TWI517798B - 含陶瓷之防護高能量碎片及步槍子彈之頭盔 - Google Patents
含陶瓷之防護高能量碎片及步槍子彈之頭盔 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI517798B TWI517798B TW099135947A TW99135947A TWI517798B TW I517798 B TWI517798 B TW I517798B TW 099135947 A TW099135947 A TW 099135947A TW 99135947 A TW99135947 A TW 99135947A TW I517798 B TWI517798 B TW I517798B
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- Prior art keywords
- fibers
- ceramic
- helmet
- high tenacity
- layer
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H1/00—Personal protection gear
- F41H1/04—Protection helmets
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A42—HEADWEAR
- A42B—HATS; HEAD COVERINGS
- A42B3/00—Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
- A42B3/04—Parts, details or accessories of helmets
- A42B3/06—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets
- A42B3/062—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means
- A42B3/063—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means using layered structures
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B18/00—Layered products essentially comprising ceramics, e.g. refractory products
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
- B32B3/14—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by a face layer formed of separate pieces of material which are juxtaposed side-by-side
- B32B3/16—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by a face layer formed of separate pieces of material which are juxtaposed side-by-side secured to a flexible backing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
- B32B3/18—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by an internal layer formed of separate pieces of material which are juxtaposed side-by-side
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
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Description
本發明係關於用於軍事、法律執行及其他應用之防護性頭盔。更特定言之,該等頭盔提供抵抗高能量拋射體,包括碎片、手槍子彈及步槍子彈之防護。
防護性頭盔係眾所周知。此等頭盔已用於軍事及非軍事應用。後者之實例包括主要擔憂安全之法律執行用途、運動用途及其他類型用途。特定言之,用於軍事及法律執行用途之防護性頭盔需防彈。
一般頭盔係經構造以防護諸如手槍子彈之低能量拋射體。例如,目前最流行之軍事頭盔係由芳族聚醯胺纖維形成,一般以芳族聚醯胺纖維與諸如酚醛樹脂之樹脂材料一起的若干層體之形式。由芳族聚醯胺纖維形成之典型頭盔例如揭示於US 4,199,388、US 4,778,638及US 4,908,877中。然而,鑒於步槍子彈具有明顯增加之能量,而對此等頭盔要求防護步槍子彈之改良。防護步槍子彈之頭盔應穿戴相對舒適。要求防護之步槍子彈之實例包括NATO M80彈、AK 47、AK 74、俄羅斯LPS、歐洲SS 109及其類似物。
雖然目前所用之軍事及公安彈道頭盔係適用於低速度碎片及諸如手槍子彈之低能量子彈,但其等尚無法提供高能量碎片及步槍子彈之增強型防護。前者之實例包括來自手榴彈之碎片及來自其他爆炸性裝置之拋射體碎片。例如於2007年2月15日申請之正在審查中之美國專利申請案第11/706,719號中描述設計成防護拋射體碎片(而非步槍子彈)之頭盔。
技術上需求可提供軍事人員及其他使用者有效防護高能量碎片及步槍子彈的頭盔,因而當其等面對危險及潛在生命威脅狀況(諸如敵火)時,可顯著增強其等安全性。
本發明係關於抵抗高能量碎片及步槍子彈之頭盔的發現。更特定言之,已發現使用例如置於頭盔外殼層中之陶瓷及視需要與諸如纖維層之其他層組合可助於提供此所需防護。有利地,可以商業所要求之總厚度及重量製造具有所需抵抗程度之頭盔。
因此,本發明之實施例有關有效抵抗或防止高能量碎片及子彈穿過之頭盔。代表性頭盔包括一外殼,其包含由外向內之(a)一包含陶瓷之外層及(b)一包含複數個纖維層之內部襯底材料。根據更特定之實施例,陶瓷及襯底材料分別係以該外殼之重量計之約30%至約85%,及約10%至約50%之量存在。
在其他特定實施例中,陶瓷係以順應該外殼之弧線形狀的整塊或單一連續片段之形式。在一替代實施例中,陶瓷係以順應該外殼之弧線形狀的複數個陶瓷板之形式,例如該等板可係非平面且匹配頭盔外殼表面分離之特定扇形或區域形狀。就陶瓷板而言,此等可係彼此機械安裝或另外化學結合(例如使用諸如膠水或膠結劑之黏合劑)。
