TWI686957B - 使用離子植入的太陽能電池射極區製造 - Google Patents
使用離子植入的太陽能電池射極區製造 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI686957B TWI686957B TW104121035A TW104121035A TWI686957B TW I686957 B TWI686957 B TW I686957B TW 104121035 A TW104121035 A TW 104121035A TW 104121035 A TW104121035 A TW 104121035A TW I686957 B TWI686957 B TW I686957B
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Abstract
描述使用離子植入製造太陽能電池射極區的方法及所製成之太陽能電池。在一例子中,背接觸太陽能電池包含具有光接收表面及背面的結晶矽基板。第一多晶矽射極區係設置於結晶矽基板之上。第一多晶矽射極區摻雜第一導電類型的摻雜質物質,且更包含不同於第一導電類型的摻雜質物質的輔助雜質物質。第二多晶矽射極區設置於結晶矽基板之上,且鄰接但分隔於第一多晶矽射極區。第二多晶矽射極區摻雜第二相反導電類型的摻雜質物質。第一及第二導電接觸結構係分別電性連接第一及第二多晶矽射極區。
Description
本發明的實施例為可再生能源的領域,特別是,使用離子植入製造太陽能電池射極區的方法及所製成之太陽能電池。
光伏電池,通常習知為太陽能電池,係用以將太陽輻射直接轉換成電能的習知裝置。一般而言,太陽能電池係使用半導體製程技術製造於半導體晶圓或基板上,以形成p-n接面鄰近基板的表面。衝射於基板的表面且進入基板的太陽輻射在基板塊材中產生電子及電洞對。電子及電洞對遷移至基板中的p摻雜及n摻雜區,藉以在摻雜區之間產生電壓差。摻雜區連接太陽能電池的導電區,以引導電流從電池至其耦接的外部電路。
效率係太陽能電池直接有關太陽能電池產生功率的能力的一重要特性。同樣地,製造太陽能電池的效率係直接有關此太陽能電池的成本效益。因此,通常希望增加太陽能電池效率的技術或增加製造太陽能電池效率的技術。本發明的某些實施例允許藉由提供製造太陽能電池結構
的新穎製程以增加太陽能電池的製造效率。本發明的某些實施例允許藉由提供新穎的太陽能電池結構以增加太陽能電池效率。
本發明之一態樣揭露一種製造太陽能電池的交替N型射極區及P型射極區的方法,該方法包含:形成矽層於基板之上;植入第一導電類型的摻雜質物質至矽層中,以形成第一植入區並且產生矽層的非植入區;植入輔助雜質物質至矽層的第一植入區,輔助雜質物質相異於第一導電類型的摻雜質物質;植入相反之第二導電類型的摻雜質物質至部份矽層的非植入區,以形成第二植入區並且產生矽層的剩餘非植入區;以保留至少一部份第一植入區及保留矽層的第二植入區的選擇性蝕刻製程移除矽層的剩餘非植入區;以及退火矽層的第一植入區及第二植入區,以形成摻雜多晶矽射極區。
本發明之一態樣揭露一種製造太陽能電池的交替N型射極區及P型射極區的方法,該方法包含:形成矽層於基板之上;植入第一導電類型的摻雜質物質於矽層中,以形成第一植入區並且產生矽層的非植入區;修改矽層的第一植入區的淺表面,該修改係藉由流入相異於第一導電類型的摻雜質物質的輔助雜質物質的前驅物而執行;植入相反之第二導電類型的摻雜質物質於部分矽層的非植入區,以形成第二植入區並且產生矽層的剩餘非植入區;以保留至少一部份第一植入區及保留矽層的第二植入區的選擇性蝕刻製程來移除矽層的剩餘非植入區;以及退火矽層的第一植入區及第二植入區,以形成摻雜多晶矽射極區。
本發明之一態樣揭露一種背接觸太陽能電池,其包含:結晶
矽基板,具有光接收表面及背面;第一多晶矽射極區,設置於結晶矽基板之上,該第一多晶矽射極區摻雜第一導電類型的摻雜質物質,且更包含相異於第一導電類型的摻雜質物質的輔助雜質物質;第二多晶矽射極區,設置於結晶矽基板之上,且鄰接但分隔第一多晶矽射極區,第二多晶矽射極區摻雜相反之第二導電類型的摻雜質物質;以及第一導電接觸結構及第二導電接觸結構,分別電性連接於第一多晶矽射極區及第二多晶矽射極區。
101:光接收表面
102:基板
104:薄氧化層
106:矽層
108、108’:第一植入區
109:非植入區
110:第二植入區
112:剩餘非植入區
114:溝槽
116、118:摻雜多晶矽射極區
120:抗反射塗層
122、124:導電接觸
140:絕緣層
150、152:區域
150’、150”:輔助雜質物質
152’:N+區域
200、600:流程圖
202、204、206、208、210、212、602、604、606、608、610、612:操作
400、500:串列平台
450、550:第一站
