TWI715776B - 適用於塑膠模製工具的鋼 - Google Patents
適用於塑膠模製工具的鋼 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI715776B TWI715776B TW106118271A TW106118271A TWI715776B TW I715776 B TWI715776 B TW I715776B TW 106118271 A TW106118271 A TW 106118271A TW 106118271 A TW106118271 A TW 106118271A TW I715776 B TWI715776 B TW I715776B
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 238000010137 moulding (plastic) Methods 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 86
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009689 gas atomisation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010288 cold spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009704 powder extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 25
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 25
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001175 oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000943 NiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);methylsulfanylmethane;bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu].CSC PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001887 electron backscatter diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009863 impact test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003716 rejuvenation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010129 solution processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 surfacing Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009692 water atomization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/052—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles characterised by a mixture of particles of different sizes or by the particle size distribution
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/115—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by spraying molten metal, i.e. spray sintering, spray casting
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- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
- B22F3/15—Hot isostatic pressing
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- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/20—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
- C22C33/0285—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5% with Cr, Co, or Ni having a minimum content higher than 5%
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/04—Making ferrous alloys by melting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
- C23C4/067—Metallic material containing free particles of non-metal elements, e.g. carbon, silicon, boron, phosphorus or arsenic
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B22F10/30—Process control
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本發明係關於一種鋼。特定言之,本發明係關於一種適用於製造塑膠模製工具之沈澱硬化鋼。
沈澱硬化不鏽鋼涵蓋17-7PH、17-4PH、15-5PH、PH 15-7Mo、PH 14-8Mo及PH 13-8Mo。較後鋼亦稱1.4534,X3CrNiMoA113-8-2及S13800。PH13-8Mo之化學組成(以wt.%為單位)為:C:0.05,Si:0.1,Mn:0.1,P:0.01,S:0.008,Cr:12.25-13.25,Ni:7.5-8.5,Mo:2.0-2.5,N:0.01,Ti:0.1,Al:0.8-1.35,其餘為Fe。此類型之鋼稱為Böhler N709。
EP 459 547揭示意欲用於塑膠形成鑄模(plastic forming mould)之沈澱可硬化不鏽鋼,其中儘可能限制氮含量以避免形成損害拋光性之硬氮化物。
此類型之鋼通常用於需要高強度及良好韌性之部件。此等鋼之典型應用為飛機部件、彈簧及塑膠鑄模。
此等鋼常常在溶液處理之條件下傳送且可藉由老化至34至52HRC範圍內之硬度來硬化。重要之性質為高強度及耐腐蝕性以及良好之拋光性。除此之外,塑膠模製鋼亦應具有良好之可加工性及良好之焊接性質,以使得該等鋼可在無預加熱及後加熱之情況下焊接。
本發明係針對一種替代PH13-8Mo類型之合金之替代性組成物。
本發明之目標為提供一種具有改良之性質特徵且適用於塑膠模製之鋼。特定言之,本發明旨在提供一種具有高強度及韌性以及高清潔度、良好拋光性及均一性質且亦具有較大尺寸之沈澱硬化模製鋼。除此之外,本發明旨在提供呈粉末形式之鋼,特定言之但不限於適用於增材製造(AM)之鋼粉末。
另一目標為提供一種可用於獲得具有延長壽命之物品之鋼。
前述目標以及額外優點藉由提供如合金申請專利範圍中所定義之鋼達至顯著量度。較高及均一硬度以及較高韌性得到對壓痕具有良好耐受性及具有最低意外損壞風險之鋼,產生更安全之鑄模及較長之工具壽命。諸位發明人已發現獲得具有良好拋光性之鋼係可能的,其限制條件為將硬氮化鋁之最大尺寸控制為不大於4μm。
本發明定義於申請專利範圍中。
視情況
Fe及雜質餘量。
及/或鋼具有320至510 HBW10/3000範圍內之平均硬度,其中鋼具有至少100mm之厚度,且根據ASTM E10-01量測之厚度方向上之平均布氏(Brinell)硬度值的最大偏差小於10%、較佳小於7%、小於5%、小於3%或甚至小於1%,且其中壓痕中心離樣本邊緣或另一壓痕邊緣之最小距離應為壓痕直徑的至少2.5倍,且最大距離應不大於壓痕直徑的4倍,及/或根據ASTM E45-97,方法A,在微礦渣方面,鋼具有滿足以下最大要求之清潔度:
