TWI649433B - 合金化銀線 - Google Patents
合金化銀線 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI649433B TWI649433B TW105127123A TW105127123A TWI649433B TW I649433 B TWI649433 B TW I649433B TW 105127123 A TW105127123 A TW 105127123A TW 105127123 A TW105127123 A TW 105127123A TW I649433 B TWI649433 B TW I649433B
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- Prior art keywords
- range
- wire
- core
- silver wire
- alloyed
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3006—Ag as the principal constituent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
- B23K35/0261—Rods, electrodes, wires
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
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- B23K35/0266—Rods, electrodes, wires flux-cored
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
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- B23K35/0261—Rods, electrodes, wires
- B23K35/0272—Rods, electrodes, wires with more than one layer of coating or sheathing material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/14—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of noble metals or alloys based thereon
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- Wire Bonding (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
Abstract
一種包含線芯或由線芯組成之合金化銀線,該線芯本身由以下組成:(a)鈀,其量在3至6wt.-%範圍內,(b)金,其量在0.2至2wt.-%範圍內,(c)鎳,其量在20至700wt.-ppm範圍內,(d)鉑,其量在20至500wt.-ppm範圍內,(e)銀,其量在91.88至96.786wt,-%範圍內,及(f)0至100wt.-ppm之其他組分,其中所有以wt.-%及wt.-ppm為單位之量係基於該芯之總重量,其中該合金化銀線具有在8至80μm範圍內之平均直徑。
Description
本發明係關於一種8至80μm厚之合金化銀線,其包含以特定重量比包含銀、鈀、金、鎳及鉑之線芯。本發明進一步關於用於製造此類線之方法。
接線在電子及微電子應用中之用途為眾所周知的現有技術水平。儘管一開始接線係由金製得,但如今使用較便宜之材料,諸如銅、銅合金、銀及銀合金。
關於線幾何結構,最常見的為圓形橫截面之接線及具有近乎矩形橫截面之接合帶。兩種類型之線幾何結構皆具有使其適用於特定應用之其優勢。
本發明之一目標為提供適合用於線接合應用之合金化銀線,合金化銀線尤其在抗腐蝕性及抗濕性方面得到改善,且亦呈現與線接合應用相關之總體上非常均衡之特性範圍,其包括(例如)寬針腳式接合窗、形成具有良好再現性之軸對稱無空氣焊球(FAB)、低FAB硬度、高針腳式接合拉伸強度、軟線、低電阻率、低電遷移等。
該物品解決方案之貢獻係由形成類別之請求項的標的物提供。形成類別之請求項的從屬性附屬項表示本發明之較佳實施例,其標的物亦對解決上文提及之目標作出貢獻。
