TWI769327B - 電壓調節器 - Google Patents

電壓調節器 Download PDF

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TWI769327B
TWI769327B TW107134661A TW107134661A TWI769327B TW I769327 B TWI769327 B TW I769327B TW 107134661 A TW107134661 A TW 107134661A TW 107134661 A TW107134661 A TW 107134661A TW I769327 B TWI769327 B TW I769327B
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冨岡勉
杉浦正一
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日商艾普凌科有限公司
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05FSYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F1/46Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
    • G05F1/56Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05FSYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F1/46Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
    • G05F1/461Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using an operational amplifier as final control device
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05FSYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10Regulating voltage or current
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05FSYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F1/46Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
    • G05F1/56Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices
    • G05F1/565Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices sensing a condition of the system or its load in addition to means responsive to deviations in the output of the system, e.g. current, voltage, power factor
    • G05F1/567Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices sensing a condition of the system or its load in addition to means responsive to deviations in the output of the system, e.g. current, voltage, power factor for temperature compensation
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05FSYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F1/46Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
    • G05F1/56Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices
    • G05F1/575Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices characterised by the feedback circuit
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits

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  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
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  • Continuous-Control Power Sources That Use Transistors (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
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Abstract

本發明提供一種電壓調節器,構成為包括:源極接地放大電路,輸入有誤差放大電路的訊號;以及輸出電晶體,輸入有源極接地放大電路的控制電壓,且源極接地放大電路於訊號路徑中具備電流限制電路,該電流限制電路是由以具有正溫度係數的電壓進行控制的疊接電路所構成。所述電壓調節器可不超過輸出電晶體的閘極耐壓而減小輸出電壓的壓差。