452、554:第二站
454:第三站
552:入口
556:惰性氣體入口
700:角度示意圖
702:剖面圖
750:狹縫
第1A圖至第1G圖繪示依據本發明的實施例的製造太陽能電池的不同階段的剖面圖。
第2圖係依據本發明的實施例的對應於第1A圖至第1G圖的製造太陽能電池的方法的操作流程圖。
第3A圖係繪示依據本發明的實施例的使用相同維度的校準狹縫圖樣所形成之修改第一植入區的剖面圖。
第3B圖係繪示依據本發明的實施例的使用相同維度的偏離校準狹縫圖樣所形成之修改第一植入區的剖面圖。
第3C圖係繪示依據本發明的實施例的使用較小(即較窄)維度的狹縫圖樣所形成之修改第一植入區的剖面圖。
第4圖係示意地繪示依據本發明的實施例的加入移動晶圓及固定陰影遮罩的串列平台的圖樣化植入的剖面圖。
第5圖係示意地繪示依據本發明其他的實施例的加入移動晶圓及固定陰影遮罩的串列平台的圖樣化植入的剖面圖。
第6圖係依據本發明其他的實施例的對應於第5圖的串列平台的製造太陽能電池的方法的操作流程圖。
第7A圖及第7B圖係依據本發明的實施例分別繪示從材料層堆疊而製造的狹縫遮罩的角度示意圖及剖面圖。
下文詳細描述本質上僅為示意,且不意圖限制本目的或發明的實施例及這樣的實施例之用途。如文中所使用,詞彙「示意」表示「作為一範例、例子或實例」。文中所述作為例示性的任何實施非必要性地詮釋為較佳或有利於其他實施。再者,沒有意圖藉由在先前技術領域、背景、簡單摘要或下文詳細描述所呈現之任何陳述或隱晦理論而束縛。
此說明書包含提及「一個實施例」或「一實施例」。片語「一個實施例」或「一實施例」的出現不必然表示為相同的實施例。特定的特徵、結構或特性可以任何與本發明一致的適合方式而結合。
詞彙,下文段落提供本發明(包含所附的申請專利範圍)中所發現的詞彙的定義及/或背景。
「包含(Comprising)」,此詞彙係開放式的。在所附的申請專利範圍中所使用時,此詞彙並非排除額外的結構或步驟。
「配置以(Configured To)」,可描述或請求各種單元或構件「配置以(configured to)」執行一個任務或複數個任務。在這樣的語境中,藉由指出單元/構件包含在操作期間執行此任務或這些任務的結構,「配置以」係用於指示結構。如此一來,即使當特定的單元/構件目前未操作(如未開啟/啟動),單元/構件可被認為是配置以執行任務。指出單元/
電路/構件係「配置以」執行一個或多個任務,對於此單元/構件係明確地非意圖援引美國專利法35 U.S.C.§112,第六段。
「第一」、「第二」等,在本文中使用時,這些詞彙係用以作為其前綴之名詞的標記,且並非暗示任何形式的順序(如空間、時間、邏輯等)。舉例來說,提及「第一」太陽能電池並不必然暗示此太陽能電池在順序上為第一個太陽能電池;反而是詞彙「第一」係用以區別此太陽能電池與其他太陽能電池(如「第二」太陽能電池)。
「耦接(Coupled)」-下列描述中提及元件或節點或特徵係耦接在一起。當在本文中使用時,除非明確地另外指明,否則「耦接」意為一個元件/節點/特徵直接或間接地連接(或直接或間接地連結)其他元件/節點/特徵,且非必然為機械上的。
「抑制(Inhibit)」-當在文中所使用時,抑制係用以描述降低或最小化效果。當構件或特徵被描述為抑制行動、動作或情況時,其可完全地預防結果或後果或完整地未來狀態。此外,「抑制」亦可表示為可能另外產生的後果、表現及/或效應的降低或緩和。因此,當構件、元件或特徵表示為抑制結果或狀態時,其不需完全地預防或消除結果或狀態。
此外,某些詞彙亦可用於下列描述以僅作為參考之目的,且因此並非意圖限制。舉例來說,詞彙如「上(upper)」、「下(lower)」、「上(above)」及「下(below)」表示圖式中的參考方向。詞彙如「前(front)」、「背(back)」、「後(rear)」、「側(side)」、「外部(outboard)」及「內部(inboard)」係描述在一致但隨機的參考框架中構件的部分的方位及/或位置,其係藉由參考本文及在討論中描述構件的相關圖式而清楚明確。此詞彙可包含上述特別提及的單字、其衍生字及相似含意的單字。
文中描述使用離子植入製造太陽能電池射極區的方法及其製成之太陽能電池。在下文描述中,描述多個特定細節,如特定製程流程操作,以提供本發明的實施例的全面理解。對所屬技術領域中通常知識者而言顯而易見的是,本發明的實施例可不需要這些特定細節而實施。在其
他例子中,習知製造技術,如微影及圖樣化技術並未詳細描述,以免不必要地混淆本發明的實施例。再者,其係被理解的是,圖中所示的不同的實施例係示意表示,且非必要按照尺寸繪示。