在第一態樣中,本發明係關於一種合金化銀線,其包含電線芯或由電線芯組成(下文中亦稱簡稱為「芯」),電線芯本身由以下組
成:(a)鈀,其量在3至6wt.-%(重量%)範圍內,較佳在4至5wt.-%範圍內,(b)金,其量在0.2至2wt.-%範圍內,較佳在0.5至1.5wt.-%範圍內,(c)鎳,其量在20至700wt.-ppm(百萬分之重量、按重量計百萬分之一)範圍內,較佳在275至325wt.-ppm範圍內,(d)鉑,其量在20至500wt.-ppm範圍內,較佳在75至125wt.-ppm範圍內,(e)銀,其量在91.88至96.786wt.-%範圍內,較佳在93.455至95.3875wt.-%範圍內,及(f)0至100wt.-ppm之其他組分(鈀、金、鎳、鉑及銀以外之組分),其中所有以wt.-%及wt.-ppm為單位之量係基於芯之總重量,其中合金化銀線具有在8至80μm範圍內、或甚至在12至55μm範圍內之平均直徑。
合金化銀線較佳為用於微電子中之接合的接線。合金化銀線較佳為單件式物品。眾多形狀為已知的且顯得適用於本發明之合金化銀線。較佳形狀為(在橫截面圖中)圓形、橢圓形及矩形形狀。
簡言之,可藉由「量尺寸方法」獲得線或線芯之平均直徑或直徑。根據此方法測定限定長度之合金化銀線的物理重量。基於此重量,使用線材料密度計算線或線芯直徑。直徑經計算為特定線之五個切口上的五個量測值之算術平均值。
對於本發明,術語「接線」包含所有橫截面形狀及所有常見線直徑,但具有圓形橫截面及薄直徑之接線為較佳的。
與前述一致,線芯以前文揭示之成比例的比率包含(a)鈀、(b)
金、(c)鎳、(d)鉑及(e)銀。然而,本發明之合金化銀線的芯可以0至100wt.-ppm之總量包含(f)其他組分。在本上下文中,常亦稱為「不可避免的雜質」之其他組分為來源於存在於所用原材料中之雜質或來源於線製造方法之少量化學元素及/或化合物,亦即(f)型其他組分之存在可(例如)來源於存在於銀、鈀、金、鎳及鉑中之一或多者中的雜質。此類其他組分之實例為:Cu、Fe、Si、Mn、Cr、Ce、Mg、La、Al、B、Zr、Ti、S等。其他組分(f)之0至100wt.-ppm的低總量確保線特性之良好再現性。通常不分開添加存在於芯中之其他組分(f)。
在一實施例中,本發明之合金化銀線的芯包含小於以下量之其他組分(f):(i)Cu,其量<30wt.-ppm;(ii)Cr、Ce、Mg、La、Al、Be、In、Mn、Ti中之任一者,其量各<2wt.-ppm;(iii)Si、Fe、S中之任一者,其量各<15wt.-ppm。
本上下文中之合金化銀線的芯經定義為塊狀材料之均質區域。因為任何塊狀材料始終具有可在一定程度上呈現不同特性之表面區域,所以線芯之特性理解為塊狀材料均質區域之特性。塊狀材料區域之表面就形態、組成(例如硫、氯及/或氧氣含量)及其他特徵而言可為不同的。表面可為線芯之外表面;在此實施例中,本發明之合金化銀線由線芯組成。在一替代方案中,表面可為線芯及疊加於線芯上之塗層之間的界面區域。
在本發明之上下文中,術語「疊加」用於描述例如線芯之第一物品相對於例如塗層之第二物品的相對位置。「疊加」特徵在於諸如中間層之其他物品可(但不需要)配置於第一及第二物品之間。較佳地,各相對於第一物品之總表面,第二物品至少部分地疊加於第一物品上,例如達至少30%、50%、70%或達至少90%。最佳地,第二物
品完全疊加於第一物品上。
在本發明之上下文中,術語「中間層」係指在合金化銀線之芯及疊加於其上之塗層之間的合金化銀線之區域。在此區域中,存在芯及塗層兩者的材料之組合。
在本發明之上下文中,術語「厚度」用於定義層在垂直於芯之縱向軸線的方向上的尺寸,該層至少部分地疊加於芯之表面上。
在一實施例中,芯具有表面,其中將塗層疊加於芯之表面上。
在一實施例中,各相對於芯之總質量,塗層之質量不超過5wt.-%,較佳不超過2wt.-%或更低。當存在塗層時,各相對於芯之總質量,其常具有0.1wt.-%或更高、或0.5wt.-%或更高之最小質量。將少量材料塗覆為塗層保持由線芯材料定義之特徵。另一方面,塗層賦予線表面以特定特徵,諸如相對於環境之惰性、抗腐蝕性、改善之黏結性等。舉例而言,對於直徑為18μm之線,塗層之厚度在20至120nm範圍內。對於具有25μm之直徑的線,塗層可具有(例如)在30至150nm範圍內之厚度。
