US11520090B2 - Diffraction device, spectroscopic apparatus, and manufacturing method of diffraction device - Google Patents

Diffraction device, spectroscopic apparatus, and manufacturing method of diffraction device Download PDF

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US11520090B2
US11520090B2 US16/929,543 US202016929543A US11520090B2 US 11520090 B2 US11520090 B2 US 11520090B2 US 202016929543 A US202016929543 A US 202016929543A US 11520090 B2 US11520090 B2 US 11520090B2
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znse
diffraction
diffraction grating
zns
grating
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US20210026052A1 (en
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Takashi Sukegawa
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1876—Diffractive Fresnel lenses; Zone plates; Kinoforms
    • G02B5/188—Plurality of such optical elements formed in or on a supporting substrate
    • G02B5/1885—Arranged as a periodic array
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/02—Details
    • G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
    • G01J3/0208—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using focussing or collimating elements, e.g. lenses or mirrors; performing aberration correction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
    • G01J3/18—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators using diffraction elements, e.g. grating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
    • G02B27/1086—Beam splitting or combining systems operating by diffraction only
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1814—Diffraction gratings structurally combined with one or more further optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors, prisms or other diffraction gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1847—Manufacturing methods
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1847—Manufacturing methods
    • G02B5/1852—Manufacturing methods using mechanical means, e.g. ruling with diamond tool, moulding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B2005/1804—Transmission gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1847—Manufacturing methods
    • G02B5/1857—Manufacturing methods using exposure or etching means, e.g. holography, photolithography, exposure to electron or ion beams

