US20020019340A1 - Polymer stabilized neuropeptides - Google Patents

Polymer stabilized neuropeptides Download PDF

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US20020019340A1
US20020019340A1 US09/956,271 US95627101A US2002019340A1 US 20020019340 A1 US20020019340 A1 US 20020019340A1 US 95627101 A US95627101 A US 95627101A US 2002019340 A1 US2002019340 A1 US 2002019340A1
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conjugate
polyethylene glycol
peptide
blood
animal
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Michael Bentley
Michael Roberts
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Nektar Therapeutics
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Bentley Michael David
Roberts Michael James
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Priority to US10/354,879 priority patent/US20030139346A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
    • A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a conjugate between a peptide and polyethylene glycol or a substantially substitutable polymer and a method of use thereof.
  • the blood-brain barrier is a continuous physical barrier that separates the central nervous system, i.e., the brain tissue, from the general circulation of an animal.
  • the barrier is comprised of microvascular endothelial cells that are joined together by complex tight intracellular junctions.
  • This barrier allows the selective exchange of molecules between the brain and the blood, and prevents many hydrophilic drugs and peptides from entering into the brain.
  • Many of the new potent neuroactive pharmaceuticals do not cross the BBB because they have a molecular weight above 500 daltons and are hydrophilic. Compounds that are non-lipophilic and have a molecular weight greater than 500 daltons generally do not cross the BBB.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,505 to Pardridge et al. describes the use of chimeric peptides for neuropeptide delivery through the blood-brain barrier.
  • a receptor-specific peptide is used to carry a neuroactive hydrophilic peptide through the BBB.
  • the disclosed carrier proteins which are capable of crossing the BBB by receptor-mediated transcytosis, include histone, insulin, transferrin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), basic albumin, and prolactin.
  • IGF-I insulin-like growth factor I
  • IGF-II insulin-like growth factor II
  • basic albumin basic albumin
  • prolactin prolactin.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,043 to Fukuta et al. discloses using an insulin fragment as a carrier in a chimeric peptide for transporting a neuropeptide across the blood-brain barrier.
  • Non-invasive approaches for delivering neuropharmaceutical agents across the BBB are typically less effective than the invasive methods in actually getting the agent into the brain.
  • High doses of the chimeric peptides are required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect because they are prone to degradation.
  • the concentration of the chimeric peptides in the blood circulation can be quickly reduced by proteolysis.
  • An aqueous delivery system is not generally effective for delivering hydrophobic drugs.
  • Enhancing the duration of antinociceptive effects in animals may result in less frequently administered analgesics, which can improve patient compliance and reduce potential side effects.
  • Maeda et al. in Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1993) 41(11): 2053-2054, Biol. Pharm Bull. (1994) 17(6):823-825, and Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1994) 42(9):1859-1863 demonstrate that by attaching polyethylene glycol amine 4000 to the C-terminal leucine of Leu-enkephalin (distant from the tyrosine residue needed for antinociception), they could increase the potency and duration of Leu-enkaphalin when it was directly administered to the brain by intracerebroventricular injection.
  • This invention provides a method for delivering a peptide into the brain of a human or other animal through the blood-brain barrier.
  • the peptide to be delivered is bonded to a water soluble, non-peptidic polymer to form a conjugate.
  • the conjugate is then administered to an animal into the blood circulation so that the conjugate passes across the blood-brain barrier and into the brain.
  • the water-soluble nonpeptidic polymer can be selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol and copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol activated for conjugation by covalent attachment to the peptide.
  • a substantially hydrophilic conjugate having a transportable analgesic peptide, i.e., an analgesic peptide capable of passing the blood-brain barrier, covalently linked to a water-soluble, and nonpeptidic polymer such as polyethylene glycol.
  • the conjugate is capable of passing the blood-brain barrier of an animal.
  • Suitable transportable peptides for use in this embodiment of the invention can include dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins, and biphalin.