通常而言,內部襯底材料之纖維層包括樹脂基質中之高韌度纖維。根據特定實施例,約2至約250個纖維層及經常約5至約150個纖維層可併入襯底材料中。纖維層之代表性高韌度纖維包括聚烯烴纖維與芳族聚醯胺纖維。可使用不同類型的纖維與織物之組合。任何類型之高韌度纖維可在以編織、針織或不編織織物之形式的網狀物中。代表性樹脂基質包括熱固性及熱塑性樹脂。熱固性樹脂包括環氧樹脂、聚胺酯樹脂、聚酯樹脂、乙烯酯樹脂及酚醛樹脂。熱塑性樹脂包括異戊二烯-苯乙烯-異戊二烯嵌段共聚物及熱塑性聚胺酯。亦可應用包括至少一種熱固性樹脂及至少一種熱塑性樹脂之混合樹脂。
根據其他特定實施例,頭盔外殼可包含額外層體,包括可置於外層外之一撞擊吸收及/或防水材料層,例如作為相對包含陶瓷之外層更靠近頭盔外殼外部表面之外部層。此額外材料層可係例如閉孔發泡體,諸如乙烯基腈(例如PVC腈)、聚乙烯或乙烯基醋酸乙烯酯發泡體。可將一或多個黏著劑層,例如第一黏著劑層及第二黏著劑層分別置於(i)撞擊吸收材料層與包含陶瓷之外層間及(ii)此外層與內部襯底材料間。
在其他特定實施例中,外殼具有約0.5 lb/ft2(2.45 kg/m2)至約10 lb/ft2(48.9 kg/m2),一般約3 lb/ft2(14.7 kg/m2)至約8 lb/ft2(39.2 kg/m2),及經常約3 lb/ft2(14.7 kg/m2)至約5 lb/ft2(24.5 kg/m2)之面積密度且可抵抗具有至少約1600 J(1180 ft-lb),例如約1600 J(1180 ft-lb)至約4000 J(2950 ft-lb)之能量的步槍子彈。
本發明之其他實施例有關用於形成如上所述之頭盔的外殼之方法。該方法包括將一包含陶瓷之外層與一包含複數個纖維層之內部襯底材料提供至一模具,例如介於對置匹配之模具公模母模模頭部份間。通常而言,外層係置於匹配模頭模具中以使其相對內部襯底材料更靠近母模模頭部份之表面。此導致頭盔外殼係由相對內部襯底材料更靠近該頭盔外殼外部表面之包含陶瓷的外層而形成。此外,亦可將黏著劑層供應至介於外層與內部襯底材料間之模具。該等方法另包括將熱及壓力提供至外層、內部襯底材料及襯底黏著劑層(若使用)以將陶瓷黏合於內部襯底材料並形成外殼。
因此,藉由將內部襯底材料之纖維層堆疊於包含陶瓷(例如以整塊陶瓷之形式)的外層內表面上並提供熱及/或壓力以固結或固化襯底材料並將其黏合於外層而形成該外殼。在匹配模頭模製或高壓釜模製過程中可達成用於固結或固化之適宜條件。如本文更加詳細所述,特定高壓釜固結或固化技術採用外層與內部襯底材料及視需要與黏著劑及其他層體之積層的真空袋。亦可使用在烘箱中之真空袋(即,不施加高於大氣壓之外來壓力)用於固結或固化。在內部襯底材料與外層間使用諸如膠結劑之黏著劑層有助於任何類型方法以黏合此等組件。在一些情況下,在無壓力、真空及/或加熱下使用諸如接觸型膠結劑之黏著劑亦係足夠。
在替代實施例中,使用模製技術之組合。例如,在匹配模頭模具中個別模製內部襯底材料然後在施加或不施加熱及/或壓力下,利用黏著劑層(例如接觸型膠結劑)將其黏附於包含陶瓷(例如以成形整塊陶瓷或單一片段之形式)之外層。
其他實施例有關根據此等方法製備之成形頭盔外殼。
自以下詳細說明當瞭解本發明之此等及其他實施例與態樣及其等相關優點。
圖1所提及之頭盔外殼的特徵並非必要按比例繪製,且應瞭解呈現本發明及/或所包含之理論的說明。根據本發明之其他頭盔將具有藉由使用其等之所期應用及環境而部份決定之組態。
如上所述,本發明係關於抵抗高能量碎片及子彈之頭盔,其包含可襯有纖維強化複合材料層之陶瓷。因此,根據本發明之代表性頭盔包含一頭盔外殼,其提及界定一欲防護之內部體積(且在使用期間藉由使用者之頭部所佔有)的圓形頭盔部份。該外殼包括一外層,其意指相對內部襯底材料置於更靠近頭盔外殼之外部表面的一層體。相反地,內部襯底材料係置於相對外層更靠近面向其內部體積之頭盔外殼的內部凹形表面。該外層包含陶瓷。因此,鑒於高能量碎片或步槍子彈朝頭盔行進之方向(例如來自戰敵者),首先衝擊包含陶瓷之外層,然後背襯材料。
在不欲受理論之侷限下,咸信本發明之頭盔之效力係由外層中之陶瓷藉由鈍化、打碎、損壞、剝落及/或倒轉(翻轉)或反之破壞及/或使其不穩定而抗擊諸如步槍子彈之迎面而來的拋射體。內部襯底材料接著用作遭破壞之陶瓷之支撐(例如,藉由使其維持定位)且亦持續使拋射體停止。此材料可有利地用於捕獲或收集來自拋射體與破碎陶瓷兩者之碎屑,由此預防其等進一步之穿透。
頭盔外殼可包含其他層體,例如可將吸收撞擊、防水及/或防火材料層置於該頭盔外殼之外部表面之外,或相對外層置於更靠近該頭盔外殼之外部表面。提供良好撞擊吸收、防水及/或防火之適宜代表性材料包括閉孔發泡體,其可係發泡乙烯基腈(例如PVC腈),發泡聚乙烯或發泡EVA。撞擊吸收、防水及/或防火材料層可係該外殼之最外層或外部層(即,最早受子彈或其他拋射體撞擊之層體)。一或多個其他層體可置於吸收撞擊、防水及/或防火材料層與外層間。或者,其他層體可置於吸收撞擊、防水及/或防火材料層之外。此等其他層體可包括(例如)保護陶瓷在正常使用或可能之不當使用期間免於破裂之材料。
於以上所述之任何層體間可包含黏著劑層以改良相鄰層體之相容性/黏合性。例如,黏著劑層可併入包含陶瓷之外層與內部襯底材料間。除此以外,另一黏著劑層可單獨或與此黏著劑層組合置於以上所述之吸收撞擊及/或防水材料層與包含陶瓷之外層間。意欲包含在上述任何相鄰成對功能層間使用黏著劑層,以及使用多個黏著劑層。適宜黏著劑包括包含環氧樹脂、聚胺酯、矽酮、丙烯酸樹脂或聚醯胺亦及諸如厭氧性及氰基丙烯酸酯之特殊材料的液體、噴霧或薄膜黏著劑。此等黏著劑類型中每一者之一及兩種組份系統係可購得。黏著劑可在室溫或在暴露於熱下固化。
根據一實施例,外層之陶瓷可呈與外殼之整體形狀具有相同或基本上相同形狀之整塊或單一片段之形式。然而,當受碎片或子彈撞擊時,由於陶瓷裂痕可擴展至偏遠部份,故整塊陶瓷可能未必最佳,尤其對於可能處於接受多次射擊之風險的軍事人員或其他使用者。
因此,根據本發明之其他實施例,組合使用順應頭盔外殼之整體弧線形狀的複數個陶瓷板或磚(例如兩個或多個,一般為約2至約100個,及經常為約5至約50個)可更佳限定或局部化來自單次或多次射擊之陶瓷破壞。因此,該等板或磚可在形狀上相配或相應於總體頭盔外殼之各種子區域或扇形,其中一些、所有或實質上所有(例如,一般至少約50%且經常為至少約80%)的板或磚具有允許其等更佳順應外殼彎曲部份之非平面形狀。
一些或所有此等板或磚可物理上彼此鄰接,例如以使該等板(例如)沿著介於板邊緣間之直線機械連接或藉由在大量鄰接接合點處使用黏著劑(例如液體黏著劑)之連接。另外,該等板可藉由少許搭接機械接合或裝配於其等相鄰邊緣(例如,以似拼圖或使用諸如指形接合或燕尾接合之搭接接合之方式)。鄰接接合或其他類型接合可經或可不經機械上(例如藉由諸如金屬銷之內部補強劑)或化學上(例如藉由諸如膠水或膠結劑之黏著劑黏合劑)強化。