文中描述製造太陽能電池的方法。在一個實施例中,製造太陽能電池的交替N型及P型射極區的方法包含形成矽層於基板之上。方法亦包含植入第一導電類型的摻雜質物質於矽層中以形成第一植入區,並生成矽層的非植入區。方法亦包含植入輔助雜質於矽層的第一植入區中,輔助雜質物質不同於第一導電類型的摻雜雜質物質。方法亦包含植入第二相反導電類型的摻雜質物質於矽層的非植入區之一部分中以形成第二植入區,並生成矽層的剩餘非植入區。方法亦包含以保留至少一部份的第一植入區及保留矽層的第二植入區的選擇蝕刻製程來移除矽層的剩餘非植入區。方法亦包含退火矽層的第一植入區及第二植入區,以形成摻雜的多晶矽射極區。
在其他實施例中,製造太陽能電池的交替N型及P型射極區的方法包含形成矽層於基板之上。方法亦包含植入第一導電類型的摻雜質物質於矽層中以形成第一植入區,並生成矽層的非植入區。方法亦包含修改矽層的第一植入區的陰影表面。修改係藉由流入不同於第一導電類型的摻雜質物質的輔助雜質物質的前驅物而執行。方法亦包含植入第二相反導電類型的摻雜質物質於部分矽層的非植入區中以形成第二植入區,並生成矽層的剩餘非植入區。方法亦包含以保留至少一部份的第一植入區及保留矽層的第二植入區的選擇蝕刻製程來移除矽層的剩餘非植入區。方法亦包含退火矽層的第一植入區及第二植入區,以形成摻雜的多晶矽射極區。
文中亦描述太陽能電池。在一個實施例中,背接觸太陽能電池包含具有光接收表面及背面的結晶矽基板。第一多晶矽射極區設置於結晶矽基板上。第一多晶矽射極區摻雜第一導電類型的摻雜質物質,且更包含不同於第一導電類型的摻雜質物質的輔助雜質物質。第二多晶矽射極區設置於結晶矽基板之上,且鄰接但分隔於第一多晶矽射極區。第二多晶矽
射極區摻雜第二相反導電類型的摻雜質物質。第一及第二導電接觸結構係分別電性連接第一及第二多晶矽射極區。
文中亦描述製造太陽能電池的設備。在一個實施例中,用以製造太陽能電池的射極區的串列製程設備包含第一站配置以經由第一陰影遮罩植入第一導電類型的摻雜質原子,且進入設置於基板之上的材料層的第一區。串列製程設備亦包含第二站配置以經由第二陰影遮罩植入輔助雜質,且進入材料層的第一區。串列製程設備亦包含第三站配置以經由第三陰影遮罩植入第二相異導電類型的摻雜質原子,且進入材料層的第二相異區。在一個此實施例中,第一站係配置以植入磷或砷原子或離子,第三站係配置以植入硼原子或離子,以及第二站係配置以植入一物質,例如但不限於氮原子或離子、碳原子或離子、或氧原子或離子。
文中所述的一個或多個實施例提供用以製造高效率、包含使用離子植入技術以產生N+(如典型磷或砷摻雜)及P+(如典型硼摻雜)多晶矽發射層之一者或兩者的全背接觸太陽能電池裝置的簡化製程。在一個實施例中,製造方法包含使用離子植入以加入需要的摻質類型的原子及輔助原子至發射層中,以在發射層的濕式蝕刻特性中感應足夠的改變,使得允許其在發射層的所有非植入區的選擇濕式蝕刻移除的期間使用遮罩。一個或多個實施例係有關用於整合圖樣化離子植入及用於高效率太陽能電池製造的表面修改的硬體及對應製程。一個或多個實施例提供使用圖樣化離子植入技術用於產生(及隔離)覆蓋高效率太陽能電池的背側的分隔的N及P摻雜多晶矽(polySi)指射極的有效的、製程操作節省方法。
為提供背景,目前可實施叉指背接觸(interdigitated back contact,IBC)製程方案,以有效地產生覆蓋摻雜氧化層的圖樣化擴散區。此結構係圖樣化以產生紋理蝕刻阻遮罩,藉由紋理蝕刻阻遮罩在執行前側紋理化時同時形成溝槽隔離N及P摻雜射極。然而使用圖樣化離子植入以替換從圖樣化氧化層擴散的概念可能過於直接,除非結合提供自我校準蝕刻選擇性的方法,則此方法可不實行以製造具有摻雜多晶矽射極區的高
效率太陽能電池結構。此可特別地為使用磷植入的方法的例子。
為解決一個或多個上述議題,依據本發明的實施例,最後具有摻雜多晶矽射極區的太陽能電池的一維指結構係藉由執行稍微彼此偏離且在其間留下非植入間隙的磷(或砷)及硼的圖樣化離子植入而形成。執行下列磷(或砷)植入、氮、氧或碳離子(或包含這些元素的正電荷分子團)的第二自我校準(如經由相同遮罩圖樣)陰影植入。執行在與磷(或砷)相同區域的此輔助(或「追蹤(chaser)」)類型的植入,以修改植入區的表面且增加對鹼紋理浴(alkaline texturing baths)的蝕刻阻抗。由於單獨的硼植入實質上增加蝕刻阻抗,具有磷+陰影追蹤摻質輪廓的多晶矽膜的第一區(如植入線)叉指與具有硼摻質輪廓的多晶矽膜的第二區(如植入線)的結合可應用於良好建立的紋理蝕刻製程。當紋理化晶圓的前(向陽)側,此蝕刻製程可同時移除非植入多晶矽的區域(如植入指之間)。再者,描述新的硬體平台,其可在單一通行中執行所有三個圖樣化及校準植入操作。下文更詳細描述上述及其他的方法及硬體平台。
在使用自我校準溝槽形成的感應蝕刻選擇性植入的例示製程中,第1A圖至第1G圖繪示依據本發明的實施例的製造太陽能電池的不同階段的剖面圖。第2圖係依據本發明的實施例的對應於第1A圖至第1G圖的製造太陽能電池的方法的操作流程圖200。
參照第1A圖及對應的流程圖200的操作202,製造太陽能電池的交替N型及P型射極區的方法包含形成矽層106於設置於基板102上的薄氧化層104上。
