TWI411432B - 山竹素在製備治療急性肝炎、肝纖維化及預防肝硬化之藥物的用途 - Google Patents
山竹素在製備治療急性肝炎、肝纖維化及預防肝硬化之藥物的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI411432B TWI411432B TW100126138A TW100126138A TWI411432B TW I411432 B TWI411432 B TW I411432B TW 100126138 A TW100126138 A TW 100126138A TW 100126138 A TW100126138 A TW 100126138A TW I411432 B TWI411432 B TW I411432B
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- liver
- liver fibrosis
- hepatitis
- mangostin
- cirrhosis
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Description
本發明係關於山酮衍生物(xanthone derivatives)用於預防或治療肝纖維化、肝硬化及肝炎之用途,特別是關於山竹素(mangostin)用於治療或預防肝纖維化、肝硬化及肝炎之用途。
肝炎是指肝細胞損傷發炎,通常由濾過性病毒、酒精及藥物所引起。常見的肝炎為病毒造成的病毒性肝炎,根據病毒種類可分為A、B、C、D型等肝炎。當病毒進入人體後,對肝細胞造成程度不一的損害時,表現出的症狀稱為急性肝炎。急性肝炎通常在一至兩個月內痊癒,但如果未完全痊癒而持續肝炎的症狀超過六個月以上,則轉變為慢性肝炎。慢性肝炎可包括肝纖維化及肝硬化等症狀。
肝纖維化是指肝臟纖維性結締組織異常增生,被認為是在肝臟組織修復時,肝細胞死亡(necrosis)與肝臟再生之間的平衡受到破壞,造成細胞外基質(例如膠原蛋白)過度沉積的結果。引發肝細胞死亡的因素包括外在因素,例如病毒、酒精,或內在因素,例如自體免疫異常。從細胞層面來看,肝細胞的疾病及死亡會活化庫弗氏細胞(Kupffer’s cell)、內皮細胞等,使TNF-α、TNF-β、PDGF被釋放出來。這些細胞激素被認為會進一步活化肝臟星狀細胞(hepatic stellate cells),引發細胞生長及膠原蛋白的合成,進而造成肝纖維化。
肝纖維化是慢性肝炎發展成肝硬化的一種持續性病理變化,通常在肝硬化初期被發現。肝纖維化初期具有一定的可逆性,在造成病因的刺激停止後,增生的膠原纖維可以逐漸被再吸收,使肝臟結構部分恢復正常。但若造成病因的因素持續存在,則肝臟結締組織逐漸纖維化,使肝臟的正常結構遭到破壞,逐步發展為肝硬化。因此,早期發現及早期治療,在肝纖維化的治療上可達到極高的復原效果。而且如果可抑制或控制肝纖維化的發生或發展,預期可同樣地預防或治療肝硬化症狀。
美國專利案US7,094,797B2揭露一種臟器纖維化之抑制劑,包括以組胺酸(histidine)及/或半胱胺酸(cysteine)為活性成分,半胱胺酸(cysteine)與組胺酸(histidine)的比例為1:0.1~10。
再者,美國專利案US7,54,437B2揭露一種治療纖維化的方法,包括投予哺乳類動物zvegf-3拮抗劑作為有效成分,zvegf-3拮抗劑為專一性連接zvegf-3二元蛋白之單株抗體,包括抗-zvegf-3抗體、連接zvegf-3變異體多胜肽的受體等。
又,美國專利案US7,078,045B2揭露一種治療及預防肝纖維化及肝硬化之醫藥組合物,以5-(2-吡井基)-4-甲基-1,2-二硫醇-3-硫酮(5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithol-3-thione;oltipraz)及二甲基-4,4’-二甲氧基-5,6,5’,6’-二亞甲基二氧二苯基-2,2’-二羧酸酯(dimethyl-4,4’-dimethoxy-5,6,5’,6’-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2’-dicarboxylate;DDB)重量比為5:1~1:5作為主要成份。
