TWI442948B - 含活性劑層及活性劑轉化層之經皮組成物 - Google Patents
含活性劑層及活性劑轉化層之經皮組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI442948B TWI442948B TW101110102A TW101110102A TWI442948B TW I442948 B TWI442948 B TW I442948B TW 101110102 A TW101110102 A TW 101110102A TW 101110102 A TW101110102 A TW 101110102A TW I442948 B TWI442948 B TW I442948B
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Description
根據35 U.S.C.§119(e),本申請案請求2011年3月24日提出申請之美國臨時專利申請案序號61/467,337之優先權;該申請案之揭示內容併入本文以資參考。
本發明係關於經皮組成物;該等經皮組成物包括活性劑層及轉化層,其中該轉化層包含弱鹼及視需要之羧化成分。本發明亦提供使用該等經皮組成物之方法及含該等經皮組成物之套組。
投與例如帕金森氏症治療藥物之生理活性劑至人體乃持續不斷之需求;經口投與由於相當容易施行,所以為最常使用之方法。然而,經口投與途徑常牽連刺激胃腸及肝臟中之藥物代謝。
經由人體皮膚投與(經皮藥物輸送)係經口投與之替代途徑,可提供例如避免先經過代謝、控制輸送、更簡單之用藥方式、及更佳之病患順從性等若干優點。經皮活性劑組成物,亦為所謂經皮貼片或皮膚貼片,係置於皮膚上,通過皮膚輸送活性劑之含活性劑之可黏性貼片。經皮貼片利用經皮吸收輸送活性劑,
為通過未破損皮膚之物質吸收。將經皮貼片施敷於皮膚後,貼片中所含活性劑通過或滲入皮膚,經由全身血液流動,可到達其作用部位。替代地,經皮貼片可置於需要治療部位上,俾使局部輸送貼片中所含藥物。
經皮途徑之一主要缺點為可通過皮膚傳送之藥物量受到局限。為了增加通過皮膚之藥物量,於經皮途徑中一般使用呈游離鹼型之藥物分子。游離鹼型藥物通常不像呈鹽型之藥物般安定。因此,經皮調配物中藥物之安定性常引起關注。另一方法為於調配物中使用化學增進劑,增加皮膚滲透性。使用增進劑雖然常可增加通過皮膚之輸送,惟彼等常引發更多皮膚刺激。
本發明提供經皮組成物;該等經皮組成物之觀點包括:活性劑層及轉化層,其中該轉化層包含弱鹼及視需要之羧化成分。本發明亦提供使用該等經皮組成物之方法及含該等經皮組成物之套組。
本發明提供經皮組成物;該等經皮組成物之觀點包括:活性劑層及轉化層,其中該轉化層包含弱鹼及
視需要之羧化成分。本發明亦提供使用該等經皮組成物之方法及含該等經皮組成物之套組。
於更詳細說明本發明之前,須瞭解的是,本發明不受限於所述特定具體實例,當然,就其本身而論,可有所變化。亦須瞭解的是,本文所用專門用語僅係為說明特定具體實例之目的而不擬構成局限,因為本發明範圍將僅受隨附申請專利範圍之限制。
於提供數值範圍之處,須瞭解的是,除非說明書中明確地另行指示,否則各個介於其間之數值,至該範圍上下限間下限單位之十分之一,及所述範圍中任何其他指定或介於其間之數值均涵蓋於本發明之內。所述範圍中若有任何明確排除在外之限制,則彼等較小範圍之上限及下限可獨立地包含於較小範圍且亦涵蓋於本發明之內。於所述範圍包含上下限之一或兩者時,排除彼等涵蓋界限之一或兩者在外之範圍亦涵蓋於本發明之內。
本文中某些範圍於數值前以「約」一詞呈現。用於本文中之「約」一詞係針對其後之確切數值以及與其接近或近似之數值提供字面上之證據。於決定一數值是否與明確敘述之數值接近或近似中,該接近或近似之未見述數值可為於其呈現之場合中提供實質上等同於該明確敘述數值之數值。
除非另行界定,否則本文中所用之所有技術及科學術語具有一般熟習本發明所屬技藝者通常瞭解之
相同意義。於本發明之實施或測試中,雖然亦可使用與本文敘述類似或等同之任何方法及材料,惟於下文敘述代表性例示方法及材料。
本說明書中引用之所有公告案及專利案均併入本文以資參考,猶如各個公告案或專利案係具體及分別指示擬併入參考,且併入本文供參考以揭示及敘述與所引用公告案相關之方法及/或材料。任何公告案之引用係針對其於申請日期前之揭示內容,而不應被理解為承認本發明未享有比屬於先前發明之此類公告案早之日期之權利。此外,公告案所提供之日期可能與實際公告日期不同(可能需要另行證實)。
須注意的是,除非說明書中明確地另行指示,否則於本文及隨附申請專利範圍中所用之單數型「一」、「一種」及「該」均涵蓋複數指稱。此外須注意的是,申請專利範圍可能起草而排除任何視需要元件。因此,本聲明擬作為使用例如「唯一」、「僅有」等與詳述之申請專利範圍元件有關之專用術語,或使用「負面」局限之前置基礎用。
熟習此項技藝者於閱讀本揭示內容後將顯見,本文中敘述及說明用之各個具體實例,於不偏離本發明範疇或精神下,具有可容易地與任何其餘數個具體實例之特徵分離或結合之分立成分及特徵。任何詳述之方法可依所述事件之順序或依邏輯上可行之任何其他順序進行。
於進一步敘述之本發明各種具體實例中,首先更具細節地綜述經皮組成物之觀點,隨後詳細敘述使用經皮輸送
系統之具體實例及綜述包含經皮輸送系統之套組。
如上文之簡述,本發明提供經皮組成物。本發明之經皮組成物為經配置而於局部施敷於患者皮膚表面時,經皮輸送活性劑於患者之調配物。本發明組成物包含二或多層,其中該二或多層至少包含活性劑層及轉化層,其中該二或多層係經配置而於組成物局部施敷於該患者時,提供多天輸送治療有效量之活性劑於患者。
多天輸送意指該層係經調配而於組成物施敷於患者皮膚部位一段時間,亦即1天或更久,例如2天或更久,如,3天或更久,例如5天或更久,包括7天或更久,例如10天或更久時,提供治療有效量之活性劑於患者。治療有效量意指該等組成物,於施敷於患者皮膚部位之其預期施用期間,如,施用7天內,為提供所需治療活性之全身量活性劑作準備。於若干具體實例中,該等組成物提供目標劑量之活性劑輸送,亦即於一週期間(亦即,7天或168小時)0.5毫克/天或更多,包括於一週期間1.0毫克/天或更多,例如於一週期間10毫克/天或更多。
