US10608470B2 - Receiver for an inductive power transfer system and a method for controlling the receiver - Google Patents

Receiver for an inductive power transfer system and a method for controlling the receiver Download PDF

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US10608470B2
US10608470B2 US14/439,340 US201314439340A US10608470B2 US 10608470 B2 US10608470 B2 US 10608470B2 US 201314439340 A US201314439340 A US 201314439340A US 10608470 B2 US10608470 B2 US 10608470B2
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control switch
power control
power
load
receiver
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US20150295418A1 (en
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Saining Ren
Lawrence Bernardo Dela Cruz
Daniel Robertson
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Apple Inc
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Apple Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
    • H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
    • H04B5/79—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for data transfer in combination with power transfer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/025—
    • H04B5/0037—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/05—Capacitor coupled rectifiers

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of inductive power transfer (IPT). More particularly, the invention relates to receivers for use in IPT systems, and for methods for controlling receivers and for detecting the induced current phase in receivers.
  • IPT inductive power transfer
  • IPT systems are a well known area of established technology (for example, wireless charging of electric toothbrushes) and developing technology (for example, wireless charging of handheld devices on a ‘charging mat’).
  • a primary side transmitter
  • a transmitting coil or coils generates a time-varying magnetic field with a transmitting coil or coils.
  • This magnetic field induces an alternating current in a suitable receiving coil in a secondary side (receiver).
  • This induced current in the receiver can then be used to charge a battery, or power a device or other load.
  • the transmitting coils or the receiving coils may be connected with capacitors to create a resonant circuit, which can increase power throughput and efficiency at the corresponding resonant frequency.
  • receivers used in IPT systems consist of: a pickup circuit (e.g. a resonant circuit in the form of an inductor and capacitor); a rectifier for converting the induced power from AC to DC; and a switched-mode regulator for regulating the voltage of the power ultimately provided to a load.
  • a pickup circuit e.g. a resonant circuit in the form of an inductor and capacitor
  • a rectifier for converting the induced power from AC to DC
  • a switched-mode regulator for regulating the voltage of the power ultimately provided to a load.
  • the switched-mode regulator may include a DC inductor.
  • the DC inductor acts as an energy store so that power can be suitably regulated.
  • Such DC inductors can be a bulky circuit component, significantly affecting the total size occupied by the receiver. This can be a particular problem in applications where it is preferable that the receiver be as small as possible (for example, handheld devices).
  • switches in power converter stages (e.g. switched-mode regulators or synchronous rectifiers). Often, these switches are controlled so that they switch when the voltage across the switch is zero (zero-voltage switching (ZVS)) or the current through the switch is zero (zero-current switching (ZCS)).
  • ZVS zero-voltage switching
  • ZCS zero-current switching
  • the benefits of ZVS and ZCS are well-known, including minimising losses in the switches.
  • One known method for detecting the phase is using a current sense resistor.
  • Each object is to be read disjunctively with the object of at least providing the public with a useful choice.
  • a method of power flow control in an inductive power transfer circuit having a power control switch for controlling power flow including the steps of: detecting a first operational transition of the circuit; detecting a second operational transition of the circuit; determining a reference timing based on which of the first or second operational transition is detected earliest within a detection window; and developing a signal for controlling the power control switch based on the reference timing.
  • an inductive power transfer circuit including a power control switch for controlling power flow and a including: a means for detecting a first operational transition; a means for detecting a second operational transition; a means for determining a reference timing based on which of the first or second operational transition is detected earliest within a detection window; and a means for developing a signal for controlling the power control switch based on the reference timing.
  • FIGS. 2 to 6 show circuit diagrams for receiver topologies according to different embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 shows waveforms corresponding to the operation of the receiver of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment
  • FIGS. 8A to 8D show effective circuit diagrams corresponding to the different stages of operation of the receiver of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 9 shows a circuit diagram for an embodiment of a controller for the receiver of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 10 shows waveforms corresponding to the operation of the receiver of FIG. 4 according to one embodiment.
