US10125102B2 - Human plasma kallikrein inhibitors - Google Patents

Human plasma kallikrein inhibitors Download PDF

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US10125102B2
US10125102B2 US15/123,059 US201515123059A US10125102B2 US 10125102 B2 US10125102 B2 US 10125102B2 US 201515123059 A US201515123059 A US 201515123059A US 10125102 B2 US10125102 B2 US 10125102B2
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US20170073314A1 (en
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Pravin L. Kotian
Yarlagadda S. Babu
Minwan Wu
Venkat R. Chintareddy
V. Satish Kumar
Weihe Zhang
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Biocryst Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Definitions

  • Serine proteases make up the largest and most extensively studied group of proteolytic enzymes. Their critical roles in physiological processes extend over such diverse areas as blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, complement activation, reproduction, digestion, and the release of physiologically active peptides. Many of these vital processes begin with cleavage of a single peptide bond or a few peptide bonds in precursor protein or peptides. Sequential limited proteolytic reactions or cascades are involved in blood clotting, fibrinolysis, and complement activation. The biological signals to start these cascades can be controlled and amplified as well. Similarly, controlled proteolysis can shut down or inactivate proteins or peptides through single bond cleavages.
  • Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases. In humans, plasma kallikrein (KLKB1) has no known homologue, while tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) encode a family of fifteen closely related serine proteases. Plasma kallikrein participates in a number of pathways relating to the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, inflammation, and the complement system.
  • KLKB1 plasma kallikrein
  • KLKs tissue kallikrein-related peptidases
  • Coagulation is the process by which blood forms clots, for example to stop bleeding.
  • the physiology of coagulation is somewhat complex insofar as it includes two separate initial pathways, which converge into a final common pathway leading to clot formation.
  • prothrombin is converted into thrombin, which in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin, the latter being the principal building block of cross-linked fibrin polymers which form a hemostatic plug.
  • the contact activation or intrinsic pathway the other is known as the tissue factor or extrinsic pathway.
  • the intrinsic pathway begins with formation of a primary complex on collagen by high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK), prekallikrein, and FXII (Factor XII; Hageman factor).
  • HMWK high-molecular-weight kininogen
  • FXII Factor XII
  • FIX Factor IX
  • Prekallikrein the inactive precursor of plasma kallikrein, is synthesized in the liver and circulates in the plasma bound to HMWK or as a free zymogen.
  • Prekallikrein is cleaved by activated factor XII (FXIIa) to release activated plasma kallikrein (PK).
  • FXIIa activated factor XII
  • PK activated plasma kallikrein
  • Activated plasma kallikrein displays endopeptidase activity towards peptide bonds after arginine (preferred) and lysine.
  • PK then generates additional FXIIa in a feedback loop which in turn activates factor XI (FXI) to FXIa to connect to the common pathway.
  • Activated plasma kallikrein also cleaves HMWK to release the potent vasodilator peptide bradykinin. It is also able to cleave a number of inactive precursor proteins to generate active products, such as plasmin (from plasminogen) and urokinase (from prourokinase). Plasmin, a regulator of coagulation, proteolytically cleaves fibrin into fibrin degradation products that inhibit excessive fibrin formation.
  • MI myocardial infarction
  • TAT thrombin-antithrombin III
  • fibrinolysis-induced hypercoagulability lead to increased rates of reocclusion, but it is also probably responsible, at least in part, for failure to achieve complete fibrinolysis of the clot (thrombus), a major shortcoming of fibrinolytic therapy (Keeley, E. C. et al. (2003) Lancet 361: 13-20).
  • Another problem in fibrinolytic therapy is the accompanying elevated risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Menon, V. et al. (2004) ( Chest 126:549S-575S; Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' Collaborative Group (1994) Lancet 343:311-22.
  • an adjunctive anti-coagulant therapy that does not increase the risk of bleeding, but inhibits the formation of new thrombin, would be greatly beneficial.
  • compositions comprising the compounds, and methods useful for inhibiting plasma kallikrein and treating or preventing plasma kallikrein-related diseases and conditions.
  • the compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful as inhibitors of human plasma kallikrein.
  • the inventuion provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula I:
  • the compound is represented by formula XIII:
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity.
  • the method comprises the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby treating or preventing the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity.
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is selected from the group consisting of stroke, inflammation, reperfusion injury, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, post fibrinolytic treatment condition, angina, edema, angioedema, hereditary angioedema, sepsis, arthritis, hemorrhage, blood loss during cardiopulmonary bypass, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, diabetic macular degeneration, age-related macular edema, age-related macular degeneration, proliferative retinopathy, neuropathy, hypertension, brain edema, increased albumin excretion, macroalbuminuria, and nephropathy.
  • Inhibitors of plasma kallikrein have been reported and are useful in therapeutic methods and compositions suitable for use in eliminating or reducing various forms of ischemia, including but not limited to perioperative blood loss, cerebral ischemia, the onset of systemic inflammatory response, and/or reperfusion injury, e.g., reperfusion injury associated with cerebral ischemia or a focal brain ischemia.
  • Perioperative blood loss results from invasive surgical procedures that lead to contact activation of complement components and the coagulation/fibrinolysis systems.
  • Kallikrein inhibitors can be used to reduce or prevent perioperative blood loss and a systemic inflammatory response in patients subjected to invasive surgical procedures, especially cardiothoracic surgeries.