根據本發明特定具體實例之經皮組成物長時間展現實質上之活性劑(如,丙炔胺二氫茚)固定通量。實質上固定通量意指通量於長時間之任何變化幅度
為100%通量變化或更少,例如80%通量變化或更少及包括50%通量變化或更少,如,40%通量變化或更少,30%通量變化或更少,例如25%通量變化或更少,例如20%通量變化或更少,包括15%通量變化或更少,如,10%通量變化或更少。觀察到實質上固定通量之該長時間可有所不同,於若干情形下為24小時或更久,例如48小時或更久,包括72小時或更久,如,96小時或更久。雖然實際通量可能不同,惟組成物於若干情形下提供0.5微克/平方公分/小時或更多,例如1微克/平方公分/小時或更多,包括10微克/平方公分/小時或更多之皮膚滲透率(如,下文實驗部分記述之使用皮膚滲透試驗所測定)。若干情形下,本發明調配物於緊隨施敷調配物於皮膚之後,例如,相較於其中感壓膠未含羧化官能基之對照調配物(例如下文實驗部分所用之對照感壓膠),展現實質上減少之活性劑突發輸送。實質上減少之突發輸送意指減少10%或10%以上,例如20%或20%以上,如,25%或25%以上,33%或33%以上,40%或40%以上,50%或50%以上,包括66%或66%以上,75%或75%以上,包括90%或90%以上。於若干情形下,調配物經配置以提供實質上之活性劑零級輸送。
經皮組成物之大小(亦即,面積)可有所不同。於特定具體實例中,組成物大小係慮及活性劑所需經皮通量率及目標劑量而選定。例如,若經皮通量為3.4
微克/平方公分/小時及目標劑量為5毫克/天,則選擇面積為約43平方公分之經皮組成物;或例如,若經皮通量為3.4微克/平方公分/小時及目標劑量為10毫克/天,則選擇面積為約87平方公分之經皮貼片。於特定具體實例中,組成物具有經選定於施敷於皮膚部位時覆蓋10至200,例如20至150,包括40至140平方公分之皮膚面積之大小。
組成物之活性劑層及轉化層之厚度可有所不同。於若干情形下,此二層之合併厚度為25至250,例如50至200,包括100至150微米。組成物之各層可依需要具有相同或不同之厚度。
於若干具體實例中,活性劑層及轉化層均不溶於水。不溶於水意指彼等層可浸於水中為期1天或更久,例如1週或更久,包括1個月或更久,而展現甚少溶解,例如,無可觀察到之溶解。
根據本發明具體實例之經皮組成物之觀點為其貯存安定性。貯存安定性意指組成物可貯存長時間而無顯著降解及/或活性劑活性顯著減少。於特定具體實例中,該主題組成物於25℃,無菌條件下,可維持安定達6個月或更久,例如1年或更久,包括2年或更久,如,3年或更久等。若干情形下,於約60℃貯存至少一個月後,組成物中活性劑量與初始活性劑量之比為92%或92%以上,93%或93%以上,例如94%或94%以上,包括95%或95%以上,或更多。
於若干具體實例中,本發明組成物包含活性劑層4、轉化層2、底墊層1與離型紙(release liner)5,如圖1A所示。於若干具體實例中,本發明組成物包含活性劑層4、轉化層2、分隔活性劑層與轉化層之支撐層/控速膜3、底墊1與離型紙5,如圖1B所示。茲於下文更具細節地敘述每一層。
如上文所綜述,本文所述之經皮組成物包含活性劑層。感興趣之活性劑層包含存在基質中之相當數量活性劑。活性劑層中可存在各種活性劑;感興趣者為呈游離鹼型時展現下降之貯存安定性之活性劑;此類製劑可包含呈鹼型時具有低熔融溫度(Tm)之製劑,如,具有120℃或120℃以下,例如90℃或90℃以下之Tm之製劑。感興趣之製劑包括呈鹼型時具有高蒸氣壓之製劑,如,具有0.01mmHg(25℃)或更高,例如0.05 mmHg或更高之蒸氣壓之製劑。組成物中可存在各種不同之活性劑,此類活性劑包括,惟不限於:丙炔胺二氫茚類,如,雷沙吉蘭(rasagiline);卡巴拉汀(rivastigmine);美金剛(memantine);胺酯類,如,對胺苯甲酸乙酯、氯普魯卡因(chloroprocaine)、環甲矽酯(cyclomethycain)、胺苯酸戊胺酯/拉羅卡因(larocaine)、哌魯卡因(piperocaine)、丙氧卡因(propoxycaine)、普魯卡因/奴佛卡因(novocaine)、丙
對卡因(proparacaine)、四卡因(tetracaine)/阿美索卡因(amethocaine);胺基醯胺類,例如阿替卡因(articaine)、布比卡因(bupivacaine)、辛可卡因(cinchocaine)/二丁卡因(dibucaine)、依替卡因(etidocaine)、左布比卡因(levobupivacaine)、利多卡因(lidocaine)/利諾卡因(lignocaine)、甲哌卡因(mepivacaine)、丙胺卡因(prilocaine)、羅哌卡因(ropivacaine)、三甲卡因(trimecaine)等。
於若干情形下,存在活性劑層中之活性劑為丙炔胺二氫茚。感興趣之丙炔胺二氫茚類包括下式所示之上述化合物:
式中R1
為H、-OR2
,或
式中R2
為C1
-C4
烷基,及R3
為H或C1
-C4
烷基。於若干情形下,丙炔胺二氫茚為N-炔丙基-1-胺基二氫茚(亦即,雷沙吉蘭)。
於活性劑層中之活性劑,例如,丙炔胺二氫茚活性劑,可於基質中呈游離鹼或鹽存在,其中於特定情形下,活性劑係呈鹽存在。醫藥上可接受之鹽包括,惟不限於,甲磺酸鹽、順丁烯二酸鹽、丁烯二酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、鹽酸鹽、氫溴酸鹽、乙磺酸鹽、對甲苯磺酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、乙酸鹽、磷酸鹽與硫酸鹽。此外,活性劑(如,丙炔胺二氫茚)可呈消旋混合物或呈純鏡像異構物(例如活性劑之R或L鏡像異構物)存在。舉例而言,於活性劑為丙炔胺二氫茚時,基質中之丙炔胺二氫茚可完全為R(+)-N-炔丙基-1-胺基二氫茚游離鹼;而於若干情形下,該丙炔胺二氫茚可完全為R(+)-N-炔丙基-1-胺基二氫茚甲磺酸鹽。
存在活性劑層中之活性劑(如,丙炔胺二氫茚)之量可有所不同。於若干情形下,活性劑之量可為5毫克至50毫克,例如10毫克至40毫克及包括15毫克至30毫克。於若干情形下,活性劑層中之活性劑重量%為5至25%,例如10至20%。