  • these small neuropeptides are susceptible to degradation inside the body in blood circulation and in the brain.
  • these peptides exhibit significantly increased stability.
  • composition comprising a conjugate of this invention as described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the composition can be directly administered into the gneral circulation of an animal by any suitable means, e.g., parenteral injection, injection of intracerebral vein, and intranasal, pulmonary, ocular, and buccal administration.
  • a method for delivering an analgesic peptide across the blood-brain barrier into the brain of an animal.
  • the method comprises providing a conjugate of this invention as described above, and administering the conjugate into the bloodstream of the host animal.
  • the conjugate is substantially hydrophilic and contains a water-soluble and nonpeptidic polymer
  • the conjugate is nevertheless capable of passing the blood brain barrier of an animal.
  • peptides conjugated to a water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer can exhibit reduced immunogenicity, enhanced water solubility, and increased stability.
  • peptides conjugated to polyethylene glycol in accordance with this invention have a longer circulation time, reduced susceptibility to metabolic degradation and clearance, and once delivered into the brain through the blood-brain barrier, exhibit extended lifetime in the brain.
  • this invention allows effective delivery of analgesic peptides into human and other animal brains and can significantly improve the efficacy of the peptides being delivered.
  • passing the blood-brain barrier or “crossing the blood-brain barrier” means that, once administered into the blood circulation of an animal at a physiologically acceptable ordinary dosage, a conjugate or a peptide is capable of passing the blood-brain barrier of the animal to such a degree that a sufficient amount of the conjugate or peptide is delivered into the brain of the animal to exert a therapeutic, antinociceptive, or prophylactic effect on the brain, or to affect the biological functioning of the brain to a detectable degree.
  • Passing the blood-brain barrier” or “crossing the blood-brain barrier” can also be used herein to mean that the conjugate or peptide is capable of being taken up by an animal brain to a degree that is detectable by a suitable method known in the art, e.g., in situ brain perfusion as disclosed in Williams et al., J. Neurochem., 66 (3), pp1289-1299, 1996, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the conjugate of this invention normally is substantially hydrophilic.
  • substantially hydrophilic it is intended to mean that the conjugate of this invention does not contain a substantially lipophilic moiety such as fatty acids or glycolipids. Fatty acids and glycolipids are used in the art to increase the lipophilicity of a molecule in order to increase the ability of the molecule to pass cell membranes.
  • analgesic means any chemical substances that are desirable for delivery into the brain of humans or other animals for purposes of alleviating, mitigating, or preventing pain in humans or other animals, or otherwise enhancing physical or mental well being of humans or animals.
  • Analgesic peptides can be introduced into the brain of an animal to exert a therapeutic, antinociceptive, or prophylactic effect on the biological functions of the animal brain, and can be used to treat or prevent pain.
  • Agents not typically considered “analgesic” can be attached to the peptide/polymer conjugate of the invention.
  • diagnostic or imaging agents can be attached to the conjugate.
  • Fluoroscein, proteins, or other types of agents specifically targeted to a particular type of cell or protein, such as monoclonal antibodies, can all be used in the conjugate of this invention for diagnostic or imaging purposes.
  • the peptide is a transportable analgesic peptide.
  • transportable means that the peptide is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier of an animal as defined above.
  • a conjugate comprising a transportable peptide bonded to a water-soluble, nonpeptidic, nonimmunogenic polymer, including polyethylene glycol.
  • peptide means any polymerized ⁇ -amino acid sequence consisting from 2 to about 40 amino acids having a peptide bond (—CO—NH—) between each amino acid that can impact the condition and biological function of the brain of an animal.
  • An analgesic peptide normally is an endogenous peptide naturally occurring in an animal, or fragments or analogs thereof. However, non-endogenous peptides that can impact the conditions and biological functions of animal brain are also included.
  • Many peptides are generally known in the art that are believed to be capable of passing the blood-brain barrier.
  • transportable peptides that are believed to be capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier after PEGylation in accordance with the invention include, but are not limited to, biphalin and opioid peptides such as dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins etc.