  • Kallikrein inhibitors can also be used to reduce or prevent cerebral ischemia and stroke, and/or reperfusion injury associated with cerebral ischemia. They can also prevent neurological and cognitive deficits associated with stroke, blood loss, and cerebral ischemia, e.g., events that are not associated with surgical intervention. Further examples of applications for kallikrein inhibitors include pediatric cardiac surgery, lung transplantation, total hip replacement, and orthotopic liver transplantation, to reduce or prevent stroke during these procedures, as well as to reduce or prevent stroke during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
  • CABG coronary artery bypass grafting
  • ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  • alkyl as used herein is a term of art and refers to saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl groups, cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups.
  • a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl has about 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C 1 -C 30 for straight chain, C 3 -C 30 for branched chain), and alternatively, about 20 or fewer.
  • the term “alkyl” refers to a C 1 -C 10 straight-chain alkyl group.
  • alkyl refers to a C 1 -C 6 straight-chain alkyl group. In one embodiment, the term “alkyl” refers to a C 3 -C 12 branched-chain alkyl group. In one embodiment, the term “alkyl” refers to a C 3 -C 8 , branched-chain alkyl group. Cycloalkyls have from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and alternatively about 5, 6, or 7 carbons in the ring structure.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a radical of a non-aromatic ring system, including, but not limited to, monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic rings, which can be completely saturated or which can contain one or more units of unsaturation, for the avoidance of doubt, the degree of unsaturation does not result in an aromatic ring system, and having 3 to 12 atoms including at least one heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
  • heterocyclic rings aziridinyl, azirinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, thiirenyl, dioxiranyl, diazirinyl, azetyl, oxetanyl, oxetyl, thietanyl, thietyl, diazetidinyl, dioxetanyl, dioxetenyl, dithietanyl, dithietyl, furyl, dioxalanyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl,
  • heteroatom is art-recognized, and includes an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen.
  • Illustrative heteroatoms include boron, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and selenium, and alternatively oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
  • cycloalkylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more cycloalkyl groups.
  • heterocycloalkylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more heterocycloalkyl (i.e., heterocyclyl) groups.
  • alkenyl as used herein means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 10 carbons and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond formed by the removal of two hydrogens.
  • Representative examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 2-methyl-1-heptenyl, and 3-decenyl.
  • alkynyl as used herein means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited, to acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, and 1-butynyl.
  • alkylene is art-recognized, and as used herein pertains to a diradical obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group, as defined above.
  • an alkylene refers to a disubstituted alkane, i.e., an alkane substituted at two positions with substituents such as halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, fluoroalkyl (such as trifluromethyl), cyano, or the like
  • amino is a term of art and as used herein refers to both unsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety that may be represented by the general formulas:
  • R a , R b , and R c each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH 2 ) x —R d , or R a and R b , taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure;
  • R d represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl or a polycyclyl; and
  • x is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
  • R a or R b may be a carbonyl, e.g., R a , R b , and the nitrogen together do not form an imide.
  • R a and R b each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, or —(CH 2 ) x —R d .
  • the term “amino” refers to —NH 2 .
  • acyl is a term of an and as used herein refers to any group or radical of the form RCO— where R is any organic group, e.g., alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl.
  • R is any organic group, e.g., alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl.
  • Representative acyl groups include acetyl, benzoyl, and malonyl.
  • aminoalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more one amino groups. In one embodiment, the term “aminoalkyl” refers to an aminomethyl group.
  • aminoacyl is a term of an and as used herein refers to an acyl group substituted with one or more amino groups.
  • aminothionyl refers to an analog of an aminoacyl in which the O of RC(O)— has been replaced by sulfur, hence is of the form RC(S)—.
  • phosphoryl is a term of art and as used herein may in general be represented by the formula:
  • Q50 represents S or O
  • R59 represents hydrogen, a lower alkyl or an aryl; for example, —P(O)(OMe)- or —P(O)(OH) 2 .
  • the phosphoryl group of the phosphorylalkyl may be represented by the general formulas:
  • Q50 and R59 each independently, are defined above, and Q51 represents a, S or N; for example, —O—P(O)(OH)OMe or —NH—P(O)(OH) 2 .
  • Q50 is S
  • the phosphoryl moiety is a “phosphorothioate.”
  • aminophosphoryl refers to a phosphoryl group substituted with at least one amino group, as defined herein; for example, —P(O)(OH)NMe 2 .
  • carbonyl refers to —C(O)—.
  • thiocarbonyl refers to —C(S)—.
  • alkylphosphoryl refers to a phosphoryl group substituted with at least one alkyl group, as defined herein; for example, —P(O)(OH)Me.
  • alkylthio refers to alkyl-S—.
  • aryl is a term of art and as used herein refers to includes monocyclic, bicyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups, for example, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene.
  • the aromatic ring may be substituted at one or more ring positions with one or more substituents, such as halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, fluoroalkyl (such as trifluromethyl), cyano, or the like.
  • substituents such as halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, im
  • aryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is an aromatic hydrocarbon, e.g., the other cyclic rings may be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • the term “aryl” refers to a phenyl group.
  • heteroaryl is a term of art and as used herein refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, and polycyclic aromatic group having one or more heteroatoms in the ring structure, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.