如上文之簡述,活性劑層包含於基質中之相當數量活性劑(例如,上文所述)。該基質可依需要有所不同,其中基質可具膠黏性或不具膠黏性。感興趣之基質材料之實例包括聚合物材料,其中聚合物材料可於廣範圍內有所不同及可包括,惟不限於:聚胺酯類;乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)、聚丙烯酸酯類,苯乙烯嵌段共聚物,纖維素聚合物等。適當基質材料可包
括,惟不限於,聚丙烯酸酯類、聚矽氧烷類、聚異丁烯(PIB)、聚異戊二烯,聚丁二烯、苯乙烯嵌段聚合物、上述之摻合物與組合物等。適當苯乙烯嵌段共聚物系膠黏劑包括,惟不限於,苯乙烯-異戊二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SIS)、苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(SBS)、苯乙烯-乙烯丁烯-苯乙烯共聚物(SEBS)、及其二嵌段類似物。適當丙烯酸聚合物係由包含選自丙烯酸類、烷基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯類、可共聚之二次單體(secondary monomers)或具官能基之單體等之至少二或多個例示成分之共聚物或三元聚合物組成。單體之實例包括,惟不限於,丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸甲氧乙酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸己酯、甲基丙烯酸己酯、丙烯酸2-乙基丁酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基丁酯、丙烯酸異辛酯、甲基丙烯酸異辛酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸癸酯、甲基丙烯酸癸酯、丙烯酸十二酯、甲基丙烯酸十二酯、丙烯酸十三酯、甲基丙烯酸十三酯、丙烯酸羥乙酯、丙烯酸羥丙酯、丙烯醯胺、二甲基丙烯醯胺、丙烯腈、丙烯酸二甲胺乙酯、甲基丙烯酸二甲胺乙酯、丙烯酸第三丁胺乙酯、甲基丙烯酸第三丁胺乙酯、丙烯酸甲氧乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲氧乙酯等。
需要時(例如,於組成物經配置俾使,於使用期間,活性劑層與皮膚接觸之結構中),活性劑層基質
可包含感壓膠。「感壓膠」、「自黏」、及「自黏膠」等詞意指當施壓使膠黏劑與表面緊黏時,即黏合在一起之膠黏劑。於若干情形下,膠黏劑為不需要溶劑、水、或加熱予以啟動者。就感壓膠而言,黏合強度之程度與用以將膠黏劑施敷於表面之壓力量成正比。
感興趣之活性劑層之感壓膠包括,惟不限於,丙烯酸酯共聚物。感興趣之丙烯酸酯共聚物包括各種單體(可為「軟」單體、「硬」單體、及視需要之「功能性」單體)之共聚物。亦感興趣者為包括此類共聚物之摻合物。丙烯酸酯共聚物可由包括二元聚合物(亦即,以兩種單體製造)、三元聚合物(亦即,以三種單體製造)、或四元聚合物(亦即,以四種單體製造)之共聚物,或以甚至更多種單體製造之共聚物組成。丙烯酸酯共聚物可包括交聯及非交聯聚合物。彼等聚合物可利用已知方法交聯以提供所需聚合物。
製造丙烯酸酯共聚物之單體包括選自包括丙烯酸類、烷基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯類、可共聚之二次單體或具官能基之單體之組群之至少二或多個例示成分。感興趣之單體(「軟」及「硬」單體)包括,惟不限於,丙烯酸甲氧乙酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸己酯、甲基丙烯酸己酯、丙烯酸2-乙基丁酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基丁酯、丙烯酸異辛酯、甲基丙烯酸異辛酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸癸酯、甲基丙烯酸癸
酯、丙烯酸十二酯、甲基丙烯酸十二酯、丙烯酸十三酯、甲基丙烯酸十三酯、丙烯腈、丙烯酸甲氧乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲氧乙酯等。丙烯酸膠黏劑單體之附加實例見述於Satas,"Acrylic Adhesives,"Handbook of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Technology,2nd ed.,pp.396-456(D.Satas,ed.),Van Nostrand Reinhold,New York(1989)。可從數個商業來源購得之丙烯酸膠黏劑以AROSET、DUROTAK、EUDRAGIT、GELVA、與NEOCRYL等商品名稱出售。
於若干情形下,活性劑層可包含含有非羧化聚合物(例如,Gelva 7883)及羧化聚合物之感壓膠。就羧化聚合物而言,特別感興趣者為提供-COOH官能基之單體殘基。提供-COOH官能基之有用羧酸單體可含約3至約6個碳原子及包括,尤其是,丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、伊康酸(itaconic acid)等。於特定具體實例中,係使用丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸及其混合物。於共聚物之特定具體實例中,(諸)功能性單體以2 wt%或2 wt%以上,例如介於3至10 wt%間之量存在。
於若干具體實例中,活性劑膠黏劑層可包含感壓膠,其為一種組成物,係選自包括DuroTak®
87-2100(Henkel)、DuroTak®
87-2852(Henkel)等之組群之組成物或與其實質上相同之組成物。本文中所用「實質上相同」一詞係指為於有機溶劑溶液中之丙烯酸酯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物及提供如本文所述官能性之組成
