell which has been replicated in the method of the invention for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.
  • an immune response such as an inflammatory disorder, autoimmune disease, organ transplant rejection or graft versus host disease.
  • the invention also provides a method of identifying a MHC class I restricted T cell response which is based on determining whether MHC class I restricted T cells from a host recognise a polypeptide or analogue of the invention (either of which may be provided by a polynucleotide of the invention), or a product or cell of the invention.
  • the polypeptide or analogue may be in the form of the composition of the invention.
  • the determination of whether the T cells recognise the polypeptide or analogue is done by detecting a change in the state of the T cells in the presence of the polypeptide or analogue or determining whether the T cells bind the polypeptide or the analogue.
  • the change in state is generally caused by antigen specific functional activity of the T cell after the T cell receptor binds the polypeptide or the analogue.
  • the polypeptide or the analogue is bound to an MHC class I molecule, which is typically present on the surface of an APC.
  • the change in state of the T cell may be the start of or increase in the expression of a substance in the T cells and/or secretion of a substance from the T cell, such as a cytokine (e.g. IFN- ⁇ , IL-2 or TNF- ⁇ ). Determination of IFN- ⁇ expression or secretion is particularly preferred.
  • the substance can typically be detected by allowing it to bind to a specific binding agent and then measuring the presence of the specific binding agent/substance complex.
  • the specific binding agent is typically an antibody, such as polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies to cytokines are commercially available, or can be made using standard techniques.
  • the specific binding agent is immobilised on a solid support (and thus the method may based on the ELISPOT assay to detect secretion of the substance).
  • the solid support can optionally be washed to remove material which is not specifically bound to the agent.
  • the agent/substance complex may be detected by using a second binding agent which will bind the complex.
  • the second agent binds the substance at a site which is different from the site which binds the first agent.
  • the second agent is preferably an antibody and is labelled directly or indirectly by a detectable label.
  • the second agent may be detected by a third agent which is typically labelled directly or indirectly by a detectable label.
  • the second agent may comprise a biotin moiety, allowing detection by a third agent which comprises a streptavidin moiety and typically alkaline phosphatase as a detectable label.
  • the change in state of the T cell which can be measured may be the increase in the uptake of substances by the T cell, such as the uptake of thymidine.
  • the change in state may be an increase in the size of the T cells, or proliferation of the T cells, or a change in cell surface markers on the T cell.
  • the change in state may be the killing (by the T cell) of a cell which presents the polypeptide, the analogue or the product of the invention to the T cell (e.g. the killing of the cell of the invention).
  • the determination of whether the T cells recognise the peptide may be carried out using a CTL assay.
  • the T cells which are contacted in the method are taken from the host in a blood sample, although other types of samples which contain T cells can be used.
  • the sample may be added directly to the assay or may be processed first.
  • the processing may comprise diluting of the sample, for example with water or buffer.
  • the sample is diluted from 1.5 to 100 fold, for example 2 to 50 or 5 to 10 fold.
  • the processing may comprise separation of components of the sample.
  • mononuclear cells MCs
  • the MCs will comprise the T cells and APCs.
  • the APCs present in the separated MCs can present the peptide to the T cells.
  • T cells in one embodiment only CD8 T cells
  • PBMCs, MCs and T cells can be separated from the sample using techniques known in the art.
  • the T cells used in the assay can be in the form of unprocessed or diluted samples, or are freshly isolated T cells (such as in the form of freshly isolated MCs or PBMCs) which are used directly ex vivo, i.e. they are not cultured before being used in the method.
  • the T cells are cultured before use, for example in the presence of the polypeptide or the analogue of the invention and, generally, also exogenous growth promoting cytokines.
  • the polypeptide or the analogue are typically present on the surface of APCs, such as the APC used in the method. Pre-culturing of the T cells may lead to an increase in the sensitivity of the method.
  • the APC which is typically used in the method is from the same host as the T cell or from a different host.