  • heteroaryl may be substituted at one or more ring positions with one or more substituents such as halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, fluoroalkyl (such as trifluromethyl), cyano, or the like.
  • substituents such as halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino
  • heteroaryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is an aromatic group having one or more heteroatoms in the ring structure, e.g., the other cyclic rings may be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • aralkyl or “arylalkyl” is a term of art and as used herein refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.
  • heteroarylkyl or “heteroarylalkyl” is a term of art and as used herein refers to an alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
  • alkoxy as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • Representative Examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy. 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy.
  • aryloxy as used herein means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • heteroaryloxy as used herein means a heteroaryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • carbocyclyl as used herein means a monocyclic or multicyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, etc.) hydrocarbon radical containing from 3 to 12 carbon atoms that is completely saturated or has one or more unsaturated bonds, and for the avoidance of doubt, the degree of unsaturation does not result in an aromatic ring system (e.g., phenyl).
  • carbocyclyl groups include 1-cyclopropyl, 1-cyclobutyl, 2-cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopentenyl, 3-cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl and 2-cyclopentenylmethyl.
  • cyano is a term of art and as used herein refers to —CN.
  • fluoroalkyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, wherein some or all of the hydrogens are replaced with fluorines.
  • halo is a term of art and as used herein refers to —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.
  • hydroxy is a term of art and as used herein refers to —OH.
  • compositions of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms.
  • compounds of the present invention may also be optically active.
  • the present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, (R)- and (S)-enantiomers, diastereoisomers, ( D )-isomers, ( L )-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention.
  • Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.
  • a particular enantiomer of compound of the present invention may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers.
  • the molecule contains a basic functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.
  • substitution or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, fragmentation, decomposition, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
  • substituted is also contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.
  • the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds.
  • Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described herein above.
  • the permissible substituents may be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds.
  • the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. This invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.
  • salts derived from inorganic or organic acids including, for example, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, phosphoric, formic, acetic, lactic, maleic, fumaric, succinic, tartaric, glycolic, salicylic, citric, methanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, malonic, trifluoroacetic, trichloroacetic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, and other acids.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms can include forms wherein the ratio of molecules comprising the salt is not 1:1.
  • the salt may comprise more than one inorganic or organic acid molecule per molecule of base, such as two hydrochloric acid molecules per molecule of compound of Formula I.
  • the salt may comprise less than one inorganic or organic acid molecule per molecule of base, such as two molecules of compound of Formula I per molecule of tartaric acid.
  • carrier and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein refer to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which a compound is administered or formulated for administration.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include liquids, such as water, saline, and oils; and solids, such as gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, and the like.
  • auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating, flavoring, and coloring agents may be used.
  • suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • treat means prevent, halt or slow the progression of, or eliminate a disease or condition in a subject. In one embodiment “treat” means halt or slow the progression of, or eliminate a disease or condition in a subject. In one embodiment, “treat” means reduce at least one objective manifestation of a disease or condition in a subject.
  • an effective amount refers to an amount that is sufficient to bring about a desired biological effect.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount that is sufficient to bring about a desired therapeutic effect.
  • inhibitor means decrease by an objectively measurable amount or extent. In various embodiments “inhibit” means decrease by at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95 percent compared to relevant control. In one embodiment “inhibit” means decrease 100 percent, i.e., halt or eliminate.
  • a subject refers to a mammal.
  • a subject is a mouse, rat, rabbit, cat, dog, pig, sheep, horse, cow, or non-human primate.
  • a subject is a human.
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula I:
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula III:
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 4-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula V:
  • the stereochemical configuration at any chiral center is R, S, or a mixture of R and S.
  • X represents CH, and both Y and R 4 are present.
  • —X—Y— represents —CHNHCH 2 —.
  • —X—Y— represents —C(OH)CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • —X—Y— represents —CHOCH 2 —.
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 4-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula VII:
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 4-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula IX:
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents or
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 4-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula XI:
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 4-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula XIII:
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 4-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula XV:
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represent
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 3-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula XVII:
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 3-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 3 represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 3 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula XIX:
  • X represents CH, and both Y and R 4 are present.
  • —X—Y— represents —CHNHCH 2 —.
  • —X—Y— represents —C(OH)CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • —X—Y— represents —CHOCH 2 —.
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 3-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula XXI:
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 3-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula XXIII:
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3j is ortho, meta, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 3-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 3 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula XXV:
  • R 3 represents phenylene-R 3a .
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3 -R 3a represents
  • R 3a is absent.
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, or para —OH.
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —NH 2 .
  • R 3 is phenyl, and R 3a is ortho, meta or para —CN.
  • Z represents fluoro
  • Z represents chloro
  • Z represents 2-F, 3-F, 5-F, 6-F, 6-Cl, or 5-(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
  • Z represents 6-F.
  • R 1c represents aminomethyl
  • R 1c represents cyano
  • R 1c represents —SO 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is tert-butyl
  • R 2 is cyclopropyl
  • R 2 is —OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is —Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —CONH 2 .
  • R 2 is cyano
  • R 2 is phenyl
  • the invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, represented by formula (XXVI):
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions, each comprising one or more compounds of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a plurality of compounds of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention further comprises at least one additional pharmaceutically active agent other than a compound of the invention.