物。於若干具體實例中,丙烯酸感壓膠係選自包括DuroTak®
87-2100、DuroTak®
87-2852等之組群。活性劑層可包含單一感壓膠,或二或多種感壓膠之組合物。
於若干情形下,感壓膠可由基質之50至95,例如60至90及包括65至85重量%組成。
轉化層(亦即,轉化層、轉化基質或活性劑轉化層)係施敷組成物於皮膚後,供活性劑層中之活性劑鹽轉化為游離鹼型用之層。轉化層之特徵為,至少於貯存及與皮膚接觸或使用前之期間,具有實質上比活性劑層更少之活性劑(如,5重量%或更少,例如2.5重量%或更少,包括1重量%或更少),其中於若干情形下,轉化層實質上不包含活性劑(如,0.9重量%或更少,例如0.5%或更少,包括無可檢測之活性劑)。轉化層包含轉化劑,其可為(單獨或與一或多個其他成分組合)可居間促成活性劑從鹽型轉化為游離鹼型之任何製劑。可存在轉化層中之感興趣之轉化劑包括弱鹼類。弱鹼意指鹼解離常數(Kb
)為10或10以下,例如9或9以下之鹼。可使用任何方便之弱鹼,例如聚合物弱鹼,如,陽離子性丙烯酸共聚物、無機鹼,如,氫氧化鈣等。感興趣之陽離子性丙烯酸共聚物為二或多個不同單體殘基之聚合物,其中至少一個殘基
為丙烯酸殘基,如,丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯,及至少一個殘基包含陽離子性側鏈基,如,胺基側鏈基,其中組成共聚物之相同或不同單體殘基中可包含彼等特徵。需要時,陽離子性丙烯酸共聚物可為胺化之甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物。該胺化之甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物可為甲基丙烯酸二乙胺乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯與甲基丙烯酸甲酯之共聚物。感興趣者為實質上與Eudragit®
E100胺化之甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物相同之胺化之甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物。本文中所用「實質上相同」一詞意指該胺化之甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物對組成物具有與Eudragit®
E100胺化之甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物相同之功能性影響。於若干情形下,該胺化之甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物為Eudragit®
E100胺化之甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物。若存在時,則陽離子性丙烯酸共聚物存在之量可為轉化層之1至15,例如2至10及包括4至8重量%。
除了轉化劑(例如,弱鹼)之外,轉化層進一步包含基質。於若干情形下,基質為聚合物基質,如,上文有關活性劑層所述者。
需要時(例如,於組成物經配置俾使,於使用期間,轉化層與皮膚接觸之結構中),轉化層可包含例如上述之感壓膠。感興趣之感壓膠包括,惟不限於羧化聚合物,例如羧化之丙烯酸酯共聚物。感興趣之丙烯酸酯共聚物包括各種單體(可為「軟」單體、「硬」單體、及視需要之「功能性」單體)之共聚物。亦感
興趣者為包括此類共聚物之摻合物。丙烯酸酯共聚物可由包括二元聚合物(亦即,以兩種單體製造)、三元聚合物(亦即,以三種單體製造)、或四元聚合物(亦即,以四種單體製造)之共聚物,或以甚至更多種單體製造之共聚物組成。丙烯酸酯共聚物可包括交聯及非交聯聚合物。彼等聚合物可利用已知方法交聯以提供所需聚合物。製造丙烯酸酯共聚物之單體包括選自包括丙烯酸類、烷基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯類、可共聚之二次單體或具官能基之單體之組群之至少二或多個例示成分。感興趣之單體(「軟」及「硬」單體)包括,惟不限於,丙烯酸甲氧乙酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸己酯、甲基丙烯酸己酯、丙烯酸2-乙基丁酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基丁酯、丙烯酸異辛酯、甲基丙烯酸異辛酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸癸酯、甲基丙烯酸癸酯、丙烯酸十二酯、甲基丙烯酸十二酯、丙烯酸十三酯、甲基丙烯酸十三酯、丙烯腈、丙烯酸甲氧乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲氧乙酯等。丙烯酸膠黏劑單體之附加實例見述於Satas,"Acrylic Adhesives,"Handbook of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Technology,2nd ed.,pp.396-456(D.Satas,ed.),Van Nostrand Reinhold,New York(1989)。
感興趣者為包含極性官能性單體殘基之丙烯酸酯共聚物。特別感興趣者為提供-COOH官能基之單體殘基。
提供-COOH官能基之有用羧酸單體可含約3至約6個碳原子及包括,尤其是,丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、伊康酸(itaconic acid)等。於特定具體實例中,係使用丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸及其混合物。於共聚物之特定具體實例中,(諸)功能性單體以2 wt%或2 wt%以上,例如介於3-10 wt%間之量存在。
於若干具體實例中,膠黏劑可具有一種組成物,其係選自包括DuroTak®