在一實施例中,塗層可由貴金屬元素製成。塗層可為該元素之一的單層。在另一實施例中,塗層可為多層,其包括多個疊加相鄰子層,其中各子層由不同貴金屬元素製成。用於沈積此類貴金屬元素於芯上之常用技術為諸如電鍍及無電極電鍍之鍍覆、諸如濺鍍、離子電鍍、真空蒸發及物理氣相沈積之材料自氣相之沈積、及材料自熔融物之沈積。
在一實施例中,本發明之合金化銀線或其芯至少特徵在於以下固有特性中之一者(參見如下所述之「測試方法A」):(1)平均線粒度(平均粒度)小於10μm,例如在2至6μm範圍內,較佳在2至4μm範圍內,(2)線晶粒[100]或[101]或[111]定向平面小於10%,例如在1%至
8%範圍內,較佳在2%至7%範圍內,(3)線孿晶間界分數小於60%,例如在30%至60%範圍內,較佳在45%至50%範圍內,(4)FAB呈現兩種類型之晶粒結構的組合:等軸化晶粒(晶粒近似環繞有不均勻邊界)及柱狀晶粒(晶粒經拉長),(5)FAB平均粒度8μm,例如在3至6μm範圍內,較佳在4至5μm範圍內,(6)FAB晶粒[101]定向平面小於25%,例如在8%至22%範圍內,較佳在16%至20%範圍內,(7)FAB孿晶間界分數小於70%,例如在30%至65%範圍內,較佳在55%至60%範圍內,及/或至少特徵在於以下非固有特性中之一者:(α)抗腐蝕性具有不超過2%接合球上升之值,例如在0至2%範圍內(參見如下所述之「測試方法B」),(β)抗濕性具有不超過2%接合球上升之值,例如在0至2%範圍內(參見如下所述之「測試方法C」),(γ)線芯之硬度不超過90 HV,例如在50至90 HV範圍內,較佳在70至80 HV範圍內(參見如下所述之「測試方法D」),(δ)用於針腳式接合之製程窗區域具有至少12000mA.g之值,例如對於直徑為18μm之線,值為13000至14400mA.g(參見如下所述之具體揭示內容及「測試方法E」),(ε)線之電阻率小於4.5μΩ.cm,例如在3至4.2μΩ.cm範圍內,較佳在3.8至4.0μΩ.cm範圍內(參見如下所述之「測試方法F」),(ζ)線之屈服強度不超過180MPa,例如在140至180MPa範圍內(參見如下所述之「測試方法G」),(η)線之銀樹突狀生長不超過4μm/s,例如在2至4μm/s範圍內,
較佳在2至3μm/s範圍內(參見如下所述之「測試方法H」)。
本文所用之術語「固有特性」及「非固有特性」係關於線芯或FAB。固有特性意謂線芯或FAB本身具有之特性(獨立於其他因素),而非固有特性係視線芯或FAB與其他因素(如所用之量測方法及/或量測條件)之關係而定。
在本發明之一較佳實施例之情況下,線芯之硬度(即接合之前的硬度)小於90 HV,較佳在70至80 HV範圍內。此外,在接合之前使用本發明之線所處理之FAB的硬度小於80 HV,較佳在60至70 HV範圍內。線芯及FAB之此硬度或(更精確而言)柔軟度有助於在接合過程中防止損害敏感性基體。實驗亦已顯示本發明之此類軟線呈現極軟FAB特性。若機械敏感性結構排列於結合襯墊之下,則FAB硬度之此限制為尤其有用的。若結合襯墊由如鋁或金之軟材料組成,則此尤為正確。舉例而言,敏感性結構可包含一個或若干個多孔二氧化矽層,其尤其具有小於2.5之介電常數。因為材料可有助於提昇裝置效能,所以此多孔及因此薄弱材料變得愈加常用。因此,本發明之接線的機械特性可經優化以避免此類薄弱層之開裂或其他損害。
在一特定實施例中,本發明之合金化銀線呈現銀樹突狀生長,其速率小於4μm/s,例如在2至小於4μm/s範圍內,較佳在2至3μm/s範圍內,其為4N純銀線之約25μm/s生長速率的約1/10至1/7。
在另一有利實施例中,線之電阻率小於4.5μΩ.cm,例如在3至4.2μΩ.cm範圍內,較佳在3.8至4.0μΩ.cm範圍內,亦即意謂適用於許多應用。
在另一態樣中,本發明亦關於用於製造上文揭示之其實施例中任一者之合金化銀線的方法。方法至少包含以下步驟:(1)提供前驅體物品,其由以下組成:(a)鈀,其量在3至6wt.-%範圍內,較佳在4至5wt.-%範圍內,
(b)金,其量在0.2至2wt.-%範圍內,較佳在0.5至1.5wt.-%範圍內,(c)鎳,其量在20至700wt.-ppm範圍內,較佳在275至325wt.-ppm範圍內,(d)鉑,其量在20至500wt.-ppm範圍內,較佳在75至125wt.-ppm範圍內,(e)銀,其量在91.88至96.786wt.-%範圍內,較佳在93.455至95.3875wt.-%範圍內,及(f)0至100wt.-ppm之其他組分,其中所有以wt.-%及wt.-ppm為單位之量係基於前驅體物品之總重量,(2)伸長前驅體物品以形成線前驅體,直至獲得線芯之所要最終直徑;及(3)在完成方法步驟(2)後,在400至600℃範圍內之烘箱設定溫度下,對所獲得之線前驅體進行最終帶材退火達0.4至0.8秒範圍內之暴露時間以形成合金化銀線,其中步驟(2)包括在400至800℃之烘箱設定溫度下,對伸長前驅體物品進行中度分批退火達50至150分鐘範圍內之暴露時間的一或多個子步驟,及/或在400至800℃之烘箱設定溫度下,對伸長前驅體物品進行中度帶材退火達0.4秒至1.2秒範圍內之暴露時間的一或多個子步驟。