  • the APC can be a non-professional APC, but is typically a professional APC, such as any of the APCs mentioned herein.
  • the APC maybe an artificial APC.
  • the APC is a cell which is capable of presenting the peptide to a T cell. It is typically separated from the same sample as the T cell and is typically co-purified with the T cell. Thus, the APC may be present in MCs or PBMCs.
  • the APC is typically a freshly isolated ex vivo cell or a cultured cell. It may be in the form of a cell line, such as a short term or immortalised cell line.
  • the APC may express empty MHC class I molecules on its surface.
  • the method identifies a MHC class I restricted T cell response to any of the combinations of a polypeptide or an analogue of the invention discussed above in relation to the composition of the invention.
  • the T cells can be placed into an assay with the composition of the invention (which comprises the combination of the polypeptide or the analogue which are to be tested).
  • the T cells can be divided and placed into separate assays each of which contains a group of polypeptides or analogues within the combination.
  • a polypeptide or an analogue per se is added directly to an assay comprising T cells and APCs.
  • an assay comprising T cells and APCs.
  • T cells and APCs in such an assay could be in the form of MCs.
  • polypeptide or the analogue are provided to the APC in the absence of the T cell.
  • the APC is then provided to the T cell, typically after being allowed to present the polypeptide or the analogue on its surface.
  • the polypeptide or the analogue may have been taken up inside the APC and presented, or simply be taken up onto the surface without entering inside the APC.
  • the duration for which the polypeptide or the analogue are contacted with the T cells will vary depending on the method used for determining recognition of the peptide.
  • concentration of T cells used is 10 3 /ml to 10 9 /ml, preferably 10 5 /ml to 10 7 /ml.
  • concentration is typically from 0.1 to 1000 ⁇ g/ml, preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the length of time for which the T cells are incubated with the polypeptide or the analogue is from 4 to 24 hours, preferably 6 to 16 hours.
  • the determination of the recognition of the polypeptide or the analogue by the T cells may be done by measuring the binding the polypeptide or the analogue to the T cells.
  • T cells which bind the polypeptide can be sorted based on this binding, for example using a FACS machine.
  • the presence of T cells which recognise the polypeptide will be deemed to occur if the frequency of cells sorted using the polypeptide is above a ‘control’ value (i.e. above the frequency of antigen naive T cells which recognise the polypeptide or the analogue).
  • the frequency of antigen-experienced T cells during a disease state can be up to 2.5% of the total CD8 T cells.
  • the polypeptide, the analogue, the polynucleotide, the composition, the product or the cell of the invention can be used to detect a MHC class I restricted T cell response to a polypeptide (epitope) of the invention in vitro (such as in a sample from a host) or in vivo. This can be done, for example, by using the method discussed above.
  • the presence of a response generally indicates the presence of a cell which is expressing MUC1, such as a cancer cell or an activated T cell.
  • the detection of the response may be used to diagnose cancer.
  • Measurement of the level of the reponse may be used to monitor the severity of the cancer (i.e. the number of cancer cells present in the host), a larger response indicating a more severe cancer.
  • the presence or absence of the MHC class I restricted T cell response is typically determined by the method of identifying a MHC class I restricted T cell response discussed above.
  • the antibodies mentioned herein may be produced by raising antibody in a host animal. Such antibodies will be specific to the peptide or to the substances mentioned above which bind antibodies.
  • the peptide or substances are referred to as the ‘immunogen’ below.
  • Methods of producing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are well-known.
  • a method for producing a polyclonal antibody comprises immunising a suitable host animal, for example an experimental animal, with the immunogen and isolating immunoglobulins from the serum. The animal may therefore be inoculated with the immunogen, blood subsequently removed from the animal and the IgG fraction purified.
  • a method for producing a monoclonal antibody comprises immortalising cells which produce the desired antibody. Hybridoma cells may be produced by fusing spleen cells from an inoculated experimental animal with tumour cells, for example as described in Köhler and Milstein (Nature 256 (1975), 495-497).