87-2100(Henkel)、DuroTak®
87-2852(Henkel)等之組群之組成物或與其實質上相同之組成物。本文中所用「實質上相同」一詞係指為於有機溶劑溶液中之丙烯酸酯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物及提供如本文所述官能性之組成物。於若干具體實例中,丙烯酸感壓膠係選自包括DuroTak®
87-2100、DuroTak®
87-2852等之組群。轉化層可包含單一感壓膠,或二或多種感壓膠之組合物。該感壓膠可與存在活性劑層中者相同或不同。
於若干情形下,感壓膠可由基質之50至95,例如60至90及包括65至85重量%組成。
除了弱鹼之外,轉化層可視需要包含羧化成分。羧化成分意指具有羧基之該層之成分(例如,基質或於基質中之附加化合物)。因此,於若干情形下,羧化成分為聚合物成分,例如基質成分,如,感壓膠之羧化聚合物(例如上文所述)。附加地或替代地,羧化成分可為存在轉化層中之一些其他化合物,例如小分子(如,有機酸例如抗壞血酸)。
活性劑層及轉化層(例如,如本文所述者)至少一者可含有經皮吸收增進劑。經皮吸收增進劑可促進活性劑被患者皮膚吸收。經皮吸收增進劑亦可被稱為經皮滲透增進劑,因其不僅促進活性劑之經皮吸收,亦促進活性劑通過患者皮膚之經皮滲透。
經皮吸收增進劑可包括,惟不限於下述:脂族醇,例如惟不限於具有12至22個碳原子之飽和或不飽和高級醇,例如油醇與月桂醇;脂肪酸,例如惟不限於亞麻仁酸、油酸、亞麻仁油酸、硬脂酸、異硬脂酸與棕櫚酸;脂肪酸酯,例如惟不限於肉豆蔻酸異丙酯、己二酸異丙酯、與棕櫚酸異丙酯;醇胺類,例如惟不限於三乙醇胺、三乙醇胺鹽酸鹽、與二異丙醇胺;多元醇烷基醚,例如惟不限於多元醇之烷基醚例如甘油、乙二醇、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甘油、聚甘油、二乙二醇、聚乙二醇、二丙二醇、聚丙二醇、山梨醇酐、山梨醇、異山梨醇、甲基葡萄糖苷、寡醣、與還原寡醣,其中於多元醇烷基醚中,烷基基團之碳原子數較佳為6至20個;聚氧乙烯烷基醚,例如惟不限於其中烷基基團之碳原子數為6至20個,及聚氧乙烯鏈之重複單元(例如,-O-CH2
CH2
-)數為1至9個之聚氧乙烯烷基醚,例如惟不限於聚氧乙烯月桂基醚、聚氧乙烯鯨蠟基醚、聚氧乙烯硬脂基醚、與聚氧乙烯油基醚;甘油酯(亦即,甘油之脂肪酸酯),例如惟不限於具有6至18個碳
原子之脂肪酸之甘油酯,其中甘油酯可為單甘油酯(亦即,經由酯鍵結共價結合於一脂肪酸鏈之甘油分子)、二甘油酯(亦即,經由酯鍵結共價結合於兩個脂肪酸鏈之甘油分子)、三甘油酯(亦即,經由酯鍵結共價結合於三個脂肪酸鏈之甘油分子)、或其組合,其中形成甘油酯之脂肪酸成分包括,惟不限於辛酸、癸酸、十二酸、十四酸、十六酸、十八酸(亦即,硬脂酸)與油酸;多元醇之中鏈脂肪酸酯;乳酸烷基酯;二元酸烷基酯;醯化之胺基酸;吡咯啶酮;吡咯啶酮衍生物;及其組合物。
附加類型之經皮吸收增進劑包括,惟不限於乳酸、酒石酸、1,2,6-己三醇、苄醇、羊毛脂、氫氧化鉀(KOH)、與參(羥甲基)胺基甲烷。
經皮吸收增進劑之特定實例包括,惟不限於單油酸甘油酯(GMO)、單月桂酸山梨醇酐酯(SML)、單油酸山梨醇酐酯(SMO)、月桂醇醚-4(LTH)、及其組合物。
於若干情形下,活性劑層及轉化層至少一者之基質含有其量為2%至25%(w/w),例如5%至20%(w/w),及包括5%至15%(w/w)之經皮吸收增進劑。於特定情形下,基質含有其量為約5%(w/w)、約10%(w/w)、約15%(w/w)、或約20%(w/w)之經皮吸收增進劑。
需要時,抗氧化劑(例如BHA、BHT、沒食子酸丙酯、鄰苯三酚、維生素E等)亦可併入任何一層或所有層中。
於若干具體實例中,經皮調配物包含位於活性劑層與轉化層間之中間層,例如,非織物PET、微孔聚丙烯等。於若干具體實例中,中間層可為控速膜。控速膜針對長時間通過皮膚投與之活性劑量進行計量,俾使活性劑以實質上固定之速率從經皮調配物釋放,至投與所需總量(亦即,目標劑量)之活性劑為止。
於特定具體實例中,控速膜可為具有容許活性劑滲透之細孔之微孔膜。於彼等具體實例中,活性劑經由膜之通量或釋放率係由活性劑能通過膜孔滲出之速率所控制。控速膜可為容許活性劑透過之任何多孔材料,例如惟不限於聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚四氟乙烯、聚二甲矽氧烷、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、及其組合。此外,控速膜可為單一層或多層(亦即,具有由相同或不同材料層壓在一起組成之一或多個微孔膜層)。於特定具體實例中,控速膜為單層聚丙烯膜。
控速膜之孔度、孔徑及厚度取決於物化性質,例如活性劑之分子量、需要之通量等。舉例而言,控速膜通常可具下述性質:約10%至85%,包括約20%至75%,例如30%至50%之孔度;0.03-0.25微米x微米,包括0.03-0.2微米x微米,例如0.04-0.12微米x微米之孔徑;及10微米至70微米,包括15微米至60微米,例如20微米至50微米之厚度。於特定具體實例中,控速膜可具37%之孔度,0.04-0.12微米x微米之孔徑,及25微米之厚度。
於若干具體實例中,控速膜可具有與Celgard®
2400(Celgard LLC,Charlotte,NC)之組成物實質上相同之組成物。本文所用之「實質上相同」一詞係指為單層聚丙烯膜及提供如本文所述官能性之組成物。於若干具體實例中,控速膜為Celgard®
2400。
如上文之簡述,本文所述經皮組成物具有多層結構。多層結構意指該組成物除了底墊(例如,如下文所述)外,包含具不同組成之二或多個不同層,其中組成物之不同層總數可為兩個或兩個以上,例如3或3個以上,包括4或4個以上,例如,5或5個以上。於若干情形下,不同層數可為2至5個,例如2至4個,包括2至3個。舉例而言,可有一種結構,其中轉化層出現於第一及第二轉化層之間。如上述,組成物中各層之厚度可依需要相同或不同。