  • the at least one additional pharmaceutically active agent can be an agent useful in the treatment of a disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity.
  • the at least one additional pharmaceutically active agent can be an anticoagulation agent, an anti-platelet agent, or a thrombolytic agent.
  • Anticoagulation agents prevent the coagulation of blood components and thus prevent clot formation, for example in atrial fibrillation.
  • Anticoagulants include, but are not limited to, heparin, warfarin, coumadin, dicumarol, phenprocoumon, acenocoumarol, ethyl biscoumacetate, hirudin, bivalarutin, direct thrombin inhibitors, and indandione derivatives.
  • Anti-platelet agents inhibit platelet aggregation and are often used to prevent thromboembolic stroke in patients who have experienced a transient ischemic attack, stroke, or atrial fibrillation.
  • Anti-platelet agents include, but are not limited to, aspirin, thienopyridine derivatives such as ticlopodine and clopidogrel, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazone, as well as RGD mimerics.
  • Thrombolytic agents lyse clots that cause thromboembolic phenomena such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary thromboembolism.
  • Thrombolytic agents include, but are not limited to, plasminogen, a2-antiplasmin, streptokinase, antistreplase, TNK, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and urokinase.
  • Tissue plasminogen activator includes native tPA and recombinant tPA, as well as modified forms of tPA that retain the enzymatic or fibrinolytic activities of native tPA.
  • compositions of the invention can be prepared by combining one or more compounds of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, optionally, one or more additional pharmaceutically active agents.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition that is formulated for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity.
  • the present invention provides compounds that inhibit the formation of thrombin via the intrinsic pathway and thus reduce the risk of new pathogenic thrombus formation (vessel occlusion or reocclusion) and also improve fibrinolytic-induced reperfusion when given as adjunctive therapy with a fibrinolytic regimen.
  • Diseases and conditions that can be treated using the compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, stroke, inflammation, reperfusion injury, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, post fibrinolytic treatment condition, angina, edema, angioedema, hereditary angioedema, sepsis, arthritis, hemorrhage, blood loss during cardiopulmonary bypass, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, diabetic macular degeneration, age-related macular edema, age-related macular degeneration, proliferative retinopathy, neuropathy, hypertension, brain edema, increased albumin excretion, macroalbuminuria, and nephropathy.
  • small polypeptide PK inhibitor DX-88 alleviates edema in patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE).
  • HAE hereditary angioedema
  • a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, Icatibant is also effective in treating HAE. Bork, K. et al. (2007) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119:1497-1503. Because plasma kallikrein generates bradykinin, inhibition of plasma kallikrein is expected to inhibit bradykinin production.
  • DX-88 reduced brain edema, infarct volume, and neurological deficits in an animal model of ischemic stroke.
  • Storini C. et al. (2006) J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 318:849-854.
  • C1-inhibitor reduced infarct size in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).
  • MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion
  • B2 receptor antagonists were found to reduce the infarct volume, brain swelling, and neutrophil accumulation and were neuroprotective in an MCAO animal model. Zausinger, S.
  • Plasma kallikrein inhibitors P8720 and PKSI-527 have also been found to reduce joint swelling in rat models of arthritis. De La Cadena, R. A. et al. (1995) FASEB J. 9:446-52; Fujimori, Y. (1993) Agents Action 39:42-8. It has also been found that inflammation in animal models of arthritis was accompanied by activation of the contact system. Blais, C. Jr. et al. (1997) Arthritis Rheum. 40:1327-33.
  • plasma kallikrein inhibitor P8720 has been found to reduce inflammation in an acute and chronic rat model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Stadnicki, A. et al. (1998) FASEB J. 12:325-33; Stadnicki, A. et al. (1996) Dig. Dis. Sci. 41:912-20; and De La Cadena, R. A., et al. (1995) FASEB J. 9:446-52. The contact system is activated during acute and chronic intestinal inflammation. Sartor, R. B. et al. (1996) Gastroenterology 110:1467-81.
  • B2 receptor antagonist an antibody to high molecular weight kininogen, or reduction in levels of kininogen reduced clinicopathology in animal models of IBD. Ibid.; Arai, Y. et al. (1999) Dig. Dis. Sci. 44:845-51; and Keith, J. C. et al. (2005) Arthritis Res. Therapy 7:R769-76.
  • C 1 -inhibitor H- D -Pro-Phe-Arg-chloromethylketone (CMK), an inhibitor of PK and FXII and a physiological inhibitor (C 1 -inhibitor), has been found to reduce vascular permeability in multiple organs and reduce lesions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or bacterial-induced sepsis in animals.
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • Clinical improvement was observed in sepsis patients treated with C1-inhibitor. Zeerleder, S. et al. (2003) Clin. Diagnost. Lab. Immunol.
  • prePK levels are higher in diabetics, especially those with proliferative retinopathy, and correlate with fructosamine levels. Gao, B.-B., et al. (2007) Nature Med. 13:181-8; and Kedzierska, K. et al. (2005) Archives Med. Res. 36:539-43. PrePK is also found to be highest in those with a sensorimotor neuropathy. Christie, M. et al. (1984) Thromb. Haemostas . (Stuttgart) 52:221-3. PrePK levels are elevated in diabetics and are associated with increased blood pressure.
