US10548941B2 - Compositions and methods for treating diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia - Google Patents

Compositions and methods for treating diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia Download PDF

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US10548941B2
US10548941B2 US15/811,060 US201715811060A US10548941B2 US 10548941 B2 US10548941 B2 US 10548941B2 US 201715811060 A US201715811060 A US 201715811060A US 10548941 B2 US10548941 B2 US 10548941B2
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US20180133280A1 (en
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Ngoc Thai
Jonathan Pollett
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Imagine Pharma
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/03—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in an undefined or only partially defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/08—Solutions

Definitions

  • Type 1 diabetes When left uncontrolled, diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, results in hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar. Over time, hyperglycemia leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.
  • Type 2 diabetes In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little to no insulin. Treatment for Type 1 diabetics requires insulin injections. In the most common type of diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce a sufficient amount of insulin, or the insulin produced is less effective due to cellular resistance, or both.
  • the World Health Organization provides that Type 2 represents 90% of the cases of diabetes worldwide. Treatment for Type 2 diabetes includes healthy eating and physical activity, as well as medications and insulin therapy.
  • Complications of the chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes include endothelial damage, proliferative retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Diabetes is one of the leading causes of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and limb amputations and as such it is a drain on the economies of all industrial countries.
  • Type 2 diabetes Often in cases of Type 2 diabetes, pharmacological intervention is necessary for treatment.
  • medications for Type 2 diabetes such as sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
  • DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase IV
  • meglitinides e biguanides
  • thiazolidinediones thiazolidinediones
  • alpha-glucosidase inhibitors alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
  • these drugs produce unwanted side effects, including upset stomach, hypoglycemia, weight gain, liver problems, skin rash, headache, and respiratory infection.
  • these medications are often used together as a combination therapy in order to be more effective.
  • the use of multiple pharmaceuticals increases the likelihood of unwanted side effects. Nearly 50% of Type 2 diabetic patients eventually require administration of insulin
  • Insulin administration remains to be the only treatment option for Type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, the treatment of Type I diabetes by insulin cannot avoid the long-term complications induced by daily cycles of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, due to the difficulty of determining the exact insulin dosage required in changing physiological conditions.
  • Hypertension, high cholesterol and hyperglycemia are often present in individuals with both types of diabetes, particularly Type 2 diabetes.
  • the combination of hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes significantly increases the risk of a heart attack or stroke.
  • the drugs used to treat these three conditions, have side effects to varying degrees. It would therefore be useful to have a therapeutic composition which lowers blood glucose also modulates blood pressure and cholesterol, without side effects seen in the presently available drugs.
  • Such a composition would have utility in the treatment of hypertension, cholesterol, along with diabetes.
  • the present invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating clinical diseases, including those associated with high blood pressure and elevated blood glucose level (hyperglycemia), such as: diabetes, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, metabolic syndrome, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
  • diseases including those associated with high blood pressure and elevated blood glucose level (hyperglycemia), such as: diabetes, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, metabolic syndrome, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
  • RPS2 ribosomal protein S2
  • a RPS2 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the RPS2 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the RPS2 polypeptide has at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a RPS2 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the RPS2 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the RPS2 polypeptide has at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a RPS2 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the RPS2 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the RPS2 polypeptide has at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the present invention provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises a 40 s ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2) or a fragment thereof or an analog thereto comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3 or 4.
  • RPS2 ribosomal protein S2
  • the present invention provides an isolated polypeptide that consists of a 40 s ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2) or a fragment thereof comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3 or 4.
  • the present invention provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises or consists of a 40 s ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the present invention provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises or consists of a 40 s ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2) fragment comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the present invention provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises or consists of a 40 s ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2) fragment comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the present invention provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises or consists of a 40 s ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2) fragment comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the RPS2 or fragment thereof has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the RPS2 has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment, the RPS2 fragment has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the RPS2 fragment has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In one embodiment, the RPS2 fragment has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the RPS2 or fragment thereof comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the RPS2 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment, the RPS2 fragment comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. In one embodiment, the RPS2 fragment comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In one embodiment, the RPS2 fragment comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the RPS2 or fragment thereof consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the RPS2 consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment, the RPS2 fragment consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. In one embodiment, the RPS2 fragment consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In one embodiment, the RPS2 fragment consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the invention provides a formulation comprising at least one polypeptide according to the invention.