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a diffraction device, a spectroscopic apparatus, and a manufacturing method of the diffraction device.
  • a phase diffraction grating is a diffraction grating in which the shape of each grating groove is formed to be a sawtooth shape (blazed shape), a sine wave shape, a rectangular wave shape, or the like to give a phase difference to incident light within one period of the grating so that the diffracted light intensity characteristics can be selected in accordance with an application.
  • the blazed diffraction grating is a phase diffraction grating including grating grooves each having a triangular cross section.
  • the blazed diffraction grating is manufactured by forming grating grooves each having a predetermined cross-sectional shape through ruling to transfer the tool shape, etching by a directional beam, grinding using a grindstone, or cutting using a diamond bite.
  • the blazed diffraction grating made of a crystalline material and manufactured by cutting is a diffraction grating designed to use high-order diffracted light. Accordingly, in order to obtain good optical properties, it is necessary to perform machining to form the grating grooves in a ductility mode.
  • a critical cut thickness exists at the boundary between the ductility mode and the brittle mode. The critical cutting thickness depends on the relationship between the crystal orientation of the sliding face of the crystal and the processed face, the relationship between the crystal axis and the cutting direction, and the relationship between the crystal axis and the cutting force direction (depending on the tool rake angle and the cutting direction).
  • Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-075622 describes that grating grooves are formed by performing ultra-precision cutting on a crystalline material made of Si or Ge while using a single-crystal diamond bite.
  • a diffraction grating such as a blazed diffraction grating made of a semiconductor material by machining using a diamond tool
  • the brittle mode processing face unique to the material tends to be dominant in processing.
  • the diffraction grating has a structure with dimensions according to the wavelength to be used.
  • a diffraction grating that can be used in a certain application has a very long grating length, which results in a very long distance to be processed.
  • each of large ZnS and ZnSe material generally has a polycrystalline structure.
  • the polycrystalline structure is an assembly of fine single crystal structures, so a unique crystal orientation relationship as in the single crystal cannot be defined in the polycrystalline structure, but a critical cutting thickness still exists under an appropriate condition.
  • a shaper method in which a diamond bite having the same cross-sectional shape as the cross-sectional shape of the groove face of the diffraction grating in the dispersion direction (the direction orthogonal to the groove extending direction) is translated in the direction (the groove extending direction) orthogonal to the dispersion direction to transfer its shape to a material.
  • the shaper method when grooves each having a depth of about 200 nm to 200 ⁇ m are formed in the diffraction grating, in order to obtain a good optical surface, it is necessary to set a maximum cutting thickness equal to or smaller than the critical cutting thickness and repeat processing several tens to hundreds times.
  • the total distance that needs to be cut is not simply the total length of the grating but several tens to hundreds of times the length of the grating. Therefore, it can be said that it is extremely difficult to obtain a practical diffraction device using a material that causes non-negligible tool wear.
  • the maximum cutting thickness equal to or smaller than the critical cutting thickness is set by adjusting the traveling speed in the groove direction in accordance with the rotation speed. Accordingly, the tip end portion of the diamond tool is forced to have many number of contacts with the material, and this also causes a problem of wear.
  • ZnS has a high transmittance even in the vicinity of the near infrared region (750 nm), but ZnSe has a large light absorption in the vicinity of the near infrared region.
  • a diffraction grating formed of ZnSe it is difficult for a device having a thickness larger than 10 mm to achieve a high efficiency.
  • the present invention provides a technique advantageous in facilitating the manufacture of a diffraction grating.
  • One of aspects of the present invention provides a diffraction device comprising a ZnS member and a ZnSe member coupled to the ZnS member, wherein a diffraction grating is provided on the ZnSe member.
  • FIG. 1 is a view schematically showing the arrangement of a diffraction device according to an embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is a view showing the arrangement of a processing apparatus that can be used to manufacture the diffraction device according to the embodiment
  • FIG. 3 is a view schematically showing how a ZnSe member is processed by the processing apparatus
  • FIG. 4 is a view schematically showing the arrangement of an application example of the diffraction device according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a view showing the arrangement of a spectroscopic apparatus according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a view showing the arrangement of a spectroscopic apparatus according to another embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows the arrangement of a diffraction device 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the diffraction device 1 includes a ZnS member 11 and a ZnSe member 12 coupled to the ZnS member 11 .
  • the ZnSe member 12 is coupled to a first face S 1 of the ZnS member 11 .
  • a diffraction grating 17 is provided on the ZnSe member 12 .
  • the ZnS member 11 is formed of ZnS.
  • ZnS has a good transmittance to light in the infrared region including the near infrared region.
  • the ZnS member 11 can have a prism shape.
  • the ZnSe member 12 is formed of ZnSe.
  • the maximum thickness (the maximum thickness in a direction orthogonal to the first face S 1 ) of the ZnSe member 12 can be within a range of, for example, 150 ⁇ m (inclusive) to 1,000 ⁇ m (inclusive).
  • the ZnSe member 12 can be coupled to the ZnS member 11 by, for example, optical contact bonding.
  • the ZnSe member 12 is formed by depositing a ZnSe material on the ZnS member 11 using a deposition method, so that the ZnSe member 12 coupled to the ZnS member 11 can be formed.
  • the diffraction device 1 can be configured as an immersion diffraction device or a transmissive diffraction device.
  • the diffraction grating 17 can be configured as a blazed diffraction grating.
  • a film 13 can be provided on the surface of the diffraction grating 17 .
  • a reflection film can be provided as the film 13 .
  • Such a reflection film can be a film having a high reflectance to light in the infrared region, for example, a metal-based film.
  • an antireflection film can be provided as the film 13 .