  • An immortalized cell producing the desired antibody may be selected by a conventional procedure.
  • the hybridomas may be grown in culture or injected intraperitoneally for formation of ascites fluid or into the blood stream of an allogenic host or immunocompromised host.
  • Human antibody may be prepared by in vitro immunisation of human lymphocytes, followed by transformation of the lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus.
  • the experimental animal is suitably a goat, rabbit, rat or mouse.
  • the immunogen may be administered as a conjugate in which the immunogen is coupled, for example via a side chain of one of the amino acid residues, to a suitable carrier.
  • the carrier molecule is typically a physiologically acceptable carrier.
  • the antibody obtained may be isolated and, if desired, purified.
  • any of the polypeptides, analogues or polynucleotides discussed above in any form or in association with any other agent discussed above is included in the termed “vaccination agent” below.
  • An effective non-toxic amount of such a vaccination agent may be given to a human or non-human patient in need thereof.
  • the condition of a patient suffering from a cancer can therefore be improved by administration of such a vaccination agent.
  • the vaccination agent may be administered prophylactically to an individual who does not have a cancer in order to prevent the individual developing cancer.
  • the present invention provides the vaccination agent for use in a method of treating the human or animal body by therapy.
  • the invention provides the use of the vaccination agent in the manufacture of a medicament for vaccinating against cancer.
  • the invention provides a method of vaccinating an individual comprising administering the vaccination agent to the individual.
  • the vaccination agent is typically administered by any standard technique used for administering vaccines, such as by injection.
  • a booster of the same or a different vaccination agent of the invention can be given.
  • the subject is given 1, 2, 3 or more separate adminstrations, each of which is separated by at least 12 hours, 1 day, 2, days, 7 days, 14 days, 1 month or more.
  • the vaccination agent may be in the form of a pharmaceutical composition which comprises the vaccination agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • Suitable carriers and diluents include isotonic saline solutions, for example phosphate-buffered saline.
  • the composition is formulated for parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, intradermal, oral, intranasal, intravaginal, or intrarectal administration.
  • the dose of vaccination may be determined according to various parameters, especially according to the substance used; the age, weight and condition of the patient to be treated; the route of administration; and the required regimen. A physician will be able to determine the required route of administration and dosage for any particular patient.
  • a suitable dose may however be from 10 ⁇ g to 10 g, for example from 100 ⁇ g to 1 g of the vaccination agent. These values may represent the total amount administered in the complete treatment regimen or may represent each separate administration in the regimen.
  • transfection agents may also be administered to enhance the uptake of the polynucleotides by cells.
  • suitable transfection agents include cationic agents (for example calcium phosphate and DEAE-dextran) and lipofectants (for example lipofectamTM and transfectamTM).
  • the amount of virus administered is in the range of from 10 4 to 10 12 pfu, preferably from 10 7 to 10 10 pfu (for example for adenoviral vectors), more preferably about 10 8 pfu for herpes viral vectors.
  • a pox virus vector may also be used (e.g. vaccinia virus), typically at any of the above dosages.
  • FIGS. 1 to 7 show competition binding data from polypeptides whose sequences are from within the sequence of human MUC-1. Experiments were performed according to the method described in van der Burg et al. (1995, Hum. Immunol. 44:189-198). Polypeptides described as ‘pp x’ correspond to the SEQ ID NO. For example, pp 27 corresponds to SEQ ID NO 27. In some Figures the competion binding curves of some negative (therefore not claimed) polypeptide sequences are shown to demonstrate the specificity of the competition binding assay.
  • FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 show ELISpot data from three experiments performed with PBMC, from patients immunized with VV-MUC-1-IL2, exposed to polypeptides from this invention. Spots per 10e6 PBMC indicate the number of CD8+ (CTL) T lymphocytes, per million PBMC, which are specific for that polypeptide.
  • Black histograms represent the ELISpot responses of PBMC drawn from the patient 1 weeks after the injection of VV-MUC-1-IL2 ( FIG. 8 ), 4 weeks after injection ( FIG. 9 ) or 4 weeks after the second injection ( FIG. 10 ).