Description

電壓調節器
本發明是有關於一種電壓調節器(voltage regulator)。
先前的電壓調節器已為人所知,該電壓調節器包括將基準電壓與輸出電壓進行比較的誤差放大電路、由電阻及電晶體(transistor)構成且將誤差放大電路所輸出的電壓放大的第二段放大電路、以及以第二段放大電路所輸出的電壓進行控制且輸出輸出電壓的輸出電晶體,且為了以輸出電晶體的閘極電壓(gate voltage)不超過閘極耐壓的方式進行限制,而於第二段放大電路的電晶體的汲極(drain)與輸出電晶體的閘極之間,設有於閘極施加有恆定電壓的電壓控制電晶體(例如參照專利文獻1美國專利第7633280號)。 [現有技術文獻] [專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]美國專利第7633280號說明書
[發明所欲解決之課題]
設有電壓控制電晶體的先前的電壓調節器中,於閘極施加有較臨限電壓而充分大的恆定電壓的電壓控制電晶體的汲極電流具有負溫度係數,故而於低溫時輸出電晶體的閘極電壓降低。因此,若考慮低溫時,則施加於電壓控制電晶體的閘極的恆定電壓無法增大。因此,難以減小輸出電壓的壓差(dropout voltage)。 本發明是鑒於所述困難而成,其目的在於提供一種可不超過輸出電晶體的閘極耐壓而減小輸出電壓的壓差的電壓調節器。 [解決課題之手段]
為了解決先前的課題,本發明的一態樣的電壓調節器的特徵在於包括:誤差放大電路,輸出將基於輸出電壓的電壓與基準電壓之差放大的訊號;源極接地放大電路,輸入有誤差放大電路的訊號,輸出控制電壓;以及輸出電晶體,於閘極輸入有源極接地放大電路的控制電壓,輸出輸出電壓,且源極接地放大電路於訊號路徑中具備電流限制電路,該電流限制電路是由以具有正溫度係數的電壓進行控制的疊接電路(cascode circuit)所構成。 [發明的效果]
根據本發明的電壓調節器,可防止輸出電晶體的擊穿,減小輸出電壓的壓差。
以下,參照圖式對本發明的實施形態進行說明。
圖1為本實施形態的電壓調節器的電路圖。
本實施形態的電壓調節器包括誤差放大電路106、基準電壓電路103、作為輸出電晶體的P型金屬氧化物半導體(Positive channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor,PMOS)電晶體105、N型金屬氧化物半導體(Negative channel-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor,NMOS)電晶體107、108、電壓源109、電流-電壓(current to voltage,I/V)變換電路110、接地端子100、電源端子101以及輸出端子102。
I/V變換電路110例如由PMOS電晶體及電阻所構成。另外,電壓源109、NMOS電晶體107、108及I/V變換電路110構成源極接地放大電路。NMOS電晶體108為設於源極接地放大電路的訊號路徑中的疊接電路。而且,源極接地放大電路及PMOS電晶體105構成輸出段。電壓源109具有正溫度係數。 誤差放大電路106的非反相輸入端子連接於基準電壓電路103,反相輸入端子連接於輸出端子102。NMOS電晶體107的閘極連接於誤差放大電路106的輸出端子,源極連接於接地端子100,汲極連接於NMOS電晶體108的源極。NMOS電晶體108的閘極連接於電壓源109,汲極連接於PMOS電晶體105的閘極、及I/V變換電路110的其中一個端子。I/V變換電路110的另一端子連接於電源端子101。PMOS電晶體105的源極連接於電源端子101,汲極連接於輸出端子102。I/V變換電路110是由源極連接於電源端子101,閘極及汲極經由電阻而連接的PMOS電晶體所構成。
繼而,對本實施形態的電壓調節器的動作進行說明。
若對電源端子101輸入電源電壓VDD,則電壓調節器於輸出端子102輸出輸出電壓Vout。誤差放大電路106將基準電壓電路103的基準電壓Vref與輸出電壓Vout的比較結果的電壓輸出至NMOS電晶體107的閘極。NMOS電晶體107將自誤差放大電路106接受的電壓變換為汲極電流,經由NMOS電晶體108而輸入至I/V變換電路110。I/V變換電路110將所輸入的電流變換為電源電壓VDD基準的電壓V1,輸入至PMOS電晶體105的閘極。誤差放大電路106及輸出段以輸出電壓Vout接近基準電壓Vref的方式控制PMOS電晶體105的閘極電壓。
若輸出電壓Vout高於基準電壓Vref,則誤差放大電路106的輸出電壓降低,NMOS電晶體107的汲極電流變小。因此,I/V變換電路110的壓降變小,電壓V1變高,故而PMOS電晶體105斷開,由此輸出電壓Vout降低。
另外,若輸出電壓Vout低於基準電壓Vref,則進行與所述相反的動作,輸出電壓Vout變高。如此,電壓調節器以輸出電壓Vout與基準電壓Vref相等的方式動作。
此處,考慮PMOS電晶體105的閘極耐壓低於電源端子101的電源電壓VDD的情形時的PMOS電晶體105的閘極電壓即電壓V1的過度降低所致的擊穿,及壓差的互償(trade-off)。若將I/V變換電路110的阻抗(impedance)設為Z110,將NMOS電晶體108的汲極電流設為I108,則電壓V1是以式(1)表示。 V1=VDD-Z110·I108 (1)
NMOS電晶體108的汲極電流I108是以式(2)表示。 I108=μn108·Cox108·K108·(VGS108-VTH108)2 (2) 此處,μn108為NMOS電晶體108的遷移率,Cox108為NMOS電晶體108的每單位面積的閘極氧化膜電容,K108為NMOS電晶體108的縱橫比(aspect ratio),VGS108為NMOS電晶體108的閘極-源極間電壓,VTH108為NMOS電晶體108的臨限電壓。
NMOS電晶體108的閘極-源極間電壓於NMOS電晶體108的源極電壓接近接地端子100的電壓時達到最大。此時,NMOS電晶體108的閘極-源極間電壓VGS108成為由電壓源109賦予的電壓V2,故而代入至式(2)中而成為式(3)。 I108=μn108·Cox108·K108·(V2-VTH108)2 (3)
遷移率一般而言具有負溫度係數,故而若電壓V2具有正溫度係數,則根據式(3),可較臨限電壓VTH108而充分大地賦予電壓V2,使NMOS電晶體108的遷移率μn108的負溫度係數與電壓V2的正溫度係數抵消。由此,可使汲極電流I108相對於溫度而接近一定的電流。因此,根據式(1),可使電壓V1相對於溫度而接近一定電壓。
即,可將電壓V1的最低電壓降低至PMOS電晶體105的閘極耐壓附近。
圖2為表示具有正溫度係數的電壓源109的一例的電路圖。電壓源109包括電流源201、由PMOS電晶體202、203構成的電流鏡電路(current mirror circuit)、電阻204及輸出端子205。
藉由電流鏡電路使電流源201的電流折回而流至電阻204,由此於輸出端子205產生電壓V2。例如,若電阻204的電阻值的溫度依存性小,電流源201的電流具有正溫度係數,則電壓V2成為具有正溫度係數的電壓。
圖3為表示具有正溫度係數的電壓源109的另一例的電路圖。圖3的電壓源109對圖2的電壓源109追加電阻206。若如此般構成,則將電阻204與電阻206的電阻值的溫度係數抵消,故而可忽視電阻值的溫度係數而設定電流源201的溫度係數,因此可增加設計的自由度。
圖4為表示圖2、圖3的電壓源109的具有正溫度係數的電流源201的一例的電路圖。電流源201包括基準電壓電路401、誤差放大電路402、NMOS電晶體403及電阻404。藉由負反饋電路的作用,而於電阻404產生與基準電壓電路401的電壓相等的電壓。若基準電壓電路401的電壓的溫度依存性小,電阻404的電阻值具有負溫度係數,則流經電阻404的電流具有正溫度係數。
另外,作為具有正溫度係數的電流源201,亦可使用通常帶隙基準電路(band-gap reference circuit)所使用的生成與絕對溫度成正比(Proportional To Absolute Temperature,PTAT)電流的電路。
圖5為表示具有正溫度係數的電壓源109的另一例的電路圖。
圖5的電壓源109包括基準電壓電路501、NMOS電晶體502及負載503。圖5的電壓源109被稱為源極隨耦器(source follower),將自基準電壓電路501的電壓減去NMOS電晶體502的臨限電壓所得的電壓V2輸出至輸出端子205。負載503可為電阻,亦可為電流源。
一般而言,NMOS電晶體的臨限電壓具有負的溫度係數,若減小基準電壓電路501的電壓的溫度依存性,則電壓V2成為具有正溫度係數的電壓。
如以上所說明,本實施形態的電壓調節器將具有正溫度係數的電壓V2施加於設於源極接地放大電路的訊號路徑中的電流限制電路即PMOS電晶體108的閘極,由此可將電壓V1的最低電壓降低至PMOS電晶體105的閘極耐壓附近,故而可減小輸出電壓Vout的壓差。
再者,本實施形態的電壓調節器將輸出端子102連接於誤差放大電路106的反相輸入端子,但如圖6所示,亦可於輸出端子102與接地端子100之間設置電阻電路111,將電阻電路111的輸出連接於誤差放大電路106的反相輸入端子。
另外,I/V變換電路110不限定於圖中的電路,可僅為電阻、或僅為閘極及汲極經連接的PMOS電晶體,亦可由與閘極及汲極經連接的PMOS電晶體串聯連接的電阻構成。
100‧‧‧接地端子101‧‧‧電源端子102、205‧‧‧輸出端子103、401、501‧‧‧基準電壓電路105、202、203‧‧‧PMOS電晶體106、402‧‧‧誤差放大電路107、108、403、502‧‧‧NMOS電晶體109‧‧‧電壓源110‧‧‧I/V變換電路111‧‧‧電阻電路201‧‧‧電流源204、206、404‧‧‧電阻503‧‧‧負載V1、V2‧‧‧電壓Vout‧‧‧輸出電壓
圖1為表示本發明的實施形態的電壓調節器的構成的電路圖。 圖2為表示具有正溫度係數的電壓源的一例的電路圖。 圖3為表示具有正溫度係數的電壓源的另一例的電路圖。 圖4為表示具有正溫度係數的電流源的一例的電路圖。 圖5為表示具有正溫度係數的電壓源的另一例的電路圖。 圖6為表示本發明的實施形態的電壓調節器的其他構成的電路圖。
100‧‧‧接地端子
101‧‧‧電源端子
102‧‧‧輸出端子
103‧‧‧基準電壓電路
105‧‧‧PMOS電晶體
106‧‧‧誤差放大電路
107、108‧‧‧NMOS電晶體
109‧‧‧電壓源
110‧‧‧I/V變換電路
V1、V2‧‧‧電壓
Vout‧‧‧輸出電壓