  • FIGS. 11A to 11D show effective circuit diagrams corresponding to the different stages of operation of the receiver of FIG. 4 according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a general representation of an inductive power transfer system 1 .
  • the IPT system includes a transmitter 2 and a receiver 3 .
  • the transmitter includes a converter 4 that is connected to an appropriate power supply. In FIG. 1 this is shown as a DC-DC converter 5 that is connected to a DC power supply 5 a .
  • the converter may be a non-resonant half bridge converter or any other converter adapted for the particular IPT system, such as a push-pull converter.
  • the converter is configured to output an alternating current of desired frequency and amplitude.
  • the voltage of the output of the converter may also be regulated by the converter, the DC-DC converter or combination of both.
  • the converter 4 is connected to transmitting coil(s) 6 .
  • the converter supplies the transmitting coil(s) with an alternating current such that the transmitting coil(s) generates a time-varying magnetic field with a suitable frequency and amplitude.
  • the transmitting coil(s) may also be considered to be an integral part of the converter, but for the sake of clarity this description will refer to them as distinct.
  • the transmitting coil(s) 6 may be any suitable configuration of coils, depending on the characteristics of the magnetic field that are required in a particular application and the particular geometry of the transmitter.
  • the transmitting coils may be connected to capacitors (not shown) to create a resonant circuit. Where there are multiple transmitting coils, these may be selectively energised so that only transmitting coils in proximity to suitable receiving coils are energised. In some IPT systems, it may be possible that more than one receiver may be powered simultaneously. In IPT systems, where the receivers are adapted to control the power provided to the load (as, for example, in the embodiments of the present invention described in more detail below), the multiple transmitting coils may be connected to the same converter. This has the benefit of simplifying the transmitter as it does not need to control each transmitting coil separately. Further, it may be possible to adapt the transmitter so that it regulates the power provided to the transmitting coils to a level dependent on the coupled receiver with the highest power demands.
  • FIG. 1 also shows a receiver 3 .
  • the receiver includes a receiving coil(s) 8 that is suitably connected to receiver circuitry 9 that in turn supplies power to the load 10 .
  • the load may be a battery.
  • the receiver circuitry is adapted to convert the induced current into a form that is appropriate for the load.
  • the receiving coils may be connected to capacitors (not shown) to create a resonant circuit.
  • Embodiments of the present invention relate to receivers for use in IPT systems, and for methods for detecting the phase in the receiver, which will be described in more detail below. Though these will be described with respect to certain embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that changes in circuit design or method of operation may be made without departing from the general idea of the invention.
  • the receiver includes a resonant circuit 12 , having a receiving coil 13 (shown as an inductor) and a resonant capacitor 14 .
  • the receiver also includes a voltage multiplier circuit 15 .
  • the voltage multiplier circuit which will be described in more detail below, provides a DC output to a load 16 .
  • the load may be any suitable DC load, such as the battery charging circuit of a portable device.
  • the load is connected to a DC smoothing capacitor 17 .
  • the receiver includes a power control switch 18 , which will be described in more detail below, that regulates the power of the DC output.
  • the receiver also includes a controller 19 .
  • the receiving coil 13 and resonant capacitor 14 are connected in series (i.e. the resonant circuit is ‘series-resonant’).
  • the resonant circuit is adapted to receive power from a time-varying magnetic field generated by a suitable transmitter.
  • the resonant circuit may be adapted to be resonant at the operating frequency of the IPT system.
  • the receiver may be adapted to be ‘mis-tuned’ to the transmitter frequency, so that active tuning in the receiver can bring the system into tune.
  • the values of the receiving coil and resonant capacitor will affect the resonant frequency of the receiver, and that the receiving coil and resonant capacitor may be selected so as to resonate at the operating frequency of a transmitter or any other suitable frequency. Other considerations may also influence the type and size of the receiving coil and resonant capacitor used in the receiver, for example the dimensions of the receiver or device in which the receiver is used, or the required power.
  • the resonant circuit will produce an AC output.
  • the voltage multiplier circuit 15 of the receiver 11 of FIG. 2 includes the resonant capacitor 14 from the resonant circuit 12 and two asymmetric current flow devices 20 21 connected in a half-bridge configuration.