  • the white bars correspond to the ELISpot response of patient PBMC taken before VV-MUC-1 administration ( FIG. 8 ) 5 months after injection ( FIG. 9 ) or before the second injection ( FIG. 10 ).
  • FIG. 11 shows that MUC1 derived HLA-A*0201 binding peptides induce peptide specific cytotoxic CTL responses.
  • A2K b mice were immunised twice with 100 ⁇ g of MUC1 peptide in IFA and 140 ⁇ g of Th peptide on day -28 and -14. On day 0 single cell splenocyte suspensions were restimulated in vitro for one week with peptide loaded syngeneic LPS-elicited lymphoblasts and tested for cytotoxicity of peptide loaded Jurkat-A*0201K b .
  • mice Groups of A2K b mice were immunised with MUC1 peptides MUC1 264-272 (FLSFHISNL), MUC1 460-468 (SLSYTNPAV), MUC1 13-21 (LLLTVLTVV), MUC1 167-175 (ALGSTAPPV) or MUC1 79-87 (TLAPATEPA).
  • CTL bulk cultures were tested against Jurkat-A*0201K b cells loaded with the cognate peptide (filled triangles) or irrelevant influenza matrix control peptide (open circles). Three representative graphs for each peptide are shown. The vertical axis shows % specific lysis.
  • FIG. 12 shows the amino acid sequence of one version of the MUC-1 protein.
  • Polypeptide fragments 8-13 amino acids long, of proteins produced within a nucleated, vertebrate cell are associated with newly formed cellular proteins of the MHC-I complex.
  • the complex of MHC-I protein and polypeptide fragment are further associated with a protein known as Beta-2 microglobulin.
  • Beta-2 microglobulin This trimolecular complex is then transported to the cell surface, anchored to the cell membrane and exposed to the extracellular milieu.
  • Thymus-derived, or T lymphocytes of the CD8 category have specific ‘antigen’ receptors on their cell surface, which recognise the MHC-I-Beta-2-microgobulin-peptide complex.
  • T lymphocytes are not ‘stimulated’ due either to the deletion of self-specific T cells from the immune repertoire or due to negative regulation of self-specific immune responses.
  • the polypeptide is from a pathogenic organism, such as a virus
  • specific T cells are activated to proliferate and to become cytotoxic such that CD8 ‘cytotoxic effector cells’ or CTL specifically recognise the infected cell and eliminate that cell in an effort to contain the pathogenic condition.
  • Tumours can also produce ‘tumour-specific’ protein molecules or modifications of cellular proteins.
  • specific CD8 T cells can recognise a tumour cell as pathogenic and eliminate these cells by the same mechanism as is used to eliminate virus-infected cells.
  • the tumour-specific modification of a protein is merely quantitative in that a protein is over-produced in tumour cells. It has been shown that such proteins can also be recognised by specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL).
  • CTL Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
  • flanking amino acids there are various other ‘preferred’ flanking amino acids, such that a polypeptide can be given a ‘rank’ of likelihood that it will bind to a particular MHC-I molecule, depending on its sequence.
  • Such ranking of predicted binding of polypeptides can be determined by one of several computer programs.
  • the program ‘BIMAS’ has been consulted (BioInformatics & Molecular Analysis Section) ‘HLA POLYPEPTIDE Binding Predictions’ (http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/molbio/hla_bind/) for predictions of which polypeptides from the human MUC-1 sequence are likely to bind to various HLA types. This, of course, is only a computer prediction and binding must be ascertained with a biochemical assay. Then, whether the polypeptides selected by the binding assay must be tested in a biological assay.
  • Binding can be envisioned with this apparatus since the polypeptide known to bind is tagged with a flourescene molecule. Thus cells binding the polypeptide become fluorescent. Each polypeptide to be screened for binding is mixed together with the reference fluorescent polypeptide, which is at a constant concentration of 150 nM. The test polypeptide is added at various concentrations and the mixture exposed to the same cells. A test polypeptide is considered ‘positive’ if the binding of the reference polypeptide is inhibited by 50% at 20 ⁇ g/ml or less of the test polypeptide. In FIGS.