如上文之簡述,感興趣之經皮組成物可包含底墊(亦即,支撐層)。底墊可柔軟至使組成物與患者需要之局部位置密切接觸之程度;其可由不吸收活性劑及不容許活性劑從支撐層側邊釋出之材料製造;此等材料包括,惟不限於,非織物、梭織物、薄膜(包括薄片)、多孔體、發泡體、紙、於非織物或梭織物上層壓薄膜製得之複合材料、及其
組合。
非織物可包括,惟不限於,下述:聚烯烴樹脂例如聚乙烯與聚丙烯;聚酯樹脂例如聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚對苯二甲酸丁二酯與聚萘二甲酸乙二酯;嫘縈、聚醯胺、聚(酯醚)、聚胺甲酸酯、聚丙烯酸樹脂、聚乙烯醇、苯乙烯-異戊二烯-苯乙烯共聚物、與苯乙烯-乙烯-丙烯-苯乙烯共聚物;及其組合。梭織物可包括,惟不限於:棉、嫘縈、聚丙烯酸樹脂、聚酯樹脂、聚乙烯醇、及其組合。薄膜可包括,惟不限於下述:聚烯烴樹脂例如聚乙烯與聚丙烯;聚丙烯酸樹脂例如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯與聚甲基丙烯酸乙酯;聚酯樹脂例如聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚對苯二甲酸丁二酯與聚萘二甲酸乙二酯;及此外之玻璃紙、聚乙烯醇、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚胺甲酸酯、聚丙烯腈、氟樹脂、苯乙烯-異戊二烯-苯乙烯共聚物、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠、聚丁二烯、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚醯胺、與聚碸;及其組合。紙可包括,惟不限於,浸漬紙、塗被紙、道林紙、牛皮紙、日本紙、透明紙、合成紙、及其組合。複合材料可包括,惟不限於,上述薄膜於上述非織物或梭織物上層壓製得之複合材料。
底墊大小可有所不同,於若干情形下,底墊係按尺寸製作以覆蓋所需局部標的部位。於若干具體實例中,底墊具有2至100公分,例如4至60公分之長及2至100公分,例如4至60公分之寬。
於若干具體實例中,底墊層不溶於水。不溶於水意指
該底墊層可浸於水中為期1天或更久,例如1週或更久,包括1個月或更久而展現甚少溶解,例如,無可觀察到之溶解。
底墊層可依需要與轉化層或活性劑層表面接觸,例如,取決於組成物是否經配置,俾使於施敷於患者後,轉化層或活性劑層接觸皮膚。舉例而言,當組成物經配置,俾使於施敷後活性劑層接觸皮膚時,則底墊將與活性劑層表面接觸。替代地,當組成物經配置,俾使於施敷後轉化層接觸皮膚時,則底墊將與轉化層表面接觸。
於若干具體實例中,離型紙係提供於活性劑層(亦即,基質)上,明確而言係於若存在之底墊層遠側(亦即,對側)之活性劑層表面。離型紙有助於保護活性劑層。離型紙可利用以矽酮處理聚乙烯塗層道林紙、聚烯烴塗層透明紙、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(聚酯)膜、聚丙烯膜等之一面予以製備。離型紙可依需要與轉化層或活性劑層表面接觸,例如,取決於組成物是否經配置,俾使於施敷於患者後,轉化層或活性劑層接觸皮膚。舉例而言,當組成物經配置,俾使於施敷後活性劑層接觸皮膚時,則離型紙將與活性劑層表面接觸。替代地,當組成物經配置,俾使於施敷後轉化層接觸皮膚時,則離型紙將與轉化層表面接觸。
使用經皮組成物產品之方法包括投與有效量活性劑於患者,針對該患者之感興趣標的疾病(例如,下文效用部分所述)進行治療。「進行治療」或「治療」意指至少抑制或改善與患者罹患疾病相關之症狀,其中所用抑制及改善廣義而言係指至少減少與治療中疾病相關參數(例如,症狀)之大小。就其本身而論,治療亦包括疾病完全被抑制(例如,防止其發生或停止,如,終止),使得患者不再經歷該疾病之情況。因此,治療包括預防以及控制疾病兩者。
於實施該等方法時,本文揭示之經皮組成物可局部投與患者,亦即,經皮組成物可投與任何方便之局部部位(例如,皮膚部位)。施敷可包括使活性劑層或轉化層(取決於經皮組成物之配置結構)與患者皮膚部位接觸。感興趣之局部部位包括黏膜部位以及角質化皮膚部位,因此包括,惟不限於:口、鼻、眼睛、直腸、陰道、臂、腿、軀幹、頭部等。施敷後,被局部組成物覆蓋之表面積係足以提供所需量之藥劑投與,於若干具體實例中,為1至200平方公分,例如10至180平方公分,及包括100至150平方公分,如,140平方公分。
等經皮組成物可於其所施敷之局部部位維持一段所需時間,例如,以輸送所需量之活性劑。於若干情形下,組成物於施敷部位維持之時間為24小時或更久,例如48小時或更久,如,72小時或更久,例如96小時或更久。
於實施主題方法時,可於指定期間(例如,疾病治療
過程中)單次或多次施敷指定劑量之經皮組成物,其中於指定期間多次投與組成物時,其用藥時間表可為每天、每週、每兩週、每個月等。
施敷時,被局部組成物覆蓋之皮膚面積可有所不同。於若干情形下,施敷後,被局部組成物覆蓋之皮膚面積為1至200平方公分,例如10至180平方公分及包括100至150平方公分。
經皮活性劑組成物已施敷於皮膚部位一段所需時間(亦即,足以輸送目標劑量之活性劑於該患者一段時間量)後,可自皮膚部位移除該組成物。於相同或不同皮膚部位可施敷新的經皮組成物。新的經皮組成物可施敷於不同皮膚部位以減少於先前施敷部位可能發生之皮膚刺激及/或皮膚致敏。
於特定具體實例中,主題方法包括診斷步驟。可使用任何方便之規程進行個人需要主題方法之診斷。此外,個人可能被告知需要主題方法,例如,於罹患帕金森氏症時。可使用任何方便之診斷規程進行標的疾病之診斷或評估。
本發明方法可進一步包括評估包含投與局部麻醉乳劑組成物之治療規程之功效。治療功效之評估可使用任何方便之規程進行。
於若干情形下,經皮組成物可結合對感興趣標的疾病具專一性之一或多個附加療法投與。因此,經皮組成物可單獨使用以治療標的疾患,或替代地,如於帕金森氏症之
情形下,舉例而言,彼等可作為習知L-DOPA療法之輔助劑之用。
本發明之經皮組成物可投與各種不同種類之患者。感興趣之患者包括,惟不限於:哺乳類,人類及非人類,包括肉食動物(例如,狗與貓)、囓齒目(例如,小鼠、天竺鼠、與大鼠)、兔形目(例如,兔子)及靈長動物(例如,人類、黑猩猩與猴子)。於特定具體實例中,患者,例如,病患,為人類。