  • the at least one polypeptide according to the invention may be at least one polypeptide according to the first aspect.
  • the formulation is an oral pharmaceutical formulation. In an embodiment, the formulation is a pharmaceutical parenteral formulation. In an embodiment, the formulation is a pharmaceutical topical formulation.
  • the formulation comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s) and/or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluent(s) and/or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s).
  • the formulation may comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s).
  • the formulation may comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluent(s).
  • the formulation may comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s).
  • the formulation is an aqueous pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the peptide may be present at a concentration of 0.05 to 5 ⁇ g/L in the aqueous pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the peptide may be present at a concentration of 0.08 to 3 ⁇ g/L or may be present at 0.1 to 1 ⁇ g/L.
  • the peptide may be present at a concentration of at least 0.05 ⁇ g/L, for example at least 0.7, 0.1 or 0.15 ⁇ g/L.
  • the peptide may be present at a concentration of not more than 5 ⁇ g/L, for example not more than 4, 3 or 2 ⁇ g/L (e.g. not more than 1 ⁇ g/L).
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical formulation may comprise a buffer.
  • the buffer may have a pH of from about 7 to about 8, for example the buffer may have a pH of from about 7.2 to about 7.6, e.g. the buffer may have a physiological pH (a pH of about 7.4, e.g. a pH of from 7.3 to 7.5).
  • the buffer may be phosphate buffered saline.
  • the invention provides a medicament comprising a polypeptide of the invention or a formulation of the invention.
  • the polypeptide of the invention may be at least one polypeptide of the first aspect.
  • the formulation of the invention may be a formulation of the second aspect.
  • the invention provides a polypeptide of the invention or formulation of the invention for use in a method of treating a disease.
  • the polypeptide of the invention may be at least one polypeptide of the first aspect.
  • the formulation of the invention may be a formulation of the second aspect.
  • the disease may be at least one of Type 1 and/or Type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome.
  • the disease may be Type 1 and/or Type 2 diabetes.
  • the disease may be hyperglycemia.
  • the disease may be hypercholesterolemia.
  • the disease may be hypertension.
  • the disease may be metabolic syndrome.
  • the invention provides a polypeptide of the invention or formulation of the invention for use in a method of treating Type 1 and/or Type 2 diabetes.
  • the polypeptide of the invention may be at least one polypeptide of the first aspect.
  • the formulation of the invention may be a formulation of the second aspect.
  • the use may provide a reduction in hepatic glucose production, and/or a reduction in cholesterol levels, and/or a reduction in glucagon levels, and/or a reduction in blood pressure.
  • the use may provide a reduction in hepatic glucose production.
  • the use may provide a reduction in cholesterol levels.
  • the use may provide a reduction in glucagon levels.
  • the use may provide a reduction in blood pressure.
  • the invention provides use of at least one polypeptide according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of Type 1 and/or Type 2 diabetes.
  • the polypeptide according to the invention may be at least one polypeptide of the first aspect.
  • the invention provides use of at least one polypeptide according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of at least one of hyperglycemia, and/or hypercholesterolemia, and/or hypertension, and/or metabolic syndrome.
  • the polypeptide according to the invention may be at least one polypeptide of the first aspect.
  • the medicament may treat hyperglycemia.
  • the medicament may treat hypercholesterolemia.
  • the medicament may treat hypertension.
  • the medicament may treat metabolic syndrome.
  • the invention provides a method for treating at least one of diabetes, and/or hyperglycemia, and/or hypercholesterolemia, and/or hypertension in a subject, comprising: administering to the subject a polypeptide of the invention or formulation of the invention.
  • the polypeptide of the invention may be at least one polypeptide of the first aspect.
  • the formulation of the invention may be a formulation of the second aspect.
  • the method may comprise administering an effective amount of said polypeptide or said formulation.
  • the method may treat diabetes (e.g. Type 1 and/or Type 2 diabetes).