因此,將該等板或磚裝配於其等各自邊緣可提供在外殼周圍之完全覆蓋範圍,而陶瓷係以如以上所述相對使用整塊陶瓷之相同方式。根據其他實施例,要求頭盔外殼之僅部份覆蓋範圍,例如在(穿戴時)最易受到衝擊之通常垂直定向頭盔外周表面的圍繞頭盔頂部或下部之彼等區域中。根據一些實施例,覆蓋頭盔外殼之僅一特定部份或一些部份減少總體頭盔重量及/或成本而不顯著影響大多數應用之期望性能。一般而言,陶瓷提供超過頭盔外殼表面之至少約50%及經常至少約80%之覆蓋面積。
如本文所述之陶瓷板或磚或反之為整塊陶瓷係指包含陶瓷之固體材料片段或反之為單一固體材料。陶瓷係指包括無機碳化物、氧化物及硼化物之耐熔材料,以氧化鋁、碳化硼、碳化矽、氮化矽及二硼化鈦為代表。其中經常使用氧化鋁,碳化硼及碳化矽。此等材料可經強化(例如藉由內部纖維)或未經強化。具有鈍化、打碎、損壞、剝落及/或倒轉(翻轉)或反之破壞及/或使子彈或其他拋射體不穩定之能力之固體非纖維材料亦被視為本發明目的之陶瓷。此等材料包括填充陶瓷樹脂、填充金屬丸粒樹脂、填充玻璃珠樹脂及類似複合材料。陶瓷板或整塊陶瓷可包括所有或大體上所有之陶瓷。然而,更通常而言,陶瓷板或整塊陶瓷可佔陶瓷之至少約50重量%,一般至少約70重量%及經常至少約85重量%。因此該等板或整塊可由非陶瓷之纖維或非纖維材料混合而成。例如於US 7,104,177中描述例示性富集陶瓷複合材料。
包含陶瓷之板或磚可具有對應於整體頭盔外殼之子區域或扇形的形狀之平面或反之為非平面(例如弧形)表面。通常而言,所有或一些,例如至少50%及經常至少85%之陶瓷板或磚具有非平面形狀,特別為順應或相配頭盔外殼扇形之弧形形狀。該等板或磚之二維形狀(即若假設將非平面形狀壓平成一平面所假定之通常形狀)可係矩形(例如正方形)、圓形或橢圓形、多邊形等。通常而言,為方便及輕易對準鄰近板或磚之相鄰邊緣而無間隙,由此使覆蓋面積最大,則以諸如多邊形(例如正方形或六邊形)之具有直線邊緣的形狀為較佳。該等板之寬度或厚度,或如上所述以整塊形式之陶瓷的寬度或厚度通常係在約2 mm(0.079英吋)至約12 mm(0.47英吋),一般約3 mm(0.12英吋)至約10 mm(0.39英吋),及經常約4 mm(0.16英吋)至約6 mm(0.24英吋)範圍中。以整塊形式或以複數個板形式之陶瓷通常具有在此範圍中之實質上均勻厚度。然而,在特定實施例中可要求提供在更多關鍵區域中之更大寬度,諸如如上所述之頭盔的垂直取向外周表面。此可藉由增加此等區域中之整塊陶瓷或板之寬度或另外藉由使用在此等區域中具有更大但均勻寬度之陶瓷板而達成。
因此,根據本發明,頭盔外殼係由包含不同彈道材料之層體形成,其包括一包含陶瓷之外層及一包含纖維層之內部襯底材料(或多種材料)。內部襯底材料係相對外層朝著頭盔外殼內部放置。內部襯底材料之纖維層可包含如上所述之多種類型之纖維或組合材料。例如,可使用編織材料之混合物,不織布材料之混合物及編織與不織布材料兩者之組合。
就本發明而言,纖維係其長度尺寸遠大於寬度及厚度之橫向尺寸之縱長體。因此,術語纖維包括單絲、多絲、絲帶、絲條、短纖維及切斷、切割或不連續纖維之其他形式及具有規則或不規則截面之類似者。術語「纖維」包括複數種任何前述者或其組合。紗線係由許多纖維或絲線組成之連續絲股。
如本文所用,術語「高韌度纖維」意指具有韌度等於或大於約7 g/d之纖維。較佳地,此等纖維具有至少約150 g/d之起始拉伸模數及如由ASTM D2256量測之至少約8 J/g之斷裂能。如本文所用,術語「起始拉伸模數」、「拉伸模數」及「模數」意指如藉由ASTM 2256量測紗線的彈性模數及藉由ASTM D638量測彈性體或基質材料的彈性模數。較佳地,高韌度纖維具有等於或大於約10 g/d,更佳地,等於或大於約15 g/d,甚至更佳地,等於或大於約20 g/d,及最佳地,等於或大於約30 g/d之韌度。針對高韌度聚乙烯纖維,較佳韌度在約20至約55 g/d之範圍內。較佳至少約50重量%,及更佳至少約75重量%之複數個纖維層中之纖維係高韌度纖維。更佳地,所有或實質上所有複數個纖維層中之纖維係高韌度纖維。
用於本發明中之纖維截面可廣泛變化。其等可係圓形、扁平或長方形截面。其等亦可係自絲線之直線或縱軸投影具有一或多個規則或不規則葉片之不規則或規則多葉片截面。纖維尤佳係實質上圓形、扁平或長方形截面,纖維最佳係實質上圓形截面。
本文所用之諸如高韌度纖維之紗線可係任何適宜旦尼爾,諸如(例如)約50至約5000旦尼爾,更佳約200至約5000丹尼爾,仍更佳約650至約3000旦尼爾,及最佳約800至約1500旦尼爾。
諸如聚烯烴纖維或芳族聚醯胺纖維之高韌度纖維係內部襯底材料之纖維層中所用者之代表例。聚烯烴纖維較佳係高韌度聚乙烯纖維及/或高韌度聚丙烯纖維。最佳地,聚烯烴纖維係高韌度聚乙烯纖維,亦稱為鏈增長聚乙烯纖維或高度定向高分子量聚乙烯纖維。可用於本文之聚烯烴與芳族聚醯胺纖維係已知且具有優異防彈性質。
US 4,457,985大體上討論高分子量聚乙烯纖維及聚丙烯纖維,且該專利之揭示內容係以不與本文矛盾程度以引用之方式併入。就聚乙烯纖維而言,適宜纖維係重量平均分子量為至少約150,000,較佳至少約一百萬且更佳介於約兩百萬與約五百萬間之彼等者。此等高分子量聚乙烯纖維可在溶液中紡絲(參見US 4,137,394與US 4,356,138)或自溶液絲線紡絲形成凝膠結構(參見US 4,413,110、德國官方編號第3,004,699號及英國專利第2051667號)或聚乙烯纖維可藉由捲絲及拉絲製程而製造(參見US 5,702,657)。如本文所用,術語聚乙烯意指一種主要直鏈聚乙烯材料,其可含有少量鏈分支或每100個主鏈碳原子不超過約5個改質單元之共聚單體,且亦可含有與之混合不超過約50重量%之一或多種聚合物添加劑,諸如烯-1-聚合物,尤其是低密度聚乙烯、聚丙烯或聚丁烯,含單烯烴作為主要單體之共聚物,經氧化之聚烯烴,接枝聚烯烴共聚物及聚甲醛,或通常併入之低分子量添加劑,諸如抗氧化劑、潤滑劑、紫外綫阻斷劑、著色劑及其類似物。
高韌度聚乙烯纖維係市售且係由Honeywell International Inc. of Morristown,New Jersey,U.S.A以商標名出售。亦可使用來自其他來源之聚乙烯纖維。