  • 1-7 are shown data for the competitive binding of polypeptides deemed, by this assay, to be positive for binding to HLA-A2, B7, A3, A11, A24, A1, and B8 respectively.
  • binding is compared to a negative control polypeptide, known not to bind to that HLA type and a positive control polypeptide, known to bind to that HLA type.
  • the positive control ‘Flu’ is a polypeptide with the sequence GILGFVFIL from the influenza virus matrix protein (Scheibenbogen et al. International Journal of Cancer, 71: 932-936 (1997)).
  • EBV-B cell lines were derived by cultivating human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) in filtered culture supernatant which had been used to grow cells from the marmoset line B-958 These cells produce the Epstein Barr Virus.
  • PBMC Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
  • Cyclosporin A to inhibit T cell reactivity to the virus
  • HLA-typed EBV-transformed human B cell lines were used for all tests HLA types are described in Table 2.
  • Culture medium was Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)+5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 M Beta-Mercaptoethanol (with the addition of 25 mM HEPES buffer for the step of polypeptide detachment and cell washing) plus either 2% or 10% Fetal bovine Serum. All tests were performed in 96 well, V-bottom microtitre plates (PS micro plate). ⁇ -2 microglobulin was purchased from Sigma. The buffer for the polypeptide detachment used was:
  • PBS Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline
  • Reference polypeptides labelled with flourescene at the cysteine residue were prepared according to Van de Burg et al., 1995, Hum. Immunol., 44, 189-198.
  • Test polypeptides were purchased from NeoSystem, France or prepared according to standard methods.
  • Positive control polypeptides were purchased from NeoSystem (Strasbourg, France). Details of the polypeptides used are described in Table 2.
  • test plate (96 well, V-bottom) was prepared as follows:
  • Cells in the 5 ml culture medium in the 6 well plate were resuspended and transferred to a 15 ml conical bottom test tube and then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1500 rpm (500 g). Resuspend the cells in PBS and centrifuge a second time (500 g). Supernatant was removed and 2 ml detachment buffer while on ice. Cells were resuspended by gentle pipetting curing the first 30 seconds of this 2 minute period. After 2 minutes, 14 ml culture medium with 2% FBS was added. Cells are mixed by inverting the tube twice, then centrifuged at 2000 rpm (800 g) for 3 minutes at 4° C.
  • the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of cells with the fluorescent reference polypeptide but with no competitor polypeptide (positive control) was taken as 0% inhibition.
  • the MFI of cells without the fluorescent reference polypeptide (negative control) was taken to be equal to 100 % inhibition.
  • FIGS. 1-7 The competition for binding to selected HLA types between serial dilutions of selected peptides and the reference peptides (as described in Table 2) are shown in FIGS. 1-7 . Binding of polypeptides, from the sequence of human MUC-1, to HLA-A2, B7, A3, A11, A24, A1 and B8 are shown in FIGS. 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 respectively. High affinity binding sequences were often, but not always, within the top 20 predicted binding polypeptide sequences as predicted by the BIMAS HLA Peptide Motif program (as described above).
  • the ELISpot is a technique which allows the identification of antigen-specific (in this case, MUC-1-specific) T cell recognician by the detection of antigen induced production of cytokines (IFN ⁇ , TNF ⁇ , IL-4, etc . . . ) following an antigenic stimulation in vitro. More particularly, ELISpot allows the determination of the number of antigen specific T lymphocytes in a population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (Scheibenbogen et al., 1997, Int. J. Cancer 71-1). In this case, the production of IFN ⁇ produced by CD8+ T cells (CTL) in responses to polypeptides as presented by autologous HLA molecules were examined.
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • the cytokines are captured between two specific antibodies.