  • opioid peptides such as dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins etc.
  • Many derivatives and analogues of these transportable peptides can also be used in the practice of the invention.
  • Opioid peptides are believed to be especially suitable for practice of the invention. Opioid peptides exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities, including among them pain relief and analgesia.
  • Enkephalin is a pentapeptide having an amino acid sequence of H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH (methionine enkephalin) or H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (leucine enkephalin).
  • Many enkephalin analogs have been identified and synthesized which are specific to different types of opiate receptors. See, e.g., Hruby and Gehrig, (1989) Medicinal Research Reviews, 9(3):343-401. For example, U.S. Pat.
  • No.4,518,711 discloses several enkephalin analogs including DPDPE, [D-Pen 2 , D-Pen 5 ] enkephalin, which is a cyclic enkephalin analog made by substituting the second and fifth amino acid residues of the natural pentapeptides with either cysteine or with D- or L-penicillamine (beta, beta-dimethylcysteine) and joining the two positions by a disulfide bond.
  • DPDPE has been shown to be able to pass the blood brain barrier into the brain. See, e.g., Williams et al. (1996) Journal of Neurochemistry, 66(3):1289-1299.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,751 discloses DPADPE prepared by substituting the glycine residue at the third position of DPDPE with an alanine residue. Both of the patents are incorporated herein by reference.
  • enkephalin analogs include biphalin (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH-) 2 , which is a synthetic analog of enkephalin that is a dimerized tetramer produced by coupling two units having the formula H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-OH at the C-terminus with hydrazine.
  • the dimeric form of enkephalin enhances affinity, and specificity to the delta-opioid receptor.
  • Dimeric enkephalin analogs are disclosed in Rodbard et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,383, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Dynorphins are another class of opioid peptides. Naturally isolated dynorphin has 17 amino acids. Many dynorphin fragments and analogs have been proposed in the art, including, e.g., dynorphin (1-10), dynorphin (1-13), dynorphin (1-13) amide, [D-Pro 10 ] Dynorphin (1-11) (DPDYN), dynorphin amide analogs, etc. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,684,624, 4,62,941, and 5,017,689, which are incorporated herein by reference. Although such analgesic peptides are capable of transporting across the blood-brain barrier, many of them have a very short half-life due to their susceptibility to biodegradation inside the body.
  • conjugation to the transportable peptides in the absence of a lipophilic moiety does not interfere with transportability of the peptides.
  • the conjugated peptides remain capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier.
  • the conjugate of the invention comprising a transportable peptide bonded to polyethylene glycol or an equivalent polymer, is taken up by the brain at a much greater percentage as compared to an unconjugated form of the peptide.
  • the peptides in the conjugates of this invention have increased stability and exhibit extended half-life inside the body.
  • a conjugate comprising a first peptide, which is a transportable peptide, and a second neuroactive agent linked to each other by polyethylene glycol or an equivalent polymer.
  • This second neuroactive agent may or may not be capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier by itself.
  • the transportable peptide is used as a carrier to transport a non-transportable neuroactive agent across the blood-brain barrier into the brain of an animal.
  • the linking polymer serves not only as a linker but also increases solubility and stability of the conjugate and reduces the immunogenicity of both the neuropeptide and the other neuroactive agent to be delivered.
  • the transportable peptide and, optionally, another neuroactive agent as described above are covalently linked to a water-soluble and nonpeptidic polymer to form a conjugate of this invention.
  • the water-soluble and nonpeptidic polymers suitable for use in various aspects of this invention include polyethylene glycol, other polyalkylene glycols, and copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • n ranges from about 10 to 2,000.
  • PEG also refers to the structural unit:
  • n ranges from about 10 to about 2000.
  • PEG modified PEGs including methoxy-PEGs; PEGs having at least one terminal moiety other than a hydroxyl group which is reactive with another moiety; branched PEGs; pendent PEGs; forked PEGs; and the like.