  • the half-bridge configuration is such that the voltage multiplier circuit has a shared AC and DC ground.
  • the rest of this description will refer to the asymmetric flow device that is generally in parallel with the resonant circuit as ‘first’ 20 and will refer to the asymmetric flow device that is generally in series with the load as ‘second’ 21 .
  • the asymmetric current flow devices are diodes. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the position and orientation of the diodes is such that the AC input into the voltage multiplier circuit is rectified to produce a DC output.
  • asymmetric current flow devices may be used instead of the diodes, and the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • controlled switches may be used.
  • a combination of any suitable asymmetric current flow devices (such as diodes or controlled switches) may be used in the voltage multiplier circuit. Controlled switches may provide improved performance over diodes but they must be controlled so that they are switched off when they need to prevent the flow of current. Possible controlled switches that may be used include any suitable transistors such as MOSFETs, IGBTs or BJTs.
  • the power control switch 18 of the receiver 11 of FIG. 2 regulates the power provided to the load 16 .
  • the power control switch is shown in series with the resonant circuit 12 ; however as will be discussed in more detail below, the power control switch may also be positioned in other locations in the receiver.
  • the power control switch may be a transistor such as a MOSFET, IGBT or BJT.
  • the power control switch may include a body diode 18 a.
  • the power control switch 18 is controlled by the controller 19 .
  • the controller is adapted to receive inputs from parts of the receiver, which can include the current and voltage being supplied to the load 16 .
  • the controller may also be provided with the load's power requirements by inputs or any other suitable means.
  • the controller will control the power control switch so as to regulate the power provided to the load.
  • the power control switch may be controlled in switch mode.
  • the controller may include a memory.
  • the controller is preferably a programmable logic controller that is programmed to perform different computational tasks, including controlling the power control switch.
  • the receiver includes a resonant circuit 23 , having a receiving coil 24 (shown as an inductor) and a resonant capacitor 25 .
  • the receiver also includes a voltage multiplier circuit 26 , which provides a DC output to a load 30 .
  • the load is connected to a DC smoothing capacitor 29 .
  • the receiver includes a power control switch 32 that may have a body diode 32 a .
  • the receiver also includes a controller 31 .
  • This receiver is similar to the receiver 11 of FIG. 2 , however the asymmetric current flow devices used in the voltage multiplier circuit are controlled switches 27 28 .
  • the controlled switches may have body diodes 27 a 28 a .
  • the receiver includes a resonant circuit 36 , having a receiving coil 37 (shown as an inductor) and a resonant capacitor 38 .
  • the receiver also includes a voltage multiplier circuit 39 having two asymmetric current flow devices 40 41 , which provides a DC output to a load 43 .
  • the load is connected to a DC smoothing capacitor 42 .
  • the receiver includes a power control switch 45 that may have a body diode 45 a .
  • the receiver also includes a controller 44 . This receiver is similar to the receiver 11 of FIG. 2 , however in this embodiment of the invention the power control switch 45 is located in series with the second asymmetric flow control device 41 in the voltage multiplier circuit.
  • an inductive power transfer receiver 46 for use in an IPT system according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the receiver includes a resonant circuit 47 , having a receiving coil 48 (shown as an inductor) and a resonant capacitor 49 .
  • the receiver also includes a voltage multiplier circuit 50 having two asymmetric current flow devices 51 52 , which provides a DC output to a load 54 .
  • the load is connected to a DC smoothing capacitor 53 .
  • the receiver includes a power control switch 56 that may have a body diode 56 a .
  • the receiver also includes a controller 55 . This receiver is similar to the receiver 11 of FIG. 2 , however, in this embodiment of the invention the power control switch 56 is located in series with the first asymmetric power flow device 51 in the voltage multiplier circuit 50 .
  • the receiver may include more than one power control switch.
  • FIG. 6 there is shown an inductive power transfer receiver 57 for use in an IPT system according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the receiver includes a resonant circuit 58 , having a receiving coil 59 (shown as an inductor) and a resonant capacitor 60 .