本發明之經皮組成物於患者從經皮投與活性劑(例如丙炔胺二氫茚,如,雷沙吉蘭)受益之任何應用中尋得用途。雷沙吉蘭及/或其鹽於各種不同疾病症狀[例如惟不限於:帕金森氏症、阿茲海默症、記憶障礙、中風及例如見述於美國專利案:5,387,612;5,453,446;5,457,133;5,668,181;5,576,353;5,532,415;5,599,991;5,786,390;5,519,061;5,891,923;5,744,500與6,316,504(彼等內容併入本文以資參考)之其他疾患]之治療中尋得用途。治療意指至少達成改善與患者罹患疾病相關之症狀,其中所用改善廣義而言係指至少減少與治療中疾病相關參數(例如,症狀)之大小。就其本身而論,治療亦包括病理症狀或與其相關之最小病徵完全被抑制(例如,防止其發生或停止,如,終止),使得患者不再受該疾病或疾病特徵之最小病徵之苦。
本發明亦提供用於實施本文所述特定方法之套組。於特定具體實例中,套組包含如上述之一或多種經皮組成物。於特定具體實例中,套組包含如上述之膠黏劑塗覆層。於若干具體實例中,套組包含例如含藥物層及可含或不含任何藥物與其他賦形劑層之多層。於包含二或多種組成物之指定套組中,彼等組成物可個別包裝或存在共同容器中。
於特定具體實例中,套組進一步包含實施主題方法之操作指南或獲得彼等之方式(例如,引導使用者至提供該等操作指南網頁之網站URL),其中彼等操作指南可印製於基材(substrate)上,該基材可為包裝插頁、包裝、試劑容器等之一或多者。於主題套組中,該一或多個成分係依方便或需求而存在相同或不同容器中。
下文提供之實施例係用於說明而非限制。具體而言,下述實施例為實施本發明之特定具體實例。彼等實施例僅供說明用途而不擬以任何方式對本發明範圍構成局限。
於特定具體實例中,活性劑為丙炔胺二氫茚,例
如雷沙吉蘭。本發明之具體實例克服了其他經皮雷沙吉蘭調配物之缺點。雷沙吉蘭必須呈游離鹼型滲入皮膚,俾使輸送治療有效劑量持續一段時間(例如多達7天)。雷沙吉蘭游離鹼於室溫不安定,室溫貯存期間會迅速降解。因此,於調配物中使用雷沙吉蘭游離鹼並非可行之選擇。為了解決降解問題,乃於本發明調配物中使用呈鹽型之雷沙吉蘭,例如雷沙吉蘭甲磺酸鹽,因為雷沙吉蘭鹽通常熔點較高及更安定。由於鹽型藥物具極低之皮膚滲入率,因此本發明貼片於調配物中包含弱鹼,例如Eudragit或二甲基三胺,以促進雷沙吉蘭鹽轉化為鹼。為了進一步平衡鹽至鹼之轉化以避免突發輸送,本發明具體實例附加地可利用羧化成分(例如含羧化官能基之感壓膠)或包含羧化官能基之低分子量成分(例如,有機酸)。於彼等具體實例中,弱鹼、活性羧化成分間之相互作用提供藥物(例如雷沙吉蘭)通過皮膚之最適輸送。
於根據本發明觀點之調配物中,藉由配置調配物,使得貯存期間與弱鹼結合之藥物轉化為游離鹼,即使未實質上排除,亦減至最小,而增進調配物於貯存期間之安定性。為了提供此貯存安定性,本發明具體實例可使用多層(例如,兩層)系設計。於此配置中,藥物出現於一層(亦即,活性劑層),可用以使藥物從鹽型轉化為游離鹼型之材料提供於第二層(亦即,活性劑轉化層)。基質材料與弱鹼之選擇係使得貯存期
間不發生遷移。一旦貼片置於皮膚上,所產生之水分正常蒸發流即活化鹽型活性劑轉化為游離鹼。為了確保如此,於本發明之特定具體實例中,乃使用呈鹽型之藥物,使其分散於該藥物溶解性低之基質中;使用亦具低移動性之弱鹼。經皮組成物之此新穎多層(例如,兩層)結構不僅可用於雷沙吉蘭,亦可用於其游離鹼型可能具有類似安定性問題之任何藥物。
調配物之製備係使藥物、賦形劑、與膠黏劑儲液於有機溶劑中混合(於乙酸乙酯、及/或甲醇、乙醇、甲苯中,固體含量通常為30-60 wt%),隨後進行混合程序。一旦形成均質混合物,即將此溶液澆鑄於離型紙(2-3密耳之矽化聚酯片)上,於65°-80℃乾燥10-90分鐘。將彼等膠黏劑膜層壓於PET底墊。於進行通量實驗之前,將藥物層與轉化層層壓在一起,製得最終調配物。
使用人類大體皮膚,從呈皮膚膜之全層皮膚分離出表皮層(角質層與表皮)。以拱形鑽孔器模切出最終直徑為約2.0平方公分之試樣。移除離型紙,使藥物膠黏劑層面對角質層,將該系統置於表皮/角質層上方。輕輕施壓,使膠黏劑層與角質層間產生良好接
觸。將弗蘭茲單元(Franz cell)供器及受器兩邊一起鉗緊,添加含磷酸鹽緩衝液(pH 6.5)之受器溶液於該弗蘭茲單元。實驗期間,使彼等單元保持於33℃。於固定時間間隔進行受器溶液採樣,利用HPLC測定活性劑濃度。經移取之受器溶液以新鮮溶液置換,以維持接收點條件(sink conditions)。以接受器區間藥物累積量對時間作圖之斜率計算通量。
使用先前敘述之一般方法,製備細節示於下文表中之一系列經皮系統。測量通過人類大體皮膚之通量,結果以圖形方式呈現於圖2。相較於一層設計,兩層設計於開始時具有較低通量,及顯示更為平坦之輸送特性。數據亦顯示,未使用轉化劑E100下,通量低許多。
使用先前敘述之一般方法,製備細節示於下文表中之一系列經皮系統。測量通過人類大體皮膚之通量,結果以圖形方式呈現於圖3。於此特別實驗中,係針對藥物層與皮膚接觸及轉化層與皮膚接觸之試樣間進行比較。當藥物層為皮膚接觸層時,觀察到較高之通量。
使用先前敘述之一般方法,製備細節示於下文表中之一系列經皮系統。測量通過人類大體皮膚之通量,結果以圖形方式呈現於圖4。於此特別實驗中,係針對不同藥物載荷及不同膠黏劑比之試樣間進行比較。
1. Duro-Tak 2100(Henkel)與Gelva 7883(Cytec)二者均為丙烯酸酯系感壓膠。
2. E100為Eudragit E100(Evonik)
使用先前敘述之一般方法,製備細節示於下文表中之一系列經皮系統。測量通過人類大體皮膚之通量,結果以圖形方式呈現於圖5。於此特別實驗中,係針對有或無結構支撐及/或控速用膜之試樣間進行比較。
使用先前敘述之一般方法,製備細節示於下文表中之一系列經皮系統。測量通過人類大體皮膚之通量,結果以圖形方式呈現於圖6。於此特別實驗中,係針對使用及不使用轉化劑E100之試樣間進行比較。
使用上述規程製備下文摘述之兩層貼片。