取決於形成技術、拉絲比與溫度及其他條件,可對此等纖維賦予各種性質。聚乙烯纖維之韌度係至少約7 g/d,較佳至少約15 g/d,更佳至少約30 g/d,仍更佳至少約35 g/d,及最佳至少約45 g/d。同樣地,如由Instron拉伸測試機器量測之纖維的起始拉伸模數較佳係至少約300 g/d,更佳至少約500 g/d,仍更佳至少約1,000 g/d及最佳至少約1,800 g/d。起始拉伸模數與韌度之此等最高值通常可僅藉由利用溶液生長或凝膠紡絲製程獲得。許多絲線具有較形成其等之聚合物的熔點高之熔點。因此,例如約150,000、約一百萬及約兩百萬分子量之高分子量聚乙烯通常具有整體為138℃(280℉)之熔點。由此等材料製成之高度定向聚乙烯絲線具有約7℃(13℉)至約13℃(23℉)更高之熔點。因此,熔點之略微增加反映出晶體完整性及絲線相較本體聚合體之更高結晶定向。
同樣地,可使用重量平均分子量為至少約200,000,較佳至少約一百萬及更佳至少約兩百萬之高度定向高分子量聚丙烯纖維。藉由以上所提及之各種參考文獻所規定之技術,且特別藉由US 4,413,110之技術可將此等鏈增長聚丙烯形成為定向相當良好之絲線。由於聚丙烯較聚乙烯係更不易為晶體材料且其含有側鏈甲基,故以聚丙烯達成之韌度值通常較聚乙烯之相應值實質上低。因此,適宜韌度較佳係至少約8 g/d,更佳至少約11 g/d。聚丙烯之起始拉伸模數較佳係至少約160 g/d,且更佳至少約200 g/d。藉由定向製程,聚丙烯之熔點通常升高若干度,以使聚丙烯絲線較佳具有至少為168℃(334℉),更佳至少170℃(338℉)之主要熔點。以上所述參數之尤佳範圍可有利提供最終物件之改良性能。應用具有至少約200,000之重量平均分子量之纖維聯合以上所述參數(模數與韌度)之較佳範圍可有利地提供最終物件之改良性能。
就芳族聚醯胺纖維而言,由芳香族聚醯胺形成之適宜纖維係述於US 3,671,542,該案係在不與本文矛盾程度上以引用之方式併入本文中。較佳芳族聚醯胺纖維具有至少約20 g/d之韌度,至少約400 g/d之起始拉伸模數及至少約8 J/g之斷裂能,且尤佳芳族聚醯胺纖維具有至少約20 g/d之韌度及至少約20 J/g之斷裂能。最佳芳族聚醯胺纖維具有至少約28 g/d之韌度,至少約1000 g/d之模數及至少約30 J/g之斷裂能。例如,具有適度高模數及韌度值之聚(對苯二甲醯對苯二胺)絲線係特別可用於形成防彈複合材料。實例係杜邦之29、129及KM2與Teijin之Twaron纖維類型1000及2000、韓國Kolon-Heracron纖維及多種俄羅斯纖維,諸如Rusar、Artec、Armos及分別具有約1250 g/d及32 g/d起始拉伸模數與韌度值之SVM。其他實例係以400、640及840丹尼爾購自杜邦之129及KM2及購自Teijin具有1000丹尼爾的T2000。本發明亦可使用來自其他製造商之芳族聚醯胺。亦可使用聚(對苯二甲醯對二苯胺)之共聚物,諸如共聚(對苯二甲醯對二苯胺對苯二甲醯3,4'-氧二苯胺)。實施本發明亦可使用由杜邦以商標名出售之聚(間苯二甲醯間苯二胺)纖維。本發明可使用來自各種供應商之芳族聚醯胺纖維。
基於內部襯底材料之纖維層中之纖維的大部份重量或基於此等纖維之實質上全部或全部重量,並非高韌度纖維之玻璃纖維或其他類型纖維亦可行。玻璃纖維包括E型與S型纖維。編織玻璃纖維織物之實例係稱為1528、3731、3733、7500、7532、7533、7580、7624、7628及7645型之彼等者,其等可購自美國南卡羅萊納州之Hexcel of Anderson。使用玻璃纖維(例如藉由使用玻璃纖維預浸片)之好處在於因玻璃纖維成份僅係諸如聚烯烴織物之其他類型織物的一部份,故頭盔之成本可降低。
不管所用纖維之類型,內部襯底材料纖維層中之纖維網狀物較佳係以編織、針織或不織布織物(諸如單向定向纖維或以無規定向氈接之纖維的股)之形式,一般使用不織布織物。可使用任何編織圖案之編織織物,諸如平紋編織物、籃狀編織物、斜紋編織物、緞紋編織物、立體編織織物及任何其等許多變體。以平紋編織織物為較佳且更佳係具有相同經緯數之平紋編織織物。
在一實施例中,織物較佳具有沿經線及緯線兩個方向每cm介於約5.9至約21.6個末端(每英吋介於約15與約55個末端),及更佳每cm介於約6.7至約17.7個末端(每英吋介於約17與約45個末端)。紗線較佳具有約375至約1300丹尼爾。結果係重量較佳介於約150 g/m2與約700 g/m2間(介於約5 oz/yd2與約19 oz/yd2間),及更佳介於約169.5 g/m2至約373.0 g/m2間(介於約5 oz/yd2與約11 oz/yd2間)之編織織物。此等織物之實例係稱為 902、903、904、952、955及960織物類型之彼等者。其他實例包含由籃狀編織物,諸如 912織物類型形成之織物。芳族聚醯胺織物之實例係稱為 704、705、706、708、710、713、720、745及755織物類型與 5704、5716及5931織物類型之彼等者。上述織物例如可購自美國南卡羅萊納州安德遜郡(Anderson)之Hexcel。如熟習此項技術者可瞭解,此處所述之織物結構僅係例示且不欲限制本發明。
如上所提及,織物可呈針織織物之形式。針織結構係由嚙合環組成之結構,而四個主要類型係經編針織物、拉歇爾經編針織物(raschel)、網狀物及定向結構。由於環狀結構之性質,故前三種類別之針織物未必可充分利用纖維之強度。然而,定向針織結構使用藉由細丹尼爾針織縫線定位之直線鑲嵌紗線。由於對紗線之交織作用,紗線係絕對直線而無編織織物中所見之捲曲效應。此等以紗線形式鋪設可依加工需求而定沿單軸、雙軸或多軸方向定向。最好用於鋪設承載紗線之特定針織設備係使得紗線不穿透。
或者,複數個纖維層之織物(例如具有高韌度聚乙烯纖維)可呈不織布織物之形式,諸如單向定向纖維或以無規定向氈接之纖維的股。當使用單向定向纖維時,較佳地,其等係用於交錯股佈局中,其中纖維之一層體沿一方向延伸及纖維之第二層體沿與該等第一纖維成90°之方向延伸。當個別股係單向定向纖維時,連續股較佳相對彼此例如以0°/90°、0°/90/0°/90°或0°/45°/90°/45°/0°或以其他角度旋轉。當纖維之網狀物係呈毛氈之形式時,其等可係針刺氈。毛氈係無規定向纖維之不織布網狀物,較佳其至少一者係不連續纖維,較佳係具有在約0.64 cm(0.25英吋)至約25 cm(10英吋)範圍內長度之定長纖維。此等毛氈可由多種本技藝已知技術形成,諸如藉由梳理或流體鋪設、熔融吹製及紡絲鋪設。纖維之網狀物係諸如藉由針刺、縫連接、水刺法、空氣交織、紡絲連接、紡絲編帶或其類似法之機械上固結,諸如以黏著劑之化學上固結,或以點連接之纖維或以較低熔點之混合纖維之熱固結。較佳固結方法係僅針刺或接著進行其他方法中之一種。較佳毛氈係針刺毛氈。亦可使用針刺入編織織物中之毛氈。