在本文中使用術語「帶材退火」。其為允許快速生產具有高再現性之線的連續製程。帶材退火意謂動態地進行退火,同時伸長線前驅體物品或待退火之線前驅體經移動穿過退火烘箱且在已離開退火箱後經纏繞於卷軸上。
在本文中使用術語「烘箱設定溫度」。其意謂退火烘箱之溫度控
制器中所固定之溫度。退火烘箱可為室爐型烘箱(在分批退火之情況下)或管狀退火烘箱(在帶材退火之情況下)。
本發明區分前驅體物品、線前驅體及合金化銀線。術語「前驅體物品」用於彼等線前階段,其尚未達到線芯之所要最終直徑,而術語「線前驅體」用於具有所要最終直徑之線前階段。在完成方法步驟(3)後,亦即在對具有所要最終直徑之線前驅體進行最終帶材退火後,獲得本發明意義上之合金化銀線。
可藉由以所要量之鈀、金、鎳及鉑合金/摻雜銀來獲得如方法步驟(1)中所提供之前驅體物品。銀合金本身可藉由熟習金屬合金之技術者已知的習知方法來製備,例如藉由以所要比率將銀、鈀、金、鎳及鉑熔融在一起。在此情況下,有可能使用一或多種習知母合金。可例如使用感應爐進行熔融過程,且有利的是在真空下或在惰性氣體氛圍下操作。所用材料可具有例如99.99wt.-%及更高之純度級。可冷卻如此產生之熔融物以形成基於銀之前驅體物品的均質件。通常,此前驅體物品呈棒狀物形式,其具有(例如)2至25mm之直徑及(例如)5至100m之長度。可藉由將該銀合金熔融物澆鑄於室溫之合適模具中,隨後冷卻及固化來製造此棒狀物。
若如本發明之第一態樣之部分實施例所揭示,呈單層或多層形式之塗層存在於合金化銀線之芯上,則較佳將此塗層塗覆至線前驅體物品上,該物品可尚未經伸長,未經最終伸長或甚至充分伸長至所要最終直徑。技術人員知道如何計算前驅體物品上之此塗層的厚度,以獲得具有線之實施例所揭示之厚度的塗層,亦即在伸長具有塗層之前驅體物品以形成線前驅體之後。如上文已揭示,根據實施例用於在銀合金表面上形成材料之塗層的眾多技術為已知的。較佳技術為諸如電鍍及無電極電鍍之鍍覆、諸如濺鍍、離子電鍍、真空蒸發及物理氣相沈積之材料自氣相之沈積、及材料自熔融物之沈積。
為了將呈單層或多層之金屬塗層疊加至本發明之第一態樣的部分實施例揭示之線芯上,有利的是一旦達到前驅體物品之所要直徑,即中斷方法步驟(2)。此直徑可在(例如)80至200μm範圍內。隨後可(例如)藉由一或多種電鍍方法步驟來塗覆單層或多層金屬塗層。其後持續方法步驟(2)直至獲得線芯之所要最終直徑。
在方法步驟(2)中,伸長前驅體物品以形成線前驅體,直至獲得線芯之所要最終直徑。在本發明之上下文中,伸長前驅體物品以形成線前驅體之技術為已知的且顯得實用。較佳技術為輥軋、型鍛、模拉伸或類似者,其中模拉伸尤佳。在後一情況中,在若干方法步驟中拉伸前驅體物品直至達到線芯之所要及最終直徑。
線芯之所要及最終直徑可在8至80μm範圍內,或較佳在12至55μm範圍內。熟習此項技術者熟知此線模拉伸方法。可使用習知碳化鎢及金剛石拉伸模,且可使用習知拉伸潤滑劑以支援拉伸。
本發明之方法的步驟(2)包括在400至800℃之烘箱設定溫度下,對伸長前驅體物品進行中度分批退火達50至150分鐘範圍內之暴露時間的一或多個子步驟,及/或在400至800℃之烘箱設定溫度下,對伸長前驅體物品進行中度帶材退火達0.4秒至1.2秒範圍內之暴露時間的一或多個子步驟。可在兩個或多於兩個多伸長或拉伸步驟之間進行一或多個伸長前驅體物品之中度退火步驟。為了藉由實例說明此步驟,在拉伸期間可在三個不同階段進行三個中度退火步驟,例如,第一中度分批退火:在400至800℃之烘箱設定溫度範圍內,將棒狀物拉伸至2mm之直徑且纏繞於捲筒上達50至150分鐘之暴露時間,第二中度帶材退火:在400至800℃之烘箱設定溫度範圍內,將前驅體物品拉伸至47μm之直徑達0.4至1.2秒之暴露時間,及第三中度帶材退火:在400至800℃之烘箱設定溫度範圍內,進一步將前驅體物品拉伸至27μm之直徑達0.4至1.2秒之暴露時間。
