TWI832549B - 核殼粒子與鋰離子電池 - Google Patents
核殼粒子與鋰離子電池 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI832549B TWI832549B TW111143108A TW111143108A TWI832549B TW I832549 B TWI832549 B TW I832549B TW 111143108 A TW111143108 A TW 111143108A TW 111143108 A TW111143108 A TW 111143108A TW I832549 B TWI832549 B TW I832549B
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 11
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 11
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- DVATZODUVBMYHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;iron(2+);manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Mn+2].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O DVATZODUVBMYHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- ILXAVRFGLBYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Mn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ILXAVRFGLBYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011257 shell material Substances 0.000 description 45
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 36
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 19
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 10
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920006373 Solef Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 colloidal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101710134784 Agnoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WALAWNMOJNBOLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound OC(O)=O.O=C1OCCO1 WALAWNMOJNBOLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C01G33/00—Compounds of niobium
- C01G33/006—Compounds containing, besides niobium, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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Abstract
核殼粒子包括核心,其化學式為Ti
(1-x)M1
xNb
(2-y)M2
yO
(7-z)Q
z,其中M1為Li或Mg,M2為Fe、Mn、V、Ni、Cr、或Cu,Q為F、Cl、Br、I、或S,x為0至0.15,y為0至0.15,以及z為0至2;以及殼層,覆蓋核心的至少部分表面,且殼層包括Cu、Nb、Ti、及O。