纖維層包括在樹脂基質中之纖維(例如,高韌度聚乙烯纖維或高韌度芳族聚醯胺纖維)。纖維股之樹脂基質可由各種彈性體及具有所需特徵之其他材料形成。在一實施例中,用於此等基質中之彈性體材料具有如由ASTM D638量測之等於或小於約6,000 psi(41.4 MPa)之起始拉伸模數(彈性模數)。更佳地,彈性體具有等於或小於約2,400 psi(16.5 MPa)之起始拉伸模數。最佳地,彈性體材料具有等於或小於約1,200 psi(8.23 MPa)之起始拉伸模數。此等樹脂材料實質上一般係熱塑性但亦可使用熱固性材料。
樹脂基質可選擇為固化時具有高韌度拉伸模數,諸如由ASTM D638量測之至少約1×106 psi(6895 MPa)。此等材料之實例係(例如)揭示於US 6,642,159中,該案之揭示內容係在不與本文矛盾程度上以引用之方式清楚地併入本文中。
樹脂基質材料對纖維層中之纖維的比例可依最終用途廣泛變化。樹脂基質材料較好佔該纖維與內部襯底材料之樹脂基質總重量之約0重量%(即無樹脂)至約98重量%,更佳約5重量%至約95重量%,仍更佳約10重量%至40重量%及最佳約15重量%至約25重量%。以上百分比係基於固結織物。
寬廣種類之樹脂可用於樹脂基質中,包括熱塑性樹脂、熱固性樹脂、摻混樹脂及混合樹脂。例如,可使用以下材料中之任何一者:聚丁二烯、聚異戊二烯、天然橡膠、乙烯-丙烯共聚物、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物、聚硫醚聚合物、熱塑性聚胺酯、聚胺酯彈性體、經氯磺化之聚乙烯、聚氯丁二烯、使用鄰苯二甲酸二辛酯或本技術中已知之其他可塑劑之塑化聚氯乙烯、丁二烯丙烯腈彈性體、聚(丁二烯-共-異戊二烯)、聚丙烯酸酯、聚酯、聚醚、氟彈性體、矽酮彈性體、熱塑性彈性體及乙烯之共聚物。熱固性樹脂之實例包括可溶於碳-碳飽和溶劑中之彼等者,該等溶劑諸如甲基乙基酮、丙酮、乙醇、甲醇、異丙醇、環己烷、乙基丙酮及其組合。熱固性樹脂可係乙烯酯、苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物、鄰苯二甲酸二烯丙酯、諸如酚甲醛樹脂之酚醛系樹脂、聚乙烯基丁縮醛、環氧樹脂、聚酯樹脂、聚胺酯樹脂及其混合物等。包含前面所提及US 6,642,159中所揭示之此等樹脂。較佳熱固性樹脂包括環氧樹脂、酚醛系樹脂、乙烯基酯樹脂、胺酯樹脂及聚酯樹脂及其混合物。聚乙烯纖維織物之較佳熱固性樹脂包括至少一種乙烯基酯、鄰苯二甲酸二烯丙酯及視需要之用於固化乙烯基酯樹脂的催化劑。
一較佳組樹脂係熱塑性聚胺酯樹脂。樹脂基質之較佳類彈性體材料包括共軛二烯之嵌段共聚物與乙烯基芳香族共聚物。丁二烯與異戊二烯係較佳共軛二烯彈性體。苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯及第三丁基苯乙烯係較佳共軛芳香族單體。可氫化併入有聚異戊二烯之嵌段共聚物,形成具有飽和烴彈性體片段之熱塑性彈性體。聚合物可係R-(BA)x(x=3-150)型之簡單三嵌段共聚物;其中A係來自聚乙烯基芳香族單體之嵌段及B係來自共軛二烯彈性體之嵌段。較佳樹脂基質係異戊二烯-苯乙烯-異戊二烯嵌段共聚物,諸如市售購自Kraton Polymer LLC之 D1107異戊二烯-苯乙烯-異戊二烯嵌段共聚物。本文可用之其他樹脂基質係熱塑性聚胺酯,諸如水中混有聚胺酯樹脂之共聚物。
樹脂材料可與諸如碳黑、二氧化矽等之填料混合且可摻入油類及利用橡膠技術者眾所周知之方法藉由硫、過氧化物、金屬氧化物或輻射固化系統硫化。亦可使用不同樹脂之摻混物。
較佳地,塗覆或浸漬以樹脂基質各複數個纖維層,然後模製,形成預浸片織物。通常,本發明之纖維層較佳係藉由首先建構纖維網狀物(例如以編織織物層開始),然後以基質組合物塗覆該網狀物而形成。如本文所用,術語「塗覆」係以廣泛意義使用以描述纖維網狀物,其中個別纖維具有包圍纖維之基質組合物的連續層或在纖維表面上之基質組合物的不連續層。在前者情況下,可謂纖維係完全埋植於基質組合物中。本文交替使用術語塗覆及浸漬。雖然於成形時可將樹脂基質塗敷於無樹脂纖維層,但因不易控制樹脂之均勻性,故此較不佳。
可以任何適宜方式,諸如溶液、分散液或乳液將基質樹脂組合物塗敷於纖維層上。然後乾燥經塗覆基質之纖維網狀物。可將基質樹脂溶液、分散液或乳液噴灑於絲線上。或者,藉由浸漬或藉助於輥式塗布機或其類似物可以水溶液、分散液或乳液塗覆纖維層結構。塗覆後,然後使經塗覆之纖維層通過用於乾燥之烘箱,於其中使經塗覆之纖維網狀物層或層體接受充足熱以蒸發基質組合物中之水或其他液體。然後將經塗覆之纖維網狀物置於可係紙或薄膜基材的承載網上,或起初將織物置於承載網上,然後以基質樹脂塗覆。然後以已知方式將含基材及樹脂基質之織物層或層體捲成連續輥。
經由各種方法可建構纖維網狀物。在單向對準纖維網狀物之情況下,由紗架可提供高韌度絲線之紗線束並引導通過導件及一或多個延展機棒變成準直梳齒,然後以基質材料塗覆。該準直梳齒共平面且以實質上單向方式對準該等絲線。
以樹脂基質塗覆織物層後,較佳以已知方式固結該等層體形成預浸片。就「固結」而言,其意指基質材料與纖維網狀物層係組合於單一整體層中。經由乾燥、冷卻、加熱、加壓或其組合可發生固結。
內部襯底材料之纖維層數可依所需頭盔類型、所需性能及所需重量而廣泛變化。例如,層體數可為約2至約250層,更佳約5至約150層,及最佳約10至約100層之範圍。該等層體可係任何適宜厚度。例如,複數個纖維層之每一層可具有約25 μm至約1016 μm(約1密耳至約40密耳),更佳約76 μm至約762 μm(約3密耳至約30密耳),及最佳約127 μm至約508 μm(約5密耳至約20密耳)。複數個纖維層之每一層之厚度可相同或可變。
同樣地,內部襯底材料之複數纖維層的各層重量可廣泛變化,但通常選擇此等以使頭盔之總重量在穿戴者舒適及防護兩者之可接受範圍內。例如,每一層之重量可在約5至約200克,更佳約10至約100克,及更佳約20至約75克之範圍內。同樣地,複數纖維層中之各層面積密度可廣泛變化但通常亦經選擇以獲得重量、舒適及防護品質之合意綜合。例如,各層之面積密度較佳在約33.9 g/m2至約3051 g/m2(約1 oz/yd2至約90 oz/yd2)、約169.5 g/m2至約2203.5 g/m2(約5 oz/yd2至約65 oz/yd2),及更佳約169.5 g/m2至約847.5 g/m2(約5 oz/yd2至約25 oz/yd2)之範圍內。內部襯底材料之各纖維層厚度及面積密度可相同或不同。
包含陶瓷之外層與內部襯底材料之重量比可依所需加以變化。含陶瓷之外層可以基於頭盔外殼之總重量之約20重量%至約90重量%,更佳約30重量%至約85重量%,及最佳約45重量%至約70重量%之量存在。相應地,內部襯底材料可以基於頭盔外殼之總重量的約5重量%至約80重量%,更佳約10重量%至約50重量%,及最佳約35重量%至約45重量%之量存在。