  • the first antibody specific for human IFN ⁇ , is adsorbed on a nitrocellulose membrane.
  • Lymphocytes from human blood samples are added to the microtitre wells containing the attached antibody.
  • Antigen in the form of polypeptides, is also added to the wells.
  • polypeptides will attach to cell surface HLA molecules (together with ⁇ -2 microglobulin).
  • Polypeptide specific T cells will recognize the complex of the polypeptide:HLA: ⁇ -2 ⁇ globulin.
  • the T cells become ‘activated’ to produce cytokines such as IFN ⁇ . Secreted IFN ⁇ is then captured by the antibody which is attached to the nitrocellulose.
  • patient PBMC Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
  • PBMC Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 patient PBMC (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) were obtained from breast cancer patients who had participated in a Phase I clinical trial carried out in the Institut Curie, Paris.
  • patient PBMC came from prostate cancer patients who had participated in a similar immunotherapy Phase I trial in Los Angeles, USA.
  • patients were immunized with a Vaccinia virus construct which expresses, upon infection, the both MUC-1 and IL2.
  • the goal was to generate an immune response to MUC-1 which is an antigen over-expressed on both types of cancers.
  • PBMC peripheral blood by Hypaque-Ficol density centrifugation and resulting mononuclear cells frozen in aliquotes of 2 to 4 ⁇ 10 6 cells in a 1 ml volume of culture medium containing 10% DMSO and stored in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen until use.
  • TABLE 3 Patient Identification Code Cancer HLA-Type Pt#4 SOM Advanced Breast HLA-A 01/02; B 44/08 Pt#5 LEC Advanced Breast HLA-A 02/24; B 07/44 A002 Prostate HLA-A 01/26; B 38/08
  • Polypeptides were produced at NeoSytem (Strasbourg, France)
  • the ELISPOT kit was purchased from and used according the instructions of MABTECH (Nacka, Sweden). The technique was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, PBMC were cultured in 96 well microtitre plates for 48 hours in the presence of test or control polypeptides at 5 ⁇ g/ml and recombinant IL-2 at 30 units/ml. IFN ⁇ spots were revealed with a second antibody reagent, also specific for Human Interferon gamma, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 The results from three experiments are shown in FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 .
  • Patient PBMC were taken from liquid nitrogen and thawed the day before the ELISpot assay.
  • the controls and the polypeptides (numbered according to their SEQ ID N°) were added as described above.
  • Duplicate or triplicate wells containing 1-2 ⁇ 10 5 PBMC were used.
  • the number of spots was determined and is represented as the number of spots per 10 6 cells.
  • FIG. 8 show that PBMC from patient #4 (who is HLA-A2) are able to respond to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 in that PBMC from this patient are stimulated to produce IFN ⁇ in response to the presence of this polypeptide but not in the presence of the negative control polypeptide or polypeptide SEQ ID N° 3.
  • the response is seen after vaccination (black histograms), but not before (white histograms).
  • the invention could also be used in other diagnostic applications such as Tetramer analysis in which soluble MHC-I, beta-2-microglobulin and polypeptides of this invention are complexed together with a florescent reagent.
  • the complex is then used to flourescently tag T cells with an antigen receptor specific for that polypeptide.
  • the quantification of the specific T cells is accomplished with a florescence activated flow cytometer and can be done by one practised in the art.
  • polypeptides of the invention could also be use in therapeutic or vaccine composition in order to prevent or treat MUC-1-expressing cancers.
  • Polypeptides could be administered alone or complexed with MHC-I and beta-2-microglobulin to stimulate a MUC-1-specific CD8+ (CTL) T cell immune response.
  • CTL CD8+
  • the invention could also be used as a DNA-based vector in which olignucleotide sequences coding for the polypeptides of this invention, incorporated into viral or synthetic vector, are used to vaccinate a patient for the treatment or prevention of MUC-1-expressing cancers.