鋼較佳具有滿足以下最大要求之清潔度:
其中微結構可滿足以下要求中之至少一者:基質包含75vol.%麻田散鐵(martensite),基質包含7vol.%△鐵氧體,基質包含2至20vol.%沃斯田鐵(austenite),基質硬度為40至56HRC,所有AlN顆粒之尺寸4μm,無缺口衝擊韌性200J,抗壓屈服強度Rc0.2比抗張屈服強度Rp0.2高10至30%。
鋼合金可以具有如上所示之組成之預合金粉末之形式提供。
其中SPHT=4 π A/P2,其中A為由顆粒投影所覆蓋之量測面積,且P為顆粒投影之量測周長/圓周,且球度(SPHT)係根據ISO 9276-6藉由Camsizer來量測,且其中b為顆粒投影之最短寬度且l為最長直徑。
上述預合金可用於藉由使用增材製造方法來形成物品。該物品可滿足以下要求中之至少一者:基質包含80vol.%麻田散鐵,基質包含5vol.%△鐵氧體,基質包含2至20vol.%沃斯田鐵,基質硬度為34至56HRC,所有AlN顆粒之尺寸4μm,垂直於構建方向之夏比(Charpy)V-缺口值5J,垂直於構建方向之抗張強度Rm 1600MPa,垂直於構建方向之屈服強度Rc0.2 1500MPa,垂直於構建方向之抗壓屈服強度Rc0.2比抗張屈服強度Rp0.2高至少10%。
較佳地,物品為用於形成塑膠之鑄模之至少一部分,且該物品可視情況滿足以下要求中之至少一者:基質包含85vol.%麻田散鐵,基質包含2vol.%△鐵氧體,基質包含4至15vol.%沃斯田鐵,基質硬度為40至50HRC,垂直於構建方向之夏比V-缺口值10J。
本發明亦係針對本發明之預合金粉末之用途,其用於藉由使用熱均壓法、粉末擠壓法及增材製造法中之任一者製備固體物件,或其用於藉由熱噴霧、雷射披覆、冷噴霧或堆焊(overlay welding)在基板上提供表層。
以下簡要解釋獨立元素之重要性及其與彼此之相互作用以及對所主張之合金之化學成分的限制。貫穿描述以重量%(wt.%)提供鋼之化學組成之所有百分比。硬相之量以體積%(vol.%)提供。個別元素之上限及下限可在申請專利範圍內所闡明之界限內自由組合。
碳(0.02至0.04%)
碳對於改良鋼之強度及硬度為有效的。然而,若含量過高,則鋼自熱加工冷卻後可能難以進行機加工。C應以0.02%、較佳至少0.025%之最低含量存在。碳之上限為0.04%,較佳0.035%。標稱含量為0.030%。
矽(0.1至0.4%)
矽用於脫氧。Si亦為強鐵氧體形成物。因此,Si限於0.45%。上限可為0.40、0.35、0.34、0.33、0.32、0.31、0.30、0.29或0.28%。下限可為0.12、0.14、0.16、0.18或0.20%。較佳範圍為0.15至0.40%及0.20至0.35%。
錳(0.1至0.5%)
錳有助於改良鋼之硬化能。若含量過低,則硬化能可能太低。在較高硫含量下,錳在鋼中防止熱脆性。因此,錳應以0.10%,較佳至少0.15、0.20、0.25或0.30%之最低含量存在。鋼將含有最大值為0.5%,較佳最大值為0.45、0.40或0.35%之Mn。較佳範圍為0.20至0.40%。
鉻(11至13%)
鉻應以至少11%之含量存在以製造不鏽鋼且在熱處理期間在較大橫截面上提供良好之硬化能。然而,高量之Cr可導致形成高溫鐵氧體,其降低熱加工性。下限可為11.2、11.4、11.6或11.8%。上限Cr為13%且Cr量可為受限的或可為12.8、12.6、12.4或12.2%。較佳範圍為11.5至12.5%。
鎳(7至10%)
鎳為沃斯田鐵穩定劑,其且抑制△鐵氧體之形成。鎳給予鋼良好之硬化能及韌性。鎳亦有益於鋼之可加工性及可拋光性。鎳對於沈澱硬化為至關重要的,因為其連同Al一起在老化期間形成微小的金屬間NiAl-顆粒。然而,添加過量之Ni可能產生過高量之殘留沃斯田鐵。因此,下限可為7.2、7.4、7.6、7.8、8.0、8.2、8.4、8.6、8.8、9.0或9.1%。上限可為10.0、9.8、9.6或9.4%。較佳範圍為8.5至10或9.0至9.5%。
鉻+鎳(19至23%)