本發明基於對肝炎及肝纖維化的治療以及對肝硬化的預防,發展出以萃取自天然植物所得之化合物,測試其對肝炎、肝纖維化及肝硬化的影響,遂完成本案發明。
本案一實施例係提供一種抗肝炎之醫藥組合物,包括一活性成分為山酮衍生物(xanthone derivatives)及醫藥上可容許載劑。
本案另一實施例,係提供一種抗肝炎之保健食品,包括一活性成分為山酮衍生物(xanthone derivatives)及醫藥上可容許載劑。
本案再一實施例係提供一種治療肝纖維化之醫藥組合物,包括一活性成分為山酮衍生物(xanthone derivatives)及醫藥上可容許載劑。
本案另一實施例係提供一種抗肝纖維化之保健食品,包括一活性成分為山酮衍生物(xanthone derivatives)及可容許的載劑。
本案再一實施例係提供一種預防肝硬化之醫藥組合物,包括一活性成分為山酮衍生物(xanthone derivatives)及醫藥上可容許載劑。
本案更一實施例係提供一種預防肝硬化之保健食品,包括一活性成分為山酮衍生物(xanthone derivatives)及可容許的載劑。
本案所述之「山酮衍生物」意謂具有C13
H8
O2
為主結構之化合物,可萃取自山竹(Garcinia Mangostana L.
)植物體的萃取物,其包含如下式(1)之山竹素(mangostin)。
[R1
與R2
可相同或相異,分別為H或C1
-C6
烷基。]
山竹已被研究應用於乳癌的預防及治療(Moongkarndi P.,et al,Antiproliferation,antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana(mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line,J. Ethnopharmacol.
2004,90(1):161-6)、抗過敏藥物(Nakatani K.,et al.,Inhibitions of histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by mangosteen,a Thai medicinal plant,Bio Pharm Bull
,2002(9):1137-41.)、及肌肉相關疾病(WO 2007/128465)等領域,亦開發作為日常生活的營養補充劑(WO 2006/060578)及化妝品(WO 2007/002666)等。
近年來尚有將山竹的果皮萃取物用於預防及治療異位性皮膚炎的研究(台灣專利申請公開案第201000113號)以及將山竹果實或植株萃取物作為保健組成物,用以改善整體健康狀況(US 2009/0062378A1)之報導。
Matsumoto等人亦研究由山竹果皮中純化出α-山竹素(mangostin)、β-山竹素、γ-山竹素、及甲基-β-山竹素,並研究該化合物對細胞周期各階段的抑制作用,顯示該化合物具有抗細胞增殖效果及抗腫瘤效應(Matsumoto K.,et al.,Xanthones induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells,Bioorg
.Med
.Chem
. 2005,13,6064-6069.)。
本案所述之山竹萃取物係選用山竹果皮乾燥物,經有機溶液萃取。該有機溶液例如C1
-C12
醇類,例如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、異丙醇、丁醇、2-丁醇、戊醇、己醇、庚醇、辛醇、壬醇、癸醇、十一醇或十二醇等;或者芳香烴類,例如苯、甲苯或二甲苯,但沒有特別限制。本發明之一實施例中使用乙醇水溶液萃取。乙醇水溶液的濃度可為10~90%,或為20~80%,亦可為50~75%。本案一實施例,使用加熱約80~85℃的乙醇水溶液萃取。另一實施例中,在有機溶液溶液萃取之前,山竹的乾燥物可先經由等重量的熱水處理,事先除去山竹中具有的顏色、黏性、吸濕等雜質。熱水的溫度可為約90℃以上,亦可介於95℃~100℃的範圍。經過乾燥、濃縮之後,從上述的萃取溶液可獲得粗結晶。根據上述萃取方法,可重複數回,獲得較精純的萃取物或結晶物。