外殼之總面積密度可依特定期望應用而廣泛變化。然而,一般而言,外殼面積密度係小於約48.9 kg/m2(10 lb/ft2)且可在約14.7 kg/m2(3 lb/ft2)至約48.9 kg/m2(10 lb/ft2)範圍中。較佳地,頭盔外殼之總面積密度在約14.7 kg/m2(3 lb/ft2)至約24.4 kg/m2(5 lb/ft2)之範圍內。
已廣泛用於軍事應用中之一些美國軍事頭盔已知為首字母PASGT(地面部隊之個人裝甲系統)、MICH(任務整合式作戰頭盔)、ACH(高級作戰頭盔)及ECH(增強型作戰頭盔)。較佳頭盔形狀可隨國家而變。例如,在歐洲、亞洲與南美洲國家中之頭盔趨向具有不同較佳形狀。較佳地,此等中型頭盔具有在約750至約1500克,及更佳約800至約1100克範圍內之重量。
為形成本發明之頭盔外殼,可將外層之陶瓷(以整塊或以多個片段或磚形式)與內部襯底材料之兩個或多個類型纖維層之預浸片一起施佳於模具中。例如,在將包含陶瓷之外層提供至適宜模具後,隨後將含所需層數內部襯底材料之個別纖維層(例如包含聚烯烴或芳族聚醯胺纖維)之樹脂基質置於模具中定位,形成內部襯底材料。模具可係任何所需類型,諸如具有對置公模及母模面匹配模頭部份之匹配模頭,藉此先放置包含陶瓷之外層與母模面匹配模頭部份接觸,接著接觸內部襯底材料之纖維層。放置次序可視頭盔外殼組件之所需相對位置而顛倒。較佳地,選擇樹脂基質之樹脂以使其於置於模具中時為非黏性。此可使個別層體彼此滑過,以徹底填充模具並形成所需頭盔形狀。在個別纖維層體間不須使用黏著劑,此因個別層體之一種或多種樹脂提供層體間所需之結合。然而,若需要則可使用分離黏著劑層或多層。
應注意須完全並均勻填充模具並將所有的頭盔外殼組件以適宜定向放置。此確保整個頭盔外殼之一致性能。若組件之組合體積大於可處理之頭盔模具,則該模具無法閉合且因此無法模製頭盔。若組合體積小於模具體積,則雖然該模具會閉合,但由於缺少成形壓力,故無法使材料成形。
一旦模具適宜載有所需量之陶瓷,所需量及類型之內部襯底材料的纖維層及樹脂基質及視需要之其他組份,則可在所需成形條件下模製頭盔外殼。代表性成形溫度可在約65℃(149℉)至約250℃(482℉),更佳約90℃(194℉)至約330℃(626℉),且最佳約120℃(248℉)至約320℃(608℉)之範圍。夾具模製壓力可例如在約10.2公噸至約1020公噸(約10噸至約1000噸),較佳約50.8公噸至約356公噸(約50噸至約350噸),及最佳約102公噸至約306公噸(約100噸至約300噸)之範圍內。模製時間可在約5至約60分鐘,更佳約10至約35分鐘,及最佳約15至約25分鐘之範圍內。
在模製所需條件下,存於纖維網狀物中之樹脂就熱塑性樹脂而言係固結且就熱固性樹脂而言係固化。此導致個別層體與層體群以整體單塊成形方式強力黏合成所需頭盔形狀。咸信每一組織物之熱固性樹脂係藉由樹脂交聯而在其等界面處黏合。就熱塑性樹脂而言,將頭盔冷卻至樹脂之軟化溫度以下,然後自模具拉出。在熱及壓力下,熱塑性樹脂在織物層間流動亦獲得整體單塊模製。冷卻期間維持模製壓力。其後自模具取出模製形產品並於必要時予以修剪該零件。
在一替代模製製程中,可將包含陶瓷之外層與襯底材料之纖維層與視需要之黏著劑及/或如本文所述之其他材料層積層並置於高壓釜中。高壓釜模製伴有熱及/或壓力,其中代表性溫度係如上所述有關模頭模製之範圍及代表性絕對壓力一般在約5 bar(73 psi)至約30 bar(435 psi)之範圍內。例如使用一或多種諸如氦氣或氮氣的惰性氣體之加壓通常引起更高密度。藉由層體之真空袋可提供高達一個大氣壓之額外外部加壓。利用此技術,通常使用一放氣總成以調節袋內之真空壓力及一釋放布或塗層以防止積層黏合於工具表面。使用視需要組合真空袋之外部壓力可提供多種有利功能,包括誘導撓曲性以減少表面缺陷,移除揮發性材料,去除層體間之夾帶空氣,壓緊纖維層用於纖維束間之有效力傳遞,防止固化或固結期間纖維定向之改變及/或降低濕度。
因此,在一代表性高壓釜模製製程中,先將襯底材料之纖維層置於包含陶瓷的外層中,其可呈具有頭盔外殼形狀的單塊形式。小心組合纖維層可利於使層體間之重疊最小。將陶瓷及襯底材料置於真空袋中並部份或幾乎完全排空圍繞積層之環境。當產生及在袋內維持充足真空時,斷開真空泵並轉移至如上所述用於固結或固化之高壓釜。當陶瓷係呈如本文所述之複數個板或磚之形式而藉機械及/或化學(例如藉由黏著劑)黏合時,可使用相同技術。
根據本文所述之製造頭盔外殼的其他方法,可僅升高溫度(例如在烘箱中)用以黏合包含陶瓷之外層與內部襯底材料。烘箱加熱可結合真空袋一起使用以提供熱以及高達一個大氣壓之外部壓力。除此以外,在外部加熱或不加熱下,諸如接觸型膠結劑之黏著劑可提供形成頭盔外殼之充足黏合。亦可使用該等方法之組合。例如,根據一代表性方法,可先於如上所述之匹配模頭模具中固結或固化襯底材料之纖維層。然後使現具有頭盔外殼形狀之此襯底材料在其外表面上塗覆有黏著劑層,接著組裝內部襯底材料與包含陶瓷之外層。如上所述可將積層轉移至真空袋,然後在烘箱中施加熱或在高壓釜中施加熱及額外壓力,由此實現固結或(例如熱固性樹脂基質之)固化。
雖然用於內部襯底材料個別纖維層中之織物通常相對薄,但其等極其牢固。個別層體之較佳厚度係約25 μm至約911 μm(約1至約36密耳),更佳約127 μm至約711 μm(約5至約28密耳),及最佳約254 μm至584 μm(約10至約23密耳)。
如上所提及,如本文所述之頭盔外殼可抵抗高能量碎片及諸如步槍子彈之子彈或能預防其之穿透。此等碎片與子彈具有極高能階。本發明之頭盔可預防具有至少約1600焦耳(1180 ft-lb),更佳約1600焦耳(1180 ft-lb)至約4000焦耳(2950 ft-lb),及最佳約1700焦耳(1250 ft-lb)至約3000焦耳(2200 ft-lb)之碎片及子彈的穿透。因此,本發明之態樣係相關於發現於頭盔中使用陶瓷可提供利用商業可行總頭盔厚度及重量的抗穿透程度。例如,如上所述無論以整塊形式或以多個片段形式,具有厚度在約4 mm(0.16英吋)至約6 mm(0.24英吋)範圍內之陶瓷的頭盔可提供有效防護。總頭盔外殼厚度宜小於約18 mm(0.71英吋)(例如在約6 mm(0.24英吋)至約18 mm(0.71英吋之範圍鎳)),通常小於約14 mm(0.55英吋)(例如在約8 mm(0.31英吋)至約14 mm(0.55英吋)之範圍內),且經常小於約12 mm(例如在約10 mm(0.39英吋)至約12 mm(0.47英吋)之範圍內)。頭盔外殼之總面積密度宜小於約8 lb/ft2(39.2 kg/m2)(如上所述,例如在約3 lb/ft2(14.7 kg/m2)至約8 lb/ft2(39.2 kg/m2)之範圍內),其經常小於約5 lb/ft2(24.5 kg/m2)(如上所述,例如在約3 lb/ft2(14.7 kg/m2)至約5 lb/ft2(24.5 kg/m2)之範圍內)。