  • the receiver also includes a voltage multiplier circuit 61 having two asymmetric current flow devices 62 63 , which provides a DC output to a load 65 .
  • the load is connected to a DC smoothing capacitor 64 .
  • the receiver includes a power control switch 67 that may have a body diode 67 a .
  • the receiver also includes a controller 66 .
  • This receiver is similar to the receiver 11 of FIG. 2 in that it also includes a power control switch 67 in series with the power receiver coil 59 ; however in this embodiment of the invention there is a further power control switch 68 in series with the power receiver coil.
  • This further power control switch may include a body diode 68 a .
  • a further power control switch may improve the Q value for the receiver by allowing both the positive and negative half cycles of current to be controlled to produce a symmetrical current through the power receiver coil.
  • FIGS. 2-6 show the power control switch(es) in different positions but that it may be possible to position the power control switch in other positions without departing from the invention.
  • Having the power control switch included in the resonant circuit or voltage multiplier circuit parts of the receiver can remove the requirement for additional power converter stages in the receiver. In particular, there is no further voltage regulation stage and no bulky DC inductor.
  • the control of the power control switch(es) can be adapted depending on the position of the power control circuit(es) in the receiver.
  • there are many suitable methods for controlling the power control switch(es) which will result in the regulation of the power provided to the load.
  • the voltage multiplier circuit as shown in FIGS. 2-6 described above, is suitable in many situations where the output DC voltage provided to the load needs to be have the same or higher voltage than the input.
  • the ‘voltage multiplier’ circuit described above becomes a ‘charge pump’ circuit which encompasses rectifiers that increase (i.e. voltage multipliers) or decrease output voltage with respect to the input voltage, where the resonant circuit and power control switch are part of the charge pump circuit.
  • FIG. 7 (and associated FIGS. 8A-8D ), there is shown waveforms for the receiver 11 as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • This shows how the power control switch 18 may be controlled so as to regulate the power provided to the load 16 . It will be appreciated that this is not the only possible method for regulating the power provided to the load. Further those skilled in the art will appreciate how this method may be adapted for other receiver embodiments of the present invention.
  • the steps are:
  • the method detects the phase by sensing the occurrence of two operational transitions that may be used as indicators of the phase, and using one of these transitions to indicate a reference phase.
  • the method senses two transitions that have differing reliability under different load conditions, and uses one as the indicator of the phase of the current.
  • the first operational transition is the change in polarity 76 of the voltage across the first diode 20 in the voltage multiplier circuit 15 .
  • the voltage across the first diode will be clamped at the output voltage. In a preferred embodiment this may be +5V.
  • the first diode Conversely, when the current flows in the opposite direction through the resonant circuit, the first diode will be forward biased and so the voltage across the first diode will be near zero volts.
  • the change in magnitude of the voltage across the first diode in the voltage multiplier circuit can be used to indicate the phase of the current in the power control switch 18 . In the embodiment shown in the waveforms of FIG.
  • the rising edge of the first diode voltage 76 produces a more reliable signal than the falling edge 77 . It may be possible for this rising edge to be detected by a microcontroller such as Programmable System-On-Chip or any other suitable means.
  • the rising edge corresponds to the current through the power flow control switch going from positive to negative 70 .
  • Such a change in diode voltage polarity will typically produce a more reliable signal when the receiver is under a high load. Under a low load, the change in voltage polarity may have excessive noise.
  • the voltage across the first diode is a function of the current flowing through the resonant circuit and at light load; this current may be very low, non-sinusoidal and dominated by non-ideal device properties, without a clear positive and negative cycle.
  • the second operational transition is the voltage spike 78 in the power control switch that occurs when the current across the power control switch 18 reaches zero.
  • This spike 78 is shown in the waveforms in FIG. 7 .
  • the voltage spike is used advantageously to indicate the zero crossing 72 of the current through the power control switch.
  • the signal may be delayed for half a period 79 such that it will approximately coincide with the current going from positive to negative 74 70 .