  • the method may treat hyperglycemia.
  • the method may treat hypercholesterolemia.
  • the method may treat hypertension.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a RPS2 polypeptide or peptide analog corresponding to one or more of SEQ ID NO(s) 1, 2, 3 or 4, and or more of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and/or one or more of a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, and/or one or more of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the polypeptide therapeutic of the present invention may be formulated for administration to a subject in need of treatment as an oral formulation, a parenteral formulation, a topical formulation, an aqueous formulation, a solid formulation, a lyophilized formulation, or a trans-dermal formulation.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between body weight in diabetic animals (the Zucker diabetic rat animal model) treated with metformin and/or IMG-1 administered intravenously (10 ⁇ g) and orally (200 ⁇ g, showing weight gain was consistent amongst the animals.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing that treatment of diabetic animals with IMG-1 formulations (or and IV) resulted in normalized blood glucose levels, compared to control and metformin.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing that treatment of diabetic animals with IMG-1 formulations (oral and IV) resulted in normalized blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) levels, compared to control and metformin.
  • FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing that treatment of diabetic animals with IMG-1 formulations (oral and IV) resulted in decreased HbA1c levels, as compared to control and metformin.
  • FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing that treatment of diabetic animals with IMG-1 formulations (oral and IV) does not affect insulin levels (mcU/mL).
  • FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing that treatment of diabetic animals with IMG-1 formulations (oral and IV) resulted in decreased glucagon levels, compared to control and metformin.
  • FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing the mean cholesterol levels (mg/dL) as measured from diabetic animals administered IMG-1 (oral and intravenous), were lower as compared to untreated control. Treated animals averaged ⁇ 170 mg/dL, whereas control measured 224 mg/dL.
  • FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing that IMG-1 formulations are effective at lowering blood glucose levels in a Type 1 diabetes animal model, reduction was significant as compared to control (untreated) diabetic-induced animals.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing the clearance of IMG-1 (measured as pg/mL) from serum over a 24 hour period in a Sprague Dawley animal model. Results shown are labeled as BES17-02-1, 2, 2 (indicated three animals).
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing blood glucose levels in Sprague Dawley animals treated with IMG-1 formulations.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing that IMG-1 formulations administered at doses ranging from 1.0 ⁇ g to 1000.0 ⁇ g do not affect creatinine levels in Sprague Dawley rats.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing that IMG-1 formulations administered at doses ranging from 1.0 ⁇ g to 1000.0 ⁇ g do not affect alanine aminotransferase levels in Sprague Dawley rats.
  • FIG. 13 is a bar graph showing that IMG-1 formulations administered at a dose of 2 ⁇ g (intravenous) decreases insulin resistance in Diabetic-Induced Obese (DIO) mice compared to control, based on glucose infusion rates (mg/kg/m).
  • DIO Diabetic-Induced Obese
  • FIG. 14 is a bar graph showing that IMG-1 formulations administered at a dose of 2 ⁇ g (intravenous) inhibits hepatic glucose production (HGP) in DIO mice as compared to control.
  • FIG. 15 is a bar graph showing that IMG-1 formulations at a dose of 2 ⁇ g (intravenous) do not affect whole body glucose turnover, glycolysis or glycogen synthesis in DIO mice and are essentially equivalent to control.
  • FIG. 16 is a bar graph showing that IMG-1 formulations at a dose of 2 ⁇ g (intravenous) do not affect skeletal muscle or white adipose glucose uptake.
  • FIG. 17 is a bar graph showing the activity of truncated RPS2 peptides, designated as (IMG-1L and IMG-1S) compared to full-length RPS2 (IMG-1), and versus untreated.
  • Formulations of IMG-1L which correspond to fragments of the C-terminus of the full-length protein, exhibited similar activity in vitro compared to IMG-1 (full length); whereas, formulations of IMG-1S (corresponding to the fragment of the N-terminus of the full-length protein) did not appear to exhibit activity, as measured by Optical Density from an MTT assay using endothelial cells.
  • active ingredient As used herein “active ingredient”, “active compound”, “active component”, and/or “active agent” may be used interchangeably and refer to a polypeptide, peptide fragment, or analogue thereof having an amino acid sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1; or SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, or combinations thereof.