為獲得最佳化強度及韌性,期望Cr及Ni之總含量為19至23%。較低量可為19.5、20.0、20.5、20.6、20.7、20.8或20.9%。上限可為22.8、22.7、22.6、22.5、22.4、22.3、22.2、22.1、22.0、21.9、21.8、21.7、21.6、21.5、21.4或21.3%。較佳範圍為20.5至22.0%,較佳20.5至22.0%,最佳20.8至21.7%。
鉬(1至25%)
已知固溶體中之Mo對硬化能具有極其有利之影響。鉬係強碳化物形成元素且亦為強鐵氧體形成物。在老化期間,基質中之受控量之Mo對復原沃斯田鐵之形成起反作用。出於此原因,Mo量應為1至2%。下限可為1.1、1.2、1.3或1.4%。上限可為1.9、1.8、1.7、1.6或1.5%。
鉬亦可以較高量與硼組合使用,以獲得所需量之M2M'B2類型之硬硼化物,其中M及M'代表金屬。在本發明之情況下,M為Mo且M'為Fe。然而,硼化物可含有少量的諸如Cr及Ni之其他元素。然而,在下文中硼化物將簡稱為Mo2FeB2。
因此,鉬之最大含量為25%。然而,當使用高Mo含量以形成硼化物時,則Mo及B之含量應平衡以使得基質中固溶體中之Mo含量保持在1至2%範圍內。
鋁(1.4至2.0%)
鋁與Ni組合用於沈澱硬化。上限限於2.0%以避免形成過多之△鐵氧體。上限可為1.95、1.90、1.85、1.80或1.75%。下限可為1.45、1.50、1.55、1.60或1.65%。
氮(0.01至0.75%)
氮為強沃斯田鐵形成物且亦為強氮化物形成物。N在氮化物分散加強(NDS)合金中可以高達0.75%之量使用。NDS合金可利用與ODS合金基本上相同之技術製造。
然而,對於非NDS應用而言,氮含量可限於0.15%。
諸位發明人已出人意料地發現氮可有意地添加至鋼中而不損害拋光性,其限制條件為存在於基質中之至少80vol.%之AlN顆粒的尺寸限於不大於4μm。較佳地,該尺寸可限於3μm、2μm或甚至1μm。小尺寸之氮化物亦產生晶粒細化效應。因而,N之下限可為0.011、0.012、0.013、0.014、0.015、0.016、0.017、0.018、0.019或0.02%。上限可為0.14、0.12、1.10、0.08、0.06、0.05、0.04或0.03%。然而,若物質呈粉末形式且意欲用於藉由使用AM製造鑄模或模具,則應考慮到,過高氮含量可能產生過高量之殘留之沃斯田鐵。因此,對於欲限制結構中沃斯田鐵之量之應用而言,則氮之上限可設定為0.040、0.035、0.030、0.025或0.020%。
銅(0.05至2.5%)
Cu為視情況選用之元素,其可有助於增加鋼之硬度及耐腐蝕性。在老化期間所形成之ε-Cu相不僅藉由沈澱硬化來強化鋼,而且影響金屬間相之沈澱動力學。除此之外,看起來添加Cu導致金屬間相(NiAl)在較高工作溫度下較緩慢生長。Cu之上限可為2.3、2.1、1.9、1.7、1.5、1.3、1.1、0.9、0.7、0.5、0.3或甚至0.2%。Cu之下限可為0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8或0.9%。
然而,一旦已添加銅即不可能自鋼提取銅。此使得廢料處置 更難。出於此原因,銅為視情況選用之元素且無需添加。最大可允許之雜質含量可為0.2、0.15或0.10%。
硼(0.002至2.0%)
硼為視情況選用之元素,其可以少量使用以增強不鏽鋼之硬化能及改良不鏽鋼之熱加工性。因而,上限可設定為0.007、0.006、0.005或0.004%。
硼亦可以比硬相形成元素更高之量使用。因而B應至少為0.2%以提供3%最低量之硬相Mo2FeB2。B之量限於2.0%以使得合金不太易脆。下限可設定為0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.1、1.2、1.3、1.4或1.5%。上限可設定為1.4、1.5、1.6、1.7、1.8或1.9%。
硫(0.01至0.25%)
可視情況添加S以改良鋼之可加工性。若S用於此目的,則將S以0.01至0.25%之量有意添加至鋼中。在較高硫含量下,存在熱脆性之風險。此外,高硫含量可對疲勞性質及鋼之拋光性造成負面影響。因此,上限應為0.25%,較佳0.1%,最佳0.03%。較佳範圍為0.015至0.030%。然而,若不有意添加,則S之量限於如以下所闡明之雜質含量。