Description
本揭露關於鋰離子電池,更特別關於電池的負極所用的核殼粒子。
現今主流的碳負極材料雖具有不錯的電容量(~350 mAh/g),但在循環壽命、安全性、可快充等特性仍有瓶頸。而鈦酸鋰(Li
4Ti
5O
12) 具有長壽命、高安全之快充負極材料,但電容量較低(~165mAh/g)。鈦酸鈮(TiNb
2O
7,TNO)具有更高的理論電容量(~380 mAh/g),1.6V的工作電位可防止鋰枝晶生成,安全性與循環壽命良好,振實密度也較高,適合作為下一代快充負極。目前鋰電池能量密度高,但充電速率較差(<5C,充入50%),而鈦酸鋰電池雖然充電速度快(>5C,充入80%以上),但能量密度低使得應用受到侷限。而鈦酸鈮由於容量和密度與鈦酸鋰相比明顯提升,可大幅增加快充鋰電池的能量密度,而擁有更大的應用範圍,如提升電動車的續航力與充電速度、儲能系統的儲能密度,甚至可用於減少消費型電子產品的充電時間,且低溫性能良好,可適應各種惡劣環境。然而鈦酸鈮的導電性質不佳,如需用於動力鋰電池,材料需改質以得更好的性能如充放電容量與循環壽命。
本揭露一實施例提供之核殼粒子,包括:核心,其化學式為Ti
(1-x)M1
xNb
(2-y)M2
yO
(7-z)Q
z,其中M1為Li或Mg,M2為Fe、Mn、V、Ni、Cr、或Cu,Q為F、Cl、Br、I、或S,x為0至0.15,y為0至0.15,以及z為0至2;以及殼層,覆蓋核心的至少部分表面,且殼層包括Cu、Nb、Ti、及O。
本揭露一實施例提供之鋰離子電池,包括:負極;正極;以及電解質,位於負極與正極之間,其中負極包括上述核殼粒子。
本揭露一實施例提供之核殼粒子,包括:核心,其化學式為Ti
(1-x)M1
xNb
(2-y)M2
yO
(7-z)Q
z,其中M1為Li或Mg,M2為Fe、Mn、V、Ni、Cr、或Cu,Q為F、Cl、Br、I、或S,x為0至0.15,y為0至0.15,以及z為0至2;以及殼層,覆蓋核心的至少部分表面,且殼層包括Cu、Nb、Ti、及O。在一些實施例中,上述核殼粒子形成方法係取鈮源、鈦源、與視情況存在的其他摻雜物(如氟源,非必要)混合後燒結形成核心。接著取核心與銅源混合後,形成含銅殼層於核心上以得核殼粒子。值得注意的是,銅源並非與鈮源、鈦源、及其他摻雜物混合後一起燒結,此作法將形成摻雜銅的鈮酸鈦材料,而非形成含銅殼層與鈮酸鈦核心的核殼材料。另一方面,殼層中的Cu有部分擴散至核心,而核心中的Nb與Ti有部分擴散至殼層。即使如此,殼層與核心之間具有明顯界面,殼層為非晶態,且核心為結晶態。此外,核心的主要金屬組成為Ti與Nb,而殼層的主要金屬組成為Cu。
在一些實施例中,核心與該殼層的重量比為1:0.004至1:0.02。若殼層的比例過大,則可能阻礙鋰離子的嵌出嵌入。若殼層的比例過小,則與無殼層的核心材料效果類似。
在一些實施例中,殼層的Cu含量為5原子%至15原子%,Nb含量為0至5原子%,Ti含量為0至6原子%,且O含量為70原子%至90原子%。殼層中的Nb與Ti的含量,與燒結形成含銅殼層的溫度與時間相關。若燒結溫度過高或時間過長,則殼層可能厚度過厚而阻礙鋰離子嵌出嵌入。若燒結溫度過低或時間過短,則可能造成反應不完全而殘留硫酸銅,導致材料表面阻抗提高。
在一些實施例中,殼層的厚度為5 nm至50 nm。若殼層的厚度過小,則與無殼層包覆核心的效果類似。若殼層的厚度過大,則可能阻礙鋰離子的嵌入嵌出。
在一些實施例中,殼層為不連續的薄膜。舉例來說,殼層可能露出核心的部分表面。然而在其他實施例中,殼層可完全包覆核心。
在一些實施例中,核殼粒子的一次粒徑中位數(D
50)為100 nm至400 nm。若核殼粒子的一次粒徑中位數(D
50)過大,則可能增加電子與鋰離子傳導路徑、及增加傳導的時間而降低倍率能力。若核殼粒子的一次粒徑中位數(D
50)過小,則可能增加材料的比表面積,造成混漿製程分散不易,降低極板密度與均勻性。
本揭露一實施例提供之鋰離子電池,包括:負極;正極;以及電解質,位於負極與正極之間,其中負極包括上述核殼粒子。負極可進一步包含導電碳黑、黏合劑、或其他合適組成。
在一些實施例中,負極更包括鈦酸鋰粒子,且核殼粒子與鈦酸鋰粒子的重量比例為90:10至10:90,以提升負極倍率性能及降低成本。若鈦酸鋰的比例過低,則與無鈦酸鋰的效果類似。若鈦酸鋰的比例過高,則導致此複合材料之克電容量下降過多。舉例來說,鈦酸鋰的化學結構為Li
4Ti
5O
a,且8≤a≤12。