  • Formulations of the present invention comprising the active ingredient/compound are collectively referred to as “IMG-1” formulations, without implying any specific dosage or concentration of active compound.
  • an effective amount refers to that amount of the active ingredient/compound, which, when administered to a subject is effective to lower blood glucose levels to less than 200 mg/dl, lower cholesterol to less than 200 mg/dl, and/or lower blood pressure to less than 140/90 mmHg.
  • composition refers (interchangeably) to a liquid (aqueous, gel, or ointment), or a solid form containing an amount of active compound, which is prepared so that it is suitable for administration to a mammal, such as a human or other animal, directly or after reconstitution.
  • the formulation may contain pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or additives.
  • detergents/surfactants e.g. PEG, Tween (20, 80, etc.), Pluronic
  • excipients e.g.
  • compositions of the present invention may contain other active ingredients in combination with the RPS2 polypeptide and/or polypeptide analogues described herein.
  • the terms “treat,” “treating” or “treatment,” and other grammatical equivalents as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating a disease or condition symptoms, preventing additional symptoms, ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition, and prophylaxis.
  • the terms further include achieving a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
  • therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated.
  • compositions may be administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” to treat a condition is an amount of active compound capable of achieving a clinically-relevant end-point in a patient or patient population, such as reduced blood glucose levels in diabetes or reduced blood pressure in hypertension or reduced cholesterol in hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia.
  • administration of an effective amount of an IMG-1 composition has been shown in animal studies to lower blood glucose to less than 200 mg/dL (in a diabetes animal model); lower blood pressure to less than 140/90 mmHg; and lower total cholesterol to less than 200 mg/dL.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating one or more diseases in a subject, the diseases comprising one or more of diabetes (Type I or Type 2), hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, vascular disease, or metabolic syndrome.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a purified or synthetic RPS2 polypeptide or peptide analogue corresponding to one or more of SEQ ID NO 01, SEQ ID NO.: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, or active regions thereof, in combination with one or more of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for oral, parenteral or dermal/topical administration to a subject in need of treatment.
  • the present invention provides an aqueous pharmaceutical formulation comprising a purified or synthetic RPS2 peptide, analogue, or active region thereof, a buffer, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS), wherein the formulation has a pH within the normal physiological range (approximately 7.4) and wherein the RPS2 polypeptide or peptide analogue comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in one or more of SEQ ID NO 01, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, or SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the present invention also provides methods and compositions for improving protein expression in cell culture, particularly yeast, bacterial and mammalian cell culture, including media for growing cells for protein expression and cell culture production media optimized for protein expression.
  • a purified, isolated 40 s ribosomal protein S2 exhibits therapeutic benefits when administered to a subject, including: the ability to reduce blood glucose levels; normalize blood glucose levels; lower blood cholesterol levels; reduce and normalize blood pressure levels; decrease hemoglobin A1c levels; decrease glucagon levels; and decrease insulin resistance.
  • 40 s RPS2 is a protein belonging to the S5P family of ribosomal proteins. With respect to humans, the RPS2 gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit and is located in the cytoplasm.
  • the RPS2 amino acid sequence does not contain a typical nuclear localization signal.
  • deletion mutant analysis and rpS2- ⁇ -galactosidase chimeric proteins the putative identify of the nuclear targeting domains in RPS2 was determined.
  • a central domain comprising 72-75 amino acids is necessary and sufficient to target the chimeric ⁇ -galactosidase to the nucleus.
  • the nuclear targeting domain shares no significant similarity to already-characterized nuclear localization signals in ribosomal proteins or other nuclear proteins.
  • the full length RPS2 amino acid sequence is a 293 amino acid sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 1; a truncated C-terminus fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 is a 159 amino acid fragment and is designated SEQ ID NO: 2; the unconventional nuclear localization signal is a 75 amino acid fragment located between amino acids 161-235 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and is designated SEQ ID NO: 3; an 87 amino acid fragment located between amino acids 135-221 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is designated SEQ ID NO: 4; a truncated N-terminus fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 is a 134 amino acid fragment and is designated SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • RPS2 polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 is 94%-100% homologous amongst all animals when compared by sequence analysis performed utilizing the BLAST database (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
  • the C-terminus region comprised of 159 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2 is 99-100% homologous for the Animalia phylum.