Nb為強碳化物及氮化物形成物。因此,應限制此元素之含量以避免形成不合需要之碳化物及氮化物。因此,Nb之最大量為0.01%。Nb較佳限於0.005%。
此等元素可與C、B、N及/或O形成化合物。其可用於製造 氧化分散加強(ODS)或氮化分散加強(NDS)合金。因而對於此等元素之各者而言,上限為2%。上限可為1.5、1.0、0.5或0.3%。然而,若此等元素並非有意添加來製備ODS合金,則上限可為0.1、0.05、0.01或0.005%。
Ca,Mg,O及REM(稀土金屬)
出於不同原因,可視情況以所主張之量將此等元素添加至鋼中。此等元素通常用於改良非金屬夾雜物及/或為了進一步改良鋼之可加工性、熱加工性及/或可焊性。因而氧含量較佳限於0.03%。然而,若使用氧以形成氧化物分散加強(ODS)合金,則上限可高達0.80%。氧化物可摻合至例如藉由以下各者原位形成之粉末中:藉由氣體霧化,尤其藉由使用氣體霧化反應合成(GARS)或在增材製造(AM)方法期間,尤其經由液態金屬沈積(LMD)中之常壓反應。
雜質元素
P、S及O為主要雜質,其可能對鋼之機械性質造成負面影響。因此,P可限於0.05、0.04、0.03、0.02或0.01%。若硫並非有意添加,則S之雜質含量可限於0.05、0.04、0.003、0.001、0.0008、0.0005或甚至0.0001%。
本發明之合金可藉由任何適合之方法製造。適合之方法之非限制性實例包括:
a)習知之熔融冶金,繼之以鑄造及熱加工。
b)粉末冶金(PM)。
PM粉末可藉由預合金鋼之習知之氣體霧化或水霧化製造。粉末可用於熱噴霧、堆焊、增材製造(AM)或金屬注射模製(MIM)。
然而,若粉末用於AM,則氣體霧化為較佳之霧化方法,因為使用製造具有高圓度及低量附屬物(satellite)之粉末顆粒之技術為重要的。特定言之,出於此目的可使用近聯式氣體霧化方法之。
藉由PM所製造之粉末可藉由熱均壓(HIP)及/或藉由擠壓來固結。材料可在壓縮時或在後續熱加工之後使用。
粉末顆粒之最大尺寸正常應限於500μm,且視既定用途而定可使用特定之粉末級份。對於AM而言,最大尺寸範圍為5至150μm,且較佳尺寸範圍為10至100μm,其中平均尺寸為約25至45μm。對於MIM而言,較佳最大尺寸為50μm,對於熱噴霧而言,較佳範圍為32至125μm及20至90μm,且對於堆焊而言,較佳範圍為45至250μm。
主要關注之AM方法為液態金屬沈積(LMD)、選擇性雷射熔融(SLM)及電子束(EB)熔融。粉末特徵對於AM而言亦為重要的。根據ISO 4497使用Camsizer所量測之粉末粒度分佈應滿足以下要求(以μm為單位):
較佳地,粉末應滿足以下尺寸要求(以μm為單位):
粉末之球度應較高。球度(SPHT)可藉由Camsizer量測且定義在ISO 9276-6中。SPHT=4 π A/P2,其中A為由顆粒投影所覆蓋之量測面積,且P為顆粒投影之量測周長/圓周。平均SPHT應為至少0.80且較佳可為至少0.85、0.90、0.91、0.92、0.93、0.94或甚至0.95。此外,不大於5%之顆粒應具有0.70之SPHT。該值較佳應小於0.70、0.65、0.55或甚至0.50。除SPHT之外,縱橫比可用於對粉末顆粒進行分類。縱橫比定義為b/l,其中b為顆粒投影之最短寬度且l為最長直徑。平均縱橫比較佳應為至少0.85或更佳0.86、0.87、0.88、0.89或0.90。
本發明合金為具有麻田散鐵基質之沈澱可硬化鋼,其可包含諸如△鐵氧體及沃斯田鐵之其他微結構成分。沃斯田鐵可包含殘留及/或復原之沃斯田鐵。本發明合金可藉由在425至600℃之溫度範圍內老化來硬化,達至約34至56HRC範圍內之所需硬度。
沃斯田鐵由殘留及/或復原之沃斯田鐵(下文中為沃斯田鐵)構成。藉由霧化製造之預合金粉末可含有大量之沃斯田鐵,但若擔心沃斯田鐵含量太高而會造成例如尺寸穩定性方面之問題,則成品部件中沃斯田鐵之量可藉由溶液熱處理及/或老化降至較低水準。因此,微結構中沃斯田鐵之量可限於22、20、18、16、14、12、10、8、6、4或2vol.%。然而,沃斯田鐵對材料之機械性質(特定言之,韌性)具有積極影響且因此在許多應用中為所需之微結構成分。
本發明合金可藉由在425至600℃之溫度範圍內老化來硬化,達至約34至56HRC範圍內之所需硬度。
實施例1
習知處理