  • PrePK levels independently correlate with the albumin excretion rate and are elevated in diabetics with macroalbuminuria, suggesting prePK may be a marker for progressive nephropathy. Jaffa. A. A. et al. (2003) Diabetes 52:1215-21. B1 receptor antagonists have been found to decrease plasma leakage in rats treated with streptozotocin. Lawson, S. R. et al. (2005) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 514:69-78. B1 receptor antagonists can also prevent streptozotocin-treated mice from developing hyperglycemia and renal dysfunction. Zuccollo, A. et al. (1996) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 74:586-9.
  • the invention provides a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a medicament.
  • the invention provides methods of treating or preventing a disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity.
  • the method includes the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby treating or preventing the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity.
  • a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention provides a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatment of a disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity.
  • the invention provides the use of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for use in treatment of a disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity.
  • a “disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity” refers to any disease or condition in which it is desirable to reduce plasma kallikrein activity. For example, it may be desirable to reduce plasma kallikrein activity in the setting of a hypercoagulable state. As another example, it may be desirable to reduce plasma kallikrein activity in the setting of tissue ischemia that is associated with the presence or formation of thrombus.
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is selected from the group consisting of stroke, inflammation, reperfusion injury, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, post fibrinolytic treatment condition, angina, edema, angioedema, hereditary angioedema, sepsis, arthritis, hemorrhage, blood loss during cardiopulmonary bypass, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, diabetic macular degeneration, age-related macular edema, age-related macular degeneration, proliferative retinopathy, neuropathy, hypertension, brain edema, increased albumin excretion, macroalbuminuria, and nephropathy.
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is angioedema.
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is hereditary angioedema (HAE).
  • HAE hereditary angioedema
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is stroke.
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is reperfusion injury.
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is acute myocardial infarction.
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is hemorrhage.
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is blood loss during cardiopulmonary bypass.
  • the disease or condition characterized by unwanted plasma kallikrein activity is selected from the group consisting of retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, diabetic macular degeneration, age-related macular edema, age-related macular degeneration, and proliferative retinopathy.
  • the compounds of the invention can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a mammalian host, such as a human patient, in a variety of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, e.g., orally or parenterally, by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, topical, or subcutaneous routes. Additional routes of administration are also contemplated by the invention.
  • the present compounds may be systemically administered, e.g., orally, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle such as an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier. They may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, may be compressed into tablets, or may be incorporated directly with the food of the patient's diet.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle such as an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier.
  • the active compound may be combined with one or more excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like.
  • Such compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1% of active compound.
  • the percentage of the compositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2% to about 60% of the weight of a given unit dosage form.
  • the amount of active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage level will be obtained
  • the tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain the following diluents and carriers: binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartame or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring may be added.
  • binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin
  • excipients such as dicalcium phosphate
  • a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate
  • a sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactos
  • the unit dosage form When the unit dosage form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier, such as a vegetable oil or a polyethylene glycol. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the solid unit dosage form. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with gelatin, wax, shellac or sugar and the like.
  • a syrup or elixir may contain the active compound, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor.
  • any material used in preparing any unit dosage form should be pharmaceutically acceptable and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed.
  • the active compound may be incorporated into sustained-release preparations and devices.
  • the active compound may also be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally by infusion or injection.
  • Solutions of the active compound or its salts can be prepared in water or physiologically acceptable aqueous solution, optionally mixed with a nontoxic surfactant.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or infusion can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions or sterile powders comprising the active ingredient which are adapted for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or infusible solutions or dispersions, optionally encapsulated in liposomes.
  • the ultimate dosage form should be sterile, fluid and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
  • the liquid carrier or vehicle can be a solvent or liquid dispersion medium comprising, for example, water, ethanol, a polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glyceryl esters, and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the formation of liposomes, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions or by the use of surfactants.
  • the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, buffers or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization.
  • methods of preparation can include vacuum drying and the freeze drying techniques, which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient present in the previously sterile-filtered solutions.
  • the present compounds may be applied in pure form, i.e., when they are liquids. However, it will generally be desirable to administer them to the skin as compositions or formulations, in combination with a dermatologically acceptable carrier, which may be a solid or a liquid.
  • Useful solid carriers include finely divided solids such as talc, clay, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina and the like.
  • Useful liquid carriers include water, alcohols or glycols or water-alcohol/glycol blends, in which the present compounds can be dissolved or dispersed at effective levels, optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants.
  • Adjuvants such as fragrances and additional antimicrobial agents can be added to optimize the properties for a given use.
  • the resultant liquid compositions can be applied from absorbent pads, used to impregnate bandages and other dressings, or sprayed onto the affected area using pump-type or aerosol sprayers.
  • Thickeners such as synthetic polymers, fatty acids, fatty acid salts and esters, fatty alcohols, modified celluloses or modified mineral materials can also be employed with liquid carriers to form spreadable pastes, gels, ointments, soaps, and the like, for application directly to the skin of the user.
  • Examples of useful dermatological compositions which can be used to deliver the compounds of the invention to the skin are known in the art; for example, see Jacquet et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,392; incorporated herein by reference), Geria (U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,478; incorporated herein by reference), Smith et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,157; incorporated herein by reference), and Wortzman (U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,508; incorporated herein by reference).