  • the 75 amino acid nuclear localization sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 3 shares 99-100% homology between all animals and bacteria. Whereas animal/bacteria protein sequence is on average 98-100% homologous, homology to plants can be as low as 77% homologous.
  • RPS2 amino acid sequence (293 amino acids) of the present invention is shown below and designated SEQ ID NO: 01:
  • RPS2 C-terminus fragment of the present invention is a 159 amino acid fragment of ⁇ 18 kDa.
  • the C-terminus fragment is shown below and designated SEQ ID NO: 2:
  • a 75 amino acid nuclear localization signal of the present invention (corresponding to a sequence between amino acids 161-235 of SEQ ID NO: 1) is shown below and designated SEQ ID NO: 3:
  • SEQ ID NO: 4 An 87 amino acid sequence corresponding to a portion of the nuclear localization signal near the N-terminus between amino acids 135-221 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is shown below and designated SEQ ID NO: 4
  • RPS2 N-terminus fragment of the present invention is a fragment of ⁇ 13 kDa and designated SEQ ID NO: 5:
  • Amino acids contained in the amino acid sequences in the present invention may be post-translationally modified according to methods known in the art. For example, the modification of an N-terminal glutamine (Gln) residue into a pyroglutamic acid (pGlu) residue by pyroglutamylation is well-known to those skilled in the art. Naturally, such post-translationally modified amino acids are included in the amino acid sequences and within the scope of the present invention.
  • the RPS2 gene was amplified using a forward primer (sequence: atggcggatgacgccggtgc) and a reverse primer (sequence: ctatgttgtagccacagctgg) and the resulting PCR fragment was phosphorylated and purified from low melt agarose.
  • the resulting sequence was ligated into the pMAL-5 vector, and following ligation and incubation, spread on LB plates containing 100 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin and incubated overnight at 37° C. to generate transformant for in vivo protein production.
  • the RPS2 transformant was inoculated into 5 ml of broth and grown to 2 ⁇ 108 cells/ml. This culture was used to inoculate a 200 mL LB amp 0.2% glucose to an A600 of around 0.5. The culture was then induced by adding ITPG (isopropylthio- ⁇ -galactoside) to a final concentration of 0.3 mM and grown for an additional 4 h at 30° C. The cells were then centrifuged and re-suspended in 25 ml column buffer per liter of culture. The cells were lysed by freeze-thaw followed by passaging through a 20 gauge needle.
  • ITPG isopropylthio- ⁇ -galactoside
  • the lysed cells were centrifuged and the supernatant diluted by adding 125 ml cold CB for every 25 ml crude extract.
  • the diluted crude extract was added to a 15 ml amylose column and washed with 12 column volumes of CB.
  • the protein was eluted with CB and maltose (10 mM).
  • the resulting elution was incubated with 1 ⁇ l Factor Xa diluted to 200 ⁇ g/ml for 4 hours at room temperature.
  • the fusion protein cleavage mixture was dialyzed at pH 8.0 and the amylase columns were washed with buffer and the fusion protein cleavage mixture was loaded onto a column.
  • the flow-through was collected and the amount of isolated protein was determined by bicinchoninic acid assay (BSA) assay and the amount of protein was assessed via ELISA.
  • BSA bicinchoninic acid assay
  • a purified RPS2 protein corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1 in solution following column purification was diluted with PBS to the desired concentrations (depending on oral or iv administration). The subsequent solution was then filtered through a 0.22 um filter to filter-sterilize the formulation for administration to animal subjects, as described in the Examples.
  • the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) strain of rat is widely known and commonly used to study Type 2 Diabetes associated with obesity, as well as hypertension and high cholesterol.
  • the ZDF strain is an inbred rat model of early-onset diabetes in which all of the fa/fa male rats develop diabetes at 10 to 12 weeks of age when fed a special diet of Purina 5008 (Charles River Laboratories International, Inc., Wilmington, Mass., USA).