  • a computer program (D'Amaro et al., Hum. Immunol. 43 (1995), 13-18) was used to scan the MUC1 sequence with two tandem repeats for nine amino acid long peptides complying with the anchor residue motifs for HLA-A*0201. A full set of ninemers with an eight amino acid overlap covering the tandem repeat as well as ninemers in the top 10% of the scoring data for HLA-A*0201 were synthesised (90 peptides in total) by fmoc chemistry with a yield of 5-15 mg.
  • HLA-A*0201 Peptide binding to HLA-A*0201 was analysed using HLA-A*0201 + B lymphoblastoid JY cells in a semi-quantitative competition assay (van der Burg et al. (J. Immunol. 156 (1996), 3308-3314)).
  • the assay is based on competitive binding of two peptides to acid stripped MHC class I molecules on a B cell line (JY).
  • a test peptide competes with a fluorescently labelled reference peptide for the empty class I molecules on the cell surface.
  • the binding capacity of competitor peptides is expressed as the concentration needed to inhibit 50% of binding of the FL-labelled reference peptide (IC50). All peptides were tested several times in two fold dilutions starting with a concentration of 100 ⁇ M. The six peptides that showed any significant binding were further analysed. The IC 50 values of these peptides are shown in the table below together with the value for a flu peptide.
  • the peptides are defined in terms of the amino acid numbering used in FIG. 12 .
  • the tandem repeat can be defined using the restriction enzyme SmaI which cuts at CCCGGG three times in the MUC1 sequence, once either side of the tandem repeat and once in the C-terminus. This leads to the tandem repeat being defined as amino acids 129 to 148 in FIG. 12 .
  • SmaI restriction enzyme which cuts at CCCGGG three times in the MUC1 sequence, once either side of the tandem repeat and once in the C-terminus. This leads to the tandem repeat being defined as amino acids 129 to 148 in FIG. 12 .
  • the six peptides were analysed further as described below.
  • mice expressing the chimeric protein A*0201K b underwent an immunization protocol with a MUC1-derived peptide and T helper epitope formulated with adjuvant.
  • the mice were then sacrificed and the splenocytes restimulated by culturing with peptide-loaded, irradiated LPS-elicited B lymphoblasts.
  • the restimulated cells were separated from the lymphoblasts and used in a CTL assay as effector cells. Effector cells were incubated with Na 51 CrO 4 loaded target cells at various E:T ratios and cell killing estimated by measuring the amount of 51 Cr released into the cell supernatant using a gamma radiation counter.
  • mice expressing the chimeric protein A*0201K b were immunised subcutaneously in the base of the tail with 100 ⁇ g of MUC1-derived peptide and 140 ⁇ g of H-2 I-A b -restricted HBV core antigen-derived T helper epitope (amino acid sequence; TPPAYRPPNAPIL) (Milich et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988), 1610-1614) emulsified in a 1:1 ratio with Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) in a total volume of 200 ⁇ l. After a minimum of two weeks, the mice were boosted using the same protocol.
  • IFA Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant
  • Splenocytes from (unimmunized) transgenic mice expressing the chimeric protein A*0201K b were prepared 72 h prior to use as stimulator cells.
  • the cells of several mice were pooled and resuspended in IMDM N medium (IMDM (Biowhittaker) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 8% (v/v) heat inactivated foetal calf serum (FCS), 20 ⁇ M 2-mercaptoethanol and 100 IU/ml penicillin) containing 25 ⁇ g/ml LPS (Sigma) and 7 ⁇ g/ml dextran sulphate (Pharmacia).
  • IMDM N medium IMDM (Biowhittaker) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 8% (v/v) heat inactivated foetal calf serum (FCS), 20 ⁇ M 2-mercaptoethanol and 100 IU/ml penicillin) containing 25 ⁇ g/ml LPS (Sigma
  • mice Two weeks after the final immunization, the mice were sacrificed and the spleens removed.
  • Splenocytes (30 ⁇ 10 6 cells in a 9 ml volume of IMDM N medium were restimulated by incubation in complete medium with a 1 ml volume of syngeneic, irradiated LPS-elicited B cell lymphoblasts (such that the ratio of splenocytes to blast cells is 3:1).