在一些實施例中,正極包括鈷酸鋰、鎳酸鋰、錳酸鋰、三元正極材料、磷酸鋰鐵、磷酸鋰鐵錳、磷酸鋰錳、或上述之組合。在一些實施例中,電解質由其形態可分為液態、膠態、與固態。液態電解質由鋰鹽、溶劑或離子液體所組成,常用的鋰鹽有LiPF
6、LiAsF
6、LiClO
4、LiBF
4、LiTFSI、或LiCF
3SO
3等,常用的溶劑有環狀碳酸酯(如碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯)、鏈狀碳酸酯(如碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯)、或醚類化合物(如二甲醚、1,3-二氧環戊烷)等。固態電解質區分為高分子及玻璃陶瓷等。另一方面,在量測核殼粒子的負極性能時,此負極可與鋰正極及常見電解液組成半電池。
為讓本揭露之上述內容和其他目的、特徵、和優點能更明顯易懂,下文特舉出較佳實施例,並配合所附圖式,作詳細說明如下:
[實施例]
比較例1
依計量比將氧化鈮、氧化鈦、與氟源(MgF
2)加入含分散劑PVA BP-05的去離子水中,充分混合18小時後得到均勻分散之漿料。接著以噴霧乾燥的方式造粒得到前驅物粉體。將前驅物粉體置入氧化鋁坩鍋,經1015℃燒結3小時後,即得摻雜氟與鎂的鈮酸鈦材料Mg
0.02Ti
0.98Nb
2O
6.96F
0.04。
取85重量份的上述摻雜氟與鎂的鈮酸鈦材料、6重量份的KS4 (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、4重量份的Super P (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、與5重量份的PVDF (購自Solef)均勻混合配置為漿料。接著將漿料塗佈於鋁箔基材上,得到厚度小於150微米之塗層。以輾壓機將塗層輾至原厚度之65%,以得負極板。將負極板裁切為直徑12 mm之圓形負極板。取上述圓形負極板、鋰金屬的正極板、以及電解液組成CR2032半電池,以測試半電池的電化學性質。上述電解液組成為1M LiPF
6,且碳酸乙烯酯(EC):碳酸二甲酯(DMC)=1:2 (體積比)。此電池在不同充放電速率下的電容量對電壓的曲線圖如圖1A所示,而以定電流-定電壓模式(constant current-constant voltage)放電,以定電流模式(constant current) 進行充電,充放電速率皆為1C的條件下,進行充放電的次數與對應的電容量如圖1B所示。此電池對不同充放電速率的電容量以及50次循環後的電容維持率如表1所示。
實施例1
取20g的比較例1製備的摻雜氟與鎂的鈮酸鈦材料Mg
0.02Ti
0.98Nb
2O
6.96F
0.04加入含0.3139克CuSO
4.5H
2O之水溶液,在常溫下拌攪均勻後,加熱至100 ℃蒸發水以得乾燥粉體,再將此乾燥粉體置入氧化鋁坩鍋,經700℃燒結2小時後,得到表面包覆殼層(含銅)之摻雜氟與鎂的鈮酸鈦核心的核殼粒子。
取85重量份的上述核殼粒子、6重量份的KS4 (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、4重量份的Super P (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、與5重量份的PVDF (購自Solef)均勻混合配置為漿料。接著將漿料塗佈於鋁箔基材上,得到厚度小於150微米之塗層。以輾壓機將塗層輾至原厚度之65%,以得負極板。將負極板裁切為直徑12 mm之圓形負極板。取上述圓形負極板、鋰金屬的正極板、以及電解液組成CR2032半電池,以測試半電池的電化學性質。上述電解液組成為1M LiPF
6,EC:DMC=1:2 (體積比)。此電池在不同充放電速率下的電容量對電壓的曲線圖如圖2A所示,而以定電流-定電壓模式(constant current-constant voltage) 放電,以定電流模式(constant current) 進行充電,充放電速率皆為1C的條件下,進行充放電的次數與對應的電容如圖2B所示。此電池對不同充放電速率的電容量以及50次循環後的電容維持率如表1所示。
比較例2
取20g的比較例1製備的摻雜氟與鎂的鈮酸鈦材料Mg
0.02Ti
0.98Nb
2O
6.96F
0.04加入含0.315克AgNO