  • Useful dosages of the compounds of the invention can be determined, at least initially, by comparing their in vitro activity and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for the extrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to humans are known in the art; for example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,949 (incorporated herein by reference).
  • the amount of the compound, or an active salt thereof, required for use in treatment will vary not only with the particular compound or salt selected but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated, and the age and condition of the patient and will be ultimately at the discretion of the attendant physician or clinician.
  • a suitable dose will be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg body weight of the recipient per day, e.g., from about 3 to about 90 mg/kg of body weight per day, from about 6 to about 75 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, from about of 10 to about 60 mg/kg of body weight per day, or from about 15 to about 50 mg/kg of body weight per day.
  • Compounds of the invention can be conveniently formulated in unit dosage form; for example, containing 5 to 1000 mg, 10 to 750 mg, or 50 to 500 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form.
  • the invention provides a composition comprising a compound of the invention formulated in such a unit dosage form.
  • the desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses to be administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
  • the sub-dose itself may be further divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations.
  • Compounds of the invention can also be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents, for example, other agents that are useful for treating or preventing ischemia, blood loss, or reperfusion injury.
  • Long-term sustained release means that the delivery system or is implant constructed and arranged to deliver therapeutic levels of the active ingredient for at least 30 days, and preferably 60 days.
  • a compound of the invention is formulated for intraocular administration, for example direct injection or insertion within or in association with an intraocular medical device.
  • the compounds of the invention may be formulated for depositing into a medical device, which may include any of a variety of conventional grafts, stents, including stent grafts, catheters, balloons, baskets, or other device that can be deployed or permanently implanted within a body lumen.
  • a medical device which may include any of a variety of conventional grafts, stents, including stent grafts, catheters, balloons, baskets, or other device that can be deployed or permanently implanted within a body lumen.
  • a medical device may include any of a variety of conventional grafts, stents, including stent grafts, catheters, balloons, baskets, or other device that can be deployed or permanently implanted within a body lumen.
  • a compound of the invention may be deposited within a medical device, such as a stent, and delivered to the treatment site for treatment of a portion of the body.
  • Stents have been used as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents (i.e., drugs).
  • Intravascular stents are generally permanently implanted in coronary or peripheral vessels.
  • Stent designs include those of U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,655 (Palmaz), U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,882 (Gianturco), or U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,062 (Wiktor).
  • Such designs include both metal and polymeric stents, as well as self-expanding and balloon-expandable stents.
  • Stents may also be used to deliver a drug at the site of contact with the vasculature, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,417 (Palmaz), U.S. Pat. No.
  • deposited means that the compound is coated, adsorbed, placed, or otherwise incorporated into the device by methods known in the art.
  • the compound may be embedded and released from within (“matrix type”) or surrounded by and released through (“reservoir type”) polymer materials that coat or span the medical device.
  • the compound may be entrapped within the polymer materials or coupled to the polymer materials using one or more the techniques for generating such materials known in the art.
  • the compound may be linked to the surface of the medical device without the need for a coating, for example by means of detachable bonds, and release with time or can be removed by active mechanical or chemical processes.
  • the compound may be in a permanently immobilized form that presents the compound at the implantation site.
  • the compound may be incorporated with polymer compositions during the formation of biocompatible coatings for medical devices, such as stents.
  • the coatings produced from these components are typically homogeneous and are useful for coating a number of devices designed for implantation.
  • the polymer may be either a biostable or a bioabsorbable polymer depending on the desired rate of release or the desired degree of polymer stability, but frequently a bioabsorbable polymer is preferred for this embodiment since, unlike a biostable polymer, it will not be present long after implantation to cause any adverse, chronic local response.
  • Bioabsorbable polymers that could be used include, but are not limited to, poly(L-lactic acid), polycaprolactone, polyglycolide (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLLA/PGA), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), polydioxanone, polyorthoester, polyanhydride, poly(glycolic acid), poly( D -lactic acid), poly( L -lactic acid), poly( D, L -lactic acid), poly( D, L -lactide) (PLA), poly ( L -lactide) (PLLA), poly(glycolic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PGA/PTMC), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polydioxanone (PDS), polyphosphoester, polyphosphoester urethane, poly(amino acids), cyanoacrylates, poly(trimethylene carbonate), poly(iminocarbonate), copoly(ether-esters) (
  • biostable polymers with a relatively low chronic tissue response such as polyurethanes, silicones, and polyesters could be used, and other polymers could also be used if they can be dissolved and cured or polymerized on the medical device such as polyolefins, polyisobutylene and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers; acrylic polymers and copolymers, vinyl halide polymers and copolymers, such as polyvinyl chloride; polyvinylpyrrolidone; polyvinyl ethers, such as polyvinyl methyl ether; polyvinylidene halides, such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene chloride; polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl ketones; polyvinyl aromatics, such as polystyrene, polyvinyl esters, such as polyvinyl acetate; copolymers of vinyl monomers with each other and olefins, such as ethylene-methyl methacrylate cop
  • Polymers and semipermeable polymer matrices may be formed into shaped articles, such as valves, stents, tubing, prostheses and the like.
  • the compound of the invention is coupled to a polymer or semipermeable polymer matrix that is formed as a stent or stent-graft device.