在方法步驟(3)中,對完成方法步驟(2)後所獲得之伸長線前驅體進行最終帶材退火。在(例如)400至600℃烘箱設定溫度範圍內進行最終帶材退火達0.4至0.8秒之暴露時間,或在一較佳實施例中,在400至500℃範圍內達0.5至0.7秒。
通常藉由以指定退火速度將伸長線前驅體拉伸穿過習知退火烘箱來進行最終帶材退火,該退火箱通常呈具有指定長度及限定溫度分佈之圓柱管形式,該速度經選擇介於例如10至60公尺/分鐘範圍內。這樣做可限定及設定退火時間/烘箱溫度參數。
在一較佳實施例中,在水中淬滅最終經帶材退火之合金化銀線,在一實施例中,水可含有一或多種添加劑,例如0.01至0.07體積%之添加劑。在水中淬滅意謂(例如)藉由浸漬或滴注,立即或快速(亦即在0.2至0.6秒內)將最終經帶材退火之合金化銀線自其在方法步驟(3)中經歷之溫度冷卻至室溫。
關於本發明之一實施例,發現在低於最大伸長率之溫度的溫度下進行最終帶材退火可引起有益線特性,此係因為可以積極方式影響線形態。藉由此調整,可以積極方式影響如(例如)線硬度、球接合性能等之其他特性。
在一實施例中,可在比藉由退火獲得最大伸長率值之溫度至少低150℃、例如低200至220℃之溫度下進行最終帶材退火;此可導致退火後線之伸長率值不超過最大伸長率值之70%,例如最大伸長率值之20%至60%。舉例而言,可在比最大伸長率之溫度TΔL(max)至少低150℃、較佳至少低180℃、或至少低200℃之溫度下進行方法步驟(3)。
方法步驟(3)之溫度常不比TΔL(max)低超過250℃。藉由測試樣品(線)在不同溫度下之斷裂伸長率來測定最大伸長率之溫度TΔL(max)。在曲線圖中收集資料點,其顯示作為溫度(℃)之函數的伸長率(以%計)。所得曲線圖常稱為「退火曲線」。在基於銀之線的情況下,當伸
長率(以%計)達至最大時觀測溫度。此為最大伸長率之溫度TΔL(max)。一實例顯示於圖1中,其顯示樣品2之18μm合金化銀線的例示性退火曲線(表1)。退火溫度為x軸之可變參數。曲線圖顯示線之斷裂負載(BL,以公克計)及伸長率(EL,以%計)的量測值。藉由拉伸測試來測定伸長率。伸長率量測值呈現在所顯示之實例中約20%之典型局部最大值,其在約700℃之退火溫度下獲得。若不在此最大伸長率之溫度下,而是在比最大伸長率之溫度低210℃之490℃下對樣品2之線進行最終帶材退火,則結果為約8%之伸長率值,其比最大伸長率值低超過40%。
可在惰性或還原氛圍中進行方法步驟(2)之中度退火以及方法步驟(3)之最終帶材退火。眾多類型之惰性氛圍以及還原氛圍為此項技術中已知的且用於吹洗退火烘箱。在已知惰性氛圍中,氮或氬為較佳的。在已知還原氛圍中,氫為較佳的。另一較佳還原氛圍為氫及氮之混合物。較佳氫及氮之混合物為90至98vol.-%之氮及相應地2至10vol.-%之氫,其中總vol.-%為100vol.-%。較佳氮/氫之混合物等於93/7、95/5及97/3vol.-%/vol.-%,其各基於混合物之總體積。若合金化銀線表面之某些部分對由空氣之氧所致之氧化反應具有敏感性,則尤佳在退火中施加還原氛圍。用該等類型之惰性或還原氣體吹洗較佳在處於10至125min-1範圍內、更佳處於15至90min-1範圍內、最佳處於20至50min-1範圍內之氣體交換速率(=氣體流動速率[公升/分鐘]:烘箱內體積[公升])下進行。
咸信前驅體物品材料之組成(其與成品合金化銀線芯之彼者相同)及在方法步驟(2)及(3)期間之主要退火參數的獨特組合對獲得呈現至少一種上文揭示之固有及/或非固有的特性之本發明的線而言為重要的。中度及最終帶材退火步驟之溫度/時間條件允許獲得或調整合金化銀線芯之固有及非固有的特性。
完成方法步驟(3)後,完成本發明之合金化銀線。為了充分受益於其特性,有利的是或立即(亦即毫不耽擱)將其用於線接合應用,例如在完成方法步驟(3)後不超過10天內。或者,為了保持合金化銀線之寬線接合製程窗特性且為了防止其氧化或受到其他化學侵蝕,通常在完成方法步驟(3)之後立即(亦即毫不耽擱)將成品線纏繞及真空密封,例如在完成方法步驟(3)後<1至5小時內,且隨後儲存以供進一步用作接線。儲存於真空密封條件下不應超出6個月。在打開真空密封件後,應在不超過10天內將合金化銀線用於線接合。
較佳的是,在無塵室條件(US FED STD 209E無塵室標準,1k標準)下進行所有方法步驟(1)至(3)以及纏繞及真空密封。