3之水溶液,在常溫下拌攪均勻後,加熱至90 ℃蒸發水以得乾燥粉體,再將此乾燥粉體置入氧化鋁坩鍋,經700℃燒結1小時後,得到表面包覆殼層(含銀)之摻雜氟與鎂的鈮酸鈦核心的核殼粒子。
取85重量份的上述核殼粒子、6重量份的KS4 (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、4重量份的Super P (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、與5重量份的PVDF (購自Solef)均勻混合配置為漿料。接著將漿料塗佈於鋁箔基材上,得到厚度小於150微米之塗層。以輾壓機將塗層輾至原厚度之65%,以得負極板。將負極板裁切為直徑12 mm之圓形負極板。取上述圓形負極板、鋰金屬的正極板、以及電解液組成CR2032半電池,以測試半電池的電化學性質。上述電解液組成為1M LiPF
6,EC:DMC=1:2 (體積比)。此電池對不同充放電速率的電容量以及50次循環後的電容維持率如表1所示。
表1
0.2C/0.2C充放電電容量(mAh/g) | 1C/1C充放電電容量 (mAh/g) | 5C/5C充放電電容量 (mAh/g) | 6C/6C充放電電容量 (mAh/g) | 50圈循環(1C/1C)後的電容維持率 | |
比較例1 (無殼) | 248.5 | 228.9 | 178.0 | 163.3 | 74.78% |
實施例1 (含銅殼) | 250.5 | 229.4 | 183.2 | 172.5 | 88.03% |
比較例2 (含銀殼) | 250.6 | 228.8 | 151.4 | 133.5 | 74.4% |
與無殼材料及含銀殼的核殼粒子相較,含銅殼的核殼粒子具有較高的充放電電容量以及較長的循環壽命。
比較例3
依計量比將氧化鈮與氧化鈦加入含分散劑PVA BP-05的去離子水中,充分混合18小時後得到均勻分散之漿料。接著以噴霧乾燥的方式造粒得到前驅物粉體。將前驅物粉體置入氧化鋁坩鍋,經1100℃燒結12小時後,即得鈮酸鈦材料TiNb
2O
7。
取85重量份的上述鈮酸鈦材料、6重量份的KS4 (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、4重量份的Super P (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、與5重量份的PVDF (購自Solef)均勻混合配置為漿料。接著將漿料塗佈於鋁箔基材上,得到厚度小於150微米之塗層。以輾壓機將塗層輾至原厚度之65%,以得負極板。將負極板裁切為直徑12 mm之圓形負極板。取上述圓形負極板、鋰金屬的正極板、以及電解液組成CR2032半電池,以測試半電池的電化學性質。上述電解液組成為1M LiPF
6,EC:DMC=1:2 (體積比)。此電池對不同充放電速率的電容量如表3所示。
實施例2
取20g的比較例3製備的鈮酸鈦TiNb
2O
7加入含0.3139克CuSO
4.5H
2O之水溶液,在常溫下拌攪均勻後,加熱至100 ℃蒸發水以得乾燥粉體,再將此乾燥粉體置入氧化鋁坩鍋,經600℃燒結1小時後,得到表面包覆殼層(含銅)之鈮酸鈦核心的核殼粒子。
可由X射線能量散布分析儀(EDX)分析殼層與核心中不同點的元素組成,如表2所示:
表2
殼層 | 核心 | ||||
第一位置 | 第二位置 | 第三位置 | 第四位置 | 第五位置 | |
O | 86.63 | 86.57 | 75.24 | 61.05 | 62.94 |
Ti | 1.43 | 2.54 | 4.85 | 14.18 | 14.24 |
Cu | 11.38 | 8.62 | 14.05 | 3.95 | 3.74 |
Nb | 0.55 | 2.27 | 5.87 | 20.83 | 19.08 |
總計 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
由表2可知,殼層中有部分自核心擴散的Ti與Nb,而核心中有部分自殼層擴散的Cu。然而殼層主要含Cu,而核心主要含Nb與Ti。
取85重量份的上述核殼粒子、6重量份的KS4 (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、4重量份的Super P (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、與5重量份的PVDF (購自Solef)均勻混合配置為漿料。接著將漿料塗佈於鋁箔基材上,得到厚度小於150微米之塗層。以輾壓機將塗層輾至原厚度之65%,以得負極板。將負極板裁切為直徑12 mm之圓形負極板。取上述圓形負極板、鋰金屬的正極板、以及電解液組成CR2032半電池,以測試半電池的電化學性質。上述電解液組成為1M LiPF