  • the polyethylene glycol useful in the practice of this invention normally has an average molecular weight of from about 200 to 100,000 daltons. Molecular weights of from about 200 to 10,000 are somewhat more commonly used. Molecular weights of from about 300 to 8,000, and in particular, from about 500 to about 5,000 daltons, are somewhat typical.
  • PEG is useful in biological applications because it has properties that are highly desirable and is generally approved for biological or biotechnical applications.
  • PEG typically is clear, colorless, odorless, soluble in water, stable to heat, inert to many chemical agents, does not hydrolyze or deteriorate, and is generally nontoxic.
  • Poly(ethylene glycol) is considered to be biocompatible, which is to say that PEG is capable of coexistence with living tissues or organisms without causing harm. More specifically, PEG, in itself, is normally considered nonimmunogenic, which is to say that PEG does not tend to produce an immune response in the body.
  • Desirable terminal activating groups by which PEG can be attached to various peptides should not appreciably alter the nonimmunogenic character of the PEG, so as to avoid immunogenic effects. Desirable PEG conjugates tend not to produce a substantial immune response or cause clotting or other undesirable effects.
  • PEG is a highly hydrated random coil polymer that can shield proteins or peptides from enzymatic digestion, immune system molecules and cells, and can increase the hydrodynamic volume to slow reticuloendothelial system (RES) clearance.
  • PEG is a useful polymer having the properties of water solubility as well as solubility in many organic solvents.
  • the unique solubility properties of PEG allow conjugation (PEGylation) to certain compounds with low aqueous solubility, with the resulting conjugate being water-soluble.
  • PEGylation which is conjugating a PEG molecule to another molecule, is not without its difficulties.
  • the effects of a particular PEG derivative are not necessarily predictable. The result depends on the specific interaction between a particular compound and the functional non-peptidic PEG polymer.
  • the polymer used in this invention normally can be linear or branched.
  • Branched polymer backbones are generally known in the art.
  • a branched polymer has a central core moiety and a plurality of linear polymer chains linked to the central core.
  • PEG is commonly used in branched forms that can be prepared by addition of ethylene oxide to various polyols, such as glycerol, pentaerythritol and sorbitol.
  • various polyols such as glycerol, pentaerythritol and sorbitol.
  • the four-arm, branched PEG prepared from pentaerythritol is shown below:
  • the central moiety can also be derived from several amino acids.
  • An example is lysine.
  • the branched polyethylene glycols can be represented in general form as R(—PEG—OH) n in which R represents the core moiety, such as glycerol or pentaerythritol, and n represents the number of arms.
  • R represents the core moiety, such as glycerol or pentaerythritol
  • n represents the number of arms.
  • Suitable branched PEGs can be prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,462, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. These branched PEGs can then be used in accordance with the teachings herein.
  • Forked PEGs and related polymers should be useful in the practice of the invention.
  • the term “forked” is used to describe those PEGs that are branched adjacent at least one terminus thereof.
  • the polymer has a branched moiety at one end of the polymer chain and two free reactive groups, one on each end of the branched moiety, for covalent attachment to another molecule.
  • Each reactive moiety can have a tethering group, including, for example, an alkyl chain, linking a reactive group to the branched moiety.
  • the branched terminus allows the polymer to react with two molecules to form conjugates.
  • Forked PEGs and related forked polymers are described in copending, commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No.
  • the forked PEGs can be either linear or branched in the backbone attached to the branched terminus.
  • Water-soluble, substantially nonimmunogenic, nonpeptidic polymers other than PEG should also be suitable for practice of the invention, although not necessarily with equivalent results.
  • These other polymers can be either in linear form or branched form, and include, but are not limited to, other poly(alkylene oxides), including copolymers of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, and the like.
  • Exemplary polymers are listed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,237, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • the polymers can be homopolymers or random or block copolymers and terpolymers based on the monomers of the above polymers, straight chain or branched.