  • polymers are applied to the surface of an implantable device by spin coating, dipping, or spraying. Additional methods known in the art can also be utilized for this purpose. Methods of spraying include traditional methods as well as microdeposition techniques with an inkjet type of dispenser. Additionally, a polymer can be deposited on an implantable device using photo-patterning to place the polymer on only specific portions of the device. This coating of the device provides a uniform layer around the device which allows for improved diffusion of various analytes through the device coating.
  • the compound is formulated for release from the polymer coating into the environment in which the medical device is placed.
  • the compound is released in a controlled manner over an extended time frame (e.g., months) using at least one of several well-known techniques involving polymer carriers or layers to control elution. Some of these techniques are described in U.S. Patent Application 2004/0243225A1, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
  • the reagents and reaction conditions of the polymer compositions can be manipulated so that the release of the compound from the polymer coating can be controlled.
  • the diffusion coefficient of the one or more polymer coatings can be modulated to control the release of the compound from the polymer coating.
  • the diffusion coefficient of the one or more polymer coatings can be controlled to modulate the ability of an analyte that is present in the environment in which the medical device is placed (e.g.
  • Yet another embodiment of the invention includes a device having a plurality of polymer coatings, each having a plurality of diffusion coefficients. In such embodiments of the invention, the release of the compound from the polymer coating can be modulated by the plurality of polymer coatings.
  • the release of the compound from the polymer coating is controlled by modulating one or more of the properties of the polymer composition, such as the presence of one or more endogenous or exogenous compounds, or alternatively, the pH of the polymer composition.
  • the properties of the polymer composition such as the presence of one or more endogenous or exogenous compounds, or alternatively, the pH of the polymer composition.
  • certain polymer compositions can be designed to release a compound in response to a decrease in the pH of the polymer composition.
  • the invention also provides a kit, comprising a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: at least one other therapeutic agent, packaging material, and instructions for administering the compound of the invention or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and the other therapeutic agent or agents to a mammal to treat or prevent ischemia, blood loss, or reperfusion injury in the mammal.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the crude bromide was dissolved in a mixture of dioxane (40 mL) and water (40 mL), and calcium carbonate (1.91 g, 19.06 mmol) was added. The solution was heated at 60° C. overnight under constant stirring. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered and the filter-cake was washed with ethyl acetate, the filtrate was concentrated to remove volatile solvent, the aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 150 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO 4 , concentrated to give crude 3-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (9h).
  • Step-3 Preparation of 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (9i)
  • Step-1 Preparation of 3-(5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (10c)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (9i)
  • Step-3 Preparation of 1-(3-(((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (10d)
  • the solid obtained was dissolved in water (3000 mL) and insoluble material was removed by filtration over a pad of celite.
  • the filtrate was acidified by dropwise addition of 1 N Potassium bisulfate (2134 mL, 2134 mmol, pH ⁇ 2) over a period of 1 h maintaining the internal temperature between 0-5° C.
  • the solid separated was collected by filtration washed with water (500 mL) and dissolved in dichloromethane (4000 mL). The dichloromethane layer was washed with water (1000 mL), brine (1000 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuum.
  • Step-1 Preparation of 5-(furan-2-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (11b)
  • Step-1 Preparation of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (12b)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 5-chloro-2-(5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (13c)
  • Step-3 Preparation of 1-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (13d)
  • Step-1 Preparation of 1-(6-Bromonaphthalen-2-yl)-5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (14b)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 1-(6-Chloronaphthalen-2-yl)-5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (14c)
  • Step-3 Preparation of 1-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (14d)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (15c)
  • the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the reaction was diluted with water (150 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 150 mL), washed with brine (75 mL), the combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, and evaporated to dryness.
  • Step-3 Preparation of 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-4-formylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (15d)
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 75 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography [(silica gel 25 g, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes from 0 to 100%)] to furnish 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-4-formylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (15d) (0.418 g, 38.0% yield) as a white solid.
  • Step-4 Preparation of: 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-4-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (15e)
  • Step-5 Preparation of 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-N-(4-((cyclopropylmethoxy)(phenyl)methyl)-2-fluorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (15f)
  • Step-6 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(4-((cyclopropylmethoxy)(phenyl)methyl)-2-fluorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (158)
  • reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min, quenched with N1-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (0.143 mL, 1.328 mmol) and stirred for additional 30 min. Excess methanol was pumped-off under reduced pressure. The reaction mixture was treated with sat. NH 4 Cl (50 mL), and product was extracted with chloroform (2 ⁇ 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, evaporated to dryness.
  • Step-1 Preparation of tert-Butyl 3-(5-(2-fluoro-4-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenylcarbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (16a)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 1-(3-(Aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-4-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (16b)
  • Step-1 Preparation of 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-N-(3-(phenylamino)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (17b)
  • Step-2 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((3-(phenylamino)phenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (17c)
  • the reaction mixture was quenched with N1-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (0.104 mL, 0.952 mmol) followed by stirring at room temperature for 0.5 h.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum to dryness.
  • the residue obtained was treated with ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with water (50 mL).
  • the aqueous phase was extracted again with ethyl acetate (50 mL).
  • the combined extracts were washed with brine (60 mL), dried over MgSO 4 followed by filtration and concentration.