  • the phenotype is homogeneous, mainly due to the fact that the strain is genetically inbred and that a special diet is provided.
  • FIG. 1 shows the distribution of body weight (grams) per group, measured over a thirty day period.
  • FBG Fasting blood glucose
  • FIG. 2 shows that IMG-1 normalizes blood glucose levels in the diabetic animal model; blood glucose levels were lowered in animals treated with IMG-1 versus control and metformin.
  • the blood pressure of the ZDF rats was monitored twice-weekly using a tail cuff blood pressure monitor (CODA, Monitor from Kent Scientific).
  • CODA tail cuff blood pressure monitor
  • the untreated and metformin treated ZDF rats had hypertension (>140/90 mmHg, 141/95 mmHg untreated and 142/99 mmHg metformin treated).
  • FIG. 3 shows systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in animals treated with IMG-1 versus control and metformin; treatment with IMG-1 normalizes blood pressure in the diabetic animal model.
  • HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c
  • Hb1Ac levels were not significantly different on day 0 (between 9.7 and 10.8); at day 15 the levels of Hb1Ac were significantly lower in IMG-1 treated groups compared to both untreated and metformin groups (10.2 IV and 9.5 PO vs 12.1 untreated and 11.0 metformin) and by day 35 IMG-1 treated animals had significantly lower levels (7.4 IV and 7.5 PO) than both the untreated and metformin treated animals (12.3 untreated and 11.8 metformin) as well as their own initial starting levels (10.4 IV and 10.5 PO).
  • Hb1Ac levels insulin levels were measured in all animals at the three time points. As shown in FIG. 5 , but unlike Hb1Ac levels shown in FIG. 4 there was no significant difference in insulin levels between untreated and IMG-1 treated groups at any of the three time points. Moreover, the results seen in the control were consistent with the literature.
  • FIG. 6 shows IMG-1 decreases glucagon levels in the diabetic animal model; the decrease in glucagon levels as compared to control was consistent between oral and IV administered IMG-1.
  • FIG. 7 shows that IMG-1 decreases cholesterol in the diabetic animal model; untreated animals had a cholesterol level of 224 mg/dL, while IMG-1 treated animals had cholesterol levels of 171 mg/dL (IV) and 156 mg/dL (oral), respectively.
  • IMG-1 As IMG-1 was shown to normalize blood glucose levels, and decrease HA1C in a Type 2 diabetic animal model, it was ascertained if IMG-1 could affect blood glucose levels in a Type/diabetic animal model.
  • Diabetes can be induced in mice by using streptozotocin (STZ), a compound that has a preferential toxicity toward pancreatic ⁇ cells and is a widely used chemical for the induction of experimental diabetes in rodents.
  • STZ is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces achromogens and contains a glucose molecule (in deoxy form) that is linked to a highly reactive methylnitrosourea moiety that exerts a cytotoxic effects to the pancreatic ⁇ cells.
  • mice at 3-4 months were administered STZ via IP injection for 5 days, in order to promote development of hyperglycemia.
  • the animals were treated for 3 weeks with once daily oral gavage of Control or 33 ⁇ g IMG-1 PO.
  • the fasting blood glucose levels was measured at 2 ⁇ 3 day intervals and the insulin and glucagon levels were measured as well.
  • the Sprague Dawley model was utilized to access clearance and toxicology of IMG-1 formulations.
  • Three male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with 20 ⁇ g active compound (corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1) by intravenous administration, followed by blood draws at intervals, specifically: 0, 5 minutes (min), 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 2 hours (h), 4 h, 6 h, 24 h and 48 h post-IMG-1 administration.
  • Active compound was detected in the blood of all three animals up to 2 h post administration, with a third animal displaying detectable levels up to 4 h post treatment, as shown in FIG. 9 by the serum level of IMG-1 active compound (pg/mL) measured over a 6 hour time period.
  • IMG-1 formulations were formulated with Sprague Dawley rats. The testing consisted of 5 groups, with 3 female and 3 male animals per group. Treated groups were given a single dose of one of the following IMG-1 concentrations: 1.0 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m or 1000 ⁇ g. A control group received no treatment. Clinical observations were performed every 1 hour for 4 hours post-dose administration, and daily for a total of 14 days for all 5 groups. Blood was drawn at 7 and 14 days post-administration for each of the 5 groups (treated and untreated). No adverse clinical observations were seen in any of the animals.