  • suitable additional polymers include, but are not limited to, poly(acryloylmorpholine) (“PAcM”) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone)(“PVP”), and poly(oxazoline).
  • PVP and poly(oxazoline) are well known polymers in the art and their preparation should be readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
  • PAcM and its synthesis and use are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,629,384 and 5,631,322, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • succinimidyl active ester is a useful compound because it reacts rapidly with amino groups on proteins and other molecules to form an amide linkage (—CO—NH—).
  • —CO—NH— amino groups on proteins and other molecules to form an amide linkage
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337 to Davis et al. describes coupling of this derivative to proteins (represented as PRO-NH 2 ):
  • PEGs having a reactive cyanuric chloride moiety include PEGs having a reactive cyanuric chloride moiety, succinimidyl carbonates of PEG, phenylcarbonates of PEG, imidazolyl formate derivatives of PEG, PEG-carboxymethyl azide, PEG-imidoesters, PEG-vinyl sulfone, active ethyl sulfone derivatives of PEG, tresylates of PEG, PEG-phenylglyoxal, PEGs activated with an aldehyde group, PEG-maleimides, PEGs with a terminal amino moiety, and others.
  • linkage is used herein to refer to groups or bonds normally formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
  • Covalent linkages formed in the practice of this invention can be hydrolytically stable.
  • the linkage can be substantially stable in water and does not react with water at a useful pH, under physiological conditions, for an extended period of time, preferably indefinitely.
  • the covalent linkage can also be hydrolytically degradable under physiological conditions so that the neuroactive agent can be released from the PEG in the body of an animal, preferably after it is delivered into the brain of the animal.
  • conjugates of the invention can be formed by attaching PEG to transportable peptides and/or neuroactive agents using linkages that are degradable under physiological conditions.
  • the half-life of a PEG-neuroactive agent conjugate in vivo depends upon the type of reactive group of the PEG molecule that links the PEG to the neuroactive agent.
  • ester linkages formed by reaction of PEG carboxylic acids or activated PEG carboxylic acids with alcohol groups on neuroactive agents, hydrolyze under physiological conditions to release the neuroactive agent.
  • S. Zalipsky Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 16:157-182 (1995).
  • paclitaxel can be linked to PEG using ester linkages and the linked paclitaxel can be released in serum by hydrolysis.
  • Antimalarial activity of dihydroartemisinin bonded to PEG through a hydrolyzable ester linkage has also been demonstrated. See Bentley et al., Polymer Preprints, 38(1):584 (1997).
  • suitable hydrolytically unstable linkages include carboxylate esters, phosphate esters, disulfides, acetals, imines, orthoesters, peptides and oligonucleotides.
  • the degradation rate of the conjugate should be controlled such that substantial degradation does not occur until the conjugate passes into the brain of an animal.
  • Many peptides in their native state are subject to substantial degradation in blood circulation and in organs such as liver and kidney.
  • the hydrolytically degradable linkages can be formed such that the half-life of the conjugate is longer than the time required for the circulation of the conjugate in the bloodstream to reach the blood-brain barrier.
  • the covalent linkage between a peptide and a polymer can be formed by reacting a polymer derivative such as an activated PEG with an active moiety on the peptide.
  • a polymer derivative such as an activated PEG
  • One or more PEG molecules can be linked to one peptide.
  • multiple peptides can be linked to one PEG molecule.
  • a PEG molecule has multiple reactive moieties for reaction with the peptide and neuroactive agents.
  • bifunctional PEGs, pendant PEGs, and dendritic PEGs can all be used.
  • Reactive PEGs have also been synthesized in which several active functional groups are placed along the backbone of the polymer.
  • lysine-PEG conjugates have been prepared in the art in which a number of activated groups are placed along the backbone of the polymer. Zalipsky et al., Bioconjugate Chemistry, ( 1993) 4:54-62.
  • a conjugate having a dumbbell structure wherein a transportable peptide or other transportable neuroactive agent capable of passing the blood-brain barrier of an animal is covalently linked to one end of a polyethylene glycol molecule, and another neuroactive agent to be delivered into the brain of an animal is linked to the other end of the PEG molecule.