在一實施例中,基板102為單晶矽基板,如塊材單晶N型摻雜矽基板。然而,其被理解的是,基板102可為設置於整體太陽能基板上的層,如多晶矽層。再次參照第1A圖,如實施例所示,基板102的光接收表面101係被紋理化,如下文中更詳細描述的。在一實施例中,薄氧化層為具有厚度約為2奈米或更少的穿隧介電矽氧化層。
在一實施例中,矽層106為非晶矽層。在一個此實施例中,
非晶矽層係使用低壓化學氣相沉積(low pressure chemical vapor deposition,LPCVD)或電漿增強化學氣相沉積(plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition,PECVD)而形成。然而,在另一實施例中,多晶矽層係替代非晶矽使用。
參照第1B圖及對應的流程圖200的操作204,第一導電類型的摻雜質物質係植入矽層106以形成第一植入區108,且生成矽層的非植入區109(即矽層106在此製程階段中未植入的剩餘部分)。
在一實施例中,植入係使用離子束植入(ion beam implantation)或電漿浸沒植入(plasma immersion implantation)而執行。在一個實施例中,此第一植入提供N+摻質原子給矽(如磷或砷原子)。在特定的實施例中,植入磷或砷原子或離子包含植入以形成在矽層106中的磷或砷原子的濃度的範圍約為1E19-1E20原子/cm3。
再次參照操作204,在一實施例中,植入係經由第一陰影遮罩而執行,一範例係搭配第4圖而描述。在一個此實施例中,第一導電類型的摻雜質物質係經由具有第一狹縫圖樣的第一陰影遮罩而植入,範例係搭配第7A圖及第7B圖而描述。在一實施例中,第一陰影遮罩為錯開但靠近矽層106的石墨陰影遮罩。
接著參照第1C圖及對應的流程圖200的操作206,輔助雜質物質係植入矽層106的第一植入區108中。輔助雜質物質係相異於第一導電類型的摻雜質物質。因此,在一實施例中,對應的輔助雜質物質的區域係被植入以在矽層106中具有深度小於相對應原本第一植入區108的深度。如此一來,形成修改的第一植入區108’,且在一個實施例中具有下部區域152為只有磷(或砷)區域152,且具有上部區域150為伴隨輔助雜質物質的磷(或砷)區域,如第1C圖所示。
在一實施例中,植入第一植入區的輔助雜質的物質例如為但不限於氮原子或離子、碳原子或離子、或氧原子或離子。應注意的是,詞彙「離子」可包含一個或多個摻質的原子結合額外的氫原子的分子離子。
在一個實施例中,輔助雜質物質為氮,且藉由使用N2或NH3植入而提供。在一個實施例中,輔助雜質物質為碳,且藉由使用CH4或碳氫化合物植入而提供,如乙炔(acetylene),或可能的話,甲基矽烷(methylsilane)。在一個實施例中,輔助雜質物質為氧,且藉由使用N2O或O2植入而提供。
在一實施例中,植入係藉由使用離子束植入或電漿浸沒植入而執行。在一個實施例中,此第二植入最終在矽層106的N+區的上部提供氮原子、碳原子、或氧原子。在特定的實施例中,植入第二植入在矽層106中形成氮、碳、或氧原子的濃度的範圍約為1E19-1E21原子/cm3。在一個實施例中,輔助雜質物質的分布主要局部於矽層106的表面下前1000埃內。
再次參照操作206,在一實施例中,植入係經由第二陰影遮罩而執行,一範例係搭配第4圖而描述。在一個此實施例中,輔助雜質物質係經由具有第一狹縫圖樣的第二陰影遮罩而植入。第一狹縫圖樣可為相同於或些微修改自上述搭配操作204所述之第一狹縫圖樣,下文會更詳細描述。在一實施例中,第二陰影遮罩為錯開但靠近矽層106的石墨陰影遮罩。
如上述,植入輔助雜質物質至第一植入區108中,在一實施例中可包含經由具有第一狹縫圖樣的第二陰影遮罩而植入(即用以形成原本區域108的狹縫圖樣)。在第一實施例中,第二陰影遮罩具有與第一狹縫圖樣相同的狹縫圖樣,且狹縫的維度相同於第一陰影遮罩。如一範例,第3A圖係繪示使用相同維度的校準狹縫圖樣所形成之修改第一植入區108’的剖面圖。矽層106中輔助原子區域150係對準N+區域152。
然而,第3B圖係繪示使用相同維度的偏離校準狹縫圖樣所形成之修改第一植入區108’的剖面圖。輔助雜質物質150’的區域係偏離校準矽層106中的N+區域152’。換言之,輔助雜質物質150’的區域的一部分係形成於N+區域152’之中,但輔助雜質物質150’的區域的一部分係形成於N+區域152’的外部。此例子較佳具有整體以N+區域形成的輔助
雜質物質的區域。
因此,在一個實施例中,第3C圖係繪示使用較小(即較窄)維度的狹縫圖樣所形成之修改第一植入區108’的剖面圖。輔助雜質物質150”的區域係窄於且形成於整個N+區域152”之中。在一個此實施例中,在第二遮罩中使用較窄維度的狹縫係允許偏離校準容忍度,而沒有輔助雜質物質植入N+區域外部的風險。