6,EC:DMC=1:2 (體積比)。此電池對不同充放電速率的電容量如表3所示。
實施例3
取20g的比較例1製備的鈮酸鈦TiNb
2O
7加入含0.3139克CuSO
4.5H
2O之水溶液,在常溫下拌攪均勻後,加熱至100 ℃蒸發水以得乾燥粉體,再將此乾燥粉體置入氧化鋁坩鍋,經700℃燒結1小時後,得到表面包覆殼層(含銅)之鈮酸鈦核心的核殼粒子。
取85重量份的上述核殼粒子、6重量份的KS4 (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、4重量份的Super P (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、與5重量份的PVDF (購自Solef)均勻混合配置為漿料。接著將漿料塗佈於鋁箔基材上,得到厚度小於150微米之塗層。以輾壓機將塗層輾至原厚度之65%,以得負極板。將負極板裁切為直徑12 mm之圓形負極板。取上述圓形負極板、鋰金屬的正極板、以及電解液組成CR2032半電池,以測試半電池的電化學性質。上述電解液組成為1M LiPF
6,EC:DMC=1:2 (體積比)。此電池對不同充放電速率的電容量如表3所示。
實施例4
取20g的比較例3製備的鈮酸鈦TiNb
2O
7加入含0.6278克CuSO
4.5H
2O之水溶液,在常溫下拌攪均勻後,加熱至100 ℃蒸發水以得乾燥粉體,再將此乾燥粉體置入氧化鋁坩鍋,經600℃燒結1小時後,得到表面包覆殼層(含銅)之鈮酸鈦核心的核殼粒子。
取85重量份的上述核殼粒子、6重量份的KS4 (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、4重量份的Super P (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、與5重量份的PVDF (購自Solef)均勻混合配置為漿料。接著將漿料塗佈於鋁箔基材上,得到厚度小於150微米之塗層。以輾壓機將塗層輾至原厚度之65%,以得負極板。將負極板裁切為直徑12 mm之圓形負極板。取上述圓形負極板、鋰金屬的正極板、以及電解液組成CR2032半電池,以測試半電池的電化學性質。上述電解液組成為1M LiPF
6,EC:DMC=1:2 (體積比)。此電池對不同充放電速率的電容量如表3所示。
比較例4
將15.38g氧化鈮、4.72g氧化鈦、與0.6278 CuSO
4.5H
2O加入含分散劑PVA BP-05的去離子水中,充分混合18小時後得到均勻分散之漿料。接著以噴霧乾燥的方式造粒得到前驅物粉體。將前驅物粉體置入氧化鋁坩鍋,經1015℃燒結3小時後,即得摻雜銅之鈮酸鈦材料,其中銅均勻摻雜於鈮酸鈦中而非形成殼層包覆鈮酸鈦核心。
取85重量份的上述摻雜銅之鈮酸鈦材料、6重量份的KS4 (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、4重量份的Super P (購自TIMCAL TIMREX)、與5重量份的PVDF (購自Solef)均勻混合配置為漿料。接著將漿料塗佈於鋁箔基材上,得到厚度小於150微米之塗層。以輾壓機將塗層輾至原厚度之65%,以得負極板。將負極板裁切為直徑12 mm之圓形負極板。取上述圓形負極板、鋰金屬的正極板、以及電解液組成CR2032半電池,以測試半電池的電化學性質。上述電解液組成為1M LiPF
6,EC:DMC=1:2 (體積比)。此電池對不同充放電速率的電容量如表3所示。
表3
0.2C/0.2C充放電電容量(mAh/g) | 1C/1C充放電電容量 (mAh/g) | 5C/5C充放電電容量 (mAh/g) | 6C/6C充放電電容量 (mAh/g) | |
比較例3 (無殼) | 233.4 | 196.9 | 110.1 | 98.5 |
實施例2 (含銅殼) | 259.4 | 231.7 | 151.6 | 126.4 |
實施例3 (含銅殼) | 250.9 | 226.3 | 151.3 | 124.0 |