  • Creatinine levels were measured to assess kidney function and alanine aminotransferase levels were measured to assess liver function in each of the 5 groups. No discernable differences between animals treated with IMG-1 formulation and untreated animals in both creatinine and alanine aminotransferase levels were seen, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 , respectively.
  • the most widely accepted research method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance is the euglycemic insulin clamp technique method, which measures either how well an animal metabolizes glucose or how sensitive an animal is to insulin. With this procedure, exogenous insulin is infused, so as to maintain a constant plasma insulin level above fasting, while glucose is fixed at a basal level, (between 100-150 mg/dl), by infusing glucose at varying rates.
  • diet-Induced Obese (DIO) C57BL/6J mice underwent a 2-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping procedure.
  • a 2 ⁇ g IMG-1 formulation was administered (per animal) intravenously via tail veins at 48 hours and 24 hours prior to the clamp test, compared to PBS treated animals.
  • IMG-1-treated animals had a significantly higher steady-state glucose infusion rates (38.8 mg/kg/mL) during clamping than PBS treated animals (30 mg/kg/mL).
  • treatment with IMG-1 decreases insulin resistance in DIO mice.
  • Hepatic Glucose Production was also dramatically suppressed in all animals treated with IMG-1, as shown by FIG. 13 . Further, hepatic insulin action (the percent suppression of HGP) was increased in all IMG-1-treated animals during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. However, IMG-1 did not affect whole-body glucose turnover, glycolysis or glycogen synthesis in any of the treated animals, as evidenced by FIG. 15 showing the levels of glucose turnover, glycolysis and glycogen synthesis were nearly equal between the control animals and the treated animals. The results of the clamping procedure also showed that glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were not significantly different in either IMG-1 or PBS treated animals during the clamp assay, as evidenced by FIG. 16 which shows that skeletal muscle glucose uptake and white adipose tissue glucose uptake were nearly identical between the untreated and treated animals.
  • RPS2 protein Full length purified RPS2 protein was digested with hydroxylamine (NH 2 OH), which cleaved RPS2 at two positions: amino acid 134 at Asn in position P1 and Gly in position P1′, resulting in two subunits, designated RPS2-short (IMG-1 s) of approximately 13 kDa, and RPS2-long (IMG-1L) of approximately 18 kDa.
  • the resulting fragments were resolved on a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel, visualized and then electro eluted from the gel. The fragments were used to prepare formulations for testing in cell culture.
  • the MU assay is a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity.
  • NAD(P)H-dependent cellular oxidoreductase enzymes may, under defined conditions, reflect the number of viable cells present. These enzymes are capable of reducing the tetrazolium dye MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide to its insoluble formazan, which has a purple color.
  • CADMEC cultures such as those available from Cell Applications, Inc., were treated with one of the various formulations: 0.5 ⁇ g/mL full length protein (designated IMG-1), 0.5 ⁇ g/mL of C-terminal fragment (designated IMG-1L), or 0.5 ⁇ g/mL of N-terminal fragment (designated IMG-1 s).
  • the treated cultures were allowed to grow for 72 h. Following 72 h of cell growth, 100 ⁇ L of cell cultures were treated with 10 ⁇ L of 12 mM MTT, and incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours.
  • IMG-1L correspond to fragments of the C-terminus of the full-length protein; whereas, formulations of IMG-1S correspond to the fragment of the N-terminus of the full-length protein.
  • the C-terminus of RPS2 and fragments and/or analogues thereof are of therapeutic value, along with the full length RPS2 protein.
  • compositions comprising one or more of a polypeptide, peptide, and/or analogue corresponding to one more of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3 and/or SEQ ID NO:4.
  • Formulations of the present invention comprising a purified or synthetic peptide or peptide analogue corresponding to SEQ ID: 01, SEQ 1 NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, and/or SEQ ID NO: 4 may be formulated according to methods available to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation comprises an RPS2 polypeptide or analogue, or an active peptide region thereof, corresponding to one of SEQ ID NO(s) 1-4, in a range of less than 20 ⁇ g and up to 150 ⁇ g, as a solid dose form or a solution.