製備4平方公分大小之測試貼片,裝入袋中並使用聚丙烯腈(PAN)材料密封。於室溫、30℃及40℃室中貯存彼等貼片。於選定之時間點,萃取貼片以測定雷沙吉蘭甲磺酸鹽及1-胺基二氫茚(主要降解物)濃度。利用高效液相層析法(HPLC)測定貼片之安定性。結果呈現於下文表7中:
為供清楚瞭解之目的,前述發明雖已經由圖示及實施例進行一些具細節之敘述,惟對一般熟習此項技藝者而言,依照本發明之教示,在不偏離隨附申請專利範圍之精神或範疇下,可進行特定變化及修飾乃顯而易見之事。
因此,先前所述僅說明本發明原則。一般將察知,熟習此項技藝者將能設計本文中雖未明確敘述或顯示之體現本發明原則且涵蓋其精神或範疇內之各種安排。再者,本文詳述之所有實施例及條件用語主要用意在幫助讀者瞭解本發明原則及本發明人等貢獻之觀念以助長此項技藝,及欲被理解為不對具體詳述之實施例與條件構成限制。此外,詳述原則、觀點、與本發明具體實例以及其特定實施例之本文之所有說明,意欲涵蓋其結構性及功能性對等物。附加地,此類對等物意欲包括目前已知及未來開發出之對等物,亦即,執行相同功能而無關結構所開發之任何元件。因此,本發明之範圍不擬受限於本文所示及敘述之例示具體實例;更確切而言,本發明之範圍及精神為隨附申請專利範圍所體現。
1‧‧‧底墊
2‧‧‧轉化層或藥物層
3‧‧‧結構支撐及/或膜
4‧‧‧藥物層或轉化層
5‧‧‧離型紙
圖1A及1B顯示根據本發明經皮活性劑調配物兩個不同具體實例之橫截面視圖。
圖2至6顯示各種調配物以時間(兩個取樣時間點間之中點)為函數之通量圖。
1‧‧‧底墊
2‧‧‧轉化層或藥物層
4‧‧‧藥物層或轉化層
5‧‧‧離型紙
Claims (7)
- 一種經皮組成物,其包含:含有於基質中之活性劑之活性劑層,其中該活性劑為丙炔胺二氫茚;及含有於基質中之弱鹼之轉化層,其中該弱鹼為陽離子性丙烯酸共聚物。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之經皮組成物,其中該轉化層包含羧化成分。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之經皮組成物,其中該丙炔胺二氫茚為N-炔丙基-1-胺基二氫茚。
- 根據申請專利範圍第2項之經皮組成物,其中該轉化層之羧化成分為丙烯酸羧化聚合物或低分子量有機酸。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之經皮組成物,其中該陽離子性丙烯酸共聚物為胺化之甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之經皮組成物,其中該經皮組成物包含介於活性劑層與活性劑轉化層間之控速層。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至6項中任一項之經皮組成物,其中該經皮組成物長時期展現活性劑之固定通量。
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-
2012
- 2012-03-22 CN CN201280014394.5A patent/CN103476404B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-03-22 EP EP12759891.0A patent/EP2688561B1/en not_active Revoked
- 2012-03-22 US US13/427,602 patent/US9119799B2/en active Active
- 2012-03-22 KR KR1020137024740A patent/KR101853082B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2012-03-22 JP JP2014501251A patent/JP5906302B2/ja active Active
- 2012-03-22 WO PCT/US2012/030171 patent/WO2012129429A2/en unknown
- 2012-03-23 TW TW101110102A patent/TWI442948B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2015
- 2015-07-24 US US14/808,497 patent/US20160184240A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2012129429A3 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
JP2014508810A (ja) | 2014-04-10 |
US20160184240A1 (en) | 2016-06-30 |
WO2012129429A2 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
TW201309350A (zh) | 2013-03-01 |
US9119799B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 |
CN103476404B (zh) | 2017-09-29 |
EP2688561A2 (en) | 2014-01-29 |
EP2688561A4 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
CN103476404A (zh) | 2013-12-25 |
EP2688561B1 (en) | 2018-08-22 |
KR101853082B1 (ko) | 2018-04-27 |
JP5906302B2 (ja) | 2016-04-20 |
US20130072884A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
KR20140016293A (ko) | 2014-02-07 |
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