參照第1D圖及對應的流程圖200的操作208,第二導電類型的摻雜質物質植入矽層106以形成第二植入區110,並生成矽層的非植入區112(即矽層106在任何上述植入製程期間未顯著植入的剩餘部分)。
如第一和第二植入製程的例子中,在一實施例中,植入係藉由使用離子束植入或電漿浸沒植入而執行。在一個實施例中,該第三植入提供P+摻質原子給矽(如,硼原子)。在一個特定的此實施例中,植入的硼原子或離子包含植入以形成矽層106中硼原子的濃度範圍約為1E19-1E20原子/cm3。
再次參照操作208,在一實施例中,植入經由第三陰影遮罩而執行,一範例係搭配第4圖而描述。在一個此實施例中,第二導電類型的摻雜質物質是經由具有相異於第一狹縫圖案的第二狹縫圖案的第三陰影遮罩而植入,範例係搭配第7A圖及第7B圖而描述。在一個此實施例中,第一狹縫圖案和第二狹縫圖案一起形成一維叉指圖案。如在第一和第二陰影遮罩的例子中,在一實施例中,第三陰影遮罩為錯開但靠近矽層106的石墨陰影遮罩。
參照第1E圖及對應的流程圖200的操作210,除去矽層106的剩餘非植入區112,例如用選擇性蝕刻製程,保存矽層106修改後的第一植入區108’和第二植入區110。
在實施例中,在操作206中提供的輔助雜質物質以形成修改後的第一植入區108’係抑制蝕刻(如慢的蝕刻速率)修改的第一植入區
108’。在一個此實施例中,輔助植入物質被用來影響蝕刻選擇性及意圖以較低能量植入以達到較淺的分佈(如靠近表面)。再者,此輔助物質的量可以減少或甚至在隨後的濕及/或乾蝕刻/清潔操作而完全消除,特別地,其中包含其之唯一驅動因子係為抑制在操作210的N+區域的蝕刻。
再次參照第3A圖和第3C圖,在一實施例中,對應的輔助雜質物質的區域係完全在相對應原本第一植入區108之一者中。在一特定實施例中,僅參照第3C圖,對應的輔助雜質物質的區域具有寬度小於相對的第一植入區的寬度。在這兩種情況下,在一實施例中,所得到的刻蝕寬度由輔助雜質物質的區域150或150”的寬度決定,如在第3A圖及第3C圖中描繪。在第3C圖的例子中,接著,在一個實施例中,移除矽層106的剩餘非植入區進一步包含移除部分修改後的第一植入區108’,其不包含輔助雜質物質的對應區域150”。為了比較的目的,參照第3B圖,這樣所得到的蝕刻輪廓將包含具有形成於N+區域外部的輔助雜質物質的區域。正是由於這個原因,使用具有較窄維度狹縫的輔助雜質物質植入遮罩可考慮用於上述的追蹤植入。
在一實施例中,矽層106的剩餘非植入區112係以氫氧化物基濕蝕刻劑移除,其進一步移除薄氧化層104的暴露部分且形成溝槽114至基板102中。可形成溝槽以提供基板102的紋理化部分作為溝槽底部。在一實施例中,由於溝槽114的定位由矽層106的第一植入區108’及第二植入區110而決定,溝槽114形成為矽層106之第一植入區108’和第二植入區110之間的自對準,如在第1E圖中描繪。在一個實施例中,氫氧化物基濕蝕刻劑處理係接續氫氟酸/臭氧(HF/O3)濕清潔處理。
應理解的是,形成紋理化光接收表面101及自對準溝槽114的時機是可變化的。例如,在一個實施例中,光接收表面101的紋理化係在溝槽114形成/紋理化前的分隔製程而執行,如第1A圖至第1G圖所示。然而,在其他實施例中,執行光接收表面101的紋理化係在與溝槽114的形成/紋理化之相同製程中執行。再者,溝槽114的形成/紋理化的時機
可相關於用以結晶第一植入區108’及第二植入區110的退火製程而變化。舉例來說,在一個實施例中,溝槽114的形成/紋理化係在用以移除矽層106的剩餘非植入區112的製程中執行,如第1E圖中所描繪。然而,在其他實施例中,溝槽114的形成/紋理化接續矽層106的剩餘非植入區112的移除而執行,且接著退火製程。在一實施例中,紋理化表面(不論在溝槽114中或在光接收表面101)可為用以散射入射光、降低太陽能電池的光接收及/或暴露表面的光反射量的具有規則或不規則形狀表面者。
參照第1F圖及對應的流程圖200的操作212,退火矽層106的第一植入區108’及第二植入區110以分別形成摻雜多晶矽射極區116及118。在一實施例中,退火係在溫度約在攝氏850~1100度之範圍內持續約1~100分鐘之範圍而執行。在一實施例中,低磷摻質驅動係在加熱或退火執行。額外的實施例可如下述包含在光接收表面101的保護層或抗反射塗層120的形成,其範例係繪示於第1G圖。
應理解的是,雖然通常較佳的是在執行高溫退火和活化製程之前完成矽層106的非植入區的蝕刻(即去除),如上述所述,某些植入條件可以在紋理化蝕刻中導致本質上較高的反應(如相對於非植入區)。在此例子中,高溫退火可在溝槽蝕刻之前執行。
參照第1G圖,製造導電接觸122及124以分別接觸第一及第二摻雜多晶矽射極區116、118。在一實施例中,接觸係藉由首先沉積及圖樣化絕緣層140以具有開口,且接著在開口中形成一個或多個導電層而製成。在一實施例中,導電接觸122及124包含金屬,且藉由沉積、微影、及蝕刻方式或印刷製程而形成。