藉由感應熔解、鑄造及鍛造以習知方式製造合金。合金具有組成(以wt.%為單位):C:0.03,Si:0.3,Mn:0.2,Cr:12.0,Ni:9.3,Mo:1.4,Al:1.7,N:0.017,其餘為Fe及雜質。將本發明合金與型號鋼PH 13-8Mo(Böhler N709)之可商購鋼作比較。比較合金具有以下標稱組成(以wt.%為單位):C:0.03,Si:0.08,Mn:0.08,Cr:12.7,Ni:8.1,Mo:2.2,Al:1.1,其餘為Fe。
本發明合金不同於比較鋼,主要在於本發明合金以更高量之Mn、Si、Al及N以及更低量之Mo溶解於基質中。
將本發明鋼及比較鋼兩者皆硬化至50HRC且使用10mm×10mm×55mm之標準樣本尺寸經受無缺口衝擊測試。發現本發明合金具有255J之無缺口衝擊強度,而已知鋼之衝擊強度僅為120J。
此差異之原因當前無法充分理解。然而,看起來基質組成物中之小差異造成沈澱動力學之不同,從而使得沈澱物之類型及分佈不同。較低含量之Mo亦可導致在熱處理期間降低形成復原之沃斯田鐵之風險,且從而亦降低富含Mo及Cr之碳化物沈澱之風險。添加Al可引起有益於韌性之晶粒細化。因此,看起來似乎合理地,將此等因素中之一或多者組合使得本發明鋼之韌性得到改良。
實施例2
粉末製造
藉由感應熔解、鑄造及鍛造以習知方式製造具有類似於實施例1之合金之組成的基礎合金。使合金之ESR再熔棒經受真空感應熔解及近聯式氣體霧化處理,以獲得適用於AM處理之粉末。霧化期間氣體與金屬之重量比為3:1。為了避免氧污染物,將高純度(6N)氮氣用於霧化。就尺寸方面對所到顆粒進行檢測且根據13322-2藉由動態影像處理來成形。篩分粉末以移除大於50μm且小於20μm之顆粒。發現篩分之粉末具有以下粒度分佈:D10:23μm,D50:34μm及D90:49μm。平均球度為0.95且平均縱橫比為0.93。粉末具有0.021%之氧含量及0.013%之氮含量。藉由掃描電子顯微法(SEM)檢測此粉末之形態,且發現該粉末係幾乎完全球形的,具有極低量之附屬物。
表觀密度(AD)為4.3g/cm3且敲緊密度(TD)為5.2 4.3g/cm3。
因此,預計所製造之粉末將適用於AM處理。
實施例3
增材製造
藉由在EOS M290系統中使用以下處理參數藉由SLM構建零件來測試此粉末用於AM之適用性:層厚度30μm、雷射功率170W、掃描速度1250mm/s、影線距離0.10mm。影線模式為條紋。
因此,由此獲得之完工樣品具有理論密度(TD)之99.4%的密度及室溫下35HRC之硬度。在樣品中,沃斯田鐵之量為約23%。使用EBSD之SEM之檢測揭露:沃斯田鐵相在尺寸上為極其精細的,且在麻田散鐵塊之邊界處分散。
檢測所構建樣品之熱處理之影響。在525℃下老化4小時之後,沃斯田鐵之量減少至16vol.%。然而,在850℃下持續30分鐘之中間溶液處理將沃斯田鐵之量減少至4vol.%。經溶液退火且經老化之樣品的硬度為50HRC。
因此,經溶液退火且經老化之樣品具有與實施例1之以習知方式製造之樣品相同的硬度。此原因可能為以習知方式製造之樣品亦具有約4vol.%之沃斯田鐵含量。因此,決定將經溶液處理且經老化之AM樣品之機械性質與實施例1中以習知方式製造之鋼的性質作比較。
藉由單軸抗張測試來量測強度及伸長率值,且藉由夏比V-缺口測試來量測衝擊韌性。下文在表1中提供結果。可看出,藉由AM製造之材料具有比以習知方式製造之材料顯著更高的衝擊韌性,且其他機械值為可比較的。
腐蝕及磨損測試揭露兩種材料同樣為良好的。亦檢測拋光性且發現AM材料呈現極好之拋光性。對兩種材料而言有可能獲得相當良好之高品質之光澤表面,但對於AM材料,氧含量高約10倍。然而,出人意料地發現AM材料更容易拋光,因為AM材料可在更短時間內用更少之步驟拋光至相同光澤。
工業適用性
本發明之鋼適用於需要良好耐腐蝕性及均一硬度之大型鑄模或模具。本發明之鋼尤其用於藉由AM製造物品。
Claims (10)
- 一種預合金粉末,其具有如申請專利範圍第1項至第4項中任一項所定義之組成。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第5項至第7項中任一項之預合金粉末的用途,其用於藉由使用熱均壓法、粉末擠壓法及增材製造法中之任一者製備固體物件,或其用於藉由熱噴霧、雷射披覆、冷噴霧或堆焊(overlay welding)在基板上提供表層。
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