  • the cells On day 7 of culture the cells were separated on a Ficoll gradient, resuspended in IMDM N medium and counted to generate a preparation of effector cells of known concentration.
  • the Jurkat-A*0201K b cell line which is a stable transfectant of a human T cell leukaemia line expressing the product of the HLA-A*0201K b chimeric gene construct was used as a source of target cells.
  • Cells growing in log phase were harvested, washed once, counted and 10 6 cells transferred to a microfuge tube.
  • the cells were pelleted and resuspended in a 100 ⁇ l volume of 1 mCi/ml Na 51 CrO 4 solution (Amersham) followed immediately by the addition of a 5 ⁇ l volume of 1M HEPES pH 7.0 and gentle mixing of the cell suspension by pipetting.
  • the tubes were incubated for 1 h at 37° C.
  • the cells were then washed four times in IMDM N medium and resuspended in a 25 ml volume of IMDM N medium containing the relevant peptide. After a 20 min incubation the cells were plated out into wells already containing effector CTLs. The final concentration of peptide in each well was 2 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Effector cells prepared as above, were added in triplicate to wells of a 96 well plate (round bottom wells) such that the resulting ratio of Effector:Target cells was a range from 5:1 to 100:1.
  • six wells containing IMDM N or PBS with 2% (v/v) triton X-100 were prepared as controls to measure the spontaneous and maximal release of 51 Cr respectively.
  • a 50 ⁇ l volume of the preparation of target cells (1000 or 2000 cells depending on preparation and number of effector cells) was then added to each well and the 96 well plates centrifuged for 2 min at 1200 rpm. The plates were then incubated for 6 h at 37° C. The culture supernatants from each well were then harvested using Skaton harvesting frames according to the manufacturer's instructions and the 51 Cr in each supernatant measured using a Wallac gamma counter.
  • the data was presented as % age specific 51 Cr release which is defined as 100 ⁇ ([experimental cpm ⁇ spontaneous cpm]/[total cpm ⁇ spontaneous cpm]) where the experimental value was the average of three test wells, the spontaneous value, the average of six wells containing IMDM N and target cells and the total value is the average of six wells containing 2% (v/v) triton X-100 and target cells. Data is shown for peptides MUC1 79-87 , MUC1 167-175 , MUC1 264-272 , MUC1 460-468 and MUC1 13-21 in FIG. 11 .
  • mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 10 5 , 5 ⁇ 10 5 and 10 6 B16-MUC1-A2K b cells (a melanoma cell line constitutively expressing MUC1 and the chimeric gene product HLA-A*0201K b ). Tumour growth was observed 20 days post inoculation and continued until sacrifice of the animal. An inoculation of 5 ⁇ 10 5 B16-MUC1-A2K b was defined as the optimal dose for tumour challenge experiments.
  • mice were immunised with 100 ⁇ g of peptide in IFA in the presence of 140 ⁇ g of the H-2 I-A b -restricted HBV core antigen-derived T helper epitope (128-140; sequence TPPAYRPPNAPIL) (Milich et al., loc. cit.), on day -28, boosted on day -14 and challenged with 5 ⁇ 10 5 B16-MUC1-A2K b cells on day 0. Control mice were given IFA or PBS. A measurable tumour was defined as having a volume greater than 36 mm 3 .
  • results from these experiments are shown in the tables below in the form of the percentage of mice surviving at a given day.
  • results using a vaccinia construct that expresses MUC1 are also shown.
  • immunising with MUC1 167-175 and boosting with MUC1 79-87 or immunising with MUC1 79-87 and boosting with MUC1 167-175 gave a percentage survival of between 60 and 70% at day 30.
  • Experiment 3 shows results from an experiment in which the mice were inoculated with 8 ⁇ 10 5 A2K b dendritic cells (DC) which had been pulsed with the peptides.
  • DC dendritic cells

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