下列係各種子彈與其等能階以及在槍口量測之速度及能量的列表。可看出步槍子彈具有較手槍子彈更高之能階,且因此更難以停止其穿透頭盔。
可調節如本文所述之包含頭盔外殼的頭盔結構以容納各種如所需之附件。例如,可使頭盔形成有凹槽或內建通道以便於連接所需傳動裝置。
圖1描繪代表性頭盔外殼。如本實施例中所示,頭盔外殼100包含六種材料。內部及外部層2、12可係吸收撞擊之材料層(例如包含閉孔發泡體)或提供諸如單獨或與抗撞擊組合之防水及/或防火的其他防護性功能之材料層。將包含陶瓷(例如,以整塊形式或以大量分離板形式)之外層8置於較包含複數個纖維層之內部襯底材料4更靠近頭盔外殼外部。黏著劑層6、10顯示係介於內部襯底材料4與外層8間亦介於此外層8與外部層12間。
本發明之全部態樣係相關於抵抗高能量碎片及防彈頭盔,其包含一含有陶瓷之外層及一包含纖維層之內部襯底材料。熟習此等技術者藉由獲自本發明之知識將認識到在不脫離本發明之範疇下,可對此等頭盔及其等製造方法作出各種變化。因此,本文所述之主旨係代表本發明及其相關優點而不應將其視為限制如隨附專利申請範圍所提出之本發明範疇。
闡述以下實例作為本發明之代表。此等實例不應視為限制本發明之範疇,此因鑒於本發明及隨附專利申請範圍當明瞭此等及其他同等實施例之故。
利用匹配金屬模頭模具模製頭盔外殼,其經設計以模製壁厚7.87 mm(0.310英吋)的中等尺寸ACH頭盔形狀零件。自1.6米(63英吋)寬之捲筒切割出Spectra II SR-3124材料層。使用針輪型樣。每一針輪型樣係經設計為使其完全覆蓋公模。在無底桶中預形成總共28層針輪,且同時開始加熱模具。一旦模具達到125±5℃(257±9℉)之溫度,則將脫模劑塗料施用於模具之公模面部份及母模面部份。然後將預形成之Spectra II SR-3124層轉移至模具。在轉移至模具期間,注意不在預形成品上產生折疊或摺痕。施加190噸之錶壓20分鐘。20分鐘後,開始冷卻循環。在冷卻循環期間不移去模製壓力。一旦將模具冷卻至約35℃(77℉),則打開模具並移走模製外殼。
模製後24小時,使模製頭盔以黏著劑膜覆蓋並落入匹配模製頭盔外殼之外形的整塊ACH形陶瓷頭盔外殼內部。將具有黏著劑層之陶瓷及預模製之頭盔外殼轉移入僅在一側具有開口之高壓釜袋。最後,密封開口側並使用可攜式真空泵在袋內產生真空。一旦停止真空泵,確認達到完全真空,則將該袋轉移至高壓釜。關閉高壓釜之門並將10 bar(145 psi)之模製壓力施加於袋上。施加壓力後,立即開啟高壓釜熱量以達125±5℃(257±9℉)之溫度。維持此溫度45分鐘,以使黏著劑完全固化。45分鐘後,開始冷卻循環。一旦高壓釜溫度顯示35℃(77℉),則釋放壓力並打開高壓釜之門。拉出含有陶瓷頭盔與襯底材料之袋。移除頭盔並移至彈道實驗室至少調節24小時,然後測試。
利用兩個耳狀物部份,將具有總厚度約12 mm(0.47英吋)之頭盔夾緊於固持頭盔的夾具中後,使用重62格令之M-855 NATO子彈,根據MIL-STD-662F進行測試。在陶瓷面頭盔之四個相同象限(前面,背面及兩個側面)處射擊四顆子彈。改變子彈之速度以獲得2×2(兩顆子彈穿透及兩顆子彈停止於頭盔上),在重5.05 lbs之ACH陶瓷面頭盔上獲得905米/秒(2968英尺/秒)之V50。
以類似於實例1所述之方式製造另一陶瓷頭盔並再次以AK 47子彈測試。在重5.36 lbs之中等ACH陶瓷面頭盔上獲得614米/秒(2013英尺/秒)之V50。
2...內部層
4...內部襯底材料
6...黏著劑層
8...外層
10...黏著劑層
12...外部層
100...頭盔外殼
圖1描繪根據本發明之例示性實施例的頭盔外殼之典型剖視圖。
2...內部層
4...內部襯底材料
6...黏著劑層
8...外層
10...黏著劑層
12...外部層
100...頭盔外殼
Claims (10)
- 一種抵抗高能量碎片及子彈之頭盔,該頭盔包括一圓形外殼,其中該外殼包含界定內部體積之頂部及外周表面,及該圓形外殼由外至內包含以下各物:(a)一包含陶瓷之外層,其中該陶瓷係以順應該圓形外殼之弧線形狀的連續整塊之形式;或其中該陶瓷係以順應該圓形外殼之弧線形狀的複數個陶瓷板之形式,其中一些或全部之該等陶瓷板具有非平面形狀;及(b)一種包含複數個纖維層之內部襯底材料,其中該複數個纖維層係固結為單一整體層,及其中(i)該等纖維層包含高韌度纖維,其中該等高韌度纖維係存於或不存於樹脂基質中,及其中該等高韌度纖維包含具韌度等於或大於35g/d之聚乙烯纖維,或(ii)該等纖維層包含存於或不存於樹脂基質中之高韌度纖維及該內部襯底材料包含具有沿經線及緯線兩個方向之織物,該織物具有沿經線及緯線兩個方向每cm介於5.9至21.6個纖維末端。
- 如請求項1之頭盔,其中該陶瓷係呈順應該圓形外殼之弧線形狀的連續整塊形式,其中(i)該等纖維層包含高韌度纖維,其中該等高韌度纖維係存於或不存於樹脂基質中,及其中該等高韌度纖維包含具韌度等於或大於35g/d之聚乙烯纖維,或(ii)該等纖維層包含存於或不存於樹脂基質中之高韌度 纖維及該內部襯底材料包含具有沿經線及緯線兩個方向之織物,該織物具有沿經線及緯線兩個方向每cm介於5.9至21.6個纖維末端。
- 如請求項1之頭盔,其中該陶瓷係呈順應該圓形外殼之弧線形狀的複數個陶瓷板之形式,其中一些或全部之陶瓷板具有非平面形狀,及其中(i)該等纖維層包含高韌度纖維,其中該等高韌度纖維係存於或不存於樹脂基質中,及其中該等高韌度纖維包含具韌度等於或大於35g/d之聚乙烯纖維,或(ii)該等纖維層包含存於或不存於樹脂基質中之高韌度纖維及該內部襯底材料包含具有沿經線及緯線兩個方向之織物,該織物具有沿經線及緯線兩個方向每cm介於5.9至21.6個纖維末端。
- 如請求項2之頭盔,其中該等纖維層包含高韌度纖維,其中該等高韌度纖維係存於或不存於樹脂基質中,及其中該等高韌度纖維包含具韌度等於或大於35g/d之聚乙烯纖維。
- 如請求項3之頭盔,其中該等纖維層包含高韌度纖維,其中該等高韌度纖維係存於或不存於樹脂基質中,及其中該等高韌度纖維包含具韌度等於或大於35g/d之聚乙烯纖維。
- 如請求項1之頭盔,其中該陶瓷具有約2mm(0.079英吋)至約12mm(0.47英吋)之厚度,且其中該圓形外殼具有3.0lb/ft2(14.7kg/m2)至10lb/ft2(48.9kg/m2)之面積密 度。
- 如請求項1之頭盔,其中該陶瓷包含選自由強化型或非強化型氧化鋁、碳化硼、碳化矽、氮化矽及二硼化鈦組成之群的化合物。