將山竹萃取物經矽膠管柱層析法(silicon chromatography)之後,以高速液相層析法(HPLC)分析,可獲得如下所示之式(I)化合物:
[其中,R1
與R2
可相同或相異,分別為H或C1
-C6
烷基。]
在上述式(I)化合物中,當R1
為甲基、R2
為氫時,其為α-山竹素;當R1
、R2
皆為甲基時,其為β-山竹素;及當R1
、R2
皆為氫時,其為γ
-山竹素。
本案之山竹素也包括α-山竹素、β-山竹素、γ
-山竹素、或其組合。
本案之山竹素可為鹽類或酯類之形式,例如上述式(I)與鹼金屬或鹼土金屬形成鈉鹽、鉀鹽、鋰鹽、鎂鹽、鈣鹽、銨鹽、碳酸鹽、硝酸鹽、碳酸氫鹽、鹽酸鹽、硫酸鹽、磷酸鹽、或矽酸鹽等之鹽類;或者與醇類形成酯類,例如甲酯、乙酯、丙酯、丁酯、戊酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、甲酸丁酯、乙酸丁酯、戊酸丁酯、丙酸丁酯、丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯等酯類。
本案所述之「肝炎」係指由病毒、酒精、藥物等因素所造成的肝細胞損傷,包括急性肝炎及慢性肝炎。急性肝炎包括病毒性肝炎(例如A、B、C、D、E型肝炎)、酒精性肝炎及藥物性肝炎,慢性肝炎包括肝纖維化及肝硬化,但不限於此。此述之「肝炎」、「急性肝炎」及「慢性肝炎」可包含所有符合醫學上定義之肝炎、急性肝炎及慢性肝炎之疾病。
本案所述之「醫藥上可容許載劑」或「可容許的載劑」,可包括醫藥或食品可接受之賦形劑或添加劑,例如澱粉、玉米澱粉、明膠、阿拉伯膠、食用色素、香料、調味劑、防腐劑等。投予路徑可包括口服、經皮膚投予、腹腔內投予、靜脈內投予、經鼻投予、或眼部投予等,較佳為口服方式。
本案所述之醫藥組合物可根據患者年齡、體重、健康狀況、疾病種類、疾病的進展、患部等因素,由相關醫療人員依該技術領域中共通知識決定投予劑量。本案之醫藥組成物亦可單獨投予或與其他藥劑共同投予,投予療程應依據醫師或相關人士依藥學上例行方法實施。目前對於山酮衍生物的投予劑量未有相關報告指出毒性部分或應用限制,但本案之劑量範圍可為投予對象每公斤10mg~1000mg,亦可為150mg~50mg、或約100mg,惟本案之醫藥組合物不以此為限。
本案所述之保健食品可針對設定的族群調整適當的活性成分含量,較佳調整為可每日服用的含量。外包裝可標示建議使用量、特定族群(如孕婦、腎病患者)的使用標準及條件、或與其他食品或醫藥共同服用的建議事項,以使購買者在無醫師、藥師或相關執事人員指導下可在家自行服用而無安全疑慮。
對於肝炎、肝纖維化的評估,本案採用習知的肝炎、肝纖維化動物模式,檢測血清中的丙胺酸胺基轉移酶(alanine aminotransferase;ALT)含量、天門冬胺酸胺基轉移酶(aspartate aminotransferase;AST)含量及AST/ALT的比值進行評估,並對實驗動物的肝臟進行切片觀察,以肝纖維化等級進行評估。
ALT為使丙胺酸(alanine)的胺基轉移至α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate)的酵素,主要存在於肝臟,少數位於心臟、肌肉等組織,為肝功能檢測的指標之一。當肝臟受到損傷時,ALT會釋放至血液中,造成血液中ALT值升高。
AST為使天門冬胺酸(aspartate)的胺基轉移至α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate)的酵素,主要存在於肝臟的間葉細胞(parenchymal cell),部分位於心臟、腎臟、肌肉等組織,亦為肝功能檢測的指標之一。當肝臟受到損傷時,AST會釋放至血液中,造成血液中AST值升高。