實施例4 (含銅殼) | 252.5 | 227.7 | 154.9 | 133.2 |
比較例4 (摻雜銅,無殼) | 247.3 | 217.4 | 144.0 | 114.4 |
與無殼材料(不論是否摻雜銅)相較,含銅殼的核殼粒子具有較高的充放電電容量。
雖然本揭露已以數個較佳實施例揭露如上,然其並非用以限定本揭露,任何所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者,在不脫離本揭露之精神和範圍內,當可作任意之更動與潤飾,因此本揭露之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
無。
圖1A係本揭露一實施例中,電池在不同充放電速率下的電容量對電壓的曲線圖。
圖1B係本揭露一實施例中,電池進行充放電的次數與對應的電容的圖式。
圖2A係本揭露一實施例中,電池在不同充放電速率下的電容量對電壓的曲線圖。
圖2B係本揭露一實施例中,電池進行充放電的次數與對應的電容的圖式。
Claims (9)
- 一種核殼粒子,包括:一核心,其化學式為Ti(1-x)M1xNb(2-y)M2yO(7-z)Qz;其中M1為Li或Mg;M2為Fe、Mn、V、Ni、Cr、或Cu;Q為F、Cl、Br、I、或S;x為0至0.15;y為0至0.15,以及z為0至2;以及一殼層,覆蓋該核心的至少部分表面,且該殼層包括Cu、Nb、Ti、及O,其中該核心與該殼層的重量比為1:0.004至1:0.02。
- 如請求項1之核殼粒子,其中該殼層的Cu含量為5原子%至15原子%,Nb含量為大於0至5原子%,Ti含量為大於0至6原子%,且O含量為70原子%至90原子%。
- 如請求項1之核殼粒子,其中該殼層的厚度為5nm至50nm。
- 如請求項1之核殼粒子,其中該殼層為非晶結構。
- 如請求項1之核殼粒子,其中該殼層為不連續的薄膜。
- 如請求項1之核殼粒子,其中該核殼粒子的一次粒徑中位數(D50)為100nm至400nm。
- 一種鋰離子電池,包括:一負極;一正極;以及一電解質,位於該負極與該正極之間;其中該負極包括請求項1之該核殼粒子。
- 如請求項7之鋰離子電池,其中該負極更包括一鈦酸鋰粒子,且該核殼粒子與該鈦酸鋰粒子的重量比例為90:10至10:90。
- 如請求項7之鋰離子電池,其中該正極包括鈷酸鋰、鎳酸鋰、錳酸鋰、三元正極材料、磷酸鋰鐵、磷酸鋰鐵錳、磷酸鋰錳或上述之組合。
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US17/994,710 US20240162431A1 (en) | 2022-11-11 | 2022-11-28 | Core-shell particle and lithium ion battery |
JP2022191932A JP7520092B2 (ja) | 2022-11-11 | 2022-11-30 | コアシェル粒子およびリチウムイオン電池 |
CN202211610116.8A CN118039821A (zh) | 2022-11-11 | 2022-12-14 | 核壳颗粒与锂离子电池 |
EP23151436.5A EP4368576A1 (en) | 2022-11-11 | 2023-01-13 | Core-shell particle and lithium ion battery |
KR1020230011681A KR20240069569A (ko) | 2022-11-11 | 2023-01-30 | 코어-쉘 입자 및 리튬 이온 배터리 |
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CN112106232A (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2020-12-18 | 塞克姆公司 | 通过金属氧氟化物前体在用于锂离子电池的阴极陶瓷颗粒上形成LimMOxFy壳 |
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CN110943207A (zh) * | 2019-10-28 | 2020-03-31 | 浙江锋锂新能源科技有限公司 | 一种改性的TiNb2O7材料及改性方法 |
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