本發明之第三態樣為藉由前文揭示的本發明之第二態樣的方法或其一實施例,合金化銀線為可獲得的。已發現該合金化銀線較適合用作線接合應用中之接線。線接合技術為技術人員所熟知。在線接合過程中,典型的是形成球接合(第1接合)及針腳式接合(第2接合,楔形接合)。在形成接合期間施加某一力(通常以公克計),藉由施加超音波能(通常以毫安計)來支持該力。線接合方法中之施加力上限及下限之差及施加超聲波能上限及下限之差的數學乘積定義線接合製程窗:(施加力上限-施加力下限).(施加超聲波能上限-施加超聲波能下限)=線接合製程窗。
線接合製程窗定義力/超聲波能組合之區域,該區域允許形成符合規格之線接合,亦即該線接合通過如(僅舉幾個為例)習知拉伸測試、球剪切測試及球拉伸測試之習知測試。
換句話說,第1接合(球接合)製程窗區域為用於接合中之力上限及下限之差與施加超聲波能上限及下限之差的乘積,其中所得接合必須符合某些球剪切測試規格,例如0.0085公克/平方微米之球剪切、黏附於接合襯墊上等,而第2接合(針腳式接合)製程窗區域為用於接合
中之力上限及下限之差與施加超聲波能上限及下限之差的乘積,其中所得接合必須符合某些拉伸測試規格,例如2.5公克之拉力,黏附於鉛上等。
對於工業應用,出於線接合方法魯棒性之原因,期望具有寬線接合製程窗(力(以g計)比超聲波能(以mA計))。本發明之線呈現極寬線接合製程窗。
以下非限制性實例說明本發明。此等實例用於本發明之例示性闡明,且無論如何並不意欲限制本發明之範疇或申請專利範圍。
製備FAB:
根據描述於KNS Process User Guide for Free Air Ball(Kulicke & Soffa工業公司,Fort Washington,PA,美國,2002年,2009年5月31日)中之程序進行操作。藉由進行習知電火炬(EFO)焙燒,藉由標準焙燒(單步驟,18mA之EFO電流,420μs之EFO時間)來製備FAB。
在T=20℃及相對濕度RH=50%下進行所有測試及量測。
A.線及FAB之電子反向散射繞射(EBSD)圖分析:
量測線及FAB結構所用之主要步驟為樣品製備、獲得良好菊池(Kikuchi)圖及組分計算:首先使用環氧樹脂罐封有或無FAB之線,且按照標準金相技術進行拋光。在最終樣品製備步驟中應用離子研磨以移除線表面之任何機械變形、污染及氧化層。用金濺鍍經離子研磨之橫截面樣品表面。隨後進行兩個另外回合之離子研磨及金濺鍍。不進行化學蝕刻或離子蝕刻。
將樣品載入至具有與正常FESEM(場發射掃描電子顯微鏡)樣品固持器表面成70°角之固持器的FESEM中。該FESEM另外配備有
EBSD偵測器。獲得含有線結晶信息之電子反向散射圖案(EBSP)。
進一步分析此等圖案之晶粒定向分數、平均粒度等(使用稱作QUANTAX EBSD程式之軟體,其由Bruker研發)。類似定向之點分組在一起以形成結構組分。為了區分不同結構組分,使用15°之最大公差角度。將線拉伸方向設定為參考定向。藉由量測具有平行於參考定向之[100]、[101]及[111]定向平面之晶體的百分比來計算[100]、[101]及[111]結構百分比。
分析界定大於最小值(本文為10°)之相鄰晶格點之間的結晶定向之平均粒度,以確定晶界位置。EBSD軟體計算各晶粒之面積且將其轉化為等效圓直徑,等效圓直徑定義為「平均晶粒尺寸」。計算沿長度在~100μm內之線的縱向方向之所有晶粒,以確定平均晶粒尺寸之平均值及標準差。
平均粒度計算中不包括孿晶間界(亦稱作Σ3 CSL孿晶間界)。孿晶間界係由圍繞相鄰結晶晶疇之間的<111>定向平面之60°旋轉描述。點之數量取決於步長,其小於平均晶粒尺寸之1/5。
B.接合球之鹽溶液浸泡測試:
將線球接合至Al-0.5wt.-%Cu接合墊。在25℃下將具有如此接合之線的測試裝置浸泡於鹽溶液中達10分鐘,用去離子(DI)水洗滌,且隨後用丙酮洗滌。鹽溶液包含20wt.-ppm NaCl於去離子水中。在低倍顯微鏡(Nikon MM-40)下以100X放大率檢測上升球之數量。較高上升球數量之觀測結果表明重度界面電流腐蝕。
C.接合球之抗濕性測試:
將線球接合至Al-0.5wt.-%Cu接合墊。在高加速應力測試(HAST)室中將具有如此接合線之測試裝置儲存在130℃溫度、85%相對濕度(RH)下達8小時,且隨後在低倍顯微鏡(Nikon MM-40)下以100X放大率檢測上升球之數量。較高上升球數量之觀測結果表明重度界面電流
腐蝕。
D.維氏微硬度(Vickers Micro-hardness):
使用具有維氏(Vickers)壓痕器之Mitutoyo HM-200測試設備量測硬度。將10mN壓痕負載之力施加至線之測試樣品達12秒之停留時間。在線芯之中心上及FAB上進行測試。
E.針腳式接合製程窗區域:
藉由標準程序進行接合製程窗區域之量測。使用KNS-iConn接合機工具(Kulicke & Soffa工業公司,Fort Washington,PA,美國)接合測試線。製程窗值係基於具有18μm之平均直徑的線,其中與線接合之引線指狀物由銀組成。
藉由克服兩個主要故障模式導出製程窗之四個角:(1)供應過低力及超聲波能導致線無法黏附於引線指狀物上(NSOL,non-stick on lead finger),及(2)供應過高力及超聲波能導致線短尾(SHTL)。
F.電阻率:
將測試樣品(亦即長度為1.0公尺之線)的兩端連接至提供恆定電流/電壓之電源。用裝置記錄針對供應電壓之電阻。量測裝置為HIOKI模型3280-10,且用至少10個測試樣品來重複測試。量測值之算術平均值用於以下給出之計算。
根據R=V/I計算電阻R。
根據ρ=(R x A)/L計算比電阻ρ,其中A為線之平均截面積,且L為用於量測電壓之裝置的兩個量測點之間的線長度。
根據σ=1/ρ計算比電導率。
G.伸長率(EL):
使用Instron-5564儀器測試線之拉伸特性。以2.54cm/min速度針對254mm標距(L)測試線。按照ASTM標準F219-96獲取斷裂(fracture
或break)上之負載及伸長率。伸長率為拉伸測試起始及結束之間線之標距(ΔL)之差,其通常報告為(100.ΔL/L)(以百分比計),其用所記錄之負載比延伸率拉伸圖來計算。用斷裂及屈服負載除以線區域來計算拉伸強度及屈服強度。藉由量尺寸方法、稱重標準長度之線及使用其密度來量測線之實際直徑。
H.線之電遷移測試:
在50X放大率之低倍顯微鏡Nikon MM40的接物鏡下,在PTFE板上以公釐內之距離使兩條線保持平行。藉由微量吸管在待用電連接之兩條線之間形成水滴。將一條線連接至正極且將另一條連接至負極,且向線施加5V。在閉路中對兩條線施加5V偏壓,將其串聯至10kΩ電阻器。藉由使用作為電解質之數滴去離子水潤濕兩條線來使電路閉合。銀在電解質中自陰極電遷移至陽極形成銀樹突,有時兩條線橋接在一起。銀樹突生長之速率強烈依賴於合金添加。所測試之線的直徑為75μm。
在各情況下,在坩堝中熔融一定量的具有至少99.99%純度(「4N」)之銀(Ag)、鈀(Pd)及金(Au)。將少量銀-鎳及銀-鉑母合金添加至熔融物中,且藉由攪拌確定所添加之組分的均勻分佈。使用以下銀-鎳及銀-鉑母合金:
針對表1之合金,添加母合金Ag-0.5wt.-%Ni及Ag-0.5wt.-%Pt之相應組合。
隨後用熔融物連續鑄造呈8mm棒狀物形式之線芯前驅體物品。隨後在若干拉伸步驟中拉伸線芯前驅體物品以形成具有18±0.5μm之指定直徑的線芯前驅體。線芯之橫斷面基本上為圓形形狀。
在500℃之烘箱設定溫度下對拉伸至2mm直徑及捲繞於捲筒上之棒狀物進行中度分批退火達60分鐘之暴露時間。在600℃之烘箱設定溫度下對拉伸至47μm之直徑的前驅體物品進行第二中度帶材退火達0.8秒之暴露時間,且在600℃之烘箱設定溫度下對拉伸至27μm之直徑的前驅體物品進行第三中度帶材退火達0.6秒之暴露時間。在490℃之烘箱設定溫度下對18μm線芯前驅體進行最終帶材退火達0.6秒之暴露時間,隨後在含有0.05vol.-%界面活性劑之水中淬滅如此獲得之線。使用氬吹洗氣體進行中度分批退火,而使用95vol.-%氮:5vol.-%氮吹洗混合氣體進行帶材退火。
藉由此程序,製造本發明之合金化銀線的若干不同樣品1至5及4N純度之比較性銀鎳(參考)。
表1顯示本發明之不同線(樣品1至5)的組成。鈀含量在3.5至4.5wt.-%範圍內。金含量在0.5至1.5wt.-%範圍內。鎳添加量在200至300wt.-ppm間變化。鉑含量各自地保持在50及100wt.-ppm。
量測線樣品1至5之粒度且報告平均粒度。在各情況下,結果在2至6μm範圍內。針對樣品2,平均粒度為2.83μm。
以下表2顯示接合線之抗腐蝕性及抗濕性、第2接合製程窗之性能及FAB形成之效能的評估結果。將上文所定義之線樣品1至5以及4N純銀比較性線接合至Al-0.5wt.-%Cu接合墊,且根據上文揭示之測試方法進行測試。除了針對75μm線進行之電遷移測試,所有測試係針
對18μm線進行。
所有線樣品產生較適用於工業應用之程序窗。觀測到接合球之抗腐蝕性及抗濕性的顯著改善。特定言之,線樣品2顯示接近零之值(亦即2球上升),相較於4N純銀線(參考)其為特別的改善。
此外,線樣品1至5之銀樹突狀生長大大低於4N純銀線之銀樹突狀生長。
表3顯示線樣品2之平均粒度及結構組分(線、FAB及熱影響區(HAZ))。