再次參照第1G圖,接著,在例示性實施例中,背接觸太陽能電池包含具有光接收表面101及背面的結晶矽基板102。第一多晶矽射極區116係設置於結晶矽基板102之上。第一多晶矽射極區116係摻有第一導電類型的摻雜質物質(如磷或砷原子),且更包含相異於第一導電類型的摻雜質物質的輔助雜質物質(如氮原子、碳原子、及/或氧原子)。第二
多晶矽射極區118係設置於結晶矽基板102之上,且鄰接但分隔於第一多晶矽射極區116。第二多晶矽射極區118係摻有第二相反導電類型的摻雜質物質(如硼原子)。第一及第二導電接觸結構122及124係分別電性連接第一及第二多晶矽射極區116及118。
在其他概念中,第4圖係示意地繪示依據本發明的實施例的加入移動晶圓及固定陰影遮罩的串列平台的圖樣化植入的剖面圖。
參照第4圖,串列平台400包含用以輸入具有矽層106的晶圓的晶圓輸入區。第一站450係配置以經由第一陰影遮罩植入第一導電類型的摻雜質原子,且進入設置於基板之上的材料層矽層106的第一區。第二站452係配置以經由第二陰影遮罩植入輔助雜質物質,且進入材料層矽層106的第一區。第三站454係配置以經由第三陰影遮罩植入第二相異導電類型的摻雜質原子,且進入材料層矽層106的第二相異區。在特定實施例中,如第4圖的輸出晶圓所例示,第一站450係配置以植入磷(或砷原子)或離子,第三站454係配置以植入硼原子或離子,且第二站452係配置以植入氮原子或離子(或碳原子或離子、或氧原子或離子)。
再次參照第4圖,固定模板遮罩402,如固定石墨遮罩,在植入期間係靠近但不接觸基板。雖繪示一個遮罩具有三個對應的狹縫圖樣,應注意的是,單獨的陰影遮罩通常將用於各個模組站450、452及454。分隔接收基板的可使用距離可藉由離子束可準直的角度來決定。典型的距離可介於50-250微米,其大約相同於矽太陽能晶圓基板的厚度的數量級。然而,距離可為1000微米(1毫米)高,其條件為在陰影遮罩的下緣最小化發散角(從垂直)。在一實施例中,植入區的所得圖樣為一維叉指圖樣。
在其他範例中,第5圖係示意地繪示依據本發明其他的實施例的加入移動晶圓及固定陰影遮罩的另一串列平台的圖樣化植入的剖面圖。
參照第5圖,串列平台500包含用於輸入晶圓的晶圓輸入區。第一站550係配置以經由第一陰影遮罩植入第一導電類型的摻雜質原子
(如磷或砷),並且進入設置於基板之上的材料層的第一區。第二站554係配置以經由第二陰影遮罩植入第二相異導電類型(例如硼)的摻雜質原子,並且進入材料層的第二相異區。入口552係提供包含前驅物(如CH4或C2H4)的碳、氮、或氧的交叉流入,以提供輔助雜質物質經由石墨遮罩與接收晶圓之間的空間送達。因此,亦可包含惰性氣體入口556(如氦氣)以提供惰性氣體流入,如第5圖所繪示。
再次參照第5圖,相似於第4圖的串列設備,系統係提供以藉由透過輔助雜質物質的使用之表面修改給予蝕刻阻抗予N型(P)植入手指(相對於非植入區域)。然而,相較於第4圖的串列設備。「輔助」或追蹤植入的相同好處或功效在不需額外的第三植入源及相關的額外遮罩校準的需求下來提供。在一個此實施例中,適合的前驅物(如甲烷或乙烯)的低流量係導入固定的石墨遮罩(用於磷或砷植入)與晶圓之間的窄間隙,以經由與至少某些流入離子通量的交互作用而產生淺表面修改。
第6圖係依據本發明其他實施例的對應於第5圖的串列平台的製造太陽能電池的方法的操作流程圖600。
參照流程圖600的操作602,製造太陽能電池的交替N型及P型射極區的方法包含形成矽層於基板之上。在操作604中,第一導電類型的摻雜質物質係植入矽層以形成第一植入區,產生矽層的非植入區。在操作606中,修改矽層的第一植入區的淺表面。修改係藉由流入相異於第一導電類型的摻雜質物質的輔助雜質物質的前驅物而執行。在一個此實施例中,流入輔助雜質物質的前驅物包含甲烷(CH4)或乙烯(C2H4)的交叉流入。
再次參照流程圖600,在操作608,第二相反導電類型的摻雜質物質係植入部分矽層的非植入區以形成第二植入區,產生矽層的剩餘非植入區。在操作610,矽層的剩餘非植入區係以保留至少一部份的第一植入區及保留矽層的第二植入區的選擇性蝕刻製程來移除。在操作610,退火矽層的第一植入區及第二植入區以形成摻雜多晶矽射極區。
在一實施例中,如上述,模板遮罩如固定石墨陰影遮罩可用於植入。在一範例中,第4圖及第5圖係依據本發明的實施例示意地繪示用於包含固定陰影遮罩的圖樣化植入的可能串列平台。在上述任一例子中,在一實施例中,某些沉積或殘餘累積可能發生於模板遮罩。在多個回合後,此沉積或累積可能要求自遮罩移除。應理解的是,可決定理想的回合數以平衡針對材料的過度累積於模板遮罩上的輸出,其可能在植入製程後以某些方式而影響。在一個此實施例中,在特定的回合數後,累積的材料係藉由選擇性蝕刻而移除,且模板遮罩可接著再使用。