在肝臟疾病中,血液中的ALT值比AST值上升多。因此當以AST/ALT比值表示時,當AST/ALT<1時顯示肝臟可能處於發炎狀態,而當AST/ALT接近1時顯示肝臟可能已出現肝炎或肝硬化等症狀。
然而,血清中的ALT值、AST值也有可能因為其他臟器(例如心臟)受損而升高,因此,本發明根據Boigket al.,1997;Ruwart et al.,1989所記載之Metavir score,將實驗動物的肝臟切片根據肝纖維化程度分為F0~F4五等級,以F0為無觀察到肝纖維化,至F4為出現肝硬化現象,藉以確認本案之醫藥組合物及保健食品所具有之抗肝纖維之功效。
本發明之具體實施詳細說明如下,然而以下的實施例僅用於進一步揭露本發明之技術內容,不應藉以限制本案的發明範疇。
[實施例1]山竹素對四氯化碳(CCl
4
)誘導的肝纖維化動物模式的功效
四氯化碳(CCl
4
)誘導的慢性肝纖維化動物模式試驗
選用8週齡的雄性SD大鼠(樂斯科生物科技公司),以8隻為一組,組成A、B、C共3組。各組大鼠每週以腹腔注射方式施打0.4 ml/kg四氯化碳(24% CCl4
於橄欖油中;腹腔投予體積:1.67 ml/kg)2次,並於每日以管餵方式投予試驗物質如下記載,實驗期間共八週。
A組:溶劑對照組,投予溶劑橄欖油(管餵體積10ml/kg);
B組:水飛薊(Silymarin)投予組,投予水飛薊(Silymarin)200mg/kg(管餵體積10ml/kg);
C組:山竹素(magostin)投予組,投予山竹素(magostin)100mg/kg(管餵體積10ml/kg)。
另取3隻8週齡雄性SD大鼠(樂斯科生物科技公司)不做任何處理,作為空白對照組(D組)。
所有動物於腹腔注射四氯化碳前(W0)及第2、4、6、週時,以尾巴採血方式採集約0.3 ml血液以作為血液生化值分析。所有動物於實驗第八週結束時犧牲,取肝臟左葉作石臘包埋組織切片,用以病理學分析。
血液生化值檢測
上述採集的血液樣品在室溫下放置1小時後使其凝結,再以離心機於25℃,每分鐘6000 rpm離心10分鐘,收集血清。血清以乾式血液生化分析儀(KODAK EKTACHEM DT60 II)分析AST與ALT含量,藉以測定與肝傷害相關之酵素活性。
肝臟組織切片及膠原纖維染色
組織包埋和切片
上述動物試驗結束時,將動物肝臟左葉割取約1公分立方之組織塊,放入10%的中性福馬林中固定組織形態及結構,接著以不同濃度之乙醇(30、50、70、95、99.5%)以及二甲苯(Xylene)進行脫水與透明步驟,爾後以熱石臘溶液取代二甲苯,最後將組織連同石蠟溶液進行包埋。完成的石蠟標本利用切片機切成5μm的石蠟切片,將切下來的切片沾黏在乾淨的載玻片上,於37℃烘乾後用做進一步的膠原蛋白染色(collagen staining)。
膠原蛋白染色(Sirius & Fast green染色法)
將肝臟組織切片置入二甲苯中3分鐘脫蠟3次,再依序置於100%、100%、90%、70%及50%之乙醇各3分鐘以進行復水,接著置入TBST緩衝液(50 mM Tris.HCl、150 mM NaCl、及0.1%Tween 20,pH7.4。)3分鐘後,以0.1% Sirius red與0.1% Fast green染劑染色1小時。完成染色程序後進行脫水流程,依序放置於50%、70%、90%、100%及100%酒精中各10秒,再以二甲苯進行透明化3次,最後以封片膠封存。
肝臟纖維化程度評估
將染色好之肝臟組織切片,在顯微鏡(Olympus DT70-BX51)下進行肝臟纖維化程度評估及照相紀錄。肝纖維化程度評估依Metavir score分為五級(Boigket al.,1997;Ruwart et al.,1989)如下:
F0:無觀察到肝纖維化;
F1:觀察到門脈纖維化(portal liver fibrosis);
F2:觀察到少量纖維間壁(septa);
F3:觀察到許多纖維間壁;
F4:觀察到肝硬化。
試驗數據分析
結果以平均值(Mean)±標準差(Standard error;S.E.)表示,如表1~4及第1~4圖所示。採用t-test比較各組與溶劑對照組之間是否具差異性。若P值小於0.05則表示該試驗組與溶劑對照組之間具有統計上顯著差異。