  • An antireflection film 14 can be provided on a second face S 2 of the ZnS member 11 .
  • the second face S 2 of the ZnS member 11 can be an incident face on which light enters from the outside.
  • the second face S 2 can also be an emission face.
  • light having entered the second face S 2 is transmitted through the inside of the ZnS member 11 to reach the diffraction grating 17 , diffracted by the diffraction grating 17 , again transmitted through the inside of the ZnS member 11 , and passes through the emission face to exit to the outside.
  • the antireflection film 14 reduces the reflection loss generated when light enters the second face S 2 and the reflection loss generated when light exits from the second face S 2 .
  • the manufacturing method for manufacturing the diffraction device 1 can include a forming step of forming a structure ST in which the ZnS member 11 and the ZnSe member 12 are coupled to each other, and a processing step of forming the diffraction grating 17 on the ZnSe member 12 in the structure ST.
  • the ZnS member 11 having a prism shape and the ZnSe member 12 having a plate shape are prepared, and the structure ST can be formed by coupling the ZnSe member 12 to the ZnS member 11 by optical contact bonding.
  • the diffraction grating 17 can be formed, using a tool such as a diamond tool, on the ZnSe member 12 in the structure ST formed in the forming step.
  • the maximum thickness (the maximum thickness in a direction orthogonal to the first face S 1 ) of the ZnSe member 12 with the diffraction grating 17 formed thereon can be within a range of, for example, 150 ⁇ m (inclusive) to 1,000 ⁇ m (inclusive).
  • a tool such as a diamond tool is used to process the ZnS member, there is a problem that a shape error or a defect occurs due to wear of the tool, as has been described above.
  • a step of forming the film 13 (reflection film or antireflection film) on the surface of the diffraction grating 17 can be performed. Further, a step of forming the antireflection film 14 on the second face S 2 of the ZnS member 11 can be performed.
  • the processing apparatus 20 includes an X-Y stage arranged in a high-rigidity housing 21 strong against external vibration.
  • the X-Y stage is formed by an X stage 25 movable in the X direction and a Y stage 26 movable in the Y direction, and controls the position of the structure ST as a workpiece.
  • a Z stage 27 movable in the Z direction while holding the diamond bite 22 is arranged in the housing 21 .
  • the Z stage 27 may be provided with a rotating mechanism for rotating the diamond bite 22 .
  • the structure ST can be driven by the X-Y stage in a state in which the diamond bite 22 is lowered onto the structure ST so that the amount of cutting in a depth direction (Z direction) is, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m at a position where the diamond bite 22 and the structure ST as a workpiece face each other.
  • the ZnSe member 12 of the structure ST undergoes cutting at the cutting speed based on the relative movement of the diamond bite 22 and the structure ST.
  • the relative movement may be performed by moving the diamond bite 22 .
  • the total cutting amount in the Z direction may be divided and the cutting with the divided cutting amount may be repeated. Further, the diamond bite 22 may be rotated in accordance with cutting conditions.
  • the relative movement speed may be reduced to suppress the load onto the diamond bite 22 .
  • oil mist is sprayed from the back side of the bite rake face to remove the processing heat and smoothly flow the chips.
  • the structure ST in which the ZnS member 11 and the ZnSe member 12 are coupled to each other is prepared, and the ZnSe member 12 of the structure ST is processed to form the diffraction grating 17 on the ZnSe member 12 .
  • the diffraction device 1 can be preferably incorporated in an optical system of a spectroscopic apparatus that can spectrally disperse light in the infrared range.
  • the immersion diffraction device In the immersion diffraction device, diffraction is performed in a material having a higher refractive index (n) than that of a general reflective diffraction device (diffraction grating), so that the spectral wavelength is shortened in the material in inverse proportion to the refractive index (n). Therefore, if the immersion diffraction device has the same size as the reflective diffraction device, it can obtain a high resolution in proportion to the refractive index (n). Conversely, if the immersion diffraction device has the same resolution as the reflective diffraction device, its size can be decreased to 1/n.
  • the immersion diffraction device 1 As the immersion grating 53 , due to the above-described immersion effect, it is possible to implement, for example, a resolution more than twice that of the conventional resolution, or a reduction in size to 1 ⁇ 2 with the same resolution. Further, in the immersion diffraction device, the diffraction angle is suppressed in accordance with the refractive index in the material that forms the immersion diffraction device. Therefore, unlike the reflective diffraction device which generates a desired diffraction angle in the face to spread light, the spread of light is relatively suppressed until the emission portion, and the light is spread to a desired divergence angle at the emission portion. Such advantages are useful in implementing a compact and excellent spectroscopic apparatus.
  • FIG. 6 shows the arrangement of a spectroscopic apparatus 100 ′ according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the spectroscopic apparatus 100 ′ employs the immersion diffraction device 1 ′ shown in FIG. 4 as the immersion grating 53 and the cross disperser 54 in the spectroscopic apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 5 . That is, the immersion diffraction device 1 ′ can have the functions of the immersion grating 53 and the cross disperser 54 . Note that when a reflective diffraction device is employed, the immersion diffraction device 1 ′ cannot have the function of the cross disperser.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
  • Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)
US16/929,543 2019-07-23 2020-07-15 Diffraction device, spectroscopic apparatus, and manufacturing method of diffraction device Active US11520090B2 (en)

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JP2019135679A JP2021018392A (ja) 2019-07-23 2019-07-23 回折素子および分光装置、ならびに回折素子の製造方法
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JP7647481B2 (ja) * 2021-10-05 2025-03-18 日本電気硝子株式会社 イマージョン回折素子
US20240353600A1 (en) * 2021-10-05 2024-10-24 Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd. Immersion diffraction element and method for producing same
JP2023055029A (ja) * 2021-10-05 2023-04-17 日本電気硝子株式会社 イマージョン回折素子及びその製造方法
CN119395799B (zh) * 2025-01-06 2025-05-13 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 一种内反射式浸没光栅及其制作方法

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JP2021018392A (ja) 2021-02-15
US20210026052A1 (en) 2021-01-28
CN112285815A (zh) 2021-01-29
EP3770655A1 (en) 2021-01-27

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