應注意的是,狹縫遮罩的製造可藉由形成(如切割、蝕刻)狹縫於材料的均勻樣品中而執行。然而,在其他概念中,狹縫遮罩係使用材料層的堆疊而製造,其可切割或蝕刻以在其中提供狹縫圖樣。如一範例,第7A圖及第7B圖係依據本發明的實施例分別繪示從材料層堆疊而製造的狹縫遮罩的角度示意圖700及剖面圖702。參照第7A圖及第7B圖,在遮罩中的狹縫750的維度係藉由用於製造遮罩的單一層的厚度而決定。在一個此實施例中,個別的層為相互堆疊及束縛的個別矽晶圓。
因此,目標具有圖樣化能力的高效能太陽能應用的新高輸出離子植入工具的引入可應用於叉指背接觸(IBC)太陽能電池的製造。特別是,在物理或化學改變的例子係有關於執行離子植入操作,此植入可被開發以允許自我校準溝槽圖樣的形成。
總言之,雖上文中具體描述特定材料,可以落於本發明的實施例的精神與範疇內之其他實施例之其他材料來輕易地替換這些材料。舉例來說,在一實施例中,不同材料基板,如III-V族材料基板,可用以取代矽基板。在其他實施例中,可使用多晶或多種晶矽基板。此外,應理解的是,N+接著P+型摻雜的順序係特別用以描述太陽能電池的背面上的射極區,其他實施例係擬為包含相反的導電類型的順序,如P+接著N+型摻雜。此外,雖顯然參照背接觸太陽能電池排列,應理解的是,文中所述之方法亦可應用於前接觸太陽能電池。一般來說,文中描述的實施例可被實
施以提供用於製造高效率叉指背接觸(IBC)型太陽能電池的低成本、高輸出離子植入平台。特定實施例可提供用於產生在藉由植入所形成之射極區之中自我校準溝槽的較佳方法。
因此,已揭露了使用離子植入製造太陽能電池射極區的方法、及產生的太陽能電池。
雖文中描述了特定的實施例,這些實施例並非意圖限制本發明的範疇,即使相關於特定特徵僅描述了單一實施例。提供於本發明的特徵的範例係意圖示意而非限制,除非另有陳述。上述描述係意圖涵蓋對所屬技術領域的通常知識者顯而易見的具有本發明效益之選擇、修改、及等效物。
本發明的範疇包含文中所述的任何特徵或特徵的結合(明確的或隱含的),或其任何歸納,無論其是否緩和任何或所有文中所指出的問題。因此,任何此類特徵的組合的新的申請專利範圍可在本發明(或本發明主張優先權之申請案)的審查期間制定。特別是,參照後附的申請專利範圍,附屬項的特徵可結合獨立項,且獨立項的特徵可以任何適合的方式結合,且並非僅限於後附的申請專利範圍中所列舉的特定組合。
101:光接收表面
102:基板
104:薄氧化層
114:溝槽
116、118:摻雜多晶矽射極區
120:抗反射塗層
122、124:導電接觸
140:絕緣層
Claims (17)
- 一種製造太陽能電池的交替N型射極區及P型射極區的方法,該方法包含:形成一矽層於一基板之上;植入一第一導電類型的一摻雜質物質至該矽層中,以形成一第一植入區並且產生該矽層的一非植入區;植入一輔助雜質物質至該矽層的該第一植入區,該輔助雜質物質相異於該第一導電類型的該摻雜質物質;植入相反之一第二導電類型的一摻雜質物質至部份該矽層的該非植入區,以形成一第二植入區並且產生該矽層的一剩餘非植入區;以保留至少一部份該第一植入區及保留該矽層的該第二植入區的一選擇性蝕刻製程移除該矽層的該剩餘非植入區;以及退火該矽層的該第一植入區及該第二植入區,以形成一摻雜多晶矽射極區,其中植入該第一導電類型的該摻雜質物質包含植入磷或砷原子或離子,其中植入該第二導電類型的該摻雜質物質包含植入硼原子或離子,且其中植入該輔助雜質物質至該第一植入區包含植入選自由氮原子或離子、碳原子或離子、及氧原子或離子所組成的群組之物質。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中植入該輔助雜質物質至該矽層的該第一植入區包含形成相對該第一植入區之一的該輔助雜質物質的一對應區域,該輔助雜質物質的該對應區域完 全地位於相對該第一植入區之一者中。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項所述的方法,其中形成相對該第一植入區之一者的該輔助雜質物質的該對應區域包含形成具有寬度小於相對該第一植入區之一者的寬度的該輔助雜質物質的該對應區域。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述的方法,其中移除該矽層的該剩餘非植入區更包含移除未包含該輔助雜質物質的該對應區域的部分該第一植入區。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項所述的方法,其中形成相對該第一植入區之一者的該輔助雜質物質的該對應區域包含於該矽層中形成具有深度小於相對該第一植入區之一者的深度的該輔助雜質物質的該對應區域。