圖1顯示18μm銀-鈀-金-鎳-鉑合金線(樣品2,參見表1)之例示性退火曲線。藉由調整移動線之速度將退火時間選擇為恆定值。退火溫度為x軸之可變參數。曲線圖顯示線之斷裂負載(BL,以公克計)及伸長率(EL,以%計)的量測值。藉由拉伸測試來測定伸長率。伸長率量測值呈現在所顯示之實例中約20%之典型局部最大值,其在約700℃之退火溫度下獲得。樣品線2之退火在490℃下進行,根據圖1其比最大伸長率之溫度低210℃。此產生約8%之伸長率值,其比最大伸長率值低超過40%。
圖2顯示18μm銀-鈀-金-鎳-鉑合金線(樣品2,表1)之例示性離子研磨橫截面圖像。三個不同位置線之晶粒形態、HAZ及FAB為明顯的。在490℃、7.45% EL下對線樣品2進行退火。應用1.8之球與線尺寸比率(BSR)及18mA之EFO電流及420μs之EFO時間。
Claims (15)
- 一種包含線芯或由線芯組成之合金化銀線,該線芯本身由以下組成:(a)鈀,其量在3至6wt.-%範圍內,(b)金,其量在0.2至2wt.-%範圍內,(c)鎳,其量在20至700wt.-ppm範圍內,(d)鉑,其量在20至500wt.-ppm範圍內,(e)銀,其量在91.88至96.786wt.-%範圍內,及(f)0至100wt.-ppm之其他組分,其中所有以wt.-%及wt.-ppm為單位之量係基於該芯之總重量,其中該合金化銀線具有在8至80μm範圍內之平均直徑。
- 如請求項1之合金化銀線,其具有在12至55μm範圍內之平均直徑。
- 如請求項1之合金化銀線,其中該鈀量在4至5wt.-%範圍內。
- 如請求項1之合金化銀線,其中該金量在0.5至1.5wt.-%範圍內。
- 如請求項1之合金化銀線,其中該鎳量在275至325wt.-ppm範圍內。
- 如請求項1之合金化銀線,其中該鉑量在75至125wt.-ppm範圍內。
- 如請求項1之合金化銀線,其中該銀量在93.455至95.3875wt.-%範圍內。
- 如請求項1之合金化銀線,其在橫截面圖中具有圓形、橢圓形或矩形形狀。
- 如請求項1之合金化銀線,其中該線芯具有表面,其中該表面為外表面或介於該線芯及疊加於該線芯上之塗層之間的界面區域。
- 如請求項9之合金化銀線,其具有疊加於該線芯上之塗層,其中該塗層為由貴金屬元素製成之單層或包括多個疊加相鄰子層之多層,其中各子層由不同貴金屬元素製成。
- 如請求項1之合金化銀線,其中該線芯至少特徵在於以下固有特性中之一者:(1)平均線粒度小於10μm,(2)線晶粒[100]或[101]或[111]定向平面小於10%,(3)線孿晶間界分數不大於60%,(4)FAB呈現兩種類型之晶粒結構的組合:等軸化晶粒及柱狀晶粒,(5)FAB平均粒度8μm,(6)FAB晶粒[101]定向平面小於25%,(7)FAB孿晶間界分數小於70%,及/或至少特徵在於以下非固有特性中之一者:(α)抗腐蝕性具有不超過2%接合球上升之值,(β)抗濕性具有不超過2%接合球上升之值,(γ)該線芯之硬度不超過90HV,(δ)用於針腳式接合之製程窗區域具有至少12000mA.g之值,(ε)該線之電阻率小於4.5μΩ.cm,(ζ)該線之屈服強度不超過180MPa,(η)該線之銀樹突狀生長不超過4μm/s。
- 一種用於製造如請求項1至11中任一項之合金化銀線的方法,其中該方法至少包含以下步驟:(1)提供具有如請求項1之線芯組成的前驅體物品,(2)伸長該前驅體物品以形成線前驅體,直至獲得該線芯之所要最終直徑;及(3)在完成方法步驟(2)後,在400至600℃範圍內之烘箱設定溫度下,對所獲得之線前驅體進行最終帶材退火達0.4至0.8秒範圍內之暴露時間以形成該合金化銀線,其中步驟(2)包括在400至800℃之烘箱設定溫度下,對該伸長前驅體物品進行中度分批退火達50至150分鐘範圍內之暴露時間的一或多個子步驟,及/或在400至800℃之烘箱設定溫度下,對該伸長前驅體物品進行中度帶材退火達0.4秒至1.2秒範圍內之暴露時間的一或多個子步驟。
- 如請求項12之方法,其中在400至500℃範圍內之烘箱設定溫度下進行該最終帶材退火達0.5至0.7秒範圍內之暴露時間。
- 如請求項12之方法,其中在可含有一或多種添加劑之水中淬滅該經最終帶材退火之合金化銀線。
- 如請求項12之方法,其中在惰性或還原氛圍中進行方法步驟(2)之該中度退火以及方法步驟(3)之該最終帶材退火。
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