[實施例2]山竹素對硫代乙醯胺(thioacetamide;TAA)誘導之急性肝炎動物模式的功效
選用8週齡的雄性Wistar大鼠(樂斯科生物科技公司),以6隻為一組,形成2組。
載劑組餵食10ml/kg逆滲透壓水(RO水),實驗組餵食100mg/kg山竹素。餵食後1小時腹腔注射300mg/kg的TAA(溶於生理食鹽水)。
在注射TAA前(0hr)、注射TAA後24小時(24hr)、48小時(48hr)採血約0.5ml。上述採集的血液樣品在室溫下放置1小時後使其凝結,再以離心機於25℃,每分鐘6000 rpm離心10分鐘,收集血清。血清以乾式血液生化分析儀(KODAK EKTACHEM DT60 II)分析AST與ALT含量。
結果以平均值(Mean)±標準差(Standard error;S.E.)表示,如表5~9及第5~9圖所示。採用t-test比較各組與載劑組之間是否具差異性。若P值小於0.05則表示該試驗組與載劑組之間具有統計上顯著差異。
討論
如表1、表2及第1、2圖所示,山竹素投予組在第6週時的血清AST及ALT值皆顯著的降低。相反地,水飛薊投予組在第4週時的血清AST及ALT值明顯增加。
另一方面,如表3及第3圖所示,水飛薊投予組在第4週時的AST/ALT比值明顯降低,而山竹素投予組在第4及6週時的AST/ALT比值明顯增加。
再者,根據表4及第4圖所示之肝纖維化程度,發現山竹素(magostin)對肝纖維化的動物模式具有顯著減少肝纖維化之保護肝臟的效果。
其次,根據表5~6、表8~9及第5、6、8、9圖所示,投與山竹素之TAA誘導的急性肝炎大鼠,血清中的AST及ALT皆有下降的趨勢。
雖然本發明已以較佳實施例揭露如上,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何熟悉此項技藝者,在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內,當可做些許更動與潤飾,因此本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
第1圖顯示對CCl4
誘發的肝纖維化動物模式投予各試驗組後的血清中AST值。
第2圖顯示對CCl4
誘發的肝纖維化動物模式投予各試驗組後的血清中ALT值。
第3圖顯示對CCl4
誘發的肝纖維化動物模式投予各試驗組後的血清中AST/ALT比值。
第4圖顯示對CCl4
誘發的肝纖維化動物模式投予各試驗組後的肝纖維化程度(scoring)。
第5圖顯示投予載劑及山竹素(實驗組)之TAA誘發的急性肝炎動物模式中的血清中AST值。
第6圖顯示投予載劑及山竹素之TAA誘發的急性肝炎動物模式中的血清中ALT值。
第7圖顯示投予載劑及山竹素之TAA誘發的急性肝炎動物模式中的血清中AST/ALT比值。
第8圖顯示投予載劑及山竹素之TAA誘發的急性肝炎動物模式中的血清中AST增加的倍數。
第9圖顯示投予載劑及山竹素之TAA誘發的急性肝炎動物模式中的血清中ALT增加的倍數。
Claims (6)
- 一種山竹素(mangostin)在製備治療急性肝炎之藥物的用途。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用途,其中該山竹素包括α-山竹素、β-山竹素、γ山竹素、或其組合。
- 一種山竹素(mangostin)在製備治療肝纖維化之藥物的用途。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之用途,其中該山竹素包括α-山竹素、β-山竹素、γ山竹素、或其組合。
- 一種山竹素(mangostin)在製備預防肝硬化之藥物的用途。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之用途,其中該山竹素包括α-山竹素、β-山竹素、γ山竹素、或其組合。
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