  • Step-3 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-(phenylamino)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (17d)
  • Step-1 Preparation of N-(3-benzoylphenyl)-1-(3-cyanophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (18b)
  • Step-2 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((3-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (18c)
  • N-(3-benzoylphenyl)-1-(3-cyanophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (18b) (4.704 g, 10.22 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (100 mL), cooled to 0° C., was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (6.76 g, 30.7 mmol), nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (0.5 g, 2.103 mmol) followed by sodium borohydride (2.367 g, 61.3 mmol) portionwise over a 5 mins period.
  • Step-3 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-(chloro(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (18d)
  • Step-1 Preparation of N-(3-benzylphenyl)-1-(3-cyanophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (19b)
  • reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with water (2 ⁇ 75 mL), brine (75 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuum to dryness.
  • the residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography [silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (1:0 to 3:1)] to furnish N-(3-benzylphenyl)-1-(3-cyanophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (19b) (330 mg) as a yellow gum, which was used as such for next step; MS (ES+) 469.3 (M+23).
  • Step-2 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((3-benzylphenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (19c)
  • the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, quenched with N1-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (0.100 mL, 0.914 mmol), stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h and concentrated in vacuum to dryness.
  • the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with water (50 mL).
  • the aqueous phase was extracted again with ethyl acetate (50 mL).
  • the combined extracts were washed with brine (60 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuum to dryness.
  • Step-3 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-benzylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (19d)
  • Step-1 Preparation of 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-N-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (20b)
  • Step-2 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((3-phenoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (20c)
  • Step-3 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (20d)
  • Step-1 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (21e)
  • Step-1 Preparation of 3-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide (21 b)
  • aniline 2.94 mL, 32.2 mmol
  • ethyl acetate ethyl acetate
  • triethylamine 5.39 mL, 38.7 mmol
  • 3-nitrobenzoyl chloride 5.98 g, 32.2 mmol
  • Step-3 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (21d)
  • reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 20 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with water (10 mL) dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness.
  • Step-4 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (21e)
  • Step-1 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((3-benzoylphenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (22a)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-benzoylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (22b)
  • Step-1 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((2-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (23b)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (23c)
  • Step-1 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((2-fluoro-5-phenoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (24b)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-5-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (24c)
  • Step-1 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((2-fluoro-5-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (25a)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(5-(ethoxy(phenyl)methyl)-2-fluorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (25b) and 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-5-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (25c)
  • Step-2 Preparation of (3-amino-4-fluorophenyl phenyl)methanol (26c) and 5-benzyl-2-fluoroaniline (26d)
  • Step-3 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-(5-benzyl-2-fluorophenylcarbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (26e)
  • Step-4 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(5-benzyl-2-fluorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (26f)
  • Step-2 Preparation of N1-phenyl-N1-propylbenzene-1,3-diamine (27d)
  • Step-3 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((3-(phenyl(propyl)amino)phenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (27e)
  • reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 h and concentrated in vacuum dryness.
  • the reaction was diluted with water (25 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (50, 20 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried, filtered, and evaporated to dryness.
  • Step-4 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-(phenyl(propyl)amino)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (27f)
  • reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum to dryness and the residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel 25 g, eluting with methanol in chloroform from 0-100%) to furnish 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-(phenyl(propyl)amino)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (271) (0.086 g, 0.174 mmol, 56.5% yield) as a pale yellow solid.
  • Step-3 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-((3-((methyl(phenyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (28e)
  • reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h, diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 50 mL). The organic layers were combined dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness.
  • Step-4 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-((methyl(phenyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (28f)
  • Step-1 Preparation of 2-fluoro-3-nitro-N-phenyl-N-propylaniline (29b)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 2-fluoro-N1-phenyl-N1-propylbenzene-1,3-diamine (29c)
  • Step-3 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-(2-fluoro-3-(phenyl(propyl)amino)phenylcarbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (29d)
  • the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 17 h. Excess DMF was pumped-off under reduced pressure. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL, 20 mL). The organic layers were combined dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness.
  • Step-4 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-3-(phenyl(propyl)amino)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (29e)
  • Step-2 Preparation of 1-(3-cyanophenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-5-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (30c)
  • the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the reaction mixture diluted with water (25 mL) was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 50 mL), washed with brine (25 mL), the combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, and evaporated to dryness.
  • Step-3 Preparation of N-(5-(chloromethyl)-2-fluorophenyl)-1-(3-cyanophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (30d)
  • Step-4 Preparation of N-(5-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-2-fluorophenyl)-1-(3-cyanophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (30e)
  • Step-5 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-(5-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-2-fluorophenylcarbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (30f)
  • reaction mixture was quenched with N1-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (0.048 mL, 0.440 mmol) stirred at room temperature 30 minutes and concentrated in vacuum to dryness. The residue was dissolved in water/ethyl acetate (1:1 25 mL each.
  • Step-6 Preparation of N-(5-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-2-fluorophenyl)-1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (30g)
  • Step-3 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(5-(3-(hydroxy(pyridin-3-yl)methyl)phenylcarbamoyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzylcarbamate (31e)
  • reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 22 h and diluted with ethyl acetate (120 mL). The reaction mixture was washed with water (2 ⁇ 60 mL), brine (60 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuum to dryness.
  • Step-4 Preparation of 1-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-N-(3-(hydroxy(pyridin-3-yl)methyl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (31f)

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