  • Such a voltage spike will typically produce a more reliable signal when the receiver is under a low load or medium load. Under a high load, the voltage spike may not be distinguishable, because when fully loaded, the power control switch may never be turned off so as to increase power output, in which case there is no voltage spike across the switch. Alternatively, the power control switch may be turned off for such a short time (i.e. the power control time interval is short), that the voltage spike cannot be processed by the controller.
  • the delay 79 is necessary so that the first operational transition and the second operational transition, which are related to different parts of the waveform, can be compared. It will also be appreciated that though the delay in the embodiment described above was applied to the second operational transition for half a period, it is consistent with the invention for a delay to be applied to either operational transition (if at all) for any suitable duration.
  • the phase reference is then determined based on which of the operational transitions are detected first, either the first operational transition 76 or the second operational transition (after it has been delayed by half a period) 74 , within a detection window.
  • the phase reference is then determined based on which of the operational transitions are detected first, either the first operational transition 76 or the second operational transition (after it has been delayed by half a period) 74 , within a detection window.
  • this phase reference 74 is used as a reference point from which the power control time interval 73 is measured. Again, those skilled in the art will appreciate that this reference point may be suitably established at any point in the cycle, with the power control time interval adjusting accordingly, and the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • This phase reference 74 may also be used as a reference point from which the time when the power control switch is turned off 71 . In this embodiment, the power control switch is turned off less than half a period 80 after the reference point.
  • the circuit receives inputs from the voltage across the first diode 82 (according to the sensing of the first operational transition described above) and the voltage spike across the power control switch 83 (according to the sensing of the second operational transition described above).
  • the voltage spike across the power control switch is delayed 84 by half a period. These are input into a windowed trigger 85 .
  • the first input detected is used to indicate the phase of the current.
  • the length of the power control time interval may be controlled by a proportional-integral controller (PI) circuit 88 .
  • the PI circuit may receive inputs including the power requirements of the load 89 and the power being provided to the load 90 .
  • FIG. 10 there is shown waveforms for the receiver 35 as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the steps are:
  • the power control switch of the receiver 35 shown in FIG. 4 is controlled so as to regulate the power provided to the load according to the following:
  • This method may be considered to operate in an analogous manner to a bang bang controller with zero hysteresis. It may also be possible to modify the method to operate in an analogous manner to a bang bang controller with a degree of hysteresis.
  • the power control switch may be controlled to switch on or off when the current is zero (i.e. zero-current switching). This may be implemented by detecting the current phase in the resonant circuit using a current sense resistor, a current transformer or some other means. This information may be provided to a controller that controls the power control switch.
  • the controller may be possible to adapt the controller to override the normal control of the power control switch(es) in the case of a specified condition occurring.
  • the specified condition may be the voltage being provided to the load exceeding or falling below predetermined thresholds.
  • the controller may be adapted to detect the voltage exceeding or falling below the predetermined threshold, and override the normal control of the power control switch by turning the power control switch off or on (which ever would cause the voltage to change as required) until the voltage returns to a suitable operating range.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
US14/439,340 2012-10-29 2013-10-29 Receiver for an inductive power transfer system and a method for controlling the receiver Active US10608470B2 (en)

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NZ603287 2012-10-29
NZ60328712 2012-10-29
US201261720108P 2012-10-30 2012-10-30
PCT/NZ2013/000193 WO2014070025A2 (fr) 2012-10-29 2013-10-29 Récepteur pour un système de transfert de puissance inductif et procédé pour commander le récepteur
US14/439,340 US10608470B2 (en) 2012-10-29 2013-10-29 Receiver for an inductive power transfer system and a method for controlling the receiver

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US10608470B2 true US10608470B2 (en) 2020-03-31

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EP (1) EP2912744B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP6370795B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR102139841B1 (fr)
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WO2014070025A2 (fr) 2014-05-08
US20150295418A1 (en) 2015-10-15
CN104854771B (zh) 2019-07-19
KR102139841B1 (ko) 2020-07-31
EP2912744A2 (fr) 2015-09-02
KR20150097465A (ko) 2015-08-26
CN104854771A (zh) 2015-08-19
JP2015534448A (ja) 2015-11-26
EP2912744B1 (fr) 2018-09-19

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