  • This other neuroactive agent can be a transportable peptide, or any other neuroactive agent. Typically, it is not transportable and cannot in itself pass the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, the transportable peptide or other agent at one end of the PEG molecule acts as a carrier for delivering the non-transportable neuroactive agent into the brain.
  • bifunctional PEGs either homobifunctional or heterobifunctional PEGs
  • bifunctional PEG means a PEG derivative having two active moieties each being capable of reacting with an active moiety in another molecule.
  • the two active moieties can be at two ends of a PEG chain, or proximate to each other at a forked end of a PEG chain molecule, allowing for steric hindrance, if any.
  • Suitable transportable peptides for use in this invention are described above including, but not limited to, dynorphins, enkephalins, biphalin, endorphins, endomorphins, and derivatives and analogues thereof.
  • the conjugate of this invention can be administered to an animal for purposes of treating, mitigating, or alleviating pain.
  • animal hosts include, but are not limited to, mammals such as humans, and domestic animals including cats, dogs, cows, horses, mice, and rats.
  • the conjugate of this invention can be administered in any suitable manner to an animal.
  • the conjugate can be administered parenterally by intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection.
  • the conjugate of this invention can also be introduced into the body by intranasal and pulmonary inhalation or by oral and buccal administration.
  • intravenous injection is utilized such that substantially all of the conjugate in an injection dose is delivered into the bloodstream of the animal, through which the conjugate circulates to the blood-brain barrier of the animal.
  • the conjugate can be injected in the form of any suitable type of formulation.
  • an injectable composition can be prepared by any known methods in the art containing the conjugate of this invention in a solvent such as water or solution, including saline, Ringer's solution.
  • a solvent such as water or solution, including saline, Ringer's solution.
  • One or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that are compatible with the other ingredients in the formulation may also be added to the formulation.
  • Excipients including mannitol, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose, can also be included.
  • antiseptics such as phenylethylalcohol
  • stabilizers such as polyethylene glycol and albumin
  • isotonizing agents such as glycerol, sorbitol, and glucose
  • dissolution aids such as glycerol, sorbitol, and glucose
  • stabilizing buffers such as sodium citrate, sodium acetate and sodium phosphate
  • preservatives such as benzyl alcohol
  • thickeners such as dextrose, and other commonly used additives
  • the injectable formulation can also be prepared in a solid form such as lyophilized form.
  • the PEGylated transportable peptides of the invention can be administered in a variety of formulations, including, for example, intranasal, buccal, and oral administration.
  • the dosage of the conjugate administered to a human or other animal will vary depending on the animal host, the types of transportable peptides and/or neuroactive agents used, the means of administration, and the symptoms suffered by the animal. However, the suitable dosage ranges in a specific situation should be readily determinable by a skilled artisan without undue experimentation.
  • Dynorphin A (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-NH 2 ) (1.47 mg) was dissolved in 0.25 ml deionized water and 0.25 ml of 25 mM NaP, pH 5.8 buffer in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. The reagent, NHS-PEG 2K -Fluoroscein (1.0 mg), was added to the peptide solution in approximately 2-fold mole excess. After 30 minutes of reaction time, 0.1 ml of 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 was added and the reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature for 3 hours.
  • Endomorphin II (H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH 2 , 2.3 mg) was dissolved in 1.15 ml of 5 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0. Modification of Endomorphin II was performed in 1.5 hours at room temperature by adding mPEG 2000 -SPA (38 mg) in a 5 mole excess. The reaction mixture was analyzed by mass spectrometry (MALDI) to determine the extent of modification. MALDI was used to verify that the reaction between mPEG 2000 -SPA and Endomorphin II went to completion. The sample was dialyzed against water using a 2000 MWCO membrane and lyophilized prior to in vivo assay.