- 如請求項1之頭盔,其中該等纖維層包含存於樹脂基質中之高韌度纖維,及其中該等高韌度纖維係在以不織布織物之形式的網狀物中,其中該不織布織物包含具複數個個別股之單向定向纖維,其中連續股相對彼此以一角度旋轉。
- 一種用於形成抵抗高能量碎片及子彈之頭盔圓形外殼之方法,該圓形外殼包含界定內部體積之頂部及外周表面,該方法包括:(a)將包含陶瓷之外層、包含複數個纖維層之內部襯底材料及一黏著劑層提供至一模具,其中該黏著劑層係置於該外層與該內部襯底材料之間,及(b)將熱及壓力施加於該外層、該內部襯底材料及黏著劑,以將該陶瓷黏合於該內部襯底材料並固結該複數個纖維層為單一整體層並從而形成該圓形外殼,其中(i)該等纖維層包含高韌度纖維,其中該等高韌度纖維係存於或不存於樹脂基質中,及其中該等高韌度纖維包含具韌度等於或大於35g/d之聚乙烯纖維,或(ii)該等纖維層包含存於或不存於樹脂基質中之高韌度纖維及該內部襯底材料包含具有沿經線及緯線 兩個方向之織物,該織物具有沿經線及緯線兩個方向每cm介於5.9至21.6個纖維末端。
- 一種根據如請求項9之方法製造之成形圓形頭盔外殼,其中該襯底材料包含固結於單一整體層中之2至250個重疊的纖維層。
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2010
- 2010-10-15 MX MX2012004578A patent/MX2012004578A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2010-10-15 BR BR112012009429A patent/BR112012009429A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-10-15 JP JP2012535253A patent/JP2013508666A/ja active Pending
- 2010-10-15 RU RU2012120906/12A patent/RU2556501C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-10-15 CN CN201080058851.1A patent/CN102656418B/zh active Active
- 2010-10-15 EP EP10825439.2A patent/EP2491333A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-10-15 KR KR1020127012400A patent/KR101538318B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2010-10-15 CA CA2778050A patent/CA2778050C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-10-15 WO PCT/US2010/052772 patent/WO2011049819A2/en active Application Filing
- 2010-10-21 TW TW099135947A patent/TWI517798B/zh active
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2012
- 2012-04-17 IL IL219233A patent/IL219233A/en active IP Right Grant
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2015
- 2015-12-22 JP JP2015249657A patent/JP2016075471A/ja active Pending
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- 2017-10-12 JP JP2017198386A patent/JP2018025388A/ja active Pending
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
TWI804907B (zh) * | 2020-06-30 | 2023-06-11 | 瑞典商米帕斯公司 | 襯墊及襯墊料與包含彼之保護性服裝、頭盔及軟安全帽 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2018025388A (ja) | 2018-02-15 |
JP2013508666A (ja) | 2013-03-07 |
IL219233A0 (en) | 2012-06-28 |
WO2011049819A3 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
EP2491333A4 (en) | 2017-05-31 |
US8887312B2 (en) | 2014-11-18 |
US20120186002A1 (en) | 2012-07-26 |
TW201130439A (en) | 2011-09-16 |
CA2778050C (en) | 2019-07-02 |
IL219233A (en) | 2016-11-30 |
RU2556501C2 (ru) | 2015-07-10 |
CA2778050A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
EP2491333A2 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
BR112012009429A2 (pt) | 2016-06-14 |
MX2012004578A (es) | 2012-06-01 |
WO2011049819A2 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
CN102656418B (zh) | 2016-03-09 |
RU2012120906A (ru) | 2013-11-27 |
KR101538318B1 (ko) | 2015-07-22 |
JP2016075471A (ja) | 2016-05-12 |
KR20120099234A (ko) | 2012-09-07 |
CN102656418A (zh) | 2012-09-05 |
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