Claims (4)

  1. 一種電壓調節器,所述電壓調節器於輸出端子輸出輸出電壓,其特徵在於包括:誤差放大電路,輸出將基於所述輸出電壓的電壓與基準電壓之差放大的訊號;源極接地放大電路,輸入有所述誤差放大電路的訊號,輸出第一電壓;以及輸出電晶體,於閘極輸入有所述源極接地放大電路的所述第一電壓,輸出所述輸出電壓,且所述源極接地放大電路包括電流限制電路,所述電流限制電路是由以具有正溫度係數的電壓進行控制的疊接電路所構成。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的電壓調節器,其中所述源極接地放大電路包括:電流-電壓變換電路,一端連接於電源端子;所述電流限制電路,一端連接於所述電流-電壓變換電路的另一端;第一電晶體,連接於所述電流限制電路的另一端與接地端子之間,於閘極輸入有所述誤差放大電路的訊號;以及輸出端子,連接於所述電流-電壓變換電路的另一端,所述電流限制電路包括:電壓源,輸出所述具有正溫度係數的電壓;以及第二電晶體,於閘極輸入有所述具有正溫度係數的電壓。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第2項所述的電壓調節器,其中所述電壓源包括:電流源,產生具有正溫度係數的電流;以及電阻,流通有基於所述電流源所產生的電流的電流,輸出所述具有正溫度係數的電壓。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第2項所述的電壓調節器,其中所述電壓源是由對輸入端子賦予有恆定電壓的源極隨耦器所構成。
TW107134661A 2017-10-13 2018-10-01 電壓調節器 TWI769327B (zh)

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JP2019074866A (ja) 2019-05-16
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US10637344B2 (en) 2020-04-28
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