  • MALDI mass spectrometry
  • Endomorphin and dynorphin are very unstable in either brain or blood with half-lives on the order of minutes. After PEGylation, those half-lives increased to hours for endomorphin II. In the case of endomorphin II, the half-life in blood plasma was 3.2 minutes, and brain tissue was 13 minutes. After PEGylation, those half-lives increased to greater than two hours.
  • Endomorphin I H-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH 2 , 3.0 mg, 4.9E-6 moles
  • 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.2 buffer containing 150 mM NaCl and 50 mM DTT 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.2 buffer containing 150 mM NaCl and 50 mM DTT.
  • a four fold molar excess of Traut's reagent (2.7 mg) was added and was allowed to react at room temperature for 2 hours.
  • the thiol-modified endomorphin was purified from DTT and Traut's reagent using a Superdex 30 size exclusion column (Pharmacia). The modified endomorphin fractions were collected and lyophilized.
  • Doxorubicin hydrochloride (3.0 mg, 5.2E-6 moles) was dissolved in 1.0 ml of 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2 buffer containing 150 mM NaCl. The pH of the solution was titrated to 8.0 with 0. IN sodium hydroxide. A ten molar excess of heterobifunctional PEG (NHS-PEG 2K -OPSS) was added to the doxorubicin solution. The reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature for 2 hours. OPSS-PEG 2K -doxorubicin was purified from unreacted PEG and free doxorubicin using a Superdex 30 size exclusion column. The OPSS-PEG 2K -doxorubicin fractions were collected and lyophilized.
  • NHS-PEG 2K -OPSS heterobifunctional PEG
  • Biphalin (21.1 mg, 0.046 mmol) was dissolved into 15 ml of anhydrous acetonitrile and treated with 16 ⁇ l of triethylamine (0.115 mmol, 2.5 fold molar excess).
  • mPEG 2K -SPA 110 mg, 0.055 mmol, 1.2 fold molar excess was dissolved into 5 ml of acetonitrile.
  • the dissolved mPEG 2K -SPA was slowly added into the above biphalin solution and the reaction mixture was stirred 66 hours at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere.
  • Di-pegylated [(mPEG 2K ) 2 -biphalin] and monopegylated biphalin [mPEG 2K -biphalin] were separated from unreacted PEG and free biphalin on a Vydac C18 reverse-phase column at 1 ml/min and 215 nm UV detector using a gradient elution of 30% to 60% solvent B.
  • Solvent A is 0.1% TFA in water and solvent B is 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile.
  • mice Male ICR mice (20-25 g) or male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) (Harlan Sprague-Dawley Inc., Indianapolis, Ind.) were used for these experiments. Animals were housed four per cage in an animal care facility maintained at 22 ⁇ 0.5° C. with an alternating 12 hr light-dark cycle. Food and water were available ad libitum. Animals were used only once.
  • Rats were restrained by hand to prevent excessive movement. A 30G needles was selected as the proper size for delivery of the compounds. The needle was carefully inserted into the scruff of the neck of each rat and a 100 ⁇ l bolus was slowly delivered.
  • Rats were restrained by hand to prevent excessive movement. A 30G needles was selected as the proper size for delivery of the compounds. The needle was carefully inserted into the right hind leg muscle of each rat and a 100 ⁇ l bolus was slowly delivered.

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US20050026856A1 (en) * 1992-07-15 2005-02-03 Coutts Stephen M. Chemically defined non-polymeric valency platvorm molecules and conjugates thereof
US20030018190A1 (en) * 1998-12-09 2003-01-23 Jones David S. Valency platform molecules comprising carbamate linkages
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US20040038899A1 (en) * 1999-10-04 2004-02-26 Shearwater Corporation Polymer stabilized neuropeptides
US8008435B2 (en) 1999-10-04 2011-08-30 Nektar Therapeutics Polymer stabilized neuropeptides
US8440623B2 (en) 1999-10-04 2013-05-14 Nektar Therapeutics Polymer stabilized neuropeptides
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