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中退火該矽層的該第一植入區及該第二植入區包含接著以該選擇性蝕刻製程移除該矽層的該剩餘非植入區後執行退火。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中形成該矽層包含使用一低壓化學氣相沉積(LPCVD)或一電漿增強化學氣相沉積(PECVD)形成一非晶矽層。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中植入磷或砷原子或離子包含植入以形成在該矽層中的磷或砷原子的濃度範圍為約1E19-1E20原子/cm3,其中植入硼原子或離子包含植入以形成在該矽層中的硼原子的濃度範圍為約1E19-1E20原子/cm3,且其中植入選自由氮原子或離子、碳原子或離子、及氧原子或離子所組成的群組的該物質包含植入以形成該矽層中氮原子、碳 原子、或氧原子的濃度範圍為約1E19-1E21原子/cm3。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中植入該第一導電類型的該摻雜質物質包含經由具有一第一狹縫圖樣的一第一陰影遮罩植入,其中植入該輔助雜質物質至該第一植入區包含經由具有該第一狹縫圖樣的一第二陰影遮罩植入,且其中植入該第二導電類型的該摻雜質物質包含經由具有相異之一第二狹縫圖樣的一第三陰影遮罩植入。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項所述的方法,其中經由該第二陰影遮罩植入包含經由具有狹縫之維度窄於該第一陰影遮罩的狹縫之該第二陰影遮罩來植入。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項所述的方法,其中經由該第一陰影遮罩、該第二陰影遮罩、及該第三陰影遮罩的植入包含分別經由一第一固定石墨陰影遮罩、一第二固定石墨陰影遮罩、及一第三固定石墨陰影遮罩來植入,且其中該第一固定石墨陰影遮罩、該第二固定石墨陰影遮罩、及該第三固定石墨陰影遮罩在植入期間靠近但未接觸該矽層。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項所述的方法,其中該第一狹縫圖樣及該第二狹縫圖樣共同形成一維叉指圖樣。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中以該選擇性蝕刻製程移除該矽層的該剩餘非植入區包含使用一氫氧化物基濕蝕刻劑,該方法更包含使用該選擇性蝕刻製程以紋理化暴露於移除該矽層的該剩餘非植入區的部分該基板。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中形成該矽層包含形成該矽層於設置於該基板的一薄氧化層上,其中該基板為一單晶 矽基板。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其進一步包含:形成一導電接觸電性連接該摻雜多晶矽射極區。
- 一種製造太陽能電池的交替N型射極區及P型射極區的方法,該方法包含:形成一矽層於一基板之上;植入一第一導電類型的一摻雜質物質於該矽層中,以形成一第一植入區並且產生該矽層的一非植入區;修改該矽層的該第一植入區的淺表面,該修改係藉由流入相異於該第一導電類型的該摻雜質物質的一輔助雜質物質的一前驅物而執行;植入相反之一第二導電類型的一摻雜質物質於部分該矽層的該非植入區,以形成一第二植入區並且產生該矽層的一剩餘非植入區;以保留至少一部份該第一植入區及保留該矽層的該第二植入區的一選擇性蝕刻製程來移除該矽層的該剩餘非植入區;以及退火該矽層的該第一植入區及該第二植入區,以形成一摻雜多晶矽射極區,其中植入該第一導電類型的該摻雜質物質包含植入磷或砷原子或離子,其中植入該第二導電類型的該摻雜質物質包含植入硼原子或離子,且其中流入該輔助雜質物質的該前驅物包含交叉流入甲烷(CH4)或乙烯(C2H4)。
- 一種背接觸太陽能電池,其包含:一結晶矽基板,具有一光接收表面及一背面;一第一多晶矽射極區,設置於該結晶矽基板之上,該第一多晶矽射極區摻雜一第一導電類型的一摻雜質物質,且更包含相異於該第一導電類型的該摻雜質物質的一輔助雜質物質;一第二多晶矽射極區,設置於該結晶矽基板之上,且鄰接但分隔該第一多晶矽射極區,該第二多晶矽射極區摻雜相反之一第二導電類型的一摻雜質物質;以及一第一導電接觸結構及一第二導電接觸結構,分別電性連接於該第一多晶矽射極區及該第二多晶矽射極區,其中該第一導電類型的該摻雜質物質包含磷或砷原子,其中該第二導電類型的該摻雜質物質包含硼原子,且其中該輔助雜質物質包含選自由氮原子、碳原子、及氧原子所組成的群組之物質。
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