  • formulations comprise the peptide present at a concentration of 0.05 to 5 ⁇ g/L; in another embodiment formulations comprise peptide present at a concentration of 0.1 to 1 ⁇ g/L; in yet another embodiment, formulations comprise peptide present at a concentration of 50-150 ⁇ g/kg for an oral formulation and 5-15 ⁇ g/kg for an intravenous formulation. Concentration of active ingredient and corresponding dosage will depend, in part, on the weight of the subject, the route of administration, the symptoms/disorder to be treated, and the severity of the symptoms.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention further comprises one or more absorption enhancers, including one or more of detergents, surfactants, bile salts, Ca2+ chelating agents, fatty acids, medium chain glycerides, acyl carnitine, alkanoyl cholines, N-acetylated ⁇ -amino acids, N-acetylated non- ⁇ -amino acids, chitosans, mucoadhesive polymers, and phospholipids.
  • absorption enhancers including one or more of detergents, surfactants, bile salts, Ca2+ chelating agents, fatty acids, medium chain glycerides, acyl carnitine, alkanoyl cholines, N-acetylated ⁇ -amino acids, N-acetylated non- ⁇ -amino acids, chitosans, mucoadhesive polymers, and phospholipids.
  • exemplary excipients useful for the present invention include: buffers, salts, surfactants, polyol/disaccharide/polysaccharides, amino acids, and antioxidants.
  • buffers that keep pH levels between 4.7 and 7.4 include: acetate, citrate, histidine, succinate, phosphate, and hydroxymethylaminomethane (Tris).
  • exemplary surfactants include: polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), and poloxamer 188.
  • Lyophilized (freeze-dried) formulations may use one or a mixture of polyol/disaccharide/polysaccharide (e.g., mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and dextran 40). Sugars provide bulk for lyophilized formulations and are known to serve as stabilizing agents for therapeutic proteins. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is commonly used with protein formulations. Exemplary antioxidants include: ascorbic acid, methionine, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
  • polyol/disaccharide/polysaccharide e.g., mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and dextran 40.
  • Sugars provide bulk for lyophilized formulations and are known to serve as stabilizing agents for therapeutic proteins.
  • Sodium chloride (NaCl) is commonly used with protein formulations.
  • Exemplary antioxidants include: ascorbic acid, methion
  • a pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention further comprises a surface modification by one or more lipophilic moieties.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation comprises active agent optionally co-administered with concentrated solution of one or more carrier molecules.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation further comprises one or more synthetic bioadhesive polymers comprising polyacrylic acid or cellulose derivatives.
  • polyacrylic acid-based polymers include, but are not limited to, carbopol, polycarbophil, polyacrylic acid (PAAc), polyacrylate, poly (methylvinylether-co-methacrylic acid), poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(alkylcyanoacrylate), poly(isohexylcyanoacrylate) and poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate).
  • Cellulose derivatives include, but are not limited to, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, and methylhydroxyethyl cellulose.
  • seminatural bioadhesive polymers include chitosan and various gums such as guar, xanthan, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and poly(vinyl alcohol).
  • a pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention further comprises a gastrointestinal mucoadhesive patch system (GI-MAPS) comprising active agent with layered films contained in an enteric capsule, with a backing layer comprising a water-insoluble polymer, ethyl cellulose (EC); a surface layer comprising an enteric pH-sensitive polymer such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, Eudragit L100 or S100; a coating layer comprising an adhesive layer; and a middle layer, peptide-containing layer, made of cellulose membrane attached to the backing layer.
  • GI-MAPS gastrointestinal mucoadhesive patch system
  • the surface layer dissolves at the targeted intestinal site and adheres to the small intestinal wall, where a closed space is created on the target site of the gastrointestinal mucosa by adhering to the mucosal membrane.
  • both the active agent and the absorption enhancer coexist in the closed space and a high-concentration gradient is formed between inside the system and the enterocytes, which contributes to